Journal articles on the topic 'Internalizing psychopathology'
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1
Willemsen, Jochem, and Paul Verhaeghe. "Psychopathy and internalizing psychopathology." International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 35, no. 4 (July 2012): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2012.04.004.
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du Pont, Alta, Soo Hyun Rhee, Robin P. Corley, John K. Hewitt, and Naomi P. Friedman. "Rumination and Psychopathology: Are Anger and Depressive Rumination Differentially Associated With Internalizing and Externalizing Psychopathology?" Clinical Psychological Science 6, no. 1 (October 27, 2017): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702617720747.
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Existing literature on rumination has predominately focused on depressive rumination; thus, there is little research directly comparing different forms of rumination as correlates of psychopathological outcomes. In the present study the authors investigated anger and depressive rumination as correlates of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. Cross-sectional confirmatory factor analyses on data from 764 young adults from the Colorado Longitudinal Twin Study indicated that anger and depressive rumination were separable at the latent variable level and were both associated with lifetime symptoms of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. However, depressive rumination was more strongly associated with psychopathology than was anger rumination. Further analysis indicated that depressive rumination was independently associated with internalizing psychopathology, whereas associations between anger rumination and psychopathology were predominately due to shared variance with depressive rumination. Anger rumination was independently associated with externalizing psychopathology in women and was inversely associated with internalizing psychopathology in men. This result supports the clinical relevance of ruminative thought processes and the potential differential utility of anger and depressive content for understanding internalizing and externalizing psychopathology.
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ORMEL, J., A. J. OLDEHINKEL, R. F. FERDINAND, C. A. HARTMAN, A. F. De WINTER, R. VEENSTRA, W. VOLLEBERGH, R. B. MINDERAA, J. K. BUITELAAR, and F. C. VERHULST. "Internalizing and externalizing problems in adolescence: general and dimension-specific effects of familial loadings and preadolescent temperament traits." Psychological Medicine 35, no. 12 (August 15, 2005): 1825–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291705005829.
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Background. We investigated the links between familial loading, preadolescent temperament, and internalizing and externalizing problems in adolescence, hereby distinguishing effects on maladjustment in general versus dimension-specific effects on either internalizing or externalizing problems.Method. In a population-based sample of 2230 preadolescents (10–11 years) familial loading (parental lifetime psychopathology) and offspring temperament were assessed at baseline by parent report, and offspring psychopathology at 2·5-years follow-up by self-report, teacher report and parent report. We used purified measures of temperament and psychopathology and partialled out shared variance between internalizing and externalizing problems.Results. Familial loading of internalizing psychopathology predicted offspring internalizing but not externalizing problems, whereas familial loading of externalizing psychopathology predicted offspring externalizing but not internalizing problems. Both familial loadings were associated with Frustration, low Effortful Control, and Fear. Frustration acted as a general risk factor predicting severity of maladjustment; low Effortful Control and Fear acted as dimension-specific risk factors that predicted a particular type of psychopathology; whereas Shyness, High-Intensity Pleasure, and Affiliation acted as direction markers that steered the conditional probability of internalizing versus externalizing problems, in the event of maladjustment. Temperament traits mediated one-third of the association between familial loading and psychopathology. Findings were robust across different composite measures of psychopathology, and applied to girls as well as boys.Conclusions. With regard to familial loading and temperament, it is important to distinguish general risk factors (Frustration) from dimension-specific risk factors (familial loadings, Effortful Control, Fear), and direction markers that act as pathoplastic factors (Shyness, High-Intensity Pleasure, Affiliation) from both types of risk factors. About one-third of familial loading effects on psychopathology in early adolescence are mediated by temperament.
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Lancefield, Kristin S., Alessandra Raudino, Johnny M. Downs, and Kristin R. Laurens. "Trajectories of childhood internalizing and externalizing psychopathology and psychotic-like experiences in adolescence: A prospective population-based cohort study." Development and Psychopathology 28, no. 2 (February 9, 2016): 527–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579415001108.
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AbstractAdolescent internalizing and externalizing psychopathology is strongly associated with adult psychiatric morbidity, including psychotic disorders. This study examined whether internalizing or externalizing trajectories (continuity/discontinuity of symptoms) from middle childhood were associated with adolescent psychotic-like experiences (PLEs). Prospective data were collected from a community sample of 553 children (mean age = 10.4 years; 50% male) and their primary caregivers. Participants completed questionnaire reports of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology and PLEs at baseline, and again approximately 2 years later. Logistic regression was used to examine the association of adolescent PLEs with four trajectories of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology (persistent, incident, remitting, and none), controlling for a range of potential confounders and sampling bias. Significant associations were identified between adolescent PLEs and the incident internalizing (adjusted odds ratio [adj. OR] = 2.96; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.60–5.49) and externalizing psychopathology (adj. OR = 2.14; 95% CI = 1.11–4.14) trajectories, as well as the persistent internalizing (adj. OR = 1.90; 95% CI = 1.13–3.18) and externalizing (adj. OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.02–3.19) trajectories. Children with remitting psychopathology trajectories were no more likely to present later PLEs than those who never experienced psychopathology. While for many individuals symptoms and illness remit during development without intervention, this study provides important insights regarding potential targets and timing for delivery of early intervention and prevention programs.
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Latzman, Robert D., Isabella M. Palumbo, Robert F. Krueger, Laura E. Drislane, and Christopher J. Patrick. "Modeling Relations Between Triarchic Biobehavioral Traits and DSM Internalizing Disorder Dimensions." Assessment 27, no. 6 (September 19, 2019): 1100–1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191119876022.
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The biobehavioral traits of the triarchic model of psychopathy have well-known correlates with externalizing psychopathology. Although evidence also suggests associations with internalizing disorders, research has yet to formally model relationships between dimensions of internalizing psychopathology and triarchic traits. Employing a sample of 218 adults (50.2% female), the current study used confirmatory factor analysis to characterize how triarchic trait dimensions—delineated using different scale operationalizations—relate to internalizing when modeled as a single broad factor, and as distinct fear and distress subfactors. Findings demonstrated (a) robust opposing relations for triarchic boldness (+) and disinhibition (−), and an interactive association for the two, with general internalizing, along with a modest negative relationship for meanness; and (b) distinct associations for the three triarchic trait dimensions with fear and distress subfactors of internalizing. This work clarifies how facets of psychopathy relate to the internalizing psychopathology spectrum and provides a means for interfacing this spectrum with biological variables.
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Gustavson, Daniel E., Carol E. Franz, Matthew S. Panizzon, Michael J. Lyons, and William S. Kremen. "Internalizing and externalizing psychopathology in middle age: genetic and environmental architecture and stability of symptoms over 15 to 20 years." Psychological Medicine 50, no. 9 (July 1, 2019): 1530–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291719001533.
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AbstractBackgroundInternalizing and externalizing psychopathology factors explain much of the covariance among psychiatric conditions, especially at the level of genetic risk. However, few studies have examined internalizing and externalizing factors in middle-aged samples, especially their ability to predict later symptoms across midlife. The goals of the current study were (i) to quantify the genetic and environmental influences on internalizing and externalizing psychopathology in individuals in their early 40s, and (ii) examine the extent to which these genetic and environmental influences predict self-reported measures of internalizing and externalizing symptoms 15–20 years later.Method1484 male twins completed diagnostic interviews of psychopathology at mean age 41 and self-reported measures of anxiety, depression, substance use, and related variables at up to two time-points in late middle age (mean ages 56 and 62).ResultsStructural equation modeling of the diagnostic interviews confirmed that internalizing and externalizing factors accounted for most of the genetic variance in individual disorders, with substantial genetic (ra = 0.70) and environmental (re = 0.77) correlations between the factors. Internalizing psychopathology at age 41 was correlated with latent factors capturing anxiety, depression, and/or post-traumatic stress symptoms at ages 56 (r = 0.51) and 62 (r = 0.43). Externalizing psychopathology at age 41 was correlated r = 0.67 with a latent factor capturing aggression, tobacco use, and alcohol use at age 56. Stability of both factors was driven by genetic influences.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate the considerable stability of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology symptoms across middle age, especially their genetic influences. Diagnostic interviews effectively predict self-reported symptoms and behaviors 15–20 years later.
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Van Zalk, Nejra. "The Development of Internalizing Behaviors in Early Adolescence: Introduction to the Special Issue." Journal of Early Adolescence 40, no. 9 (September 9, 2020): 1281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431620919174.
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This special issue highlights a number of important processes that help explain the emergence and continuation of internalizing psychopathology (i.e., problem behaviors characterized by inner distress) during early adolescence. The five articles making up the special issue are introduced, each of which represents exciting new work regarding how, why, and for whom internalizing problems develop and are maintained. The introduction to the special issue further elaborates on transdiagnostic and person-oriented approaches, internalizing interpretations and functional effects of internalizing as relatively underused methodological and theoretical perspectives that might help move the field forward and further our understanding regarding the development of internalizing psychopathology early on in life.
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Forbes, Miriam K., Jennifer L. Tackett, Kristian E. Markon, and Robert F. Krueger. "Beyond comorbidity: Toward a dimensional and hierarchical approach to understanding psychopathology across the life span." Development and Psychopathology 28, no. 4pt1 (October 14, 2016): 971–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579416000651.
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AbstractWe propose a novel developmentally informed framework to push research beyond a focus on comorbidity between discrete diagnostic categories and to move toward research based on the well-validated dimensional and hierarchical structure of psychopathology. For example, a large body of research speaks to the validity and utility of the internalizing and externalizing spectra as organizing constructs for research on common forms of psychopathology. The internalizing and externalizing spectra act as powerful explanatory variables that channel the psychopathological effects of genetic and environmental risk factors, predict adaptive functioning, and account for the likelihood of disorder-level manifestations of psychopathology. As such, our proposed theoretical framework uses the internalizing and externalizing spectra as central constructs to guide future psychopathology research across the life span. The framework is particularly flexible, because any of the facets or factors from the dimensional and hierarchical structure of psychopathology can form the focus of research. We describe the utility and strengths of this framework for developmental psychopathology in particular and explore avenues for future research.
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Rijlaarsdam, Jolien, Charlotte A. M. Cecil, J. Marieke Buil, Pol A. C. van Lier, and Edward D. Barker. "Exposure to Bullying and General Psychopathology: A Prospective, Longitudinal Study." Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology 49, no. 6 (January 22, 2021): 727–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10802-020-00760-2.
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AbstractAlthough there is mounting evidence that the experience of being bullied associates with both internalizing and externalizing symptoms, it is not known yet whether the identified associations are specific to these symptoms, or shared between them. The primary focus of this study is to assess the prospective associations of bullying exposure with both general and specific (i.e., internalizing, externalizing) factors of psychopathology. This study included data from 6,210 children participating in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Child bullying was measured by self-report at ages 8 and 10 years. Child psychopathology symptoms were assessed by parent-interview, using the Development and Well-being Assessment (DAWBA) at ages 7 and 13 years. Bullying exposure significantly associated with the general psychopathology factor in early adolescence. In particular, chronically victimized youth exposed to multiple forms of bullying (i.e., both overt and relational) showed higher levels of general psychopathology. Bullying exposure also associated with both internalizing and externalizing factors from the correlated-factors model. However, the effect estimates for these factors decreased considerably in size and dropped to insignificant for the internalizing factor after extracting the shared variance that belongs to the general factor of psychopathology. Using an integrative longitudinal model, we found that higher levels of general psychopathology at age 7 also associated with bullying exposure at age 8 which, in turn, associated with general psychopathology at age 13 through its two-year continuity. Findings suggest that exposure to bullying is a risk factor for a more general vulnerability to psychopathology.
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Kendler, Kenneth S., John M. Myers, and Corey L. M. Keyes. "The Relationship Between the Genetic and Environmental Influences on Common Externalizing Psychopathology and Mental Wellbeing." Twin Research and Human Genetics 14, no. 6 (December 2011): 516–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.14.6.516.
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To determine the relationship between the genetic and environmental risk factors for externalizing psychopathology and mental wellbeing, we examined detailed measures of emotional, social and psychological wellbeing, and a history of alcohol-related problems and smoking behavior in the last year in 1,386 individual twins from same-sex pairs from the MIDUS national US sample assessed in 1995. Cholesky decomposition analyses were performed withthe Mx program. The best fit model contained one highly heritable common externalizing psychopathology factor for both substance use/abuse measures, and one strongly heritable common factor for the three wellbeing measures. Genetic and environmental risk factors for externalizing psychopathology were both negatively associated with levels of mental wellbeing and accounted for, respectively, 7% and 21% of its genetic and environmental influences. Adding internalizing psychopathology assessed in the last year to the model, genetic risk factors unique for externalizing psychopathology were now positively related to levels of mental wellbeing, although accounting for only 5% of the genetic variance. Environmental risk factors unique to externalizing psychopathology continued to be negatively associated with mental wellbeing, accounting for 26% of the environmental variance. When both internalizing psychopathology and externalizing psychopathology are associated with mental wellbeing, the strongest risk factors for low mental wellbeing are genetic factors that impact on both internalizing psychopathology and externalizing psychopathology, and environmental factors unique to externalizing psychopathology. In this model, genetic risk factors for externalizing psychopathology predict, albeit weakly, higher levels of mental wellbeing.
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Zhang, Xiao, Xue Ke, and Zhihui Yang. "Correspondence and Discrepancies between Mothers' and Teachers' Ratings of Internalizing and Externalizing Psychopathology: A Study of 2- and 3-Year-Old Chinese Children." Psychological Reports 111, no. 2 (October 2012): 610–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/03.02.15.pr0.111.5.610-612.
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In a sample of 2- and 3-yr.-old Chinese children ( N = 156), mothers' and teachers' ratings showed modest correspondence on boys' internalizing psychopathology but no correspondence on girls' internalizing. Mothers' and teachers' ratings also showed no correspondence on externalizing psychopathology across child's gender. Mothers' ratings were found to be significantly higher than teachers' ratings on externalizing.
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Latzman, Robert D., Isabella M. Palumbo, Katheryn C. Sauvigné, Lisa K. Hecht, Scott O. Lilienfeld, and Christopher J. Patrick. "Psychopathy and Internalizing Psychopathology: A Triarchic Model Perspective." Journal of Personality Disorders 33, no. 2 (April 2019): 262–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2018_32_347.
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Methodological and conceptual differences across studies have impeded our understanding of the relationship between psychopathy and internalizing psychopathology. To shed further light on this question, we undertook correlational and structural-modeling analyses of data from two samples to characterize how facets of psychopathy relate to internalizing psychopathology when assessed using multidimensional measures of each construct (i.e., Triarchic Psychopathy Measure, Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms). Participants for Study 1 were 470 undergraduates and community-dwelling adults who completed these measures in self-report form; participants for Study 2 were 301 community-dwelling adults who completed informant-rating versions of these measures (as applied to a known-other). Across samples, analyses revealed sharply contrasting associations for the three triarchic-model facets with internalizing psychopathology and its subdomains, with boldness relating negatively in most cases, disinhibition relating positively in most cases, and meanness exhibiting mostly null associations. Results provide a nuanced picture of associations between psychopathic symptomatology and internalizing problems.
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Bailey, Allen J., and Peter R. Finn. "Borderline Personality Disorder Symptom Comorbidity Within a High Externalizing Sample: Relationship to the Internalizing-Externalizing Dimensional Structure of Psychopathology." Journal of Personality Disorders 34, no. 6 (December 2020): 814–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2019_33_415.
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Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is highly comorbid with internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. The current study replicates findings indicating that BPD symptomatology is influenced by the distress subfactor of both the internalizing and the externalizing dimension of psychopathology. Confirmatory factor analysis of the covariance of continuous measures of externalizing pathology, internalizing pathology, and BPD symptoms was assessed in 837 young adults. The sample contained a range of externalizing severity from none to high severity, leading to an overrepresentation of externalizing problems. BPD symptoms were associated with both the externalizing dimension and the distress subfactor of the internalizing dimension. Interestingly, BPD had a stronger association with the externalizing dimension than observed in previous studies. Results replicated earlier findings using different and more dimensional measures. Findings indicated that BPD is more heavily influenced by the externalizing dimension of psychopathology within a high externalizing sample, such as those presenting for treatment of alcohol or substance use disorders.
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Panteli, Maria, Antonis Papantoniou, Potheini Vaiouli, Chrysanthi Leonidou, and Georgia Panayiotou. "Feeling Down in Lockdown: Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Emotionally Vulnerable Individuals." Counseling Psychologist 50, no. 3 (February 24, 2022): 335–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00110000211064905.
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We examined whether young adults with internalizing psychopathology during the pre-COVID-19 pandemic period exhibited different patterns of emotional responses than those without such psychopathology during the implementation of the “lockdown” in Cyprus, Greece. Two-wave longitudinal research was conducted i one hundred six college students completing measures of affective experiences, mental health, and quality of life during the prepandemic and lockdown periods. Increased negative affect and internalizing symptoms during the prepandemic period and decreased positive affect and increased perceived stress during the lockdown period both significantly predicted increased internalizing symptoms during the lockdown period. We discuss findings within the context of actions and interventions for young adults with existing internalizing symptomatology during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Hankin, Benjamin L., Hannah R. Snyder, Lauren D. Gulley, Tina H. Schweizer, Patricia Bijttebier, Sabine Nelis, Gim Toh, and Michael W. Vasey. "Understanding comorbidity among internalizing problems: Integrating latent structural models of psychopathology and risk mechanisms." Development and Psychopathology 28, no. 4pt1 (October 14, 2016): 987–1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579416000663.
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AbstractIt is well known that comorbidity is the rule, not the exception, for categorically defined psychiatric disorders, and this is also the case for internalizing disorders of depression and anxiety. This theoretical review paper addresses the ubiquity of comorbidity among internalizing disorders. Our central thesis is that progress in understanding this co-occurrence can be made by employing latent dimensional structural models that organize psychopathology as well as vulnerabilities and risk mechanisms and by connecting the multiple levels of risk and psychopathology outcomes together. Different vulnerabilities and risk mechanisms are hypothesized to predict different levels of the structural model of psychopathology. We review the present state of knowledge based on concurrent and developmental sequential comorbidity patterns among common discrete psychiatric disorders in youth, and then we advocate for the use of more recent bifactor dimensional models of psychopathology (e.g., p factor; Caspi et al., 2014) that can help to explain the co-occurrence among internalizing symptoms. In support of this relatively novel conceptual perspective, we review six exemplar vulnerabilities and risk mechanisms, including executive function, information processing biases, cognitive vulnerabilities, positive and negative affectivity aspects of temperament, and autonomic dysregulation, along with the developmental occurrence of stressors in different domains, to show how these vulnerabilities can predict the general latent psychopathology factor, a unique latent internalizing dimension, as well as specific symptom syndrome manifestations.
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Carragher, N., M. Teesson, M. Sunderland, N. C. Newton, R. F. Krueger, P. J. Conrod, E. L. Barrett, K. E. Champion, N. K. Nair, and T. Slade. "The structure of adolescent psychopathology: a symptom-level analysis." Psychological Medicine 46, no. 5 (December 1, 2015): 981–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715002470.
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BackgroundMost empirical studies into the covariance structure of psychopathology have been confined to adults. This work is not developmentally informed as the meaning, age-of-onset, persistence and expression of disorders differ across the lifespan. This study investigates the underlying structure of adolescent psychopathology and associations between the psychopathological dimensions and sex and personality risk profiles for substance misuse and mental health problems.MethodThis study analyzed data from 2175 adolescents aged 13.3 years. Five dimensional models were tested using confirmatory factor analysis and the external validity was examined using a multiple-indicators multiple-causes model.ResultsA modified bifactor model, with three correlated specific factors (internalizing, externalizing, thought disorder) and one general psychopathology factor, provided the best fit to the data. Females reported higher mean levels of internalizing, and males reported higher mean levels of externalizing. No significant sex differences emerged in liability to thought disorder or general psychopathology. Liability to internalizing, externalizing, thought disorder and general psychopathology was characterized by a number of differences in personality profiles.ConclusionsThis study is the first to identify a bifactor model including a specific thought disorder factor. The findings highlight the utility of transdiagnostic treatment approaches and the importance of restructuring psychopathology in an empirically based manner.
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Dunn, Judy, Clare Stocker, and Robert Plomin. "Nonshared experiences within the family: Correlates of behavioral problems in middle childhood." Development and Psychopathology 2, no. 2 (April 1990): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579400000651.
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AbstractOne of the most dramatic findings from quantitative genetic research is that environmental influences shared by siblings in a family do not make the siblings similar in terms of psychopathology. Sibling resemblance for psychopathology appears to be genetic rather than environmental in origin; environmental influences that affect the development of psychopathology must be nonshared and make children in the same family different rather than similar. This study sets out to identify environmental factors that differ for young siblings and to assess associations between such nonshared factors and differences in the older siblings' outcome in two domains: internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Maternal interview and observations of differential maternal and sibling behavior were compared within 67 sibling dyads (younger and older siblings aged 4 and 7 years, respectively, on average), and differential experiences were related to the adjustment of the older sibling, as assessed by mother and teacher. Differential maternal behavior appeared to be particularly important as a predictor of adjustment problems. Older siblings showed internalizing problems in families in which mothers were less affectionate to the older than to the younger sibling. Greater maternal control toward the older than the younger sibling predicted both internalizing and externalizing problems. Differential maternal behavior explained 34% of the variance of internalizing behavior and 27% of the variance of externalizing behavior problems, independent of variance explained by family structure variables. Although the sample was unselected for psychopathology and was too small to permit analyses of the diagnosable extremes of internalizing and externalizing dimensions, these results are encouraging in relation to the goal of identifying systematic sources of nonshared environment that affect the development of psychopathology.
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Hammond, NG, SL Orr, and I. Colman. "P.051 Early life stress in adolescent migraine and the mediational influence of internalizing psychopathology in a Canadian cohort." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 46, s1 (June 2019): S27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2019.151.
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Background: This study sought to examine the association between early life stressors and adolescent headache and the potential mediating influence of internalizing psychopathology. Methods: This study used data from 2,313 respondents of the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, followed prospectively from age 0-1 years at baseline (1994/1995) until age 14-15 years (2008/2009). The relationships between four measures of early life family level stressors, and outcomes of incident health professional diagnosed migraine and self-reported, unclassified frequent headache (>1 per week) were examined using multivariable logistic regression. Mediation analyses of the indirect effect of internalizing psychopathology (i.e., depression and anxiety symptoms) were examined using a regression-based path analytical framework. Results: There were 81 adolescents with incident migraine and 231 with frequent headache. There were no direct associations between early life family level factors and adolescent headache (p > .05). Internalizing psychopathology mediated relationships between family dysfunction (indirect effect [IE] 0.0181, 95% bias-corrected confidence interval [CIBC] 0.0001-0.0570), punitive parenting (IE 0.0241, 95% CIBC 0.0015-0.0633), parental depressive symptomatology (IE 0.0416, 95% CIBC 0.0017-0.0861), and incident migraine, but not frequent headache. Conclusions: Findings provide support for the influence of early life family level factors on prospective risk of developing migraine through internalizing psychopathology.
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Snyder, Hannah R., Jami F. Young, and Benjamin L. Hankin. "Strong Homotypic Continuity in Common Psychopathology-, Internalizing-, and Externalizing-Specific Factors Over Time in Adolescents." Clinical Psychological Science 5, no. 1 (October 1, 2016): 98–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702616651076.
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Dimensional models of psychopathology that posit a general psychopathology factor (i.e., p factor), in addition to specific internalizing and externalizing factors, have recently gained prominence. However, the stability of these factors and the specificity with which they are related to one another over time (e.g., homotypic or heterotypic continuity) have not been investigated. The current study addressed these questions. We estimated bifactor models, with p, internalizing-specific, and externalizing-specific factors, with youth and caretaker reports of symptoms at two time points (18 months apart), in a large community sample of adolescents. Results showed strong stability over time with highly specific links (i.e., p factor at Time 1 to Time 2; internalizing-specific at Time 1 to Time 2 and externalizing-specific at Time 1 to Time 2), suggesting strong homotypic continuity between higher order latent psychopathology factors.
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Alareqe, Naser Abdulhafeeth, Siti Aishah Hassan, Engku Mardiah Engku Kamarudin, Musheer A. Aljaberi, Mohamad Sahari Nordin, Nadeem Mohamed Ashureay, and Lubna Ali Mohammed. "Validity of Adult Psychopathology Model Using Psychiatric Patient Sample from a Developing Country: Confirmatory Factor Analysis." Mental Illness 2022 (December 21, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9594914.
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Objectives. This study is aimed at testing and validating the two-factor measurement model of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI). Specifically, this paper reported construct validity, particularly focusing on convergent and discriminant validities of the internalizing-externalizing MCMI model of adult psychopathology using a psychiatric sample from a developing country, the Republic of Yemen. Methods. MCMI was distributed among 232 outpatients from the Hospital of Taiz City and two private psychiatry clinics in Yemen; data were collected using structured interviews over four months. We used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to explore and confirm the latent structure MCMI and verify the evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. Results. The CFA results indicated that MCMI was a good fit for the internalizing-externalizing two-factor model of adult psychopathology, comparative fit index CFI = 0.95 , and RMSEA = 0.07 . The results of the CFA provide evidence of convergent and discriminant validity characterized by MCMI with the internalizing-externalizing model. Conclusion. The adult psychopathology of internalizing-externalizing is a valid measurement model of MCMI with ten personality disorders and eight clinical syndromes.
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Brandes, Cassandra M., Kathrin Herzhoff, Avanté J. Smack, and Jennifer L. Tackett. "The p Factor and the n Factor: Associations Between the General Factors of Psychopathology and Neuroticism in Children." Clinical Psychological Science 7, no. 6 (September 18, 2019): 1266–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702619859332.
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Research across age groups has consistently indicated that psychopathology has a general factor structure such that a broad latent dimension (or p factor) captures variance common to all mental disorders as well as specific internalizing and externalizing factors. This research has found that the p factor overlaps substantially with trait negative emotionality (or neuroticism). However, less is known about the psychological substance of the specific factors of the general psychopathology model or how lower-order facets of neuroticism may relate to each psychopathology factor. We investigated the structure of neuroticism and psychopathology as well as associations between these domains using multimethod assessments in a sample of 695 preadolescent children. We found that both psychopathology and neuroticism may be well characterized by bifactor models and that there was substantial overlap between psychopathology (p) and neuroticism (n) general factors as well as between specific factors (Internalizing with Fear, Externalizing with Irritability).
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Hamlat, Elissa J., Hannah R. Snyder, Jami F. Young, and Benjamin L. Hankin. "Pubertal Timing as a Transdiagnostic Risk for Psychopathology in Youth." Clinical Psychological Science 7, no. 3 (November 14, 2018): 411–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702618810518.
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Evidence suggests that early pubertal timing may operate as a transdiagnostic risk factor (i.e., shared across syndromes of psychopathology) for both genders. The current study examined associations between pubertal timing and dimensional psychopathology, structured across different levels of three organizational models: (a) DSM-based syndrome model, (b) traditional model of internalizing and externalizing factors, and (c) bifactor (p factor) model, which includes a general psychopathology factor as well as internalizing- and externalizing-specific factors. For study analyses, 567 youth-parent pairs completed psychopathology measures when youths (55.5% female) were 13.58 years old ( SD = 2.37, range = 9–17 years). Findings across all models revealed that early pubertal timing served as a transdiagnostic risk factor and also displayed some syndrome-specific associations. Gender did not moderate any relationships between pubertal timing and psychopathology. Study findings reinforce the importance of examining risk across different levels of psychopathology conceptualization and analysis.
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Rosen, Maya L., Alexandra M. Rodman, Steven W. Kasparek, Makeda Mayes, Malila M. Freeman, Liliana J. Lengua, Andrew N. Meltzoff, and Katie A. McLaughlin. "Promoting youth mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): e0255294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255294.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced novel stressors into the lives of youth. Identifying factors that protect against the onset of psychopathology in the face of these stressors is critical. We examine a wide range of factors that may protect youth from developing psychopathology during the pandemic. We assessed pandemic-related stressors, internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, and potential protective factors by combining two longitudinal samples of children and adolescents (N = 224, 7–10 and 13–15 years) assessed prior to the pandemic, during the stay-at-home orders, and six months later. We evaluated how family behaviors during the stay-at-home orders were related to changes in psychopathology during the pandemic, identified factors that moderate the association of pandemic-related stressors with psychopathology, and determined whether associations varied by age. Internalizing and externalizing psychopathology increased substantially during the pandemic. Higher exposure to pandemic-related stressors was associated with increases in internalizing and externalizing symptoms early in the pandemic and six months later. Having a structured routine, less passive screen time, lower exposure to news media about the pandemic, and to a lesser extent more time in nature and getting adequate sleep were associated with reduced psychopathology. The association between pandemic-related stressors and psychopathology was reduced for youths with limited passive screen time and was absent for children, but not adolescents, with lower news media consumption related to the pandemic. We provide insight into simple, practical steps families can take to promote resilience against mental health problems in youth during the COVID-19 pandemic and protect against psychopathology following pandemic-related stressors.
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Pettersson, Erik, Paul Lichtenstein, Henrik Larsson, Brian M. D’Onofrio, Benjamin B. Lahey, and Antti Latvala. "Associations of Resting Heart Rate and Intelligence With General and Specific Psychopathology: A Prospective Population Study of 899,398 Swedish Men." Clinical Psychological Science 9, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): 524–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702620961081.
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We examined longitudinal associations of resting heart rate (RHR) and general intelligence (IQ) with two psychopathology models (correlated factors and general factor model). RHR and IQ were measured during conscription (mean age = 18.23 years; N = 899,398 Swedish males). A correlated factors model of register-based outcomes (including 10 psychiatric diagnoses, criminal convictions, and prescription of anxiolytic medications; mean age at follow-up = 43.09 years) identified internalizing, externalizing, and psychotic dimensions; the general factor model additionally identified a general dimension. All correlated factors were inversely associated with IQ; however, the general factor model showed that several of these associations were attributable to general variance rather than specific variance. In both psychopathology models, RHR weakly but significantly predicted higher internalizing but lower externalizing problems. Intelligence might be a transdiagnostic risk factor for any form of psychopathology, and the internalizing and externalizing spectra might be differentiated by psychobiological processes related to sensitivity to punishment.
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Kushner, M. G., R. F. Krueger, M. M. Wall, E. W. Maurer, J. S. Menk, and K. R. Menary. "Modeling and treating internalizing psychopathology in a clinical trial: a latent variable structural equation modeling approach." Psychological Medicine 43, no. 8 (January 9, 2013): 1611–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291712002772.
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BackgroundClinical trials are typically designed to test the effect of a specific treatment on a single diagnostic entity. However, because common internalizing disorders are highly correlated (‘co-morbid’), we sought to establish a practical and parsimonious method to characterize and quantify changes in a broad spectrum of internalizing psychopathology targeted for treatment in a clinical trial contrasting two transdiagnostic psychosocial interventions.MethodAlcohol dependence treatment patients who had any of several common internalizing disorders were randomized to a six-session cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) experimental treatment condition or a progressive muscle relaxation training (PMRT) comparison treatment condition. Internalizing psychopathology was characterized at baseline and 4 months following treatment in terms of the latent structure of six distinct internalizing symptom domain surveys.ResultsExploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) identified a two-factor solution at both baseline and the 4-month follow-up: Distress (measures of depression, trait anxiety and worry) and Fear (measures of panic anxiety, social anxiety and agoraphobia). Although confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) demonstrated measurement invariance between the time-points, structural models showed that the latent means of Fear and Distress decreased substantially from baseline to follow-up for both groups, with a small but statistically significant advantage for the CBT group in terms of Distress (but not Fear) reduction.ConclusionsThe approach demonstrated in this study provides a practical solution to modeling co-morbidity in a clinical trial and is consistent with converging evidence pointing to the dimensional structure of internalizing psychopathology.
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Scott, Lori N., Sarah E. Victor, Erin A. Kaufman, Joseph E. Beeney, Amy L. Byrd, Vera Vine, Paul A. Pilkonis, and Stephanie D. Stepp. "Affective Dynamics Across Internalizing and Externalizing Dimensions of Psychopathology." Clinical Psychological Science 8, no. 3 (April 20, 2020): 412–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702619898802.
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Little is known about pathogenic affective processes that cut across diverse mental disorders. We examine how dynamic features of positive and negative affect differ or converge across internalizing and externalizing disorders in a diagnostically diverse urban sample using bivariate dynamic structural equation modeling. One-hundred fifty-six young women completed semistructured clinical interviews and a 21-day ecological momentary assessment protocol with seven assessments of affective states per day. Internalizing and externalizing dimensions of psychopathology were modeled using confirmatory factor analysis of mental disorders. After controlling for externalizing disorders, internalizing disorders were associated with higher negative affective mean intensity, higher negative affective variability (i.e., unique innovation variance), and lower positive affective variability. Conversely, externalizing disorders were associated with less persistent positive affect (i.e., lower inertia) and more variable positive emotionality. Results suggest internalizing and externalizing disorders have distinct affective dynamic signatures, which have implications for development of tailored interventions.
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van Lier, Pol A. C., and Hans M. Koot. "Developmental cascades of peer relations and symptoms of externalizing and internalizing problems from kindergarten to fourth-grade elementary school." Development and Psychopathology 22, no. 3 (June 24, 2010): 569–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579410000283.
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AbstractA developmental cascade model linking symptoms of externalizing and internalizing psychopathology through three indices of peer relational difficulty (peer rejection, peer victimization, friendedness) was tested in a general population sample of 653 children followed annually from kindergarten to fourth grade. Rejection and victimization linked kindergarten externalizing problems with fourth-grade internalizing problems. Transactional links between rejection and victimization were found. In addition, peer rejection added to the development of externalizing problems. Friendedness did not add to the development of externalizing or internalizing problems. Cascade paths were similar for boys and girls. Over the period of kindergarten to fourth grade, psychopathology and peer relations become entangled, and the dynamic interplay between multiple manifestations of poor peer relations ultimately adds to the development of both externalizing and internalizing problems and their cross-time relation. Implications for research and prevention are discussed.
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Vaidyanathan, U., L. D. Nelson, and C. J. Patrick. "Clarifying domains of internalizing psychopathology using neurophysiology." Psychological Medicine 42, no. 3 (August 19, 2011): 447–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711001528.
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Current initiatives such as the National Institute of Mental Health's Research Domain Criteria project aim to reorganize classification of mental disorders along neurobiological lines. Here, we describe how consideration of findings from psychiatric research employing two physiological measures with distinct neural substrates – the startle blink reflex and the error-related negativity (ERN) – can help to clarify relations among disorders entailing salient anxiety or depressive symptomatology. Specifically, findings across various studies and reviews reveal distinct patterns of association for both the startle blink reflex and the ERN with three key domains of psychopathology: (1) Fear (or phobic) disorders (distinguished by increased startle to unpleasant stimuli, but normal-range ERN). (2) Non-phobic anxiety disorders and negative affect (associated with increased ERN, increased startle across all types of emotional stimuli and increased baseline startle) and, more tentatively (3) Major depression (for which patterns of response for both startle and ERN appear to vary, as a function of severity and distinct symptomatology). Findings from this review point to distinct neurobiological indicators of key psychopathology domains that have been previously demarcated using personality and diagnostic data. Notably, these indicators exhibit more specificity in their relations with these three domains than has been seen in quantitative-dimensional models. Implications of these findings are discussed.
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Cook, L. Caitlin, and Christopher A. Kearney. "Parent and youth perfectionism and internalizing psychopathology." Personality and Individual Differences 46, no. 3 (February 2009): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.10.029.
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CICCHETTI, DANTE, and FRED A. ROGOSCH. "The impact of child maltreatment and psychopathology on neuroendocrine functioning." Development and Psychopathology 13, no. 4 (December 2001): 783–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579401004035.
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Cortisol regulation was investigated in a sample of school-aged maltreated (n = 167) and demographically comparable low-income nonmaltreated (n = 204) boys and girls in the context of a day camp research program. The presence of clinical-level internalizing and clinical-level externalizing symptomatology was determined through adult report and child self report. Children who exhibited clinical-level internalizing problems only, clinical-level externalizing problems only, and comorbid clinical-level internalizing and externalizing problems were identified. Clinical-level cases were more prevalent among the maltreated children. Maltreated children with clinical-level internalizing problems were distinguished by higher morning, afternoon, and average daily cortisol levels across the week of camp attendance. In contrast, nonmaltreated boys with clinical-level externalizing problems emerged as distinct in terms of low levels of morning and average daily levels of cortisol. Maltreated children with comorbid clinical-level internalizing and externalizing problems were more likely not to show the expected diurnal decrease in cortisol. The findings are discussed in terms of the joint impact of maltreatment and different forms of psychopathology on neuroendocrine regulation.
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Gustavson, Daniel E., Alta du Pont, Alexander S. Hatoum, Soo Hyun Rhee, William S. Kremen, John K. Hewitt, and Naomi P. Friedman. "Genetic and Environmental Associations Between Procrastination and Internalizing/Externalizing Psychopathology." Clinical Psychological Science 5, no. 5 (June 11, 2017): 798–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702617706084.
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Recent work on procrastination has begun to unravel the genetic and environmental correlates of this problematic behavior. However, little is known about how strongly procrastination is associated with internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, and the extent to which shared genetic/environmental factors or relevant personality constructs (e.g., fear of failure, impulsivity, and neuroticism) can inform the structure of these associations. The current study examined data from 764 young adult twins who completed questionnaires assessing procrastination and personality and structured interviews regarding psychopathology symptoms. Results indicated that procrastination was positively correlated with both internalizing and externalizing latent variables and that these correlations were driven by shared genetic influences. Moreover, the association between procrastination and internalizing was accounted for by fear of failure and neuroticism, whereas the association between procrastination and externalizing was primarily explained by impulsivity. The role of procrastination in psychopathology is discussed using a framework that highlights common and broadband-specific variance.
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Griffith, J. W., R. E. Zinbarg, M. G. Craske, S. Mineka, R. D. Rose, A. M. Waters, and J. M. Sutton. "Neuroticism as a common dimension in the internalizing disorders." Psychological Medicine 40, no. 7 (November 11, 2009): 1125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291709991449.
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BackgroundSeveral theories have posited a common internalizing factor to help account for the relationship between mood and anxiety disorders. These disorders are often co-morbid and strongly covary. Other theories and data suggest that personality traits may account, at least in part, for co-morbidity between depression and anxiety. The present study examined the relationship between neuroticism and an internalizing dimension common to mood and anxiety disorders.MethodA sample of ethnically diverse adolescents (n=621) completed self-report and peer-report measures of neuroticism. Participants also completed the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID).ResultsStructural equation modeling showed that a single internalizing factor was common to lifetime diagnosis of mood and anxiety disorders, and this internalizing factor was strongly correlated with neuroticism. Neuroticism had a stronger correlation with an internalizing factor (r=0.98) than with a substance use factor (r=0.29). Therefore, neuroticism showed both convergent and discriminant validity.ConclusionsThese results provide further evidence that neuroticism is a necessary factor in structural theories of mood and anxiety disorders. In this study, the correlation between internalizing psychopathology and neuroticism approached 1.0, suggesting that neuroticism may be the core of internalizing psychopathology. Future studies are needed to examine this possibility in other populations, and to replicate our findings.
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Koffel, E., M. D. Kramer, P. A. Arbisi, C. R. Erbes, M. Kaler, and M. A. Polusny. "Personality traits and combat exposure as predictors of psychopathology over time." Psychological Medicine 46, no. 1 (September 8, 2015): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715001798.
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Background.Research suggests that personality traits have both direct and indirect effects on the development of psychological symptoms, with indirect effects mediated by stressful or traumatic events. This study models the direct influence of personality traits on residualized changes in internalizing and externalizing symptoms following a stressful and potentially traumatic deployment, as well as the indirect influence of personality on symptom levels mediated by combat exposure.Method.We utilized structural equation modeling with a longitudinal prospective study of 522 US National Guard soldiers deployed to Iraq. Analyses were based on self-report measures of personality, combat exposure, and internalizing and externalizing symptoms.Results.Both pre-deployment Disconstraint and externalizing symptoms predicted combat exposure, which in turn predicted internalizing and externalizing symptoms. There was a significant indirect effect for pre-deployment externalizing symptoms on post-deployment externalizing via combat exposure (p< 0.01). Negative Emotionality and pre-deployment internalizing symptoms directly predicted post-deployment internalizing symptoms, but both were unrelated to combat exposure. No direct effects of personality on residualized changes in externalizing symptoms were found.Conclusions.Baseline symptom dimensions had significant direct and indirect effects on post-deployment symptoms. Controlling for both pre-exposure personality and symptoms, combat experiences remained positively related to both internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Implications for diagnostic classification are discussed.
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Shanahan, Lilly, Susan D. Calkins, Susan P. Keane, Rachael Kelleher, and Rebecca Suffness. "Trajectories of internalizing symptoms across childhood: The roles of biological self-regulation and maternal psychopathology." Development and Psychopathology 26, no. 4pt2 (November 2014): 1353–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579414001072.
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AbstractWhether internalizing symptoms increase or remain at similar levels throughout childhood is currently not well understood. Moreover, the association between vagal regulation of cardiac activity and internalizing symptoms across childhood needs to be clarified. We used a multilevel conceptual framework to examine how children's vagal regulation of cardiac activity and mothers' internalizing symptoms were jointly associated with children's developmental trajectories of internalizing symptoms from ages 4 to 10 years old. Data came from 384 children who participated in an ongoing longitudinal study. Children and their mothers came to the research laboratory at ages 4, 5, 7, and 10. Mothers reported their children's and their own internalizing symptoms. Children's vagal regulation of cardiac activity was assessed during quiet baseline tasks and during challenge tasks. Multilevel models revealed that child internalizing symptoms increased from ages 4 to 10 years old, but only in females, and especially between ages 7 and 10. More vagal withdrawal in response to challenge was associated with more internalizing symptoms, particularly with more somatic symptoms. Associations between children's physiological regulation and internalizing symptoms differed by children's age, sex, and presence of maternal internalizing symptoms. Understanding associations between vagal regulation of cardiac activity and internalizing symptoms during childhood calls for fine-grained developmental analyses that take into account the heterogeneity of internalizing symptoms, as well as developmental phase, context, and gender.
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Roelofs, Renée L., Ellen Wingbermühle, Paul T. van der Heijden, Rosella Jonkers, Marieke de Haan, Roy P. C. Kessels, and Jos I. M. Egger. "Personality and Psychopathology in Adults with Noonan Syndrome." Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings 27, no. 2 (September 27, 2019): 256–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10880-019-09659-7.
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Abstract This is the first controlled study regarding personality and psychopathology in adults with Noonan syndrome (NS). Anxiety, depression, alexithymia and symptoms of Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder, have been previously described in NS. More information regarding personality and psychopathology in NS could improve mental health care for this population. Therefore, scores on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF), a widely used self-report questionnaire of personality and psychopathology, were compared between patients with NS (n = 18) and matched, healthy controls (n = 18). Furthermore, correlations between MMPI-2-RF scores and alexithymia, measured by the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20, were investigated. Patients with NS showed significantly higher scores, with medium effect sizes, on MMPI-2-RF scales reflecting infrequent responses (F-r), somatic and cognitive complaints (FBS-r and RBS-r), internalizing problems (EID), demoralization (RCd) and introversion (INTR-r), although the overall profile in both groups was within the non-clinical range. Alexithymia correlated with internalizing problems and negative emotionality in the patient group. In conclusion, patients with NS showed higher levels of introversion, which may predispose them to internalizing problems. These problems were indeed more frequent in patients with NS, especially higher levels of demoralization. Patients may benefit from psychological interventions aimed to decrease internalizing problems, introversion and alexithymia.
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Persike, Malte, Inge Seiffge-Krenke, Figen Cok, Karolina Głogowska, Vassilis Pavlopoulos, Spyridon Tantaros, Cyrille Perchec, Iffat Rohail, and Juan Carlos Saravia. "Emerging Adults’ Psychopathology in Seven Countries: The Impact of Identity-Related Risk Factors." Emerging Adulthood 8, no. 3 (September 18, 2018): 179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167696818791108.
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The impact of identity-related risk factors on psychopathology was analyzed in 2,113 emerging adults ( M = 22.0 years; 66% female) from France, Germany, Turkey, Greece, Peru, Pakistan, and Poland. Identity stress, coping with identity stress, maternal parenting (support, psychological control, and anxious rearing), and psychopathology (internalizing, externalizing, and total symptomatology) were assessed. After partialing out the influence of stress, coping, and perceived maternal behavior, country did no longer exert a significant effect on symptom scores. The effect for gender remained, as did an interaction between country and gender. Rather unexpected, on average, males reported higher internalizing symptomatology scores than females. Potential causes for the higher scores of males are therefore discussed. Partialing out covariates resulted in a clearer picture of country-specific and gender-dependent effects on psychopathology, which is helpful in designing interventions.
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Miettunen, J., G. K. Murray, P. B. Jones, P. Mäki, H. Ebeling, A. Taanila, M. Joukamaa, et al. "Longitudinal associations between childhood and adulthood externalizing and internalizing psychopathology and adolescent substance use." Psychological Medicine 44, no. 8 (September 13, 2013): 1727–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291713002328.
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BackgroundEmotional and behavioral problems are commonly associated with substance use in adolescence but it is unclear whether substance use precedes or follows mental health problems. The aim was to investigate longitudinal associations between externalizing and internalizing psychopathology and substance use in a prospective population study design.MethodThe sample was the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 Study (NFBC 1986; n = 6349; 3103 males). Externalizing and internalizing mental health problems were assessed at age 8 years (Rutter scales), substance use and externalizing and internalizing problems [Youth Self-Report (YSR)] at age 15–16 years, and hospital diagnoses for internalizing disorders (age 25) and criminal offences (age 20) from nationwide registers in adulthood.ResultsExternalizing problems at age 8 were associated with later substance use. After adjustment for sociodemographic factors, parental alcohol use and psychiatric disorders, and earlier externalizing and internalizing problems, substance use predicted criminality, especially among males, with the highest odds ratio (OR) for cannabis use [adjusted OR 6.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.1–12.7]. Early internalizing problems were not a risk for later substance use. Female adolescent cannabis (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.4–7.3) and alcohol (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1–4.2) use predicted internalizing disorders in adulthood.ConclusionsExternalizing problems precede adolescent substance use in both genders, whereas, among boys, substance use also precedes criminal offences. Internalizing problems may follow substance use in females. These associations were robust even when taking into account previous mental health problems.
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Stone, Lisanne L., Roy Otten, Jan M. A. M. Janssens, Bart Soenens, Emmanuel Kuntsche, and Rutger C. M. E. Engels. "Does parental psychological control relate to internalizing and externalizing problems in early childhood? An examination using the Berkeley puppet interview." International Journal of Behavioral Development 37, no. 4 (June 24, 2013): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025413490865.
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Parental psychological control has been linked to symptoms of psychopathology in adolescence, yet less is known about its correlates in childhood. The current study is among the first to address whether psychological control is related to internalizing and externalizing problems in early childhood. A community sample of 298 children aged 7.04 ( SD = 1.15) years participated. Along with two other parenting dimensions (i.e., responsiveness and behavioural control), psychological control, internalizing and externalizing problems were assessed by means of the Berkeley Puppet Interview. Psychological control was associated with internalizing and externalizing problems, and this association remained significant while controlling for parental behavioural control and responsiveness. Results suggest that the maladaptive correlates of psychological control also manifest in developmental periods prior to adolescence. Still, it is unknown how psychological control and child psychopathology are related over time in childhood.
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Bardhi, MA Niman, and Dr Sc Mimoza Shahini. "The Correlation between affective Temperaments and Internalizing Problems Reported by Adolescents of Age 14-18 Years." ILIRIA International Review 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2015): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.21113/iir.v5i1.26.
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Internalizing problems are characterized by anxiety, depressed mood, social withdrawal, and somatic complaints. Childhood internalizing problems are a concerning mental health issue due to their continuity into adolescence and associated functional impairment. This study focused on studying the relation between affective temperaments and internalizing problems, in a sample of adolescents in the community. There has been very little research in mental health problems in children and adolescents in Kosovo.The aim of this study was to identify the link between affective temperaments with youth psychopathology, by measuring both temperament with Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego (TEMPS) and youth psychopathology with Youth Self Report (YSR) in the Kosovo sample. Our study found that depressive, cyclothymic, anxious, and irritiative temperaments were more displayed in female respondents. Meanwhile, hyperthermic temperament was not found to be reported as interrelated to gender.However, gender related differences were significant on the YSR scales, with female respondents reporting higher values on those scales. The study found that there is a significant difference between the groups with normal scores on Depressive Temperament with group with high scores for all scales of Internalizing problems. More scores in Depressive Temperament more scores in Internalizing Scales.The same tendencies were found for Cyclothimic Temperament and Anxious temperament. Hyperthermic temperament was not found to have significant effect on Anxious/ Depressed, Withdrawn, Somatic Complaints, and Social Problem. Irritative temperament was found to have significant effect only in Anxious/ Depressed F (2) = 13.1, p<.01, η2= .03.The higher scores in Anxious/ Depressed scores were found in the group with high scores in Irritative Temperament. The study concluded that temperament may only be one of several factors contributing to the development of psychopathology. This study found that the temperament, which is influenced by environment and biology, is a significant predictor for internalizing problems.
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Durwood, Lily, Léïla Eisner, Kaitlyn Fladeboe, Chonghui (Gabriella) Ji, Samantha Barney, Katie A. McLaughlin, and Kristina R. Olson. "Social Support and Internalizing Psychopathology in Transgender Youth." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 50, no. 5 (February 11, 2021): 841–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01391-y.
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Klein, Annette M., Andrea Schlesier-Michel, Yvonne Otto, Lars O. White, Anna Andreas, Susan Sierau, Sarah Bergmann, Sonja Perren, and Kai von Klitzing. "Latent trajectories of internalizing symptoms from preschool to school age: A multi-informant study in a high-risk sample." Development and Psychopathology 31, no. 02 (April 29, 2018): 657–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579418000214.
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AbstractRecent proposals suggest early adversity sets in motion particularly chronic and neurobiologically distinct trajectories of internalizing symptoms. However, few prospective studies in high-risk samples delineate distinct trajectories of internalizing symptoms from preschool age onward. We examined trajectories in a high-risk cohort, oversampled for internalizing symptoms, several preschool risk/maintenance factors, and school-age outcomes. Parents of 325 children completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire on up to four waves of data collection from preschool (3–5 years) to school age (8–9 years) and Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment interviews at both ages. Multi-informant data were collected on risk factors and symptoms. Growth mixture modelling identified four trajectory classes of internalizing symptoms with stable low, rising low-to-moderate, stable moderate, and stable high symptoms. Children in the stable high symptom trajectory manifested clinically relevant internalizing symptoms, mainly diagnosed with anxiety disorders/depression at preschool and school age. Trajectories differed regarding loss/separation experience, maltreatment, maternal psychopathology, temperament, and stress-hormone regulation with loss/separation, temperament, maternal psychopathology, and stress-hormone regulation (trend) significantly contributing to explained variance. At school age, trajectories continued to differ on symptoms, disorders, and impairment. Our study is among the first to show that severe early adversity may trigger a chronic and neurobiologically distinct internalizing trajectory from preschool age onward.
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Keyes, K. M., N. R. Eaton, R. F. Krueger, A. E. Skodol, M. M. Wall, B. Grant, L. J. Siever, and D. S. Hasin. "Thought disorder in the meta-structure of psychopathology." Psychological Medicine 43, no. 8 (November 21, 2012): 1673–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291712002292.
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BackgroundDimensional models of co-morbidity have the potential to improve the conceptualization of mental disorders in research and clinical work, yet little is known about how relatively uncommon disorders may fit with more common disorders. The present study estimated the meta-structure of psychopathology in the US general population focusing on the placement of five under-studied disorders sharing features of thought disorder: paranoid, schizoid, avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders, and manic episodes as well as bipolar disorder.MethodData were drawn from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, a face-to-face interview of 34 653 non-institutionalized adults in the US general population. The meta-structure of 16 DSM-IV Axis I and Axis II psychiatric disorders, as assessed by the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule DSM-IV version (AUDADIS-IV), was examined using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis.ResultsWe document an empirically derived thought disorder factor that is a subdomain of the internalizing dimension, characterized by schizoid, paranoid, schizotypal and avoidant personality disorders as well as manic episodes. Manic episodes exhibit notable associations with both the distress subdomain of the internalizing dimension as well as the thought disorder subdomain. The structure was replicated for bipolar disorder (I or II) in place of manic episodes.ConclusionsAs our understanding of psychopathological meta-structure expands, incorporation of disorders characterized by detachment and psychoticism grows increasingly important. Disorders characterized by detachment and psychoticism may be well conceptualized, organized and measured as a subdimension of the internalizing spectrum of disorders. Manic episodes and bipolar disorder exhibit substantial co-morbidity across both distress and thought disorder domains of the internalizing dimension. Clinically, these results underscore the potential utility of conceptualizing patient treatment needs using an approach targeting psychopathological systems underlying meta-structural classification rubrics.
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Thompson, Ellen J., Anastasia Kazantseva, and Darya Gaysina. "Internalizing Psychopathology across the Life Course: From Genes and Environment to Gene-Environment Interaction." Psychopathology Review a4, no. 1 (February 21, 2016): 26–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5127/pr.038415.
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Internalizing psychopathology (i.e., depression and anxiety) is a leading cause of disability worldwide. The recognition that both genetic factors (nature) and environmental factors (nurture) contribute to the aetiology of internalizing disorders has led to a rapid growth in research of gene–environment interactions (G×E) and of epigenetic mechanisms underlying G×E. The purpose of this paper was to critically review evidence on the contributions of genes, environments and G×E to the risk of internalizing psychopathology across the life course. The existing G×E studies have primarily focused on a limited number of candidate genes. Overall, albeit with some conflicting findings, these studies have supported G×E effects on the risk for depressive and anxiety outcomes. Future G×E studies would benefit from more systematic assessment of both negative and positive environmental influences, utilization of a developmentally sensitive life-course approach, and thorough investigations of epigenetic mechanisms that can underlie the complex gene-environment co-action.
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Gustavson, Daniel E., Naomi P. Friedman, Pierre Fontanillas, Sarah L. Elson, Abraham A. Palmer, and Sandra Sanchez-Roige. "The Latent Genetic Structure of Impulsivity and Its Relation to Internalizing Psychopathology." Psychological Science 31, no. 8 (July 27, 2020): 1025–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797620938160.
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Factor analyses suggest that impulsivity traits that capture tendencies to act prematurely or take risks tap partially distinct constructs. We applied genomic structure equation modeling to evaluate the genetic factor structure of two well-established impulsivity questionnaires, using published statistics from genome-wide association studies of up to 22,861 participants. We also tested the hypotheses that delay discounting would be genetically separable from other impulsivity factors and that emotionally triggered facets of impulsivity (urgency) would be those most strongly genetically correlated with an internalizing latent factor. A five-factor model best fitted the impulsivity data. Delay discounting was genetically distinct from these five factors. As expected, the two urgency subscales were most strongly related to an internalizing-psychopathology latent factor. These findings provide empirical genetic evidence that impulsivity can be broken down into distinct categories of differential relevance for internalizing psychopathology. They also demonstrate how measured genetic markers can be used to inform theories of psychology and personality.
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KLIMES–DOUGAN, BONNIE, PAUL D. HASTINGS, DOUGLAS A. GRANGER, BARBARA A. USHER, and CAROLYN ZAHN–WAXLER. "Adrenocortical activity in at-risk and normally developing adolescents: Individual differences in salivary cortisol basal levels, diurnal variation, and responses to social challenges." Development and Psychopathology 13, no. 3 (September 2001): 695–719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579401003157.
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The purpose of this study was to examine adrenocortical activity (basal, diurnal variation, and responses to social stressors) in adolescents at risk for psychopathology. Salivary cortisol levels were examined in normally developing and at-risk youth with internalizing and externalizing symptoms ranging from subclinical to clinical levels. Adolescents showed expected patterns of diurnal variation, with high early morning cortisol levels and a pattern of decline throughout the day. Females showed higher midday and late afternoon levels than males, and these patterns interacted with risk status. Internalizing problems sometimes were associated with gradual rather than steep declines in basal cortisol production. Both immediate and delayed cortisol reactivity to a social performance stressor were associated with internalizing symptoms. There was no evidence of relations between externalizing problems and underarousal of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) system. These and other results suggest that gender is an important moderating factor linking psychopathology, development, and context with HPA axis functioning in adolescence.
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Rogosch, Fred A., Assaf Oshri, and Dante Cicchetti. "From child maltreatment to adolescent cannabis abuse and dependence: A developmental cascade model." Development and Psychopathology 22, no. 4 (October 1, 2010): 883–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579410000520.
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AbstractA developmental cascade model tested associations among child maltreatment, internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, social competence, and cannabis abuse and dependence symptoms in a longitudinal cohort (N= 415). Nested structural equation models evaluated continuity and cross-domain influences among broad multi-informant constructs across four developmental periods: age 7 to 9, 10 to 12, 13 to 15, and 15 to 18. Results indicated significant paths from child maltreatment to early externalizing and internalizing problems and social competence, as well as to cannabis abuse and dependence (CAD) symptoms in adolescence. Youth CAD symptoms were primarily related directly to child maltreatment and externalizing problems. Childhood internalizing symptoms contributed to later childhood decreases in social competence, which predicted increases in late adolescent externalizing problems. Using a developmental psychopathology framework, results are discussed in relation to cascade and transactional effects and the interplay between problem behaviors during childhood and development of CAD symptoms during early and late adolescence.
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Sunderland, Matthew, Philip Batterham, Natacha Carragher, Alison Calear, and Tim Slade. "Developing and Validating a Computerized Adaptive Test to Measure Broad and Specific Factors of Internalizing in a Community Sample." Assessment 26, no. 6 (May 3, 2017): 1030–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191117707817.
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Highly efficient assessments that better account for comorbidity between mood and anxiety disorders (internalizing) are required to identify individuals who are most at risk of psychopathology in the community. The current study examined the efficiency and validity associated with a multidimensional computerized adaptive test (CAT) to measure broad and specific levels of internalizing psychopathology. The sample comprised 3,175 respondents to an online survey. Items from five banks (generalized anxiety, depression, obsessive–compulsive disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder) were jointly calibrated using a bifactor item response theory model. Simulations indicated that an adaptive algorithm could accurately ( rs ≥ 0.90) estimate general internalizing and specific disorder scores using on average 44 items in comparison with the full 133-item bank (67% reduction in items). Scores on the CAT demonstrate convergent and divergent validity with previously validated short severity scales and could significantly differentiate cases of DSM-5 disorder. As such, the CAT validly measures both broad and specific constructs of internalizing disorders in a manner similar to the full item bank and a static brief form but with greater gains in efficiency and, therefore, a reduced degree of respondent burden.
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Jeronimus, Bertus F., Harriëtte Riese, Albertine J. Oldehinkel, and Johan Ormel. "Why Does Frustration Predict Psychopathology? Multiple Prospective Pathways over Adolescence: A Trails Study." European Journal of Personality 31, no. 1 (January 2017): 85–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2086.
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Adolescents’ temperamental frustration is a developmental precursor of adult neuroticism and psychopathology. Because the mechanisms that underlie the prospective association between adolescents’ high frustration and psychopathology (internalizing/externalizing) have not been studied extensively, we quantified three pathways: stress generation [mediation via selection/evocation of stressful life events (SLEs)], cross–sectional frustration–psychopathology overlap (‘carry–over’/common causes), and a direct (non–mediated) vulnerability effect of frustration, including moderation of SLE impact. Frustration and psychopathology were assessed at age 16 with the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire and the Youth Self–Report. No gender differences in frustration were observed. At age 19, psychopathology was reassessed by using the Adult Self–Report, while occurrence of endogenous (self–generated) and exogenous (not self–generated) SLEs during the interval (ages 16–19) were ascertained with the Life Stress Interview, an investigator–based contextual–stressfulness rating procedure (N = 957). Half of the prospective effect of frustration on psychopathology was explained by baseline overlap, including effects of ‘carry–over’ and common causes, about 5% reflected stress generation (a ‘vicious’ cycle with the environment adolescents navigate and shape), and 45% reflected unmediated association: a direct vulnerability effect including stress sensitivity or moderation of SLE impact. After adjustment for their overlap, frustration predicted the development of externalizing but not internalizing symptoms. Copyright © 2016 European Association of Personality Psychology
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Boyle, M. H., V. Miskovic, R. Van Lieshout, L. Duncan, L. A. Schmidt, L. Hoult, N. Paneth, and S. Saigal. "Psychopathology in young adults born at extremely low birth weight." Psychological Medicine 41, no. 8 (December 7, 2010): 1763–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291710002357.
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BackgroundLittle is known about the long-term mental health of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) (<1000 g) survivors. We test whether young adults aged 22 to 26 years born at ELBW differ from normal birth weight (NBW) controls in self-reported levels of psychopathology.MethodParticipants included 142 ELBW survivors (86% response) born between 1977 and 1982 to residents of central-west Ontario, Canada and 133 NBW control subjects (92% response). The Young Adult Self-Report measure was used to create five DSM-IV oriented scales aggregated to form internalizing (depressive problems, anxiety problems, avoidant personality problems) and externalizing (attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder problems and antisocial personality problems) scales.ResultsAfter adjusting for family background characteristics, mean scores for ELBW survivors were 3.02 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.78–5.26] points higher for internalizing problems and no different, i.e. 0.00 (95% CI −1.17 to 1.17), for externalizing problems. There was a sex×group statistical interaction such that being male muted the risk for externalizing problems among those born at ELBW: −2.11 (95% CI −4.21 to −0.01). Stratifying ELBW adults as born small for gestational age (SGA) versus appropriate weight for gestational age (AGA) revealed a significant gradient of risk for levels of internalizing problems that was largest for SGA, i.e. 4.75 (95% CI 1.24–8.26), and next largest for AGA, 2.49 (95% CI 0.11–4.87), compared with NBW controls.ConclusionsDepression, anxiety and avoidant personality problems (internalizing problems) are elevated in young adulthood among ELBW survivors. This effect is relatively small overall but noticeably larger among ELBW survivors born SGA.
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Afzali, Mohammad H., Matthew Sunderland, Natacha Carragher, and Patricia Conrod. "The Structure of Psychopathology in Early Adolescence: Study of a Canadian Sample." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 63, no. 4 (October 23, 2017): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0706743717737032.
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Objective: The current study investigates the correlational structure of psychopathology in a large sample of Canadian adolescents and highlights the association between the psychopathological dimensions and gender. Method: Data came from 3826 Canadian adolescents aged 12.8 ± 0.4 y. Five alternative dimensional models were tested using confirmatory factor analysis, and the association between gender, language, and the mean level of psychopathological dimensions was examined using a multiple-indicators multiple-causes model. Results: A bifactor model with 1 general psychopathology factor and 3 specific dimensions (internalizing, externalizing, thought disorder) provided the best fit to the data. Results indicated metric invariance of the bifactor structure with respect to language. Females reported higher mean levels of internalizing, and males reported higher mean levels of externalizing. No significant sex differences emerged in liability to thought disorder or general psychopathology. The presence of a general psychopathology factor increased the association between gender and specific dimensions. Conclusions: The current study is the first to highlight the bifactor structure including a specific thought disorder factor in a Canadian sample of adolescents. The findings further highlight the importance of transdiagnostic approaches to prevention and intervention among young adolescents.