Journal articles on the topic 'International aid worker'
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1
Musa, Saif Ali, and Abdalla A. R. M. Hamid. "PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS AMONG AID WORKERS OPERATING IN DARFUR." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 36, no. 3 (January 1, 2008): 407–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2008.36.3.407.
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Aid workers operating in war zones are susceptible to mental health problems that could develop into stress and acute traumatic stress. This study examined the relationships between burnout, job satisfaction (compassion satisfaction), secondary traumatic stress (compassion fatigue), and distress in 53 Sudanese and international aid workers in Darfur (mean age = 31.6 years). Measures used were the Professional Quality of Life Questionnaire (ProQOL; Stamm, 2005), the Relief Worker Burnout Questionnaire (Ehrenreich, 2001), and the General Health Questionnaire (Goldberg & Williams, 1991). Results showed that burnout was positively related to general distress and secondary traumatic stress, and negatively related to compassion satisfaction. Sudanese aid workers reported higher burnout and secondary traumatic stress than did international workers. Results are discussed in light of previous findings. It was concluded that certain conditions might increase aid workers' psychological suffering and relief organizations need to create positive work climates through equipping aid workers with adequate training, cultural orientation, and psychological support services.
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Hensch, Christoph. "Twenty years after Novye Atagi: A call to care for the carers." International Review of the Red Cross 98, no. 901 (April 2016): 299–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383116000588.
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AbstractWorking in the humanitarian sector as an aid worker has become a dangerous endeavour, with attacks against humanitarian workers becoming more common. In this personal story by a former head of office at an International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) surgical hospital, a short, violent encounter leads to a long journey of recovery. There is an important role for the community in supporting the healing process; the author suggests that an integral and collaborative involvement by organizations like the ICRC is effective in addressing the impact of violence directed towards humanitarian aid workers.
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van der Oije, P. J. C. Schimmelpenninck. "INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW FROM A FIELD PERSPECTIVE – CASE STUDY: NEPAL." Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 9 (December 2006): 394–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1389135906003941.
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AbstractWhat is it like to be working in the field with international humanitarian law during an armed conflict? In the article ‘International Humanitarian Law from a field perspective - case study: Nepal‘, the promotion of international humanitarian law is described through the eyes of a humanitarian aid worker. The author worked as a delegate for the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) during the civil war in Nepal. International humanitarian law forms the legal basis of the ICRC's presence in Nepal, it's humanitarian activities and confidential interventions. Nepal and its conflict are introduced, as well as the warring parties and the Red Cross in Nepal. Various humanitarian activities and dilemma's are described. Through this article the YIHL seeks to link theory and practice, and focus on international humanitarian law from an operational perspective.
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Fechter, Anne-Meike. "Between privilege and poverty: The affordances of mobility among aid worker children." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 25, no. 4 (October 27, 2016): 489–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0117196816674397.
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Contemporary research on children affected by migration in Southeast Asia has examined the impact of mobility on their life chances, choices and overall welfare. Extending this concern, this article seeks to address these questions in the context of privileged migration. Specifically, it asks how the mobility of children whose parents work for aid agencies in low-income countries shapes the way they understand and negotiate experiences of privilege, as well as their everyday encounters with poverty. Based on ethnographic research with young people and their families in Cambodia, the findings suggest that parents and children may envisage their international mobility as a chance for personal growth, specifically as manifest in the form of ‘open-mindedness.’ Such positive discourses are complicated, however, by a simultaneously engendered sense of superiority toward those who are less mobile. They are also intertwined with practices of ‘bracketing’ possible frictions arising from their interactions with children of local elite members. While the young people’s proximity to poverty provides opportunities for locally-based service-learning activities, connections with their parents’ work can remain abstract. The article therefore suggests that this form of international mobility may not, in itself, enable a critical engagement with poverty or with their own and others’ privilege.
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Morokuma, Nanami, and Cindy H. Chiu. "Trends and Characteristics of Security Incidents Involving Aid Workers in Health Care Settings: A 20-Year Review." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, no. 03 (June 2019): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19004333.
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AbstractIntroduction:In recent years, several high-profile attacks on hospitals providing medical aid in conflict settings have raised international concern. The International Humanitarian Law prohibits the deliberate targeting of health care settings. Violation of this law is considered a war crime and impacts both those delivering and receiving medical aid.Problem:While it has been demonstrated that both aid workers and health care settings are increasingly being targeted, little is known about the trends and characteristics of security incidents involving aid workers in health care compared to non-health care settings.Methods:Data from the publicly available Aid Worker Security Database (AWSD) containing security incidents involving humanitarian aid workers world-wide were used in this study. The security incidents occurring from January 1, 1997 through December 31, 2016 were classified by two independent reviewers as having occurred in health care and non-health care settings, and those in health care settings were further classified into five categories (hospital, health clinic, mobile clinic, ambulance, and vaccination visit) for the analysis. A stratified descriptive analysis, χ2 Goodness of Fit test, and Cochran-Armitage test for trend were used to examine and compare security incidents occurring in health care and non-health care settings.Results:Among the 2,139 security incidents involving 4,112 aid workers listed in the AWSD during the study period, 74 and 2,065 incidents were in health care settings and non-health care settings, respectively. There was a nine-fold increase from five to 45 incidents in health care settings (χ2 = 56.27; P < .001), and a five-fold increase from 159 to 852 incidents in non-health care settings (χ2 = 591.55; P < .001), from Period 1 (1997-2001) to Period 4 (2012-2016). Of the 74 incidents in health care settings, 23 (31.1%) occurred in ambulances, 15 (20.3%) in hospitals, 13 (17.6%) in health clinics, 13 (17.6%) during vaccination visits, and six (8.1%) in mobile clinics. Bombings were the most common means of attack in hospitals (N = 9; 60.0%), followed by gun attacks (N = 3; 20.0%). In health care settings, 184 (95.3%) were national staff and nine (4.7%) were international staff.Conclusion:Security threats are a growing occupational health hazard for aid workers, especially those working in health care settings. There is a need for high-quality data from the field to better monitor the rapidly changing security situation and improve counter-strategies so aid workers can serve those in need without having to sacrifice their lives.
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Ganji, Sarath K. "Leveraging the World Cup: Mega Sporting Events, Human Rights Risk, and Worker Welfare Reform in Qatar." Journal on Migration and Human Security 4, no. 4 (December 2016): 221–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/233150241600400403.
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Qatar will realize its decades-long drive to host a mega sporting event when, in 2022, the opening ceremony of the Fέdέration Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) World Cup commences. By that time, the Qatari government will have invested at least $200 billion in real estate and development projects, employing anywhere between 500,000 and 1.5 million foreign workers to do so. The scale of these preparations is staggering — and not necessarily positive. Between 2010 and 2013, more than 1,200 labor migrants working in Qatar's construction sector died, with another 4,000 deaths projected by the start of the event. Foreign workers are subject to conditions of forced labor, human trafficking, and indefinite detention. Advocacy groups cite deplorable living and working conditions, coupled with lax legal protections for workers, as the main culprits. Absent significant improvements in worker welfare, Qatar's World Cup will be remembered as a human rights tragedy. This article examines whether it is possible for Qatar's World Cup to forge a different legacy, as an agent of change on behalf of worker welfare reform. In examining the issue, the article takes a two-fold approach. First, it locates the policy problem of worker welfare abuses in the context of the migration life cycle. The migration life cycle represents the range of activities that mediate the relationship between an individual migrant and the labor migration system — from the time the migrant first considers working overseas to his employment abroad to his eventual return to the home country. An understanding of worker welfare abuses in Qatar does not begin or end with reports of migrant deaths. A much broader pattern of abuse exists that, if ignored, will undermine effective policy responses. Second, the article frames worker welfare as a matter that lies at the intersection of business and human rights. Mega events are large-scale, internationally recognized activities that aim to promote regional development and to advance universal values and principles. They also represent an important collaboration between stakeholders across sectors. The UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, therefore, offer a framework for understanding how worker welfare reform might be in the interests of governmental and corporate actors alike. Ultimately, this paper outlines four policy proposals that may be undertaken by countries of origin, nongovernmental organizations, international organizations, and Qatari employers: (1) the development of a list of labor-supply agencies committed to ethical recruitment practices; (2) the devising of low-interest, preferential loans for migrants considering employment in Qatar; (3) the establishment of a resource center to serve as a one-stop shop for migrant information and services; and (4) the creation of training programs to aid migrants upon their return home. These options are not meant to diminish the role of the Qatari government in reform efforts, and indeed, the state can — and should — take steps to improve worker welfare, including strengthening worker welfare standards, closing labor law loopholes, and bolstering law enforcement capacity. But these measures are not enough. Therefore, the above four policy proposals put forward a process-specific, rather than actor-specific, approach to reform aimed at capitalizing on the spotlight of the World Cup to bring about lasting, positive change in Qatar's migrant labor practices.
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Jenkins, J. Craig, Katherine Meyer, Matthew Costello, and Hassan Aly. "International Rentierism in the Middle East Africa, 1971–2008." International Area Studies Review 14, no. 3 (January 1, 2011): 3–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/223386591101400301.
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What is the trend in rentierism in the Middle East and North Africa? Defining a rentier state as one that extracts a significant share of its revenues from rents extracted from international transactions, we examine a range of such transactions that together constitute a third or more of the Middle East/North Africa economies. Outlining a rentierism index that is based on the share of GDP stemming from oil/mineral exports, foreign military and economic aid, worker remittances, and international tourism, we show that rentierism is growing and that 18 of the 22 Middle East/North Africa states depend for over a third of their GDP on these international transactions. Some depend on direct rents stemming from oil/mineral exports and foreign aid, while others rely increasingly on indirect rents from remittances and tourism. This split between direct and indirect rents has implications for the political stability of these states, because it creates states that are more or less able to maintain control in the face of popular resistance and insurgency.
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Mackintosh, Kate. "Reclaiming Protection as a Humanitarian Goal: Fodder for the Faint-Hearted Aid-Worker." Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies 1, no. 2 (2010): 382–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187815211x555362.
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AbstractHumanitarian action is under pressure on two fronts. On one side, western nations seek to use aid as a foreign policy tool, threatening the neutral image of humanitarian actors and placing them under suspicion. On the other, and in partial reaction to this, host states are re-asserting sovereignty and imposing new limits on humanitarian action in their territory. In many contexts, organisations are being limited by law or practice from addressing abuse of the populations they seek to assist. This is not a surprising reaction from states whose actions are scrutinised; but it is making inroads on the confidence of humanitarian actors themselves. Some are beginning to question not only the feasibility but also the appropriateness of the protection work they have taken on since the 1990s. The article seeks to reinforce the importance and legitimacy of humanitarian protection by showing that both assistance and protection are key goals of humanitarian action as defined by international law. It urges organisations to fight for the space the law has granted, in order to most effectively help the victims of armed conflict.
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Ahlquist, John S. "Making Decent Jobs." Daedalus 152, no. 1 (2023): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_01967.
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Abstract On both normative and pragmatic grounds, I make a case for “decent jobs” over the current discourse around “good jobs.” I define decent jobs as ones that reflect sustained worker influence over the terms and conditions of work. Making decent jobs necessarily entails groups of workers capable of engaging strategically with firms and governments. Where will these groups come from? Changes in technology, the structure of production, and boundaries of the firm all point to profound difficulties in sustaining collective action centered on workplace relationships and identities. Networks of workers organized around mutual aid show some promise, but connecting these groups to concerted action on the shop floor implies numerous organizational and governance challenges.
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Hogan, Elena N. "Notes on the Aftermath: Gaza, Summer 2009." Journal of Palestine Studies 38, no. 4 (2009): 96–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2009.38.4.96.
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This personal account describes aspects of closure, siege, and daily life witnessed in the Gaza Strip from May to July 2009, with emphasis on the impact of the blockade in the wake of Operation Cast Lead. As an international worker made to grapple with increasingly complicated Israeli bureaucracy, but ““allowed”” access into Gaza for purposes of humanitarian aid, the author describes her impressions of the current Gazan situation as an instance of isolation whose plight is increasingly hidden from the gaze of the outside world.
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Washington, Peter, Emilie Leblanc, Kaitlyn Dunlap, Yordan Penev, Aaron Kline, Kelley Paskov, Min Woo Sun, et al. "Precision Telemedicine through Crowdsourced Machine Learning: Testing Variability of Crowd Workers for Video-Based Autism Feature Recognition." Journal of Personalized Medicine 10, no. 3 (August 13, 2020): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm10030086.
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Mobilized telemedicine is becoming a key, and even necessary, facet of both precision health and precision medicine. In this study, we evaluate the capability and potential of a crowd of virtual workers—defined as vetted members of popular crowdsourcing platforms—to aid in the task of diagnosing autism. We evaluate workers when crowdsourcing the task of providing categorical ordinal behavioral ratings to unstructured public YouTube videos of children with autism and neurotypical controls. To evaluate emerging patterns that are consistent across independent crowds, we target workers from distinct geographic loci on two crowdsourcing platforms: an international group of workers on Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) (N = 15) and Microworkers from Bangladesh (N = 56), Kenya (N = 23), and the Philippines (N = 25). We feed worker responses as input to a validated diagnostic machine learning classifier trained on clinician-filled electronic health records. We find that regardless of crowd platform or targeted country, workers vary in the average confidence of the correct diagnosis predicted by the classifier. The best worker responses produce a mean probability of the correct class above 80% and over one standard deviation above 50%, accuracy and variability on par with experts according to prior studies. There is a weak correlation between mean time spent on task and mean performance (r = 0.358, p = 0.005). These results demonstrate that while the crowd can produce accurate diagnoses, there are intrinsic differences in crowdworker ability to rate behavioral features. We propose a novel strategy for recruitment of crowdsourced workers to ensure high quality diagnostic evaluations of autism, and potentially many other pediatric behavioral health conditions. Our approach represents a viable step in the direction of crowd-based approaches for more scalable and affordable precision medicine.
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Bloss, Richard. "Collaborative robots are rapidly providing major improvements in productivity, safety, programing ease, portability and cost while addressing many new applications." Industrial Robot: An International Journal 43, no. 5 (August 15, 2016): 463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-05-2016-0148.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review the dramatic entry of collaborative robotics into applications. It also examines the current state of the art for collaborative robotics, factors driving their entry and their outlook for the future. Design/methodology/approach The paper includes discussions with key managers of robot companies. Attendance at the International Federation for Robotics round table discussion on collaboration and another industry round table meeting on collaborative robotics. Attendance at the CIRP technical conference on automation. Attendance at the Robotics Industry Association International Collaborative Robots Workshop. Findings Collaborative robotics are addressing many previously unmet applications while saving money, improving productivity, simplifying programming and speeding the time to return investment. It is forecast that collaborative robotics systems can address almost 100 million assembly and logistics tasks not previously addressable with traditional robotics technology. Practical implications The paper implies a major examination of collaborative robot technology now and in the future. Readers may be very excited to learn the many new tasks that collaborative robots are addressing, the many tools that have been developed to aid in selecting, designing and gaining worker acceptance and the many unique benefits that are provided, as well as the systems already available. Originality/value The paper implies a major examination of collaborative robot technology now and in the future. Readers may be very excited to learn the many new tasks that collaborative robots are addressing, the many tools that have been developed to aid in selecting, designing and gaining worker acceptance and the many unique benefits that are provided, as well as the systems already available.
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Thomas, R. "Conference Papers: 4. The Security of Humanitarian Workers Aid Worker Safety and Security as a Source of Stress and Distress: Is Psychological Support Needed?" Refugee Survey Quarterly 23, no. 4 (December 1, 2004): 152–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rsq/23.4.152.
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Aijazi, Omer. "The Imaginations of Humanitarian Assistance: A Machete to Counter the Crazy Forest of Varying Trajectories." UnderCurrents: Journal of Critical Environmental Studies 18 (April 27, 2014): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/2292-4736/38546.
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The United Nations cited the 2010 monsoon floods in Pakistan as the largest humanitarian crisis in living memory. The environmental catastrophe effected twenty million people and highlighted the complicated relationship between nature and society. The lives of extremely vulnerable groups such as subsistence farmers and unskilled labourers were severely disrupted by this catastrophe, forcing national and international observers to confront the uneven distribution of harm based on social factors in the wake of environmental disaster. In this visual essay, I explore the slow raging violence of floodwaters, which I witnessed as a humanitarian worker, and narrate a point of departure from social interventions after environmental collapse. The accompanying counter narratives draw the viewer’s attention to the politics of representation. They reveal the dominant discourses of domination of the Third World subaltern as enacted by humanitarian agencies. By juxtaposing photos and text, I invite the viewer to engage in a generative encounter that takes note of the tensions between disrupted communities and systems of international assistance.....THE DE-POLITIZATION OF HUMANITARIAN AID PRACTICE
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Quintiliano Ungierowicz, Nathalia Bezerra. "Trajetória de uma trabalhadora humanitária no Oriente Médio e África | The journey of a humanitarian aid worker in the Middle East and Africa." Mural Internacional 8, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 04. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/rmi.2017.34491.
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Nathalia conta sua história pessoal sobre como deixou sua carreira como especialista em comércio e logística internacional no ramo industrial para se tornar uma representante das Nações Unidas em resposta às maiores crises humanitárias no Oriente Medio da atualidade. Neste artigo, ela fala de sua trajetória profissional, a influência de sua família nesta decisão, e o que vem aprendendo e observando desde que saiu do Rio de Janeiro para morar na fronteira da Síria, em 2014. Nathalia também da dicas para aqueles que sonham em seguir a mesma profissão.ABSTRACTNathalia shares her personal story of how she left a job in international trade and logistics to become a UN officer responding to the biggest humanitarian crisis in the Middle East. In this paper, she shares her professional journey, discusses the influence of her family, and describes what she has learned and observed since leaving Rio de Janeiro in 2014 to live at the Syrian border. Nathalia also gives some advice to those who dream of following the same career path.Palavras-chave: ONU; Trabalho Humanitário; Oriente Medio; Síria.Keywords: UN; Humanitarian Work; Middle East; Syria. Recebido em 23 de Maio de 2018 | Received May 23, 2018DOI
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Hafner-Burton, Emilie M., Layna Mosley, and Robert Galantucci. "Protecting Workers Abroad and Industries at Home: Rights-based Conditionality in Trade Preference Programs." Journal of Conflict Resolution 63, no. 5 (July 12, 2018): 1253–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002718783236.
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A growing number of developed country governments link good governance, including human rights, to developing countries’ access to aid, trade, and investment. We consider whether governments enforce these conditions sincerely, in response to rights violations, or whether such conditions might instead be used as a veil for protectionist policies, motivated by domestic concerns about import competition. We do so via an examination of the world’s most important unilateral trade preference program, the US Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), which includes worker rights as one criterion for program access. We argue that the two-tiered structure of the GSP privileges some domestic interests at one level, while disadvantaging them at the other. Using a new data set on all US GSP beneficiary countries and sanctioning measures from 1986 to 2013, we demonstrate that labor rights outcomes play a role in the maintenance of country-level trade benefits and that import competition does not condition the application of rights-based criteria at this level. At the same, however, the US government does not consider worker rights in the elements (at the country-product level) of the program that have the greatest material impact. The result is a situation in which the US government talks somewhat sincerely at the country level in its rights-based conditionality, but its behavior at the country-product level cheapens this talk.
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Gómez Schlaikier, Sigrid. "¿Los nuevos cooperantes? relación entre migración, remesas y el potencial de los migrantes." Cuadernos de difusión 13, no. 24 (June 30, 2008): 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.46631/jefas.2008.v13n24.02.
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The target of a 38,5% of immigrants in the world is one of the APEC economies. This signifi cant fi gure should be deeply examined to fi nd out why these destinations are chosen, how immigrants contribute to these economies, how they are benefi ted when they migrate and how they contribute to their country of origin, such as Peru. This research was conducted on the basis of diverse data about emigration, immigration, remittances and, urban and rural population of the APEC member countries. The international data basically relies on the World Bank reports, while the Peruvian data is based on the information released by the Peruvian National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI). The study seeks to provide new perspectives and to fi ll out gaps regarding migration and remittances. It also proposes diverse options such as immigration quotas and working visa lotteries in a decentralized manner among APEC economies, and defi nes the concept of migrant not only as a remittance sender, but also as a potential new aid worker when he returns to his country of origin.
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Timothy, Tamunang Tamutana. "Global Policy of ‘Community of Common Destiny’ and IR4: A Robust for Multiculturalism and Humanitarian Crisis Response." Korea Association for Public Value 3 (June 30, 2022): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53581/jopv.2022.3.1.13.
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Purpose: This study explores the combine synergy of China’s concept of “Community of Common Destiny (CCD),” and the Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR4.0) in alleviating humanitarian crisis/response and multiculturalism challenges of the time. The last decade has witnessed heightened resistance against accepting migrants and refugees especially in Europe and U.S and many other countries in general, exacerbated by nationalist politicians. These challenges are multifold, ranging from failed assimilation processes, insufficient funds for humanitarian course, aids dependent oriented solutions, weak solidarity, and xenophobia… etc. all these are evidence of moral backdrop across the world. Even though tools like the “Community of Destiny” and IR4.0 can well provide tangible opportunities for a better performing humanitarian crisis/response, revolutionize the integration policies that would accommodate the varied cultures and be beneficial to all in the society, these tools are misinterpreted, less understood, applied independently to problems it cannot handle on its own, thus rendering them less productive.
Method: This study employs a qualitative approach consisting of literature review and official document analysis. Literature review consists of a comprehensive assessment of scholarly academic publications from competing perspectives in the fields of political philosophy, multiculturalism, IR4.0, international humanitarian organization websites, Business corporate blogs, Community of Common Destiny and international relations theories. The document survey is mainly related to the policy documentation/ speeches output of Chinese leaders, related international organizations, study reports, as well as media reports.
Results: The study reveals that multiculturalism (cultural integration) challenges and humanitarian crisis/ response can be alleviated if the tenets of CCD are fully incorporated with IR4.0 opportunities. To this end, the CCD and IR4.0 offers more opportunities for states and companies to recruit and manage workers at distant locations. Skilled workers can offer their services at the comfort of their homes or localities (i.e. taking work to skilled worker), offering more in-training (victim skill capacitation and job access, and construction of more professional/educational facilities), reform their employment standards to include multicultural background checks, allowing refugees and migrants to be the solution to their problems, while states enact more relaxed refugee work permit policies. Further, disaster affected communities under study must benefit from collected data and analytic results that can help improve their living standards and guard against future catastrophes. Importantly, communities should be routinely trained on first-aid disaster management techniques. With CCD in mind and employing IR4.0 opportunities, humanitarian action responses would stand a better rating in terms of time efficiency and maximization of its ever scarce resources while increasing the number of donor partners.
Conclusion: the CCD and IR4.0 are great opportunities for both humanitarian crisis/response action and declining multiculturalism. Though the CCD has been received with scepticism, the overall idea of promoting a harmonious society (community), where everyone shares equally is achievable in the IR4.0 era. Critics have pointed out that CCD’s weakness lies in the implementation and enforcement loopholes. However, the concept originality was designed as an international instrument for willing states to adhere without any coercion and function as it is the case with other international instruments such the Rome Statue where some major powers are not signatories. The CCD and IR4.0 opportunities open a new era for humanity and the world system must adapt to the changing humanism.
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Oriavwote, P. E., and A. O. Ikwuka. "Patterns and Factors Influencing Self-Medication among Students of The American International University West Africa (Aiuwa), The Gambia." European Journal of Clinical Medicine 3, no. 2 (April 5, 2022): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/clinicmed.2022.3.2.181.
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Aims/Objectives: This study aimed to throw more light on how common self-medication is, among the American International University West Africa (AIUWA), The Gambia’s student population, the common patterns, and the factors that aid or prevent self-medication among the students.
Materials and Methods: This study utilized a descriptive cross-sectional design. A sample of 168 AIUWA students was collected online. Qualitative data was hardcoded and data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariable binary logistic regression to determine the correlation between factors for, and outcomes of self-medication.
Results and Discussion: 38.9% of the respondents practiced self-medication. The most common rationale for self-medication is the perception of the illness to be mild (42%) and having similar symptoms in the past (36.2%). Other reasons were availability of home remedies (26.1%) or drugs for self-medication (20.3%), emergency use (17.4%), and because self-medication saves time. The least common reasons given for self-medicating were clinic being far away (2.9%) and being a health worker or practicing nurse (1.4%). Knowledge from the past experiences of an illness (51.5%) and online sources (26.5%) were the most common sources of knowledge for self-medication. The most common medications used are Paracetamol (60.9%) and antibiotics (46.4%) and the most common conditions treated are headache (52.2%) and cold symptoms (46.4%). Less than half of the respondents (46.4%) self-medicated according to the recommended duration, 42% were sure that they did not take the medication for the correct duration of time and 11.6% did not even bother to check. Almost all the participants who self-medicated said that the medication solved the health condition they treated. Majority of the students who practiced self-medication preferred orthodox medicines to alternative medicines. By far, the most common source of drugs for self-medication was the drug store (81.4%), followed by friends and family (16.7%), drugs stored at home (15.7%), and home remedies (15.7%). Most of the students sometimes read the prescribing information before using a medication, and 51.2% do not support the idea of self-medication. In addition, self-medication was significantly associated with being a student in the health science center (p<0.001), married (p<0.05) or single (p<0.05), and being in or beyond the third year of studies (p<0.05).
Conclusions: Almost half of the respondents admitted to having practiced self-medication because they perceived their illness to be mild. Students who were significantly more likely to self-medicate were those in the health science center, those who are married or single, and those who have reached or passed the third year of studies.
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Tuyji Tok, Yesim, Rabia Can Sarinoglu, Seyhan Ordekci, Serife Yilmaz, Gunes Ozcolpan, Aysen Bayram, Okan Kadir Nohut, et al. "One-Year Post-Vaccination Longitudinal Follow-Up of Quantitative SARS-CoV-2 Anti-Spike Total Antibodies in Health Care Professionals and Evaluation of Correlation with Surrogate Neutralization Test." Vaccines 11, no. 2 (February 3, 2023): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11020355.
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Numerous vaccines have been generated to decrease the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19. This study aims to evaluate the immunogenicity of the heterologous boosts by BioNTech against homologous boosts by CoronaVac at three-month intervals in two health care worker (HCW) cohorts, with or without prior COVID-19, for one year post-vaccination. This is a prospective cohort study in which the humoral responses of 386 HCWs were followed-up longitudinally in six main groups according to their previous COVID-19 exposure and vaccination status. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike-RBD total antibody levels were measured and SARS-CoV-2 neutralization antibody (NAbs) responses against the ancestral Wuhan and the Omicron variant were evaluated comparatively using international standard serum for Wuhan and Omicron, as well as with the aid of a conversion tool. The anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike-RBD total Ab and Nab difference between with and without prior COVID-19, three months after two-dose primary vaccination with CoronaVac, was statistically significant (p = 0.001). In the subsequent follow-ups, this difference was not observed between the groups. Those previously infected (PI) and non-previously infected (NPI) groups receiving BioNTech as the third dose had higher anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike total Ab levels (14.2-fold and 17.4-fold, respectively, p = 0.001) and Nab responses (against Wuhan and Omicron) than those receiving CoronaVac. Ab responses after booster vaccination decreased significantly in all groups at the ninth-month follow-up (p < 0.05); however, Abs were still higher in all booster received groups than that in the primary vaccination. Abs were above the protective level at the twelfth-month measurement in the entire of the second BioNTech received group as the fourth dose of vaccination. In the one-year follow-up period, the increased incidence of COVID-19 in the groups vaccinated with two or three doses of CoronaVac compared with the groups vaccinated with BioNTech as a booster suggested that continuing the heterologous CoronaVac/BioNTech vaccination, revised according to current SARS-CoV-2 variants and with at least a six-month interval booster would be an effective and safe strategy for protection against COVID-19, particularly in health care workers.
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Lennon, Erin. "The Advanced Practice Provider in Federal Disaster Medical Response: An American Experience." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x1900205x.
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Introduction:Advanced Practice Providers (APP) are utilized in the United States National Disaster Medical System (NDMS) and consist of Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNA), Nurse Practitioners (NP), and Physician Assistants (PA). They fill a critical role as Medical Officers in the Federal Disaster Medical Response on both Disaster Medical Assistance Teams (DMAT), Trauma & Critical Care Teams (TCCT), and United States Public Health Service (USPHS). DMAT teams and components of TCCT and USPHS responded to National Security Special Events, multiple natural disasters over the past two years including prolonged hurricane response in 2017 and 2018. The APPs were heavily utilized in key roles throughout the responses with much success.Aim:To explain how APPs are a vital component to US Federal Disaster Medical Response and are able to fill a multitude of roles as Medical Officers.Method:We used qualitative data from APPs in the US NDMS system illustrating what roles they filled during recent disaster responses.Results:The APPs were key components to the US NDMS response to disasters in the US and US territories by providing direct medical care as APPs, aid in medical evacuation, triage, healthcare administration, and medical infrastructure evaluations.Discussion:The APP is essential in the US Federal Disaster Medical Response and future research would be to obtain quantitative data on APPs in the U.S. NDMS. With increasing natural and man-made disasters affecting more people across the world annually, the increasing global population, and expected international health care worker shortages, APPs can be part of the overall solution to Medical Officer shortfalls and other key components in future disaster responses throughout the world. As APPs are not widely utilized worldwide, there will need to be education on what APP training is and how they can be utilized in areas not familiar with their abilities.
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Rubin, Margareta, J. Hans A. Heuvelmans, Anja Tomic-Cica, and Marvin L. Birnbaum. "Health-Related Relief in the Former Yugoslavia: Needs, Demands, and Supplies." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 15, no. 1 (March 2000): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00024870.
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AbstractIntroduction:Many organizations rally to areas to provide assistance to a population during a disaster. Little is known about the ability of the materials and services provided to meet the actual needs and demands of the affected population. This study sought to identify the perceptions of representatives of the international organizations providing this aid, the international workers involved with the delivery of this aid, the workers who were employed locally by the international organizations, the recipients, and the local authorities. This study sought to identify the perceptions of these personnel relative to the adequacies of the supplies in meeting the needs and demands of the population during and following the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina.Methods:Structured interviews were conducted with representatives of international organizations and workers providing aid and with locally employed workers, recipients of the assistance, and the authorities of the areas involved. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to assist in the analysis of the data.Results:Eighty-eight interviews were conducted. A total of 246 organizations were identified as providing assistance within the area, and 54% were involved with health-related activities including: 1) the provision of medications; 2) public health measures; and 3) medical equipment or parts for the same. Internationals believed that a higher proportion of the needs were being met by the assistance (73.4 ±16.4%) than did the nationals (52.1 ±23.3%; p <0.001). All groups believed that approximately 50% of the demands of the affected population were being addressed. However, 87% of the international interviewees believed that the affected population was requesting more than it actually needed.While 27% of the international participants believed that ≥25% of what was provided was unusable, 80% of the recipients felt that ≥25% of the provisions were not usable. Whereas two-thirds of the international participants believed that ≥25% of the demands for assistance by the affected community could not be justified, only 20% of the recipients and authorities believed ≥25% of the demands were unjustified.Conclusions::Many organizations are involved in the provision of medical assistance during a disaster. However, international organizations and workers believe their efforts are more effective than do the recipients.
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Rodriguez, Robyn Magalit. "Philippine Migrant Workers' Transnationalism in the Middle East." International Labor and Working-Class History 79, no. 1 (2011): 48–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547910000384.
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AbstractHow do migrants assert their rights as workers when they do not enjoy the rights of citizenship in their countries of employment and are unable to assert their human rights through international conventions? This article focuses on the work of Migrante-International's Middle East chapter in Saudi Arabia. Specifically, it examines the ways Philippine migrants strategically assert their rights as Philippine citizens transnationally in local labor struggles. This case study of transnational labor activism in a region where migrant workers enjoy limited rights not only highlights how migrants exercise their agency in spite of major obstacles, but it also offers up novel ways to think about worker organizing within the context of contemporary neoliberal globalization for labor activists and scholars concerned with the labor rights of migrants.
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Stasiulis, Daiva K., and Abigail B. Bakan. "Regulation and Resistance: Strategies of Migrant Domestic Workers in Canada and Internationally." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 6, no. 1 (March 1997): 31–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689700600103.
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While the Canadian program for migrant domestic workers offers among the best conditions internationally, it shares two features in common with worldwide policies and treatment of foreign household workers. These are: 1) the inherent asymmetry in citizenship statuses and rights of employers and their domestic employees; and 2) the expectation that employees will ‘live in’ their employers' homes. Enforcement of rights of foreign domestics is also complicated by shared, yet ambiguous jurisdiction over foreign domestics of the federal and provincial governments. These conditions render foreign domestic workers vulnerable to all forms of abuse. They have not been eliminated despite impressive organizing and advocacy among these migrant workers and their allies. The challenges of finding adequate protection against abuse by domestic workers in Canada and elsewhere are explored by examining the policies of labor sending and labor receiving countries, and international conventions. A significant development in domestic workers organizations is the linking of campaigns for migrant worker rights to global efforts to address the causes of unemployment and migration.
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Townsend, Christopher J., and Jennifer M. Loughlin. "Critical Incident Stress Debriefing in International Aid Workers." Journal of Travel Medicine 5, no. 4 (December 1998): 226–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8305.1998.tb00514.x.
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Bird, Bruce M., Mark A. Segal, and Philip L. Yaeger. "The Classification Of Technical Service Specialists For Employment Tax Purposes: Section 1706 And Beyond." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 8, no. 1 (October 18, 2011): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v8i1.6184.
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Whether a worker is classified as an independent contractor or as an employee for payroll tax purposes has extensive implications for both the worker and the party for whom services are rendered. This article examines the significance of determining a workers status and analyzes the factors involved in classifying those workers known as technical service specialists.
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MENTEŞ, Osman, and Mustafa TALAS. "THE INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN AID DELIVERED FOR AFGHANISTAN ON PRIMARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION AFTER 2001." Zeitschrift für die Welt der Türken / Journal of World of Turks 13, no. 1 (April 15, 2021): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.46291/zfwt/130104.
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This study aims to scrutinize historical development, current situation, and main problems of the Afghanistan Education System and the political, social, and economic dimensions of international aid to the country that are made to solve these problems. Following a brief analysis of the historical progress of the Afghanistan education system; the current state of the system and primary, secondary, and community based educational activities in the country in the period ensuing the 2001 US intervention and lasting until 2020 and the place of the foreign aid in the education system and its effects on this system are explained. The resources of this study encompass books; articles; media broadcasts; direct observations in the field and the information obtained through interviews with students, teachers, bureaucrats, politicians, relief workers, and project beneficiaries; and websites, reports and periodical publications of the United Nations, international organizations, state-run institutions of the donor countries, Afghanistan Ministry of Education and Ministry of Economy, which carries out non-governmental organizations affairs in Afghanistan. Through the analysis of the data gathered from accessible sources, it has been revealed that the decades' lasting wars, internal conflicts, poverty, and disasters have destroyed the Afghan Education Sector and unfortunately, no permanent and sustainable solutions could be developed yet despite the significant gains accomplished thanks to intense efforts for nearly two decades. Lacking enough resources and means to solve these problems, Afghanistan remains dependent on aid. Hence, international aid should continue in the field of education as in the other fields more systematically and comprehensively for Afghanistan which is regrettably does not seem to be able to disentangle from this deadlock in the short or medium run and geographical imbalances in the distribution of both public services and international aid should be eliminated. Keywords: Afghanistan, education system, international aid, humanitarian aid, United Nations, Non-governmental Organization (NGO)
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Peng, Gang, Ying Wang, and Guohong Han. "Information technology and employment: The impact of job tasks and worker skills." Journal of Industrial Relations 60, no. 2 (January 8, 2018): 201–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185617741924.
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This study examines worker displacement from the job task framework in which tasks performed by workers interact with information technology in different ways and therefore can potentially lead to worker displacement. It also investigates what kinds of skills are more helpful for reemployment in today's increasingly computerized workplaces. It utilizes seven US displaced worker supplement surveys from 1998 to 2010 to investigate these issues at individual worker level. The results show that employees performing routine tasks at workplaces are more likely to be displaced, while those performing abstract and service tasks are less likely to be displaced. It also finds that information technology can be both upskilling and deskilling, depending on the kinds of jobs performed by workers.
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Werfel, Seth, Christopher Witko, and Tobias Heinrich. "Public support for assistance for workers displaced by technology." Research & Politics 9, no. 2 (April 2022): 205316802210934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20531680221093440.
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Technology is expected to displace many workers in the future. The public generally supports government assistance for workers viewed as less responsible for their unemployment; thus, we ask whether individuals who lose their jobs to technology are perceived as less at fault and more deserving of government benefits, compared to those who lose their jobs to other workers. We conducted a survey experiment on a nationally representative sample in the United States, randomizing whether a hypothetical worker was replaced by technology, a foreign worker, or domestic worker, and asked questions about fault perception and support for unemployment benefits. We find that workers who lose jobs to technology (or foreign workers) are viewed as less at fault than those who lose jobs to domestic workers, and that fault attribution mediated support for unemployment benefits.
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Wobbe, Theresa, and Léa Renard. "The category of ‘family workers’ in International Labour Organization statistics (1930s–1980s): a contribution to the study of globalized gendered boundaries between household and market." Journal of Global History 12, no. 3 (October 18, 2017): 340–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022817000183.
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AbstractThis article discusses the role that statistical classifications play in creating gendered boundaries in the world of work. The term ‘family worker’ first became a statistical category in various Western national statistics around 1900. After 1945, it was established as a category of the International Labour Organization (ILO) labour force concept, and since then it has been extended to the wider world by way of the UN System of National Accounts. By investigating the term ‘family worker’ from the perspective of internationally comparable statistical classification, this article offers an empirical insight into how and why particular concepts of work become ‘globalized’. We argue that the statistical term ‘economically active people’ was extended to unpaid family workers, whereas the distinction between family work and housework was increasingly based on scientific evidence. This reclassification of work is an indication of its growing comparability within an economic observation scheme. The ILO generated and authorized that global discourse, and, as such, attested to an increasingly global form of knowledge and communication about the status of gender and work.
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Elshami, Wiam, Mohamed Abuzaid, Antti Pekkarinen, and Mika Kortesniemi. "ESTIMATION OF OCCUPATIONAL RADIATION EXPOSURE FOR MEDICAL WORKERS IN RADIOLOGY AND CARDIOLOGY IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: NINE HOSPITALS EXPERIENCE." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 189, no. 4 (May 2020): 466–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncaa060.
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Abstract Purpose Occupational radiation exposure for medical workers in radiology and cardiology was analyzed in nine hospitals in the UAE between 2002 and 2016. The purpose of the study was to determine the time trend and the differences in occupational radiation exposure among worker groups and hospitals in the country. Methods Readings of 5700 thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs) were obtained from 1011 medical workers and grouped into 5 worker groups (radiographers, diagnostic radiologists, nurses, cardiologists and physicians). Results The mean annual effective dose was from 0.38 to 0.62 mSv per worker. Even though an increase in the collective effective dose has been noticed during the study period, no significant time trend was observed in the mean effective dose. Furthermore, cardiologists received higher mean and maximum effective doses than the other worker groups. Conclusion The annual effective doses were below the limits set by national legislation and international standards, and for the average worker, the likelihood of high exposure is small. However, improvements in radiation protection practices could be implemented to reduce occupational radiation dose to cardiologists, who were the most exposed worker group in this study.
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Cobble, Dorothy Sue. "International Women's Trade Unionism and Education." International Labor and Working-Class History 90 (2016): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547916000089.
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AbstractThis keynote address, delivered in December 2015 at the International Federation of Workers’ Education Association General Conference in Lima, Peru, refutes the standard trope of labor movement decline and provides evidence for the global rise and feminization of labor movements worldwide. Trade union women’s commitment to emancipatory, democratic worker education helped spur these changes. The origins and effects of two historical examples are detailed: the Bryn Mawr Summer School for Women Workers held in the United States annually from 1921 to 1938 and the first International Women’s Summer School of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) held in France in 1953. The latter experiment, attended by women labor leaders from 25 countries, energized the Women’s Committee of the ICFTU. It led to the adoption of “The Charter of Rights of Working Women” by the ICFTU in 1965 and helped make possible the election of Sharan Burrow and other women to top office in the International Trade Union Confederation. The address concludes with a discussion of what the history of trade union women’s education teaches about strengthening future labor movements.
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J. Adriaenssen, Deniel, Dagny A. Johannessen, and Jon-Arild Johannessen. "Knowledge management and performance: developing a theoretical approach to knowledge workers’ productivity, and practical tools for managers." Problems and Perspectives in Management 14, no. 3 (November 10, 2016): 667–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.14(3-3).2016.10.
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Issue: The number of knowledge workers continues to grow, but we know little about what factors will promote knowledge workers’ productivity. Problem for discussion: How can managers promote knowledge workers’ productivity? Purpose: To develop aspects of a theory to promote knowledge workers’ productivity. Method: Conceptual generalization. Findings: Seven propositions (a mini-theory) for knowledge workers’ productivity. Keywords: knowledge worker, productivity, theory. JEL Classification: M1
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Westphal, Florian. "Journalists and aid workers – an ambivalent relationship." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 16, no. 1 (May 1, 2010): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v16i1.1004.
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Commentary: The relationship between the news media and humanitarians remains extremely important as both play a key role in terms of shaping of what we know and how we experience armed conflicts of which most of us have no first-hand knowledge. By shaping public perceptions, these two actors also influence the actions taken by governments and the international community to put an end to or alleviate the suffering caused by wars. Yet, as this keynote address at the Reporting Wars conferences in Sydney and Wellington in May 2009 seeks to explain, there is nothing automatic about this process.
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Khan, Aisha. "Women Plantation Workers: International Experiences:Women Plantation Workers: International Experiences." American Anthropologist 102, no. 1 (March 2000): 197–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2000.102.1.197.
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Tilly, Chris. "Labor in the Global South: Transnational Turmoil, Latin American Lessons." Perspectives on Politics 11, no. 1 (March 2013): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592712003039.
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Mark S. Anner opens Solidarity Transformed by referencing two wrenching changes that have transformed the world for workers: neoliberalism—the scaling back of welfare states, industrial policies, and labor protections—and globalization. He questions how these shifts have affected workers and how worker organizations in diverse settings have responded.
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Pascucci, Elisa. "The local labour building the international community: Precarious work within humanitarian spaces." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 51, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 743–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x18803366.
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Recent research has highlighted the relevance of spaces of international aid and development as sites where global politics materializes. However, the position of local aid workers within these spaces remains less explored. Drawing on fieldwork with humanitarian professionals employed in responses to the Syrian refugee crisis in Jordan and Lebanon, this paper theorizes the salience of labour and precarity in the geographies of contemporary humanitarian aid. The ethnographically informed argument is built through three main points: (1) unemployment and insecurity among locally recruited humanitarian staff; (2) the forms of care and affective labour that the aid sector mobilizes; and (3) racialized and classed relations within humanitarian spaces. I argue that the differential precarities experienced by aid workers reproduce a porous and contested ‘local vs international’ divide. While challenged by the ‘new inclusions’ brought about by the global expansion of the aid industry, this divide perpetuates entrenched exclusions and hierarchies, raising ethico-political concerns about the presumptions of abstract universality inherent to humanitarianism.
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Boris, Eileen. "From Sexual Harassment to Gender Violence at Work: The ILO's Road to Convention #190." Labor 19, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 109–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15476715-9475758.
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Abstract This article considers the political, social, and institutional forces behind the ILO's “Violence and Harassment Convention, 2019 (No. 190).” It traces the competing terms—worker protection, women's equality, and human rights—by which sexual harassment emerged as a proper subject for international action and how violence became the most acceptable framework for redress. With the plight of domestic workers dramatizing the issue, it took concerted efforts of women in the international labor movement, along with feminist staff within the ILO and key delegates to its International Labour Conference, to win a new labor standard.
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Méllo, Lívia Milena Barbosa de Deus e., Romário Correia dos Santos, and Paulette Cavalcanti de Albuquerque. "Agentes Comunitárias de Saúde: o que dizem os estudos internacionais?" Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 28, no. 2 (February 2023): 501–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232023282.12222022.
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Resumo Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa cujo objetivo é compreender o estado da arte da literatura sobre programas de Agentes Comunitárias de Saúde (ACS) no mundo, identificando suas nomenclaturas, práticas, formação e condições trabalhistas. A grande concentração de programas de ACS ainda ocorre em países de baixa e média renda da África (18), Ásia (12) e América Latina (05), com algumas poucas experiências em países de alta renda na América do Norte (02) e Oceania (01). No total foram catalogadas 38 experiências, tendo sido descritas as práticas de cuidado, vigilância, educação, comunicação em saúde, práticas administrativas, de articulação intersetorial e mobilização social. Caracterizou-se os níveis e duração das formações das ACS, assim como as diversas condições de trabalho em cada país. Em grande parte, o trabalho é precarizado, muitas vezes voluntário e realizado por mulheres. A revisão proporcionou um panorama comparativo que pode contribuir para enriquecer o olhar de gestores e tomadores de decisão em contextos de implantação, ampliação e reconfiguração de tais programas.
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Duffield, Mark. "Challenging environments: Danger, resilience and the aid industry." Security Dialogue 43, no. 5 (October 2012): 475–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967010612457975.
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Despite the widespread perception of danger, the aid industry continues to expand within challenging political environments. As a way of reducing risk, this expansion has been accompanied by the ‘bunkerization’ of international aid workers. While this development is largely viewed by the industry as an unfortunate response to a decline in external security, a more holistic approach is used here to explain the consequent paradox of liberal interventionism: an expansion that is simultaneously a remoteness of international aid workers from the societies in which they operate. The demise of modernist legal, moral and political constraints, together with a decline in the political patronage that aid agencies enjoy, has been important in shaping the new risk terrain. At the same time, these changes embody a profound change in the way contingency is approached. Earlier modernist forms of protection have been replaced by postmodernist calls for resilience and the acceptance of risk as an opportunity for enterprise and reinvention. Within the aid industry, however, field-security training represents a countervailing attempt to govern aid workers through anxiety. Resilience, in the form of ‘care of the self’ techniques, becomes a therapeutic response to the fears induced in this way. Viewed from this perspective, apart from reducing risk, the bunker has important therapeutic functions in a world that aid workers no longer understand or feel safe in.
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Mansour, Sylvie. "A Week in Jenin: Assessing Mental Health Needs Amid the Ruins." Journal of Palestine Studies 31, no. 4 (2002): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2002.31.4.35.
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In the days after the Israelis ended their siege on 18––19 April 2002, a veritable army of visitors descended on Jenin refugee camp——journalists, human right activists, NGO representatives, international aid workers, parliamentarians, UN personnel, solidarity delegations——for visits of varying length and objectives not always clear to the residents. My own mandate was very specific: As a psychologist who had worked in Palestine for a number of years, I was to help put together a preliminary evaluation of mental health needs and mobilizable human resources, mainly through "debriefing" sessions both with residents most directly affected by the events (e.g., the newly homeless and internally displaced) and with local personnel (e.g., medical and paramedical teams, teachers, youth workers). I was part of a team that included representatives of UNICEF and the Jerusalem Coalition for Psychology (Palestinian Counseling Center, Women's Center for Legal and Social Counseling, Spafford) sent to help UNRWA and local NGOs working in the psychosocial field.
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Marshall, Ray. "International trade and worker rights." American Journal of Industrial Medicine 16, no. 3 (1989): 243–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajim.4700160302.
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Frenkel, Stephen J., Shahidur Rahman, and Kazi Mahmudur Rahman. "After Rana Plaza: Governing Exploitative Workplace Labour Regimes in Bangladeshi Garment Export Factories." Journal of Industrial Relations 64, no. 2 (January 19, 2022): 272–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00221856211063924.
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In 2013, the Rana Plaza disaster highlighted the highly exploitative conditions of the global garment supply chain centred on Bangladesh. Global lead firms and other stakeholders responded by reforming the labour governance system comprising public and private regulations. How can the effects of this new multi-level governance system on worker outcomes (wages, working conditions and workers’ rights) be conceptualized and explained? Using an inter-disciplinary framework integrating an industrial relations/sociology perspective and a global production network approach, we show how workplace relations (structural and relational workplace characteristics) mediate the relationship between the labour governance system and worker outcomes. A mixed methods research design that includes a factory management survey and case studies enables us to identify and analyse two predominant types of workplace labour regimes associated with different patterns of worker outcomes (procedural and substantive employment conditions). Referred to as the hardship and sweatshop regimes, respectively, these differ in the extent to which workers are exploited. With the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic, we discuss the possibility that modern slavery, the worst form of worker exploitation, is emerging. The paper concludes by briefly considering several research and practical implications of our analysis.
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Dabscheck, Braham. "International Unionism’s Competitive Edge." Articles 58, no. 1 (December 9, 2003): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/007370ar.
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AbstractGlobalization and neo-liberalism have been associated with a decline in unions. In seeking to respond to these problems, unions could cooperate internationally. The orthodoxy among industrial relations scholars is that the European Treaty is antithetical to international unionism because of various provisions which promote competition. The experience of the International Federation of Professional Footballers’ Associations (FIFPro) contradicts this orthodoxy. In August 2001, FIFPro entered into a framework collective bargaining agreement with Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) on a new set of rules to govern the worldwide employment of professional footballers. Football’s transfer and compensation system violated competitive provisions, in particular the freedom of movement of workers, contained in the European Treaty. Following the 1995 decision of the European Court of Justice in Bosman, and strategic interventions by the European Commission, FIFA sought an accommodation with FIFPro, to protect its new employment rules from further legal attack.
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Martínez, Julia. "‘Unwanted Scraps’ or ‘An Alert, Resolute, Resentful People’? Chinese Railroad Workers in French Congo." International Labor and Working-Class History 91 (2017): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547916000296.
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AbstractIn the late 1920s, the colonial government of French Equatorial Africa decided to employ Chinese workers to complete their railway line. The employment of Chinese indentured labor had already become the subject of considerable international criticism. The Chinese government was concerned that the French could not guarantee worker health and safety and denied their application. However, the recruitment went ahead with the help of the government of French Indochina. This article explores the nature of Chinese worker protest during their time in Africa and their struggle against French notions of what constituted appropriate treatment of so-called “coolie” labor.
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Wright, Kate. "‘Helping our beneficiaries tell their own stories?’ International aid agencies and the politics of voice within news production." Global Media and Communication 14, no. 1 (March 2, 2018): 85–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1742766518759795.
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International aid agencies often claim to give the poor and disenfranchised a voice by helping them tell their stories to others located far away. But how do aid workers conceptualize and operationalize a politics of voice within media production processes? How do ideas about giving voice to others shape aid agencies’ engagement with mainstream news organizations? This article explores two contrasting news production case studies which took place in South Sudan and Mali, involving Save the Children, Christian Aid and their local partners. It finds that different approaches to giving voice exist in aid work, creating tensions within and between agencies. In addition commercialized notions of value for money, the influence of mediated donor reporting, and aid workers’ weak understandings of linguistic and intercultural interpretation combined to make aid agencies’ values-in-action far less empowering than they assumed.
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Bagherani, Nooshin, Abdolkarim Shaheydar, Bruce R. Smoller, and Hossein Ale Kajbaf. "LEGAL STATE OF DOCTORS WITHOUT BORDERS (MÉDECINS SANS FRONTIÈRES) IN THE INTERNATIONAL LAW." Lampung Journal of International Law 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25041/lajil.v3i2.2525.
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Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) is a non-profit organization that offers health and medical services to people based on their requirements irrespective of race, gender, beliefs, religion, and political origins. Physicians, as the MSF's most important members, assist people in their greatest need. They provide services ranging from consultations, vaccinations, and primary care to the most complex surgeries. Given that the doctors in the organization are very active members of the MSF and understand the risk of their presence in dangerous regions with prevalent epidemic and contagious diseases or under distress, insecurity, and war in underdeveloped or third world countries, research into the legal status of this self-giving and venture group of the international society is critical. The legal status of humanitarian aid workers such as the physicians in doctors without borders in international law has not been studied and recognized. This is due to the absence of a complete definition of “humanitarian aid workers” in international humanitarian law. Furthermore, the issue of the status of humanitarian NGOs in international law is novel. Therefore, studying the legal status of the humanitarian aid workers is an essential case because they are exposed to many potential risks in facing armed conflicts. This research planned a web-based survey as part of our study to find articles, books, reports, or studies in relationship with national and international humanitarian organizations and workers, NGOs, and the legal status of these organizations and their workers. We did normative legal research using secondary data from the internet, references, etc. While the operation of the MSF is mainly aimed at supporting the survival and recovery of people within a war or disease outbreak-afflicted country, its efforts put the lives of its personnel at risk. Herein, we will investigate how the MSF can adequately support its primary staff, the physicians. We can get the response to this question by studying the legal status of the doctors without borders in international law.
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Bagherani, Nooshin, Abdolkarim Shaheydar, Bruce R. Smoller, and Hossein Ale Kajbaf. "LEGAL STATE OF DOCTORS WITHOUT BORDERS (MÉDECINS SANS FRONTIÈRES) IN THE INTERNATIONAL LAW." Lampung Journal of International Law 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25041/lajil.v4i1.2525.
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Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) is a non-profit organization that offers health and medical services to people based on their requirements irrespective of race, gender, beliefs, religion, and political origins. Physicians, as the MSF's most important members, assist people in their greatest need. They provide services ranging from consultations, vaccinations, and primary care to the most complex surgeries. Given that the doctors in the organization are very active members of the MSF and understand the risk of their presence in dangerous regions with prevalent epidemic and contagious diseases or under distress, insecurity, and war in underdeveloped or third world countries, research into the legal status of this self-giving and venture group of the international society is critical. The legal status of humanitarian aid workers such as the physicians in doctors without borders in international law has not been studied and recognized. This is due to the absence of a complete definition of “humanitarian aid workers” in international humanitarian law. Furthermore, the issue of the status of humanitarian NGOs in international law is novel. Therefore, studying the legal status of the humanitarian aid workers is an essential case because they are exposed to many potential risks in facing armed conflicts. This research planned a web-based survey as part of our study to find articles, books, reports, or studies in relationship with national and international humanitarian organizations and workers, NGOs, and the legal status of these organizations and their workers. We did normative legal research using secondary data from the internet, references, etc. While the operation of the MSF is mainly aimed at supporting the survival and recovery of people within a war or disease outbreak-afflicted country, its efforts put the lives of its personnel at risk. Herein, we will investigate how the MSF can adequately support its primary staff, the physicians. We can get the response to this question by studying the legal status of the doctors without borders in international law.
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Antonazzo, Luca. "Narratives of cooperation, resilience and resistance: workers’ self-recovery in times of crisis." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 39, no. 9/10 (September 9, 2019): 851–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-04-2019-0064.
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Purpose Worker-recuperated enterprises have appeared in Europe with increasing frequency since 2008, following the Great Recession that hit the western economies. The purpose of this paper is to depict the phenomenon of worker-recuperated enterprises in Italy, focusing on two different types of business recovery, that of workers buyouts and that of recovered social spaces. The paper compares these on the basis of four analytical dimensions: resilience/resistance, relationship with the market, relationship with the territory and workplace democracy. Design/methodology/approach The corpus of the research is based on the cross-sectional analysis of workers’ narratives. These were collected, within a small sample of theoretically relevant cases, in order to retrace and analyse the path from the crisis of the former companies to establishment of the workers’ cooperatives and their social and economic features. Findings The collected narratives allowed for a multi-level comparison between different types of worker-recuperated enterprises, providing some insights on their emergence, their features in terms of resilience and resistance, their relationship with the market economy and their outcomes in terms of workplace democracy and support to employment. Originality/value Worker buyouts are gaining ground in Europe as an effective mechanism to oppose the fall of the employment rate in consequence of economic crises. This research intends to offer some data and arguments to the current international debate on the effectiveness of these mechanisms in coping with economic shocks and opening up to a sustainable and cooperative work-driven economy.
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De Jong, Kaz, Saara Martinmäki, Hans Te Brake, Rolf Kleber, Joris Haagen, and Ivan Komproe. "How do international humanitarian aid workers stay healthy in the face of adversity?" PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 16, 2022): e0276727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276727.
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Background International humanitarian aid workers (iHAWs) are motivated strongly to travel abroad to help communities affected by war, famine, disaster and disease. They expose themselves to dangers and hardships during their field assignments. Despite working under such challenging circumstances, most workers remain healthy. The objective of the present study was to unravel the mechanism that enables workers to remain healthy under the same circumstances that affect these communities. We hypothesised that the different components of the Sense of Coherence (SOC) health mechanism mediate the relationship between field stressors and post-assignment health. Methods and findings The stress-health model was tested among 465 international aid workers using a longitudinal pre-post assignment study design and structural equation modelling for path analyses. The (health) outcome variables were PTSD, anxiety, depression, emotional exhaustion, and work engagement. Our findings highlight the importance of being healthy before aid assignment and the negative health impact of field stressors that were not potentially traumatic. The SOC components mediated the relationship between field stress and post-assignment health, with males and females using different SOC components to alleviate stress. Males are more likely trying to understand the nature of the stressor, whereas females mobilise their resources to manage stressors. In both groups, a high level of meaningfulness of the work was an important component in maintaining health. Regarding using the SOC concept for understanding the process of maintaining health, our findings indicated that SOC is best considered context-specific and multidimensional. Conclusion In addition to good pre-mission health, the SOC components help prevent field assignment-related negative health effects in iHAWs. Our findings support the idea to compose gender-balanced teams of iHAWs to maintain and promote health. The findings can be used to develop or refine health conversation tools and SOC based health interventions to promote health and wellbeing and prevent ill-health among aid workers and other stress-exposed populations.