Journal articles on the topic 'International agencies – Decision making'
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1
Baekkeskov, Erik. "Reputation-Seeking by a Government Agency in Europe." Administration & Society 49, no. 2 (July 27, 2016): 163–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095399714528177.
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Reputation-seeking can explain some decisions of U.S. federal agencies. However, it has remained unclear whether it could be used in the European context where agencies have proliferated in national and regional governance in the past few decades. This article shows that reputation-seeking can occur at autonomous agencies in the European context. A unique participant-observational study of an international public health agency acting in response to the 2009 H1N1 “swine” influenza pandemic provides bases for this conclusion. It adds empirical support for the proposition using real-time observations of and in-depth interviews on the agency’s decision-making processes.
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Bujar, Magdalena, Neil McAuslane, Patricia Connelly, and Stuart R. Walker. "Quality Decision-Making Practices in Pharmaceutical Companies and Regulatory Authorities: Current and Proposed Approaches to Its Documentation." Therapeutic Innovation & Regulatory Science 54, no. 6 (May 29, 2020): 1404–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s43441-020-00167-7.
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Abstract Background Pharmaceutical companies and regulatory agencies endeavor to relate their decision making with outcomes to improve future decision making and to ensure that gained knowledge is fed back into a learning system. Nevertheless, such a correlation can only be achieved by documenting the expected outcome of a decision at the time it is made, enabling comparison of the expected outcome with the actual result. Methods Participants at an international workshop discussed how the documentation of decisions could be evolved as companies and agencies look to improve their knowledge base. Discussions were informed by a pre-workshop survey of pharmaceutical companies and regulatory agencies. Results Most survey participants from 12 companies (55% response rate) and 11 agencies (73% response) have a system in place to enable documentation of major decisions, however, systems are used primarily to document outcomes rather than the process, while information from documentation is not always used, and feedback loops are not in place. The majority of participants indicated that their organization currently documents most decision-making practices included in the proposed template. Workshop participants agreed that all major past decisions should be referenceable and suggested incentives to enable decisions to be referenced, and confirmed elements and characteristics of a decision-documentation template. Conclusions This survey and workshop identified the current landscape and gaps in the documentation of decision making and suggested revisions for a proposed documentation template. The use of technology to enable information extraction with support from artificial intelligence and future decision making was a recommendation highlighted by participants.
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Galli, Brian J. "Economic Decision-Making and Risk Management." International Journal of System Dynamics Applications 10, no. 4 (October 2021): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsda.20211001.oa2.
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Because of the recent financial crisis in the United States that shook the financial sector, the need for adopting effective Risk Management practices has increased. Essentially, the volatility of the sector calls for an augmented re-evaluation of the framework, as well as the components of uncertainty management practices by commercial banks, regulatory agencies, and scholars. By doing so, the stakeholders in the financial sector would ensure the conformity to the best practices. To further fortify this, the research herein uses the Ames National Corporation (ANC), which is a commercial Bank in Iowa, USA, as a case study. The institution risk profile and risk management practices are evaluated to give insights on conforming to the best international practices. The research also seeks to establish whether effective risk management results in enhanced performance and profitability for financial institutions.Stating areas on which further research should be conducted is how the study is concluded.
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Faisal, Mohd Nishat, and Bilal Mustafa Khan. "Selecting an Advertising Agency: A Multi-Criteria Decision Making Approach." Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective 12, no. 4 (October 2008): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097226290801200402.
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Indian economy is evolving day by day, and with an upswing spending power of its inhabitants advertising has been emerging as one of the most effective tools for the companies to reach out to their customers. Best advertisement agencies create value through giving the product personality, developing an understanding of product/service, creating an image or memorable picture of that product and above all trying to distinguish the product apart from its competitors. Today, advertising budgets of companies are rising and thus there are numerous agencies in the market vying for their shares. But there exists no method, which can take into account numerous criterions and their impact simultaneously under consideration while selecting a best advertisement agency. Selecting an advertisement agency is a multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem that requires considering large number of complex factors as multiple evaluation criteria. A robust MCDM method should consider the interactions among criteria. Analytic network process (ANP) is a relatively new MCDM method which can deal with all kinds of interactions systematically. This paper proposes an ANP based methodology for the selection of advertisement agencies. ANP is capable of measuring the relative importance that captures all indirect interactions in a network required to be considered in an advertisement agency selection and also their interactions. Additionally, the proposed model is evaluated for a case company.
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Hewitt, C. D., E. Allis, S. J. Mason, M. Muth, R. Pulwarty, J. Shumake-Guillemot, A. Bucher, et al. "Making Society Climate Resilient: International Progress under the Global Framework for Climate Services." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 101, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): E237—E252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-18-0211.1.
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Abstract There is growing awareness among governments, businesses, and the general public of risks arising from changes to our climate on time scales from months through to decades. Some climatic changes could be unprecedented in their harmful socioeconomic impacts, while others with adequate forewarning and planning could offer benefits. There is therefore a pressing need for decision-makers, including policy-makers, to have access to and to use high-quality, accessible, relevant, and credible climate information about the past, present, and future to help make better-informed decisions and policies. We refer to the provision and use of such information as climate services. Established programs of research and operational activities are improving observations and climate monitoring, our understanding of climate processes, climate variability and change, and predictions and projections of the future climate. Delivering climate information (including data and knowledge) in a way that is usable and useful for decision-makers has had less attention, and society has yet to optimally benefit from the available information. While weather services routinely help weather-sensitive decision-making, similar services for decisions on longer time scales are less well established. Many organizations are now actively developing climate services, and a growing number of decision-makers are keen to benefit from such services. This article describes progress made over the past decade developing, delivering, and using climate services, in particular from the worldwide effort galvanizing around the Global Framework for Climate Services under the coordination of UN agencies. The article highlights challenges in making further progress and proposes potential new directions to address such challenges.
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Shmahelska, Marina. "World ratings: features of formation and impact on the on the country’s economic growth." Socio-Economic Research Bulletin, no. 2(77) (June 30, 2021): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.33987/vsed.2(77).2021.181-192.
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The article investigates the ratings formation as a special type of activity that is actively implemented in a market economy. The process of creating a rating system is considered. It is established that the analysis results of economic entities activities are expressed as the results of evaluation in the rating scale. The main difference between the concepts of «rating» and «ranking» is determined, which allows building economic entities according to the ranking, that is, according to one of the indicators. The criteria that underlie the classification of ratings are analyzed. It is noted that in the economic literature, in most cases, it is carried out by rating agencies and companies. It is established that the rating process, as a business, has not only a methodological, but also a certain moral component. The regulatory element of rating agencies and features of their national and international rating scales are studied. A set (system) of national rating scales are determined, which provides the most complete and objective assessment of the issuer’s creditworthiness. The ratings of international rating agencies, which are assigned, usually, on two scales: international and national, are studied. It has been proven that changes in ratings play an important role for transactions with interest rate risks, as information for investors in decision making. The main methods of rating are established, which are largely closed. The leading credit ratings of international agencies, which are used by portfolio investors in decision-making, including country and regional ratings, are named. The main advantages that provide credibility to the ratings are substantiated, such as: the agency’s reputation; the agency has a generally recognized and accessible reporting methodology; differences in approaches to the analysis of rating subjects.
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Simonova, Marina D., and Elvira A. Yarnykh. "REVIEW OF THE CURRENT SYSTEM OF STATISTICAL AND ANALYTICAL DATA FOR THE ECONOMY AND INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS." SCIENTIFIC REVIEW. SERIES 1. ECONOMICS AND LAW, no. 2-3 (2022): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/2076-4650-2022-2-3-07.
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Under modern conditions, decision-making in the field of business and public administration requires reliable information. Comparable statistics on macroeconomic indicators, markets for goods and services, and the activities of international and national companies are based primarily on the standards of international and regional organizations. International statistical standards ensure the comparability of statistics necessary for adequate management decisions at all levels. This is the case with Internet resources and publications of international organizations and their statistical bodies, such as the UN Statistical Division, CIS-STAT, OECD, EU Statistical Commission, etc. Analytical publications of sectoral international organizations, branch agencies, international companies are aimed at specialized applied research.
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Hailey, David. "A preliminary survey on the influence of rapid health technology assessments." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 25, no. 03 (July 2009): 415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462309990067.
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Objectives:The aim of this study was to obtain information on rapid health technology assessments (HTAs) prepared by members of the International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment (INAHTA).Methods:A questionnaire was prepared, drawing on earlier INAHTA documents for recording HTA impact. A request for responses was sent to member agencies, seeking information on rapid HTA reports prepared during 2006.Results:Responses were provided on fifteen rapid HTAs, which covered both new and widely distributed technologies. The most common purpose for the HTAs (n= 8) was to inform coverage decisions, but other reasons included capital funding, formulary decisions, referral for treatment, program operation, guideline formulation, influence on routine practice, and indications for further research. All the rapid HTAs were considered by the agencies to have had some influence. The most common indications of influence were consideration by the decision maker, use of the HTA as reference material (bothn= 10), and acceptance of recommendations or conclusions (n= 8).Conclusions:Rapid HTAs are used for a broad range of technologies, to inform several types of decision, and are effective in informing the decision-making process. Supplementation of their findings by further assessments will be appropriate in some cases.
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Bronckers, Marco, and Yves Van Gerven. "Legal Remedies Under the EC’s New Chemicals Legislation REACH: Testing a New Model of European Governance." Common Market Law Review 46, Issue 6 (December 1, 2009): 1823–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2009075.
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The REACH legislation constitutes a milestone for the European Union. It sets new standards for environmental law, which are becoming the benchmark for many countries and companies around the world. This new chemicals legislation also introduces institutional novelties at the European level. An independent European agency with decision-making powers has been created to administer this complex and highly technical legislation. Nevertheless, the European Commission and the Member States have maintained direct influence over the agency’s work, and participate in various roles in the implementation of REACH. These environmental and institutional innovations are not making the position of companies, who are the immediate addressees of the legislation, any easier. The present article analyses the decision-making processes under REACH, and inquires which legal remedies, if any, registering companies have in the event they encounter decisions that adversely affect them. It will be shown that companies are not always in an enviable position. They are paying a price, it seems, for the still evolving institutional architecture of the European Union. In other words, the deficiencies in legal protection we identify point to more fundamental problems surrounding the effectiveness and accountability of European agencies. Thus, this analysis can also serve as a case study to test new models of European governance. The article offer recommendations for improvement.
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Tharp, Marye, and Jaeseok Jeong. "Executive Insights: The Global Network Communications Agency." Journal of International Marketing 9, no. 4 (December 2001): 111–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jimk.9.4.111.19939.
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Cross-ownership of brand-name agencies, spin-offs of functional areas, and incorporation of nontraditional marketing communications services are the structural foundations of the global network communications agency. Global capabilities are the new criteria for managing agency–client partnerships. In response, agencies differentiate themselves, increase input, and assure clients of uniform decision-making processes across their network by using “branded” decision tools and agency–client intranets. The core competencies expected from the global network communications agency include brand-planning skills, understanding of relevant consumers, decision aids that facilitate decision processes, information systems that maximize experiences and communications, and an ability to bridge cultures. These changes highlight the need to improve human resources management and the competitive appeal of service portfolios, as well as institutionalized knowledge sharing within networks.
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Espinet, Xavier, Winnie Wang, and Shomik Mehndiratta. "Low-Budget Techniques for Road Network Mapping and Road Condition Assessment That Are Accessible to Transport Agencies in Developing Countries." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2634, no. 1 (January 2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2634-01.
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In rural areas of developing countries, the poor quality of road location and condition data—which in most cases are outdated or nonexistent—is a barrier to transport decision making and investment. Without good information about the transport infrastructure, the local administrations, national agencies, and international donors have difficulty prioritizing investments that will produce higher economic and social returns. Most local and national transport agencies in developing countries lack the specific technology, expensive equipment, and professionally trained staff to survey and collect data on rural roads. Lessons are shared from a pilot project that used an inexpensive technique to survey and assess the condition of road infrastructure in rural areas of Mozambique. Local transport engineers were provided with a smartphone app called RoadLab Pro to increase their awareness of new approaches, tools, and technologies. This pilot project aimed to build technical capacity in applying and replicating practices for use in the future while lowering the barriers to transport decision making and investment that asset management and data collection represent for low-capacity and underresourced transport agencies in developing countries.
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Robb, Genna, and Avias Ngwenya. "Theory and practice in the use of merger remedies: Considering South African experience." Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences 4, no. 3 (August 31, 2011): 203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jef.v4i4.374.
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There has been considerable debate internationally around the relative advantages and disadvantages of structural and behavioural remedies. In mergers which raise competition concerns, prohibition or divestiture may prevent merger efficiencies from being realised, and therefore behavioural remedies may seem attractive. However, these can prove difficult or impossible to enforce in practice. The merger approval rates of the South African competition authorities are in line with the practice of international agencies, but the number of behavioural remedies imposed is relatively high. This paper briefly considers the international literature on merger remedies before analysing South African merger decisions and making a comparison with other jurisdictions. It then presents a review of a decision made by the Tribunal in the merger between Astral Foods and National Chick in 2001, which was approved with both structural and behavioural conditions. Finally, the paper draws conclusions for the design of remedies in future.
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Robb, Genna, and Avias Ngwenya. "Theory and practice in the use of merger remedies: Considering South African experience." Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences 4, no. 3 (August 31, 2011): 203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jef.v4i3.374.
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There has been considerable debate internationally around the relative advantages and disadvantages of structural and behavioural remedies. In mergers which raise competition concerns, prohibition or divestiture may prevent merger efficiencies from being realised, and therefore behavioural remedies may seem attractive. However, these can prove difficult or impossible to enforce in practice. The merger approval rates of the South African competition authorities are in line with the practice of international agencies, but the number of behavioural remedies imposed is relatively high. This paper briefly considers the international literature on merger remedies before analysing South African merger decisions and making a comparison with other jurisdictions. It then presents a review of a decision made by the Tribunal in the merger between Astral Foods and National Chick in 2001, which was approved with both structural and behavioural conditions. Finally, the paper draws conclusions for the design of remedies in future.
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Wang, G., N. Karimi, J. Descallar, K. O’Connor, J. Pipicella, L. Willmann, A. Williams, and V. W. Huang. "A170 A NOVEL DECISION AID IMPROVES KNOWLEDGE AND QUALITY OF PREGNANCY-RELATED DECISION-MAKING IN IBD." Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology 4, Supplement_1 (March 1, 2021): 180–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcag/gwab002.168.
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Abstract Background Women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with poor IBD-specific reproductive knowledge experience more voluntary childlessness. Poor knowledge is associated with fear of IBD medications in pregnancy; this must be addressed as active IBD at preconception (PC) correlates with worse intrapartum disease and poor fetal outcomes. The Pregnancy IBD Decision Aid (PIDA), developed by an international multidisciplinary team following International Patient Decision Aids Standards, is an interactive online tool that offers personalised decision support on fertility, pregnancy, and medications in IBD (Fig). Aims To assess PIDA’s impact on knowledge and quality of decision-making among PC and pregnant patients with IBD, and to evaluate its feasibility as a tool for patients and clinicians. Methods PC and pregnant women aged 18–45 with IBD, recruited in Canada and Australia, completed questionnaires pre and post PIDA to assess quality of decision-making (Decisional Conflict Scale, DCS; Self-Efficacy Score, SES) and IBD in pregnancy knowledge (Crohn’s and Colitis Pregnancy Knowledge Score, CCPKnow). DCS assesses if a decision is informed, aligned with personal values, and would be implemented. SES measures belief in one’s ability to make informed decisions. Patients and clinicians (gastroenterology, obstetrics, primary care) also completed feasibility surveys. Paired t-test assessed for differences pre and post PIDA. Results DCS and SES were completed by 74 patients (42 Crohn’s disease, 32 ulcerative colitis); 41 PC and 33 pregnant. DCS improved significantly post PIDA (effect size 0.44, p<0.0001); this was observed in PC patients regarding pregnancy planning with IBD, and in pregnant patients regarding peripartum IBD medication management. SES of PC but not pregnant patients improved significantly post PIDA (effect size 0.32 vs 0.24, p=0.0001 vs 0.0525). In both cohorts, CCPKnow improved significantly post PIDA (n=76, effect size 0.66, p<0.0001). Patients (n=73) assessed PIDA feasibility. Mean scores for length (3.05±0.44), readability (3.09±0.5), and content amount (2.91±0.81) were perceived as appropriate (1=limited, 5=excessive). Perceived usefulness of PIDA was high among all patients (4.09±0.93; 5=most useful). Clinicians (n=14) believed PIDA had appropriate length, readability, and content amount, and deemed PIDA useful to patients (4.6±0.8) and themselves (4.8±0.8) for clinical practice. Conclusions PIDA improved knowledge and quality of decision-making in PC and pregnant patients with IBD. Patients developed a strengthened belief in their ability to make informed, effective decisions, and both patients and clinicians found PIDA feasible. PIDA is an accessible tool that can empower women with IBD to make evidence-based decisions about pregnancy and may ultimately reduce voluntary childlessness. Funding Agencies Mount Sinai Hospital Resident Research Grant; Gastroenterological Society of Australia Rose Amarant Grant; Women and Children’s Health Research Institute (WCHRI); Clinical/Community Research Integration Support Program (CRISP); Merck Better Care, Healthy Communities Funding Program
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Sherry, Lisa J., Andrew M. Briggs, and Tania Pizzari. "Safeguarding injured Victorians: development and implementation of an evidence-informed system to manage therapeutic uncertainty and decision making in a compensable environment." Australian Health Review 44, no. 3 (2020): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah19155.
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WorkSafe Victoria and the Transport Accident Commission are two Victorian government agencies that determine the policies that guide decisions to fund treatments and services provided to Victorians injured in transport or workplace accidents. These agencies identified that an internal system was required to manage requests for funding of new or emerging treatments. In particular, the agencies recognised a system that supported consistency in decision making in the context of therapeutic uncertainty and ensured the safety of injured Victorians was needed. The New, Emerging or Non-Established Treatments (NENETs) policy was launched in its current form by the agencies in 2013. The NENETs system includes a record of contemporary evidence for emerging treatments and an evidence-informed decision-making system to ensure consistency and information sharing. A system of recording decisions on emerging treatments was also implemented to ensure that funding decisions could later be reversed if necessary. The NENETs system has proved to be a robust and sustainable method of managing uncertainty for WorkSafe Victoria and the Transport Accident Commission and could be transferable to other funding bodies. What is known about the topic?An algorithm to guide clinicians when prescribing off-label medications was developed in 2006, although it has not been used widely in everyday practice. In 2019 the Medical Board of Australia launched a discussion paper on ‘complementary and unconventional medicine and emerging treatments’ because no system for managing such treatments exists. Third-party payers have a responsibility to make objective and reliable decisions about new, emerging or non-established treatments to ensure high value care is offered to health consumers. What does this paper add?This paper provides an overview of the policy and decision-making system implemented by WorkSafe Victoria and the Transport Accident Commission to managing requests for new, emerging or non-established treatments. The system is adaptable to other third-party payers, health service funders and regulators in Australia and internationally. What are the implications for practitioners?It is important that practitioners caring for injured Victorians are aware of the systems used to inform decision making around requests for funding new, emerging or non-established treatments. Knowledge of the principles underlying this system may assist other funding bodies and the Medical Board of Australia to develop systems in other jurisdictions.
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Paturas, J., J. Pelazza, and R. Smith. "(A226) Establishing a Framework for Synchronizing Critical Decision Making with Information Analysis during a Health/Medical Emergency." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11002123.
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BackgroundThe Yale New Haven Center for Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Response (YNH-CEPDR) has worked in the United States with state and local health and medical organizations to evaluate critical decision making activities and to develop decision making tools and protocols to enhance decision making in a time sensitive environment. YNH-CEPDR has also worked with international organizations and US federal agencies to support situational awareness activities in simulated and real world events.ObjectivesDuring this session YNH-CEPDR will share the best practices from recent events such as the H1N1 response and the Haiti Earthquake. Participants will be engaged in discussions regarding overall framework for successful information collection, analysis and dissemination to support decision making based on these experiences. This session will also incorporate concepts provided by the US National Incident Management System (NIMS) and the Incident Command System (ICS), specifically through the development of Situational Reports (SitReps), Incident Action Plans (IAP) and Job Action Sheets as methods to implement the framework and concepts discussed. Participants will be led through a series of scenario-based discussions to allow application of critical decision making factors to their organization. At the conclusion of the session, participants will be able to identify next steps for enhancing the synchronization of critical decision making and information analysis within their organizations.
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Haryanti, Erni. "New Era of Muslim Women in Malay World: The Contested Women's Advancement in Decision Making Bodies." International Journal of Nusantara Islam 1, no. 2 (June 6, 2014): 86–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/ijni.v1i1.38.
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Malay world has been experiencing the conflicting and converging international influences of globalization and rapid Islamisation in many significant aspects of the countries. One of the issues is that the impact of the agenda of advancement of women‟s life to achieve gender equality promoted by international agencies. Among other women‟s improvement agenda is that woman in decision making bodies. On the other hand, the growing visible Islamic movement (and/or Islamic fundamentalism - Islamism) which may significantly grow among Malay societies would unavoidably create different ideas, attitudes and practices compared to other Muslim world. This paper explores myriad aspects of women‟s empowerment transforming into decision making bodies in the nuances of an affirmative action a recommendation of series of international conference on women. Through finding similarities and differences between the two Muslim majority countries, the support toward Muslim women‟s empowerment in decision making bodies is formally acknowledged in state regulations. Although women of Southeast Asian region are culturally recognized to have a high status and well engagement with public sphere, in the implementation of women representing themselves in political sphere has a little difference. In term of discourses Indonesia has much flourished ideas and closer to the ideas of international agenda than that of Malaysia. In the overall Malay world would gradually show its openness, tolerance and positive adaptation as a part of world society, although it cannot avoidably be departed from international agenda of both carrying Islamic and non-Islamic values.
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Oortwijn, Wija, Maarten Jansen, and Rob Baltussen. "Use of Evidence-Informed Deliberative Processes by Health Technology Assessment Agencies Around the Globe." International Journal of Health Policy and Management 9, no. 1 (September 15, 2019): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2019.72.
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Background: Evidence-informed deliberative processes (EDPs) were recently introduced to guide health technology assessment (HTA) agencies to improve their processes towards more legitimate decision-making. The EDP framework provides guidance that covers the HTA process, ie, contextual factors, installation of an appraisal committee, selecting health technologies and criteria, assessment, appraisal, and communication and appeal. The aims of this study were to identify the level of use of EDPs by HTA agencies, identify their needs for guidance, and to learn about best practices. Methods: A questionnaire for an online survey was developed based on the EDP framework, consisting of elements that reflect each part of the framework. The survey was sent to members of the International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment (INAHTA). Two weeks following the invitation, a reminder was sent. The data collection took place between September-December 2018. Results: Contact persons from 27 member agencies filled out the survey (response rate: 54%), of which 25 completed all questions. We found that contextual factors to support HTA development and the critical elements regarding conducting and reporting on HTA are overall in place. Respondents indicated that guidance was needed for specific elements related to selecting technologies and criteria, appraisal, and communication and appeal. With regard to best practices, the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE, UK) were most often mentioned. Conclusion: This is the first survey among HTA agencies regarding the use of EDPs and provides useful information for further developing a practical guide for HTA agencies around the globe. The results could support HTA agencies in improving their processes towards more legitimate decision-making, as they could serve as a baseline measurement for future monitoring and evaluation.
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Toledo-Chávarri, Ana, Lidia García Pérez, Lilisbeth Perestelo-Perez, Maria del Mar Trujillo-Martin, Yolanda Alvarez-Perez, Borja Garcia-Lorenzo, José Luis Castro-Campos, et al. "VP06 HTA And Health Industry: Key Aspect Of Their Relationships." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 35, S1 (2019): 76–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462319002861.
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IntroductionConclusions and recommendations of health technology assessment (HTA) reports have an impact on all relevant actors involved in the health system (health authorities, administrators, health professionals, patients, citizens and industry). The involvement of all those relevant stakeholders in the HTA process facilitates making valid and informed decisions and an efficient allocation of resources. Improving communication, participation and transparency among all agents will lead to more efficient evaluation and decision-making processes.MethodsTo review key aspects of the relations between HTA agencies and health industries, two process were carried out: a narrative review of literature searched in Medline, PubMed, Embase, CINAHL and WOS (2007-2017) and a review of websites of international HTA agencies. References and webs with information on the framework, objectives, methodologies, impact or results of the relationships were included.ResultsA total of 1961 references were located and forty-five were selected. From the synthesis of the selected references the following key aspects of the relationships between HTA and industry were identified: (i) the importance of early dialogues with industry to align HTA objectives with the generation of evidence; (ii) challenges of the bias in the evidence produced by industry; (iii) difficulties in industry engagement in HTA processes; and (iv) industry interest in HTA. The review of six agency websites provided information on industry involvement in strategic activities, early dialogues, provision of documentation, management of industry clarifications, review of the report/allegations and other forms of relationship.ConclusionsBoth the review of the literature and the contents of the web pages of international agencies with experience in relations with industry show that the interest is in the creation of collaborative frameworks between regulatory authorities that decide on authorization and price and reimbursement and HTA agencies, while both try to maintain an early, transparent and systematic interaction with the healthcare industry.
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Ricci, Paolo F., Louis A. Cox, and Thomas R. MacDonald. "Precautionary principles: a jurisdiction-free framework for decision-making under risk." Human & Experimental Toxicology 23, no. 12 (December 2004): 579–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0960327104ht482oa.
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Fundamental principles of precaution are legal maxims that ask for preventive actions, perhaps as contingent interim measures while relevant information about causality and harm remains unavailable, to minimize the societal impact of potentially severe or irreversible outcomes. Such principles do not explain how to make choices or how to identify what is protective when incomplete and inconsistent scientific evidence of causation characterizes the potential hazards. Rather, they entrust lower jurisdictions, such as agencies or authorities, to make current decisions while recognizing that future information can contradict the scientific basis that supported the initial decision. After reviewing and synthesizing national and international legal aspects of precautionary principles, this paper addresses the key question: How can society manage potentially severe, irreversible or serious environmental outcomes when variability, uncertainty, and limited causal knowledge characterize their decisionmaking? A decision Rational choice of an action from among various alternatives-requires accounting for costs, benefits and the change in risks associated with each candidate action. Decisions under any form of the precautionary principle reviewed must account for the contingent nature of scientific information, creating a link to the decision/response models to the current set of regulatory defaults such as the linear, non-threshold models. This increase in the number of defaults is an important improvement because most of the variants of the precautionary principle require cost-defined as a choice that makes preferred consequences more likely-analytic principle of expected value of information (VOI), to show the relevance of new information, relative to the initial (and smaller) set of data on which the decision was based. We exemplify this seemingly simple situation using risk management of BSE. As an integral aspect of causal analysis under risk, the methods developed in this paper permit the addition of non-linear, hormetic dose-analytic solution is outlined that focuses on risky decisions and accounts for prior states of information and scientific beliefs that can be updated as subsequent information becomes available. As a practical and established approach to causal reasoning and decision-making under risk, inherent to precautionary decision-making, these (Bayesian) methods help decision-makers and stakeholders because they formally account for probabilistic outcomes, new information, and are consistent and replicable. benefit balancing. Specifically, increasing the set of causal defaults accounts for beneficial effects at very low doses. We also show and conclude that quantitative risk assessment dominates qualitative risk assessment, supporting the extension of the set of default causal models.
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Bell, Bernard W. "Replacing Bureaucrats with Automated Sorcerers?" Daedalus 150, no. 3 (2021): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_01861.
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Abstract Increasingly, federal agencies employ artificial intelligence to help direct their enforcement efforts, adjudicate claims and other matters, and craft regulations or regulatory approaches. Theoretically, artificial intelligence could enable agencies to address endemic problems, most notably 1) the inconsistent decision-making and departure from policy attributable to low-level officials' exercise of discretion; and 2) the imprecise nature of agency rules. But two characteristics of artificial intelligence, its opaqueness and the nonintuitive nature of its correlations, threaten core values of administrative law. Administrative law reflects the principles that 1) persons be judged individually according to announced criteria; 2) administrative regulations reflect some means-end rationality; and 3) administrative decisions be subject to review by external actors and transparent to the public. Artificial intelligence has adverse implications for all three of those critical norms. The resultant tension, at least for now, will constrain administrative agencies' most ambitious potential uses of artificial intelligence.
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Matarazzo, Gustavo, Rafael Alcadipani, Alan Fernandes, and Maurício de Thomazi. "Organizational conditions for evidence-based policing: a proposal from the international literature." Cadernos EBAPE.BR 20, no. 6 (November 2022): 919–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1679-395120220013x.
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Abstract Many areas of study, particularly the field of public administration, have demonstrated how shared evidence has gained relevance in academic research. Against this backdrop, police organizations - responsible for sustaining the political order and being the body with legitimacy to use force - are characterized by supporting their decision-making processes in traditions and conventions. Faced with the various problems of legitimacy, which result in trust issues with its different audiences, the notion of evidence-based policing (EBP) has gained notoriety. Although Brazil has traditions in the field of public security studies, this debate is incipient. In this sense, this theoretical essay aims to reflect on the organizational conditions necessary for implementing EBP based on international experiences. We present a history of EBP and discuss a matrix that enables its practical application. We propose a framework regarding implementation requirements based on four fields: assessment, leadership, technology, and networks. Finally, we consider the need to centralize intelligence activities in the decision-making contexts of these organizations to establish professionalism that takes place through planning actions based on the use of science as ballast for organizations of police agencies.
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Chalaczkiewicz-Ladna, Katarzyna, Iain Macneil, and Irene-Marié Esser. "Engaging Stakeholders in Corporate Decision-Making through Strategic Reporting: An Empirical Study of FTSE 100 Companies." European Business Law Review 29, Issue 5 (September 1, 2018): 729–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2018028.
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The strategic report is the latest iteration of non-financial reporting in the UK. This project empirically analyses the practical implications and relevance of the production of a strategic report for shareholders and especially other stakeholders (e.g. employees, customers, suppliers, environmental agencies, social, community, and human rights bodies). The strategic reports of the FTSE 100 companies from 2015 and 2016 are scrutinised, using a methodology involving compliance coding. This study is especially significant as the practical implications and relevance of the production of a strategic report by company directors have not been discussed in depth in prior literature. This paper fills this gap by first providing empirical evidence on compliance with the relevant statutory provisions. It sheds light on the manner in which companies consider environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues in decisionmaking and the extent to which disclosure represents an effective strategy for engaging stakeholders in that process. It also evaluates the type of information transferred from the company to stakeholders in the form of the strategic report. This first systematic review of strategic reporting in the UK carries international implications due to the high international shareholder base in FTSE 100 companies.
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Dos Santos, Luis M. "Motivation of Taking Distance-Learning and Online Programmes: A Case Study in a TAFE Institution in Australia." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 10, no. 6 (November 5, 2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0149.
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The distance-learning and online courses and programmes are popular during the COVID-19 Pandemic due to the recommendation of social distancing and closure of borders in Australia. The purpose of this study is to explore and understand the motivation and decision-making processes of international students who continue their academic courses and programmes using online distance-learning platforms under the COVID-19 Pandemic. With the case study design, the researcher recruited 20 international students who are currently completing their academic courses and programmes through distance-learning from a Technical and Future Education (TAFE) institution in Australia. Based on the Social Cognitive Career and Motivation Theory, the researcher categorised that the educational achievements and career goals, the achievements of education and career goals, and interests in career development drove the factors of their motivation and career-decision-making process. The results of this study will provide a blueprint for school leaders, department heads, government agencies, policymakers, and researchers to reform and upgrade the current curriculum for technologically-assisted teaching and learning strategies and international students’ experiences.
Received: 16 June 2021 / Accepted: 11 August 2021 / Published: 5 November 2021
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Mundy, Linda, Rebecca Trowman, and Brendon Kearney. "OP11 Findings From The 2017 Health Technology Assessment International Asia Policy Forum Survey." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 34, S1 (2018): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462318000764.
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Introduction:Health systems in the Asia region seek to achieve universal health care (UHC) by increasing access to essential healthcare services, while reducing health inequalities and out-of-pocket expenditure. With this in mind, the discussion for the 2017 Health Technology Assessment International (HTAi) Asia Policy Forum (APF) centered around the topic of ‘Universal Healthcare in the Asia Region: Overcoming the Barriers using HTA and Real World Data’.Methods:As part of the background paper prepared to inform discussions at the APF, attendees from public sector HTA agencies from nine countries, and industry attendees from eight companies, were surveyed to explore issues on the barriers and challenges of establishing UHC in the region and use of real world data (RWD).Results:Most countries used evidence-based decision-making when considering which technologies to add to healthcare benefit packages; however, this was at times inconsistently applied. Prioritization criteria included burden of disease, unmet clinical need, clinical effectiveness, cost effectiveness and affordability. The political agenda and deference to expert opinion also played a role. Although all countries reported using RWD to inform decision-making, they also reported issues including lack of capacity, poor quality data and lack of collaboration between private and public sectors, as well as a conservative approach to data-linkage. It became apparent that a disconnect had been identified, as industry overwhelmingly identified access to RWD in the region as a major issue.Conclusions:Discussing the differences in opinion between HTA agencies and industry led to a greater understanding of issues in the Asia region, and will lead to increased dialogue and opportunities to collaborate in the future. Building capacity in the region will assist countries to deliver on their goal of achieving UHC.
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O'Rourke, Brian, Sophie Söderholm Werkö, Tracy Merlin, Li Ying Huang, and Tara Schuller. "The ‘Top 10’ Challenges for Health Technology Assessment: INAHTA Viewpoint." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 36, no. 1 (November 28, 2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462319000825.
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The International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment (INAHTA) spans the globe as a network of 50 publicly-funded health technology assessment (HTA) agencies supporting health system decision making for 1.4 billion people in thirty countries. Agency members are non-profit HTA organizations that are part of, or directly support, regional or national governments. Recently, INAHTA surveyed its members to gather perspectives from agency leadership on the most important issues in HTA today. This paper describes the top 10 challenges identified by INAHTA members. Addressing these challenges requires a call for action from INAHTA member agencies and the many other actors involved in the HTA ecosystem. In opening this call for action, INAHTA will lead the way; however, a comprehensive undertaking from all players is needed to effectively address these challenges and to continue to evolve HTA in its role as a strong and effective contributor to health systems.
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Idrizi, Bashkim, Edon Maliqi, and Lyubka Pashova. "Spatial Database Designing for Environmental Monitoring and Decision Making in Mitrovica Region, The Republic of Kosovo." Geosfera Indonesia 6, no. 2 (August 17, 2021): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/geosi.v6i2.23934.
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The integration of spatial data analysis methods and thematic map models is an approach to reduce the negative impact of anthropogenic pressure on the environment due to mining and waste generation. The large amounts of industrial waste from mining in the Mitrovica region in northern Kosovo lead to serious environmental problems with organic and inorganic water and soil pollution. This study aims to design and establish a geospatial database for long-term environmental monitoring, provide analytical tools, and support appropriate management decisions by local authorities and agencies. The database contains topographical elements and ecological parameters collected from different national and open access international sources. All collected data have been analyzed, standardized and harmonized within the open-source QGIS ver.3 software. The results showed that in developed datasets were organized in different GIS layers and compiled several thematic maps. The designed database is unique by its architecture, providing an opportunity for periodical monitoring of the environment near the mining areas.
Keywords: Environmental monitoring; Spatial database; Open source software; QGIS; Kosovo.
Copyright (c) 2021 Geosfera Indonesia and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License
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Anggara, Dana. "Decision Support System SAW Method Exporter Foreign Trade Section." Journal of Information Systems and Technology Research 1, no. 1 (January 29, 2022): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.55537/jistr.v1i1.91.
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Exports can be said to be activities of transporting goods or commodities between agencies. Exports can generally be carried out by medium-sized businesses for strategies to compete in international markets. exports can provide foreign exchange earnings for the agency of origin of the goods or commodities. The problem in this research is that it is not known which PT exports of goods is better than other PT. This research process uses a decision support system to determine which exporting company is more profitable for the agency, which is better in terms of points, the number of days the goods arrive (20%), the weight of the goods (20%), packaging (25%), method (15%), type of goods (20%). The purpose of this study is to determine the best export of goods using a decision support system using the SAW (Simple Additive Weighting) method. In this case, Data collection techniques used in this case are library research, observation. and using the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method to assist in making decisions to determine which export of goods from PT is the best
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Brewer, Brian, and Ahmed Shafiqul Huque. "Performance Measures and Security Risk Management: a Hong Kong Example." International Review of Administrative Sciences 70, no. 1 (March 2004): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020852304041232.
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Public agencies have an important role in establishing and ensuring a secure environment for business operations. Risk management decisions by international business enterprises can be informed usefully by performance data related to the services provided by a host country‘s law enforcement agencies. As recent public sector reforms have emphasized the development of indicators and the measurement of performance in public organizations, such as the police, this has made it possible for businesses to use these data to enhance the quality of their decisions about security needs related to both personnel and property. This article reviews the number of emergency calls received by the Hong Kong police and their response time and examines what inferences can be drawn from these data. Such an analysis highlights the need to compare and contrast different performance measures to obtain a comprehensive view of an agency‘s performance before making critical business decisions.
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Williams, A., Y. Leung, and V. Huang. "A237 SHARED DECISION MAKING: DESIGN OF A PREGNANCY IN IBD DECISION AID (PIDA)." Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology 3, Supplement_1 (February 2020): 113–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcag/gwz047.236.
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Abstract Background Given a significant proportion of women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are of child-bearing age, the development of a pregnancy IBD decision aid would benefit patients and clinicians. Lack of IBD-specific reproductive knowledge has been associated with increased “voluntary childlessness” and may contribute to inappropriate medication changes during or after pregnancy. Decision aids support decision making in pregnancy in general, as well as in multiple other chronic diseases. However existing literature has not identified such a resource for women with IBD. Aims To develop a decision aid to improve decision making regarding preconception and pregnancy in IBD among women with IBD. Methods We followed the International Patient Decision Aids Standards (IPDAS). A steering committee of Canadian and Australian health care professionals with an interest in IBD management in pregnancy, in addition to patient representatives, was established. Themes chosen for discussion included inheritance, fertility, nutrition, medications, mode of delivery, breastfeeding, infant health. Initial patient and clinician focus groups were conducted and responses recorded with written/audio mediums. We developed an electronic PIDA draft that incorporates individualised information (type of IBD, pre-conception or pregnant, surgical history, medications) in personalized decision making. Further patient focus groups and interviews were conducted to obtain user opinion of the PIDA draft. Results In July 2017, patient and clinician focus groups were conducted at a Canadian site. Three patients (pre-conception) attended the focus group. Patient concerns - impact of disease and surgery on fertility and preterm delivery; impact of drug therapies on the fetus/ infant; impact of active disease on maternal and fetal/infant health. The clinician focus group included 3 IBD specialists, 2 IBD fellows, 2 IBD nurses, an obstetrician and a neonatal intensivist. Clinician concerns - absence of pre-conception counselling and lack of patient understanding about the impact of disease activity and IBD medication use in pregnancy. Additional patient feedback obtained through interviews (n=15) at two Canadian sites since March 2019 regarding the current electronic PIDA was positive, with comments about content, personalization, readability and unbiased presentation. Suggestions were made for inclusion of additional content such as impact of IBD on sexual function, laboratory changes during pregnancy, and timing of medications post-partum. Conclusions The pre and post PIDA design patient and clinician focus groups and interviews affirmed the role for PIDA. Main decisions considered necessary to address included ideal timing of conception pending disease activity, management of medications, and delivery methods. Ongoing user feedback will be obtained at Australian and Canadian sites during planned alpha testing. Funding Agencies WCHRI, Sinai Health System, UBC
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John, Joshin, and Rajiv Kumar Srivastava. "Decision Insights for Shipbreaking using Environmental Impact Assessment." International Journal of Strategic Decision Sciences 9, no. 1 (January 2018): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsds.2018010104.
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This article describes how the shipbreaking industry has been under the microscope, more often in recent years, with scrutiny from governments, international agencies and environmental activists, on issues pertaining to sustainability in general and environmental impact in particular. Several cases of vessels-to-be-dismantled, by and large in yards located in South Asia, have been discussed in literature, with concerns on the modus operandi of dismantling end-of-life ships, and the mode of disposal of hazardous residual wastes. In this article, the authors review extant methodologies, and examine the decision alternatives available to shipbreakers, recyclers and waste material handlers to minimize damage to the environment. Impact assessment results using Open-LCA has been presented to demonstrate the relative impact loadings on various environmental parameters, from the path functions adopted. The results of the environmental impact assessment provide decision insights on various alternatives that may be appropriated in order to mitigate environmental damage. The article concludes with discussion, perspectives and future research directions to improve decision making for sustainable shipbreaking.
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Baltos, Georgios, Leonardo Doni, and Janis Balodis. "The International Public Procurement Evolution: New Strategic Challenges Met in Collaboration with Internal Audit Advisory Services." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ajis-2018-0020.
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Abstract This study identifies and evaluates some of the major procurement issues met currently by international organizations both in private and public sectors. It deals with strategic procurement decision-making like outsourcing and market globalization, concessions set up, business continuity and contracting typology transformations. Such dynamic changes are deployed in a context of increased concern about the application of liberal procurement principles, which drive towards a series of improvements at the procedures and documentation level. The authors relate this evolution with the Internal Audit consulting perspective, which is still a recent endeavor, but in progress and dynamically expanding. European Union and related Agencies and Institutions are usually spearheading towards this direction offering lessons learned for further consideration.
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Chinseu, Edna L., Lindsay C. Stringer, and Andrew J. Dougill. "An Empirically Derived Conceptual Framework to Assess Dis-Adoption of Conservation Agriculture: Multiple Drivers and Institutional Deficiencies." Journal of Sustainable Development 12, no. 5 (September 29, 2019): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v12n5p48.
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Efforts of national governments and international agencies aimed at alleviating hunger and poverty are often undermined by lack of long-term adoption of agricultural innovations. Studies commonly explain farmers’ adoption decisions using household general determinants, yet decision-making, particularly for under-resourced smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa, is a complex process. Using the case of conservation agriculture [CA], this article analyses dis-adoption of agricultural technologies by examining multiple domains of Malawi’s CA innovation system and how these influence farmer decision-making. It analyses institutional arrangements of CA promoters, national policies and farmers’ experiences. From this, we empirically derive a multifaceted dis-adoption drivers’ framework to explain CA dis-adoption in smallholder farming systems. Our findings reveal that adverse features in national policies, institutional arrangements, technological attributes and social cultural dimensions all lead to unfavourable experiences of CA for smallholder farmers, which can culminate in dis-adoption. The CA dis-adoption drivers’ framework we develop in this study provides a useful troubleshooting tool. It can be used to guide improvements in the design and implementation of project-based interventions seeking long-term adoption of agricultural innovations across sub-Saharan Africa.
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Berndt, Nadine, Tara Schuller, Alicia Aleman, Karen Macpherson, Susan Myles, Matthias Perleth, Sophie Werkö, and David Hailey. "OP37 Health Technology Assessment Impact Assessment: Barriers And Enablers Perceived By Members Of The International Network Of Agencies For Health Technology Assessment (INAHTA)." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 34, S1 (2018): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462318000934.
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Introduction:Health technology assessment (HTA) agencies wish to ensure the impact of their HTAs. HTA impact assessment measures the influence of a HTA on decision-making and downstream to patient outcomes. Despite their potential to provide insights, the use of impact assessment frameworks by HTA agencies is limited. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of adopting HTA impact assessment frameworks is therefore important. Using a social cognitions lens, this study aims to provide insights into the enabling and hindering factors associated with the assessment of HTA impact by INAHTA members.Methods:Using an interpretive description design, this cross-sectional study used semi-structured interviews of INAHTA members to gain insight into attitudes, social support, self-efficacy, barriers, and intentions towards HTA impact assessment. Transcriptions were analyzed using a social cognitions lens by two researchers using a constant comparative method to identify themes.Results:Twenty-six of forty-seven INAHTA members participated. Preliminary results showed that interviewees most often perceived support for assessing impact from their ministry of health or from agency staff. Most interviewees noted challenges to measuring impact at the right time and a lack of human resources, methods, and tools as internal barriers. A lack of transparency and a limited impact assessment culture were perceived as the main external barriers. Interviewees reported feeling fairly confident in overcoming internal barriers, but were less confident in overcoming external barriers. Providing feedback for improvement to HTA processes and making achievements visible were the most frequently reported advantages of assessing impact, whereas its time consuming nature was the biggest disadvantage.Conclusions:This is the first study to use a social cognitions model to understand HTA impact assessment. Although the results of this convenience sample need to be interpreted with caution, they contribute knowledge on factors that facilitate and hinder agencies in the assessment of impact and illuminate opportunities for developing effective strategies to support HTA agencies in this area.
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Boldyrev, Vitalii. "Decision-Making and Executive Power Departments’ Adaptation. Barack Obama’s Pacific Policy Case." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 4 (August 2021): 222–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.4.19.
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Introduction. In the Barack Obama’s government and administration’s decision-making process related to the Asia-Pacific, the interaction of specific officials, rather than general policy goals, played a determining role. Methods. Using the structural method, the history of everyday life, and adaptology, the author analyzed the hidden sides of decision-making process that influenced the official narrative. Analysis. The analysis is related to interaction with counterparts and behavioural strategies of the president, his administration, the State Department, the Department of Defense and the United States trade representative as the key centers involved in the struggle for policy elaboration. Results. Because of high competition among them and the desire of each center to stand for its position, the decision-making process has acquired several peculiarities. To mark their own position and reduce the influence of their competitors, the agencies developed their own strategies supported by created related concepts and narratives, opened new jobs, concealed their real attitudes towards each other as well as the real meanings of the strategies, and proposed new forms of interaction with non-state actors. To prevent the strengthening of other parts of the process Barack Obama and his advisors developed the concept of rebalance. Hillary Clinton responded with the concept of pivot. The Department of Defense, as these narratives struggled, was forced to side with the president, thereby disguising its true goals. United States trade representative R. Krik avoided the struggle and concentrated on adapting to objective conditions. As a result of the struggle, the Barack Obama’s government and administration have not developed a common regional strategy based on common goals and understanding of the region.
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Chang, Xiaoqing, Yu-Mei Tan, David G. Allen, Shannon Bell, Paul C. Brown, Lauren Browning, Patricia Ceger, et al. "IVIVE: Facilitating the Use of In Vitro Toxicity Data in Risk Assessment and Decision Making." Toxics 10, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10050232.
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During the past few decades, the science of toxicology has been undergoing a transformation from observational to predictive science. New approach methodologies (NAMs), including in vitro assays, in silico models, read-across, and in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE), are being developed to reduce, refine, or replace whole animal testing, encouraging the judicious use of time and resources. Some of these methods have advanced past the exploratory research stage and are beginning to gain acceptance for the risk assessment of chemicals. A review of the recent literature reveals a burst of IVIVE publications over the past decade. In this review, we propose operational definitions for IVIVE, present literature examples for several common toxicity endpoints, and highlight their implications in decision-making processes across various federal agencies, as well as international organizations, including those in the European Union (EU). The current challenges and future needs are also summarized for IVIVE. In addition to refining and reducing the number of animals in traditional toxicity testing protocols and being used for prioritizing chemical testing, the goal to use IVIVE to facilitate the replacement of animal models can be achieved through their continued evolution and development, including a strategic plan to qualify IVIVE methods for regulatory acceptance.
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Sarkisova, Farzana, Charon Lessing, and Caroline Stretton. "Decision-making on listing new medicines for public funding in New Zealand: the case of ‘new’ type 2 diabetes medications." Journal of Primary Health Care 14, no. 1 (April 13, 2022): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc21122.
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Introduction New medicines for the management of type 2 diabetes became available internationally in 2005, yet only in 2018 did the first of these become available in New Zealand. Access to these new medicines in New Zealand is largely dependent on decisions made by the Pharmaceutical Management Agency (PHARMAC). Aim This study sought to describe the decision-making processes to better understand access to new medicines in New Zealand. Methods We conducted an analysis of publicly accessible information on therapeutic committee deliberations, prices of medicines and registration and formulary listing dates. Results Prices for the new diabetes medicines in New Zealand are lower than comparator countries, but access to them takes longer. Discussion Given that knowledge on efficacy, safety and quality is widely available to support decision-making on new medicines, differences in access to them between nations appears to depend on the fourth hurdle of cost. However, we suggest that a rush to market is the norm, that activities of the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory agencies are less transparent than desirable, and that greater focus on availability of safety data is required. Deliberations of PHARMAC therapeutic committees are robust yet protracted. Opportunities to expedite decision-making, as well as resolving inequities, may be worthy of examination.
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Rintoul, Andrew, and Rebecca Trowman. "OP12 2017 Health Technology Assessment International Asia Policy Forum: The Importance Of Universal Health Care." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 34, S1 (2018): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462318000776.
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Introduction:The fifth Health Technology Assessment International (HTAi) Asia Policy Forum (APF) was held in Beijing, November 2017. The topic of the meeting was ‘Universal Health Care in the Asia Region: Overcoming the Barriers using HTA and Real World Data’. This presentation will focus on the goal of achieving universal health care (UHC) in the Asia region, and specifically the perspective of the World Health Organization (WHO).Methods:The 2017 HTAi APF had senior representatives from HTA agencies, academia, industry active in the region plus representatives from the WHO Geneva office and the Western Pacific Regional Office. A keynote presentation was delivered by the WHO representative and there were guided breakout group discussions.Results:UHC is a key component of the overall aims and objectives of the WHO; universal access to safe, effective, quality and affordable medicines and vaccines for all is at the heart of this. Pharmaceutical spending varies widely across the Asia region and all countries in the region share common problems in attaining UHC. These include inadequate financing, inefficiencies in procurement and supply chain management, limited use of effective pricing policies and negotiations, substandard quality of medicines and widespread inappropriate prescribing and use.Conclusions:HTA can be used to help countries in the Asia region to achieve UHC; it is a tool to support good decision making and hence can help promote more efficient allocation of limited resources. Affordability, however, needs to be at the center of any decision to invest or disinvest, and incremental cost effectiveness ratios should not be used as the sole basis for decision making.
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Wang, Tina. "OP48 Interactions Between Regulatory, Health Technology Assessment And Companies: Multi-Stakeholder Survey On The Current Experiences And Future Landscape Evolvement." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 38, S1 (December 2022): S19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462322001027.
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IntroductionThe interactions between regulators, health technology assessment (HTA), and companies play a significant role in the process of getting medicine to patients. These have evolved at a product level as well as at a policy and cross-jurisdictional level; however, it is important these activities are adding value for stakeholders involved. A survey conducted in March 2021 assessed the current interactions from multi-stakeholders, and their perceptions on the added value these interactions bring to better decision-making.MethodsThree separate questionnaires containing nine questions were developed to assess the perceptions from pharmaceutical companies, regulators, and HTA agencies. The three questionnaires contained analogous questions where appropriate. The company questionnaire was sent to senior management at 19 international pharmaceutical companies, the agency survey was sent to 32 agencies (17 regulatory agencies and 15 HTA agencies) in Australia, Canada, Europe, and Asia.ResultsSeven regulators, seven HTA agencies, and nine companies responded to the survey. All regulators and HTAs indicated they have interactions with their peer agencies, as well as between regulators and HTA. The top areas of interactions for regulators were formal work-sharing between regulators during review (86% response) and regulatory strengthening (86%), whilst for HTAs, interactions between HTA on methodology/framework (83%) and HTA capacity building (67%). Regulatory-HTA interactions were seen to have fewer practical benefits, which may suggest areas for improvement. Both companies and agencies believed an effective engagement model should support evidence generation; agencies also viewed an aligned process and improved decision-making as important. Respondents believed that an ideal ecosystem for interactions should facilitate separate remits for stakeholders, converged requirements, aligned process and increased transparency and trust.ConclusionsThis survey provided a snapshot of the current landscape interactions between stakeholders during the life cycle of new medicines, identified the areas where value is added and improvement are needed. Suggested building blocks to improve future interactions included early scientific advice, alignment of evidence requirements, and a collaborative approach among all stakeholders.
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Schuller, Tara, and Sophie Söderholm Werkö. "INSIGHTS FROM THE FRONT LINES: A COLLECTION OF STORIES OF HTA IMPACT FROM INAHTA MEMBER AGENCIES." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 33, no. 4 (2017): 409–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462317001076.
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This mini-theme contains six stories of health technology assessment (HTA) impact from member agencies of The International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment (INAHTA), which were originally shared at the 2015 and 2016 INAHTA Congresses. The INAHTA impact story sharing is an innovative network activity where member agency representatives share experiences of HTA impact in a loosely structured story format. Through this process, members gain insights from other agencies on new ways of thinking about and approaching HTA impact assessment. A guide is provided to members to prepare their story, and the best story receives the David Hailey Award for Best Impact Story. This mini-theme contains stories of HTA impact from six member agencies in different parts of the world: the Health Assessment Division of the Ministry of Public Health (Uruguay), the Institute of Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (Germany), the Health Information and Quality Authority (Ireland), the Finnish Office for Health Technology Assessment (Finland), the Australian Safety and Efficacy Register of New Interventional Procedures-Surgical (Australia), and the Institut national d'excellence en santé et en services sociaux (Canada). Across the papers, common themes emerge about the importance of appropriate engagement of stakeholders and the broadening scope of HTA beyond reimbursement decision making.
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Shen, Ye, Stephen Vosti, Beatrice Rogers, and Patrick Webb. "Integrating Cost-Effectiveness into Nutrition Programming Decisions of Specialized Nutritious Foods: An Evidence-Informed Interactive Tool." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa053_111.
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Abstract Objectives An interactive Food Assistance Cost-Effectiveness Tool (FACET) was created to support funders and implementing partners of selected nutrition programs involving specialized nutritious foods (SNF) to factor cost-effectiveness into programming decisions in development and humanitarian contexts. Methods Built with the Shiny package in R, the FACET interface guides users through the process of integrating user-provided data and scientific evidence into program decision-making under a cost-effectiveness framework. Users create a scenario by inputting choices or values for program, cost, and impact parameters, while the back-end algorithms calculate a list of quantity, cost, and cost-effectiveness indicators. Users can then create multiple scenarios to compare across alternative program designs, product choices, or procurement channels. Tool inputs and outputs of the scenarios can be saved and downloaded into a spreadsheet. Whenever possible, FACET provides data visualizations of, or direct links to, data sources and references such as USAID historical product procurement costs, scientific literature on program impacts, and other relevant guidance. Users have the flexibility to use their data sources to develop model parameters if deemed more appropriate. Throughout the FACET interface and user manual development, extensive feedback was gathered from USAID, international agencies, implementation organizations, research institutions, etc. Results User engagement has helped identify applications of the FACET tool: 1.Throughout the programming cycle, e.g., during proposal development (by implementing partners), during proposal reviews (by funders), for end-line reporting (by implementing partners), and for program reviews (by implementing partners and funders);2.New SNF product vetting, e.g., assessing the extent to which promising new products can ‘compete’ with existing products in terms of cost-effectiveness. Conclusions FACET brings together diverse expertise and available data and strengthens nutrition program funders and implementing partners’ decision-making capacity around cost-effectiveness. The development of FACET serves as an example of how the research community can facilitate bringing data/evidence into real-world decision-making. Funding Sources United States Agency for International Development.
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Saif, Samia, Asim Mehmood, Muhammad Nawaz Chaudhry, and Sana Akhtar. "Evaluating the Adequacy and Quality of Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Reports in Punjab, Pakistan." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 17, no. 03 (September 2015): 1550030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333215500301.
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This paper evaluated the quality of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) reports submitted to EPA Punjab, Pakistan during 2005–2013 (2005 is the period when the practice became more common) prepared by different consultants and investigated whether the information provided in the report is adequate for ultimate decision making by using a comprehensive checklist. Data was collected through interviews, EPA library and Punjab public library. The results are presented in graphical form after the detailed review of randomly selected 100 EIA reports submitted to EPA Punjab during the study period. The selected EIA reports were prepared for new development projects, expansion/extension projects, rehabilitation projects and also for funding projects by donor agencies i.e. World Bank and ADB. The study revealed that the reports prepared for international funding agencies contained adequate data whereas the assessment report prepared by the consultants for local development project were lacking in substantial primary data and adequate evidences, showing lack of commitment towards sustainable development and environment protection.
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Pwu, Raoh-Fang, and Rebecca Trowman. "OP13 2017 Health Technology Assessment International Asia Policy Forum: The Perspective Of Not-For-Profit Members." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 34, S1 (2018): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462318000788.
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Introduction:The fifth Health Technology Assessment International (HTAi) Asia Policy Forum (APF) was held in Beijing, November 2017. The topic of the meeting was ‘Universal Health Care in the Asia Region: Overcoming the Barriers using HTA and Real World Data’. This presentation will focus on the use of real world data (RWD) as a mechanism of informing HTA in the Asia region – from the perspective of the not-for-profit HTA agencies that were represented at the APF.Methods:The 2017 HTAi APF had senior representatives from government and HTA agencies from 11 countries in the Asia region. This included first-time attendees from Iran, Indonesia and the Philippines. A keynote presentation on the lessons learnt from Taiwan on the use of RWD was delivered, and there were guided breakout group discussions.Results:There are a number of registries and sources of RWD available to the HTA agencies across the Asia region. However it was noted that the databases are resource intensive to maintain, and there are noted time lags in the data collection and release. There are examples where the data from these sources have been used to evaluate local utilization of treatments and post-market surveillance, but it has not yet been used in pricing/reimbursement decisions.Conclusions:Although RWD could be a good tool for healthcare decision-making in the Asia region, it is still unclear how to do so properly. Infrastructure and human capacity, as well as law, are key factors to the successful use of RWD. Standardized methodologies, increased transparency, quality control and capacity building are essential elements to better implementing RWD in HTA.
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Fuchs, Sabine, Britta Olberg, Dimitra Panteli, and Reinhard Busse. "HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT OF MEDICAL DEVICES IN EUROPE: PROCESSES, PRACTICES, AND METHODS." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 32, no. 4 (2016): 246–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462316000349.
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Objectives: To review and compare current Health Technology Assessment (HTA) activities for medical devices (MDs) across European HTA institutions.Methods: A comprehensive approach was adopted to identify institutions involved in HTA in European countries. We systematically searched institutional Web sites and other online sources by using a structured tool to extract information on the role and link to decision making, structure, scope, process, methodological approach, and available HTA reports for each included institution.Results: Information was obtained from eighty-four institutions, forty-seven of which were analyzed. Fifty-four methodological documents from twenty-three agencies in eighteen countries were identified. Only five agencies had separate documents for the assessment of MDs. A few agencies made separate provisions for the assessment of MDs in their general methods. The amount of publicly available HTA reports on MDs varied by device category and agency remit.Conclusions: Despite growing consensus on their importance and international initiatives, such as the EUnetHTA Core Model®, specific tools for the assessment of MDs are rarely developed and implemented at the national level. Separate additional signposts incorporated in existing general methods guides may be sufficient for the evaluation of MDs.
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Branko, Kontić, Black Paul, French Simon, Paulley Alan, Zhu Ming, Yankovich Tamara, Webster Michael, Pepin Stephane, Bizjak Tine, and Bohanec Marko. "Demonstrating the use of a framework for risk-informed decisions with stakeholder engagement through case studies for NORM and nuclear legacy sites." Journal of Radiological Protection 42, no. 2 (March 21, 2022): 020504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6498/ac5816.
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Abstract The international community has come a long way in developing a consensus that the remediation and management of naturally occurring radioactive materials and nuclear legacy sites will benefit from the use of the framework for risk-informed decision-making. Such a framework should ideally integrate risk assessment and decision-making. The framework presented in this paper specifically addresses the needs and expectations in the wider socio-economic and environmental context, as well as a narrower human health context. The framework was demonstrated as part of the International Atomic Energy Agency’s second Modelling and Data for Radiological Impact Assessments Programme. Three case studies, which have used or could use this integrative approach, are used for illustration. The first concerns remediation from uranium mining activities at Beaverlodge Lake in northern Saskatchewan, Canada, engaging stakeholders (also called ‘interested parties’) in the decision-making process on further options. The second case study suggests how decision analysis could support the selection of the best option for waste disposal for uranium ore processing at Žirovski vrh, Slovenia, taking into account a potential landslide and migration of waste throughout the adjacent valley in the event of flooding. The third case study presents the process and results of radiological safety assessment of the Kepkensberg sludge basin in Tessenderlo area, Belgium both before and after the disposal of material from remediation of the nearby Winterbeek River. It illustrates how such assessments could interface with decision analysis for the purpose of supporting the regulatory decisions related to future approval of a waste disposal option. Results show that formal stakeholder engagement in decision analysis provides a strong contribution to objective, robust, and transparent decision-making not only for radiation protection area but also in others where health and environmental impacts are of concern. A number of recommendations for future work have also been made.
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Mundy, Linda, Rebecca Trowman, and Brendon Kearney. "OVERCOMING THE BARRIERS TO ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE IN THE ASIAN REGION." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 34, no. 4 (2018): 352–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462318000417.
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Objectives:The Health Technology Assessment International (HTAi) Asia Policy Forum (HAPF) met to discuss the challenges of achieving universal health care (UHC) in Asia.Methods:Group discussions and presentations at the 2017 HAPF, informed by a background paper, including a literature review and the results of pre-meeting surveys of health technology assessment (HTA) agencies and industry, formed the basis of this article.Results:Affordability was identified as the greatest barrier to establishing UHC; however, other impediments include the lack of political will to implement UHC, and the cultural issue of deference to expert opinion instead of evidence-based assessments. Although HTA was identified as an important prioritization tool when adding new technologies to benefit packages, it is used inconsistently in the region, resulting in a less transparent decision-making process for stakeholders. Although regional challenges exist around real-world data (RWD), including a lack of capacity to enable information and data sharing, most policy or funding decision makers in the region have access to data. However, there appears to be a disconnect with the experience of industry, whose representatives identify the lack of RWD as their primary issue. To overcome these issues, both HTA agencies and industry agree that collaboration and transparency should be fostered to support the development of robust evidence generation in the region.Conclusions:There is a willingness for HTA agencies and industry to collaborate to develop HTA methodology for the prioritization of technologies in the Asia region that support healthcare systems to achieve the ultimate outcome of UHC.
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Tennberg, Monica. "Indigenous peoples as international political actors: presenting the INDIPO project." Polar Record 42, no. 2 (April 2006): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247406005286.
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Indigenous peoples have emerged as active participants in international relations. They claim the right to participation and to consultation in international political decision-making and to represent their interests based on principles of self-determination. Indigenous peoples' organizations in the Arctic have been in the forefront of the political mobilization of indigenous peoples in different international forums. The aim of the INDIPO project is to study the dynamics of interactions between states, international organizations, and indigenous peoples. This research project draws on theories and practices in international politics and international law in order to analyse how ‘indigenousness’ is used politically as a claim to self-determination and sovereignty in the international system and what the political consequences of this claim will be. The research objective consists in seeking answers to two interrelated questions. Firstly, how relations between states, international organizations and indigenous peoples have been and are currently constructed as legal and political practices? Secondly, how indigenous peoples, through different strategies, construct political agencies to further their political interest? The research project advances knowledge about the construction of the political agency of indigenous peoples and their participation in international policy-making. The researchers seek to establish a constructive dialogue with the representatives of major stakeholders and to organise two workshops with them in order to discuss the objectives and results of the project. The first one was held in Inari, Finland in January 2006.
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Löblová, Olga. "Three worlds of health technology assessment: explaining patterns of diffusion of HTA agencies in Europe." Health Economics, Policy and Law 11, no. 3 (December 16, 2015): 253–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133115000444.
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AbstractIn the past two decades, setting up independent health technology assessment (HTA) agencies has become a popular tool to inform reimbursement decision-making in health care, spreading from Northern European countries across Western Europe but much less so to post-communist countries. Structural political science explanations leave gaps in clarifying this diffusion pattern. This paper proposes a theoretical model focusing on the influence of domestic epistemic communities mitigating policy diffusion. Based on a review of HTA institutions in the EU, it proposes a chronological taxonomy of HTA agencies in Europe (the forerunners, the mainstreamers and the non-adopters) and asks why there is such an important East-West divide. The paper discusses theoretical explanations from different literatures, finding unsatisfactory many traditional political science answers such as the degree of centralization of a country’s health system, its financial organization (Bismarckian or Beveridgian), the attitude toward independent regulatory bodies in general, the influence of international actors, or lack of resources. Finally, it suggests cases for empirical testing of the domestic epistemic communities model.
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Samsi, Kritika, Jill Manthorpe, and Phillip Rapaport. "‘As People Get to Know It More’: Experiences and Expectations of the Mental Capacity Act 2005 amongst Local Information, Advice and Advocacy Services." Social Policy and Society 10, no. 1 (December 8, 2010): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746410000370.
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Information, advice and advocacy agencies are important providers of information and support to older people in the community. This study explored the role of Age Concern staff across North London in providing timely information and advice relating to advance decision-making should capacity become impaired for a variety of reasons, particularly in relation to the newly implemented Mental Capacity Act (MCA) 2005. Findings suggest that staff had varied knowledge of the MCA and most lacked confidence in providing detailed advice. Given the wide-reaching scope of the MCA, differentiating between information, advice and advocacy may be necessary.
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Moshi, Magdalena, Jacqueline Parsons, Rebecca Tooher, and Tracy Merlin. "OP143 Assessment Of mHealth Apps: Is Current Regulation Policy Adequate?" International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 35, S1 (2019): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462319001697.
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IntroductionAustralians are adjusting to mobile health (mHealth) applications (apps) being used in clinical care. The nature of apps presents unique challenges (e.g. rapid lifecycle) to mHealth regulation. The risks they pose are mainly through the information they provide and how it is used in clinical decision-making. This study explores the international regulation of mHealth apps. It assesses whether the approach used in Australia to regulate apps is consistent with international standards and suitable to address the unique challenges presented by the technology.MethodsA policy analysis was conducted of all nine member jurisdictions of the International Medical Device Regulator's Forum (IMDRF), to determine if their regulatory agencies addressed the IMDRF recommendations relevant to the clinical evaluation of mHealth apps. Case-studies (submission to regulatory agencies) were also selected on varying types of regulated apps (standalone, active implantable, etc.) and assessed relative to the principles in the IMDRF's software as a medical device (SaMD): Clinical evaluation (2017) guidance document.ResultsAll included jurisdictions evaluated the effectiveness of mHealth apps, assessing the majority of the key sub-categories recommended by SaMD: Clinical evaluation. The submissions and jurisdictional regulatory bodies did not address the IMDRF safety principles in terms of the apps’ information security (cybersecurity). Furthermore, by failing to use the method recommended by the IMDRF (risk-classification), none of the submissions or jurisdictions recognized the potential dangers of misinformation on patient safety.ConclusionsNone of the approaches used by global regulatory bodies adequately address the unique challenges posed by apps. Australia's approach is consistent with app regulatory procedures used internationally. We recommend that mHealth apps are evaluated for cybersecurity and are also classified using the IMDRF risk-categories so as to fully protect the public.