Academic literature on the topic 'Internal recycling'
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Journal articles on the topic "Internal recycling"
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Li, Chao, J. Douglas Way, Thomas F. Fuerst, and Colin A. Wolden. "Direct internal recycling fractions approaching unity." Fusion Engineering and Design 209 (December 2024): 114705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2024.114705.
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Rivera-Molina, Félix E., Zhiqun Xi, Elena Reales, Bryan Wang, and Derek Toomre. "Exocyst complex mediates recycling of internal cilia." Current Biology 31, no. 24 (December 2021): 5580–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.067.
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Ripl, W. "INTERNAL PHOSPHORUS RECYCLING MECHANISMS IN SHALLOW LAKES." Lake and Reservoir Management 2, no. 1 (January 1986): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07438148609354616.
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Johnson, J. R., and D. W. Dunford. "On the Use of Non-Recycling and Recycling Compartment Models in Internal Dosimetry." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 22, no. 4 (April 1, 1988): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a080118.
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Wysokińska, Zofia. "Completion of the Common Internal Market of Recycling in the EU - Position of New Member States." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 13, no. 4 (February 23, 2011): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10103-009-0045-0.
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In the paper will be presented the analysis of ecological competitiveness in the EU ("old" and "new" Member States) recycling market within the process of the establishment of common standards related to the Prevention and Recycling of Waste. The paper examined advantages of common standards for Europe from the point of view of the completion of the common internal market of recycling within the EU Strategy promoting the sustainable growth.
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Kingsley-Omoyibo, Q. A. "Comparative analysis of waste reduction methods for sustainable manufacturing systems using concurrent triangulation model." Nigerian Journal of Technology 39, no. 3 (September 16, 2020): 844–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v39i3.26.
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The aim of this study is to carry out a comparative analysis of waste reduction methods for sustainable manufacturing systems using Cronbach alpha and concurrent triangulation model. The objective of this research is to establish an ideal sustainable manufacturing waste disposal method. Reliability test results showed that the Cronbach alpha values used to measure the internal consistency of responses recorded for recycling, reuse, reduce, remanufacture and landfilling were 0.8160 , 0.8100 , 0.7760 , 0.7550 and 0.7340 respectively with recycling recording the highest internal consistency. The concurrent triangulation model recorded results showed that recycling recorded a total of 184 respondents at the highest percentage of 51.11 %, reuse recorded a total of 58 respondents with 16.13 %, remanufacture recorded 43 respondents at 11.94%, reduce recorded a total of 38 respondents at 10.55 %, and Landfilling had 37 respondents with 10.27 %. Hence Recycling was selected as the most appropriate method.
Keywords: Concurrent Triangulation model, cronbach alpha, Recycling, Reuse, Remanufacturing, Sustainable manufacturing system.
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Noyez, Luc, and Leon K. Lacquet. "Recycling of the internal mammary artery in coronary reoperation." Annals of Thoracic Surgery 55, no. 3 (March 1993): 597–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(93)90258-j.
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Fukumori, K., M. Mouri, N. Sato, H. Okamoto, and M. Matsushita. "Continuous Recycling of Vulcanisates." International Polymer Science and Technology 28, no. 6 (June 2001): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x0102800601.
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Vulcanised EPDM rubber waste produced during the manufacturing process is devulcanised using a screw granulator under controlled conditions of shear stress, temperature and internal stress. During this recycling process, carbon-sulphur bonds are broken selectively so that a devulcanised rubber consisting of a sol component and a gel component is obtained which can be processed like new rubber and re-vulcanised with an accelerated sulphur curing system. The revulcanisates exhibit nearly the same properties as cured new rubber. EPDM rubber which has been devulcanised using the new process is used for the production of rubber products for the automobile industry.
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Padrón, David, Renee D. Tall, and Michael G. Roth. "Phospholipase D2 Is Required for Efficient Endocytic Recycling of Transferrin Receptors." Molecular Biology of the Cell 17, no. 2 (February 2006): 598–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e05-05-0389.
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RNA interference-mediated depletion of phospholipase D2 (PLD2), but not PLD1, inhibited recycling of transferrin receptors in HeLa cells, whereas the internalization rate was unaffected by depletion of either PLD. Although reduction of both PLD isoforms inhibits PLD activity stimulated by phorbol 12-myristic 13-acetate, only depletion of PLD2 decreased nonstimulated activity. Cells with reduced PLD2 accumulated a greater fraction of transferrin receptors in a perinuclear compartment that was positive for Rab11, a marker of recycling endosomes. EFA6, an exchange factor for Arf6, has been proposed to stimulate the recycling of transferrin receptors. Thus, one consequence of EFA6 overexpression would be a reduction of the internal pool of receptors. We confirmed this observation in control HeLa cells; however, overexpression of EFA6 failed to decrease the internal pool of transferrin receptors that accumulate in cells previously depleted of PLD2. These observations suggest that either PLD2 is required for a constitutive Arf6-mediated recycling pathway or in the absence of PLD2 transferrin receptors accumulate in recycling endosomes that are not responsive to overexpression of EFA6.
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Provoost, Abraham P. "Does Angiotensin Receptor Recycling Regulate Blood Pressure?" Hypertension 48, no. 3 (September 2006): 370–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.hyp.0000237967.09258.0c.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Internal recycling"
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Brahmakulam, jacob Dany Paul, and Gustaf Johannesson. "Analyse and Improve Internal Water Treatment System at STENA Recycling : Master's Programme in Mechanical Engineering." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-37052.
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The thesis work is done at STENA Recycling Halmstad. The recycling facility has a yearly capacity to process 110.000 tonnes of material. There is an internal water system that circulates water to each of the separation processes and cleans before recirculation. Due to environmental concerns and government regulations the internal water cannot be let out of the facility. In addition, the internal water treatment system at STENA was not efficiently cleaning the internal water causing frequent plant maintenance issues. The aim of the thesis is to improve the quality of the cleaned water from the internal water system. Qualitative data such as interviews and observations were combined with quantitative data that is measurements to reach the results, using a method called triangulation. Six Sigma (DMAIC) model was followed for the work execution. The internal water treatment has five process steps. Five improvements are identified, implemented and evaluated. The thesis work goal of less than 2% dirt in the clean water is achieved by improving the overall performance of the cleaning system by 48.5% after implementing improvements. As a part of the last phase of six sigma approach which is control phase, an operation manual is developed to maintain the internal water treatment system.
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Thomas, Marc Merlin. "The effects of defoliation on seasonal growth dynamics, the importance of internal nitrogen-recycling and the availability of soil nutrients: implications for the invasive potential of Buddleia davidii (Franch.)." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1477.
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ABSTRACT Assessing the impact of herbivory on plant growth and reproduction is important to predict the success of biocontrol of invasive plants. Leaf area production is most important, as photosynthesis provides the foundation for all plant growth and fitness. High levels of defoliation generally reduce the productivity of plants. However, leaf area production fluctuates during the season and compensational growth may occur, which both complicate accurate estimations of defoliation impacts. Under field conditions the interaction with neighbouring species and the availability of soil nutrients need to be assessed in order to gauge long term effects of weed invasions on natural environments. In this thesis I have investigated seasonal leaf area dynamics in Buddleia davidii following repeated artificial defoliation, to quantify compensational leaf production and to understand the regulatory mechanisms involved. The impact of defoliation on photosynthesis, seed production, germination and nitrogen translocation patterns were analysed. Finally, possible facilitation between B. davidii and a native nitrogen fixer, Coriaria arborea, and the impact of B. davidii on soil nutrient availability were investigated. In defoliated B. davidii, increased node production (34%), leaf size (35%) and leaf longevity (12%) resulted in 52% greater total emergent leaf area in the short term. However, with time and diminishing tissue resources the compensation declined. No upregulation of photosynthesis was observed in pre-existing leaves. Compensational leaf area production occurred at the expense of reproduction but the germination capacity of individual seeds was unaffected. In B. davidii, nitrogen reserves are stored in old leaves. Thus, the defoliation-induced decline in tissue reserves led to changes in the remobilisation pattern and increased the importance of soil uptake but biomass production especially that of roots had declined significantly (39%). Slight facilitation effects from the neighbouring nitrogen fixer and VA-mycorrhizae were observed on B. davidii in the field, while its impact on soil chemistry during spring was negligible. Defoliation of B. davidii resulted in priority allocation of resources to compensational leaf growth and a concomitant reduction in flower and seed production. The compensational leaf production greatly increased the demand for nitrogen, while continued leaf removal decreased the pool of stored nitrogen. This led to changes in nitrogen remobilisation and an increased importance of root uptake. However, the significant decline in root growth will likely impair adequate nutrient uptake from the soil, which is especially important where B. davidii invades nutrient poor habitats and will increase the success of biocontrol of the species. While mycorrhizae increase nutrient accessibility for B. davidii, it is likely that the additional stress of defoliation will negate the small facilitative effects from nitrogen-fixing species like C. arborea. This research provides new insights into the mechanisms regulating leaf area dynamics at the shoot level and systemic physiological responses to defoliation in plants, such as nitrogen translocation. The compensation in leaf area production was considerable but only transitory and thus, the opportunity to alleviate effects of leaf loss though adjustment of light capture limited. However, to ascertain that photosynthesis at whole plant level does not increase after defoliation, more detailed measurements especially on new grown leaves are necessary. In general, defoliation had greatly reduced plant growth and performance so that an optimistic outlook for controlling this species can be given. Conclusions about the wider impacts of B. davidii on soil chemistry and community function will require further research.
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Boukortt, Nour El Imene. "Biogéochimie d’un estuaire soumis aux hypoxies : processus de recyclage benthique des nutriments et des métaux associés dans la Loire." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Angers, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ANGE0034.
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L'hypoxie est un problème qui s'est largement répandu au cours du 20ème siècle. Un apport excessif en nutriments favorise la production de matière organique qui, lors de sa dégradation, provoque une baisse d'oxygénation pouvant atteindre des niveaux critiques pour les organismes vivants. Dans les estuaires macrotidaux comme la Loire, la demande en oxygène est accrue dans la zone de turbidité maximale (ZTM), une caractéristique clé de ces derniers. La ZTM agit comme un réacteur hétérotrophe générant une demande locale en OD. De plus, la Loire a subi une longue histoire d’enrichissement en nutriments. Le stock hérité dans les sédiments peut avoir entravé la restauration en dépit de la diminution des apports amont, en raison des flux de nutriments des sédiments vers la colonne d’eau. L'objectif est de comprendre le couplage benthique-pélagique qui conduit au maintien des hypoxies. Après une caractérisation de la dynamique du DO et des nutriments dans l’eau, ce travail a évalué la dynamique des processus de remobilisation de nutriments par les sédiments, et a modélisé ses interactions avec la colonne d’eau afin d'aboutir à un bilan chiffré de la consommation d’OD dans différentes zones de l’estuaire. Les résultats révèlent que les conditions hydrodynamiques, en particulier le débit fluvial et la position de la ZTM, jouent un rôle crucial dans la régulation des échanges de nutriments. Cette étude présente un modèle qui offre une quantification nouvelle du recyclage des nutriments dans la Loire. Les résultats soulignent la nécessité d'approches de gestion intégrée pour restaurer la qualité de l'eau de l'estuaire de la LoireHypoxia has become a widespread issue during the 20th century. An excessive supply of nutrients promotes organic matter production and its degradation causes a decline in oxygenation that can reach critical levels for living organisms. In macrotidal estuaries such as the Loire, oxyegn demand is enhanced in the turbidity maximum zone (TMZ), a key feature of these systems. TMZ acts as a heterotrophic reactor, generating a local oxygen demand.In addition, the Loire has a long history of nutrient enrichment. The inherited stock in the sediments may have hindered restoration despite the reduction in upstream inputs, due to the flow of nutrients from the sediments into the water column. The aim of this work is to understand the benthic--pelagic coupling that maintenans hypoxia. After characterising the dynamics of oxyegn and nutrients in the water, this work assessed the dynamics of nutrient remobilisation processes by sediments, and modelled its interactions with the water column in order to produce an estimation of oxyegn consumption and nutrient recyclng in different estuarine areas. The results show that hydrodynamic conditions, in particular river flow and TMZ position, play a key role in regulating nutrient exchange. This study presents a model that offers a new quantification of nutrient recycling in the Loire. The results highlight the need for integrated management approaches to restore water quality in the estuary
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Briand, Axel. "Étude d’un procédé de délamination en milieu CO2 supercritique pour le recyclage de modules photovoltaïques." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2022. http://theses.enscm.fr/interne/ENSCM_2022_BRIAND.pdf.
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Le volume de panneaux photovoltaïques en fin de vie à gérer va considérablement augmenter au cours de la prochaine décennie. Dans l'optique d'une économie circulaire respectueuse de l'environnement, il devient plus que nécessaire de développer des procédés de recyclage efficaces. Dans ce contexte, un procédé de délamination utilisant du CO2 supercritique a été étudié pour le recyclage des modules photovoltaïques en fin de vie. Le procédé étudié au sein de cette thèse se compose d’une phase d’absorption du CO2 au sein du polymère d’encapsulation, l’éthylène d’acétate de vinyle, à une pression palier suivie d’une dépressurisation rapide conduisant au moussage de l’éthylène d’acétate de vinyle. Ce phénomène de moussage engendre une perte d’adhésion aux interfaces du polymère moussé. Ce travail de thèse se propose d’étudier la phénoménologie de chacune des étapes. Dans cet objectif, un couplage entre une cellule haute pression et un dispositif optique a été réalisé pour permettre des observations in-situ de la formation de bulles et de l’expansion du polymère. En s’appuyant sur cette compréhension, l’utilisation de paramètres opératoires adaptés a démontré la potentialité du procédé pour la délamination complète de modules photovoltaïques en vue du recyclage spécifique de chacun de ses composantsThe volume of end-of-life photovoltaic panels to be managed will increase considerably over the next decade. In the context of an environmentally friendly circular economy, it is becoming more than necessary to develop efficient recycling processes. In this context, a delamination process using supercritical CO2 was studied for the recycling of end-of-life photovoltaic modules. The process studied in this thesis consists of a CO2 absorption phase within the encapsulating polymer, ethylene vinyl acetate, at a pressure level followed by a rapid depressurization leading to the foaming of the ethylene vinyl acetate. This foaming phenomenon leads to a loss of adhesion at the interfaces of the foamed polymer. This thesis proposes to study the phenomenology of each step. For this purpose, a coupling between a high-pressure cell and an optical device was used to allow in-situ observations of bubble formation and polymer expansion. Based on this understanding, the use of adapted operating parameters demonstrated the potentiality of the process for the complete delamination of photovoltaic modules for the specific recycling of each of its components
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Belfqueh, Sahar. "Développement d’un procédé éco-compatible de recyclage des terres rares issues des aimants permanents." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2022. http://theses.enscm.fr/interne/ENSCM_2022_BELFQUEH.pdf.
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Les terres rares (TRs) sont omniprésentes dans les objets technologiques du quotidien (téléphones mobiles, ordinateurs, …) et sont de plus en plus utilisées dans les technologies vertes (éoliennes, véhicules électriques, …). Ces métaux, de par leur importance, sont considérés comme critiques pour l’Europe qui détient très peu de gisements primaires. L’accès à ces TRs peut être envisagé au travers du recyclage de produits en fin de vie, en particulier par l’intermédiaire des aimants permanents de type NdFeB ou SmCo qui représentent environ 37%, en masse, du marché des TRs.Dans ce contexte, la présente thèse étudie le recyclage des TRs (Nd, Pr et Dy) provenant des aimants permanents de type NdFeB issus des disques durs d’ordinateurs par voie hydrométallurgique « éco-compatible » en considérant l’utilisation d’un acide organique lors du processus de lixiviation comme alternative aux acides minéraux, et un diglycolamide (N,N,N′,N′‐Tetraoctyl diglycolamide - TODGA) comme molécule extractante dans le processus d’extraction liquide-liquide comme alternative aux composés organophosphorés.Des études multiparamétriques ont été réalisées afin d’étudier la récupération sélective des TRs vis-à-vis des autres éléments présents dans ces aimants, en particulier le fer.Ainsi à partir des résultats obtenus, deux procédés alternatifs sont proposés.Le premier consiste en un grillage oxydant de la poudre d’aimants NdFeB suivi de deux lixiviations sélectives par l’acide acétique qui permettent, après les étapes de précipitation et de calcination, une séparation de l’oxyde Didymium (Nd2O3. Pr2O3), de l’oxyde de dysprosium (Dy2O3) et de l’oxyde de fer (Fe2O3) qui est non lixiviable dans l’acide acétique. La faisabilité de ce procédé a été démontrée sur des mélanges synthétiques d’oxydes ayant une composition identique à celle d’une poudre d’aimants NdFeB oxydée (lixiviation > 95%, pureté des oxydes >99,8%). Cependant, les conditions du grillage oxydant doivent être optimisés davantage pour reproduire les mêmes résultats sur la poudre d’aimant réelle.Le second procédé consiste en une lixiviation totale de la poudre d’aimant NdFeB brute par l’acide acétique suivi par une étape d’extraction liquide-liquide en utilisant le TODGA comme molécule extractante. Ainsi il a été montré que l’extraction quantitative de l’ensemble des TRs (Nd, Pr et Dy) avec une excellente sélectivité vis-à-vis des autres métaux présents dans le lixiviat (Fe, B, Co et Ni) est possible en deux étages d’extraction liquide-liquide. La désextraction quantitative de l’ensemble des TRs extraits a ensuite été possible en utilisant une solution d’EDTA. De plus, Une extraction multi-étagée en utilisant le TODGA suivi d’une désextraction à l’eau déionisée permet d’envisager la séparation du Didymium et du DyRare earth elements (REEs) are omnipresent in high technology devices (smartphones, computers…) and are increasingly used in green technologies (wind power turbines, electric vehicles…). Due to their importance, these metals are considered critical for Europe, which has very few primary deposits. Access to these REEs can be considered through the recycling of end-of-life products, in particular through NdFeB or SmCo permanent magnets, which represent 37%, by weight, of the REEs market.In this context, this thesis studies the recycling of REEs, especially Nd, Pr and Dy from NdFeB permanent magnets, found in hard disk drives, through “eco-compatible” hydrometallurgical routes considering the use of organic acids in the leaching process as alternatives to the mineral acids, and the use of a diglycolamide (N,N,N′,N′‐Tetraoctyl diglycolamide - TODGA) as the extracting molecule as an alternative to organophosphorus compounds.Multiparametric studies were realized in order to evaluate the selective recovery of REEs from other elements present in these magnets, in particular iron.Thus, from the results obtained, two alternative methods are proposed.The first process consists in an oxidative roasting of the NdFeB magnet powder followed by two selective leaching steps that allow, after the steps of precipitation and calcination, the separation of Didymium oxide (Nd2O3. Pr2O3), dysprosium oxide (Dy2O3) and iron oxide (Fe2O3) which is non-leachable in acetic acid. The feasibility of this process has been demonstrated on synthetic mixtures of oxides having the same composition as an oxidized NdFeB magnet powder (leaching> 95%, oxide purity> 99.8%). However, the oxidative roasting conditions must be further optimized in order to reproduce the same results on the real NdFeB magnet powder.The second process starts with the complete leaching of the non-roasted NdFeB magnet powder followed by a solvent extraction step using the extracting molecule TODGA. Thereby, a two-stage solvent extraction allowed the extraction of all REEs (Nd, Pr and Dy) with excellent selectivity against other elements present in the acetic acid leachate (Fe, B, Co and Ni). The quantitative stripping of all extracted REEs was possible using an EDTA solution. In addition, a multi-stage solvent extraction, using TODGA, followed by a stripping step using water allowed the separation of Didymium and dysprosium
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Jansson, J. P. (Jussi-Pekka). "A stabilized multi-channel CMOS time-to-digital converter based on a low frequency reference." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2012. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514299322.
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Abstract The aim of this work was to improve the performance and usability of a digital time-to-digital converter (TDC) in CMOS technology. The characteristics of the TDC were improved especially for the needs of pulsed laser time-of-flight (TOF) distance measurement, where picosecond-level precision with a long µs-level measurement range is needed in order to approach mm-level measurement accuracy. Stability in the face of process, voltage and temperature variations, multiple measurement channels, alternative measurement modes, a high integration level, standard interfaces and simple usage were the main features for development. The measurement architecture is based on counter and timing signal interpolation on two levels. The counter counts the full reference clock cycles between the timing signals, while a new recycling delay line developed in this thesis interpolates within the reference clock cycle. This technique utilizes a short delay line several times per reference clock cycle, which minimizes the interpolation nonlinearity. The same structure also makes the use of a low, MHz-level reference frequency possible, and thus only a crystal is needed as an external oscillator component. The parallel load capacitor-scaled delay line structure acts as the second, sub-gate-delay interpolation level. The INL does not accumulate in elements connected in parallel, and the load capacitance differences enable high, ps-level resolution to be achieved. Four TDC circuits in 0.35 µm CMOS technology were designed and tested in the course of this work, of which the latest, a 7-channel TDC, is able to measure the time intervals between the start pulse and three separate stop pulses in one measurement and to resolve the pulse widths or rise times at the same time. In laser TOF distance measurement this functionality can be used when several echoes arrive at the receiver, and also to compensate for the detection threshold problem known as timing walk error. The TDC achieves 8.9 ps interpolation resolution within the cycle time of a 20 MHz reference clock using only 8 delay elements on the first interpolation level and 14 delay elements on the second. A measurement precision better than 9 ps was achieved without using result post-processing or look-up tables. This work shows that versatile, high performance TDCs can be created in standard CMOS technologyTiivistelmä Väitöskirjatyön tavoitteena oli parantaa CMOS-aika-digitaalimuuntimien suorituskykyä ja käytettävyyttä. Muuntimen ominaisuuksia kehitettiin erityisesti laseretäisyysmittauksen tarpeita ajatellen, missä millimetritason mittaustarkkuus laajalla mittausaluella edellyttää aika-digitaalimuuntimelta pikosekuntitason tarkkuutta mikrosekuntien mittausalueella. Stabiilius prosessiparametri-, jännite- ja lämpötilavaihteluita vastaan, useat mittauskanavat, useat mittausmoodit, korkea integraatioaste, standardoidut liitäntäväylät ja helppo käytettävyys olivat erityisesti kehityksen kohteina. Suunniteltu mittausarkkitehtuuri koostuu laskurista ja kaksitasoisesta ajoitussignaali-interpolaattorista. Laskuri laskee kokonaiset referenssikellojaksot ajoitussignaalien välillä ja työssä kehitetty referenssiä kierrättävä viivelinjarakenne rekistereineen interpoloi ajoitussignaalien paikat referenssikellojaksojen sisältä. Referenssinkierrätystekniikka hyödyntää lyhyttä viivelinjaa useampaan kertaan kellojakson aikana, mikä minimoi epälineaarisuuden interpoloinnissa. Sama rakenne mahdollistaa myös MHz-tason referenssitaajuuden, jolloin matalataajuista kidettä voidaan käyttää referenssilähteenä. Toinen interpolointitaso koostuu rinnakkaisista kapasitanssiskaalatuista viive-elementeistä, mitkä mahdollistavat alle porttiviiveen mittausresoluution. Rinnakkaisessa rakenteessa elementtien epälineaarisuudet eivät summaudu, mikä mahdollistaa pikosekuntitason mittaustarkkuuden. Väitöskirjatyössä suunniteltiin ja toteutettiin neljä aikavälinmittauspiiriä käyttäen 0,35 µm CMOS-teknologiaa, joista viimeisin, 7-kanavainen muunnin kykenee mittaamaan aikavälin useampaan pulssiin yhdellä kertaa sekä voi selvittää samalla pulssien leveydet tai nousuajat. Laseretäisyysmittauksessa monikanavaisuutta voidaan käyttää kun useita kaikuja lähetetystä pulssista saapuu vastaanottimeen sekä kompensoimaan mittauksessa esiintyviä muita virhelähteitä. Käytettäessä 20 MHz:n kidettä referenssilähteenä muunnin saavuttaa alle 9 ps:n interpolointiresoluution ja tarkkuuden ilman epälineaarisuudenkorjaustaulukoita. Työ osoittaa, että edullisella CMOS-teknologialla voidaan toteuttaa monipuolinen ja erittäin suorituskykyinen aika-digitaalimuunnin
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L'Heureux, Zara Elisabeth. "Repurposing mass-produced internal combustion engines: Quantifying the value and use of low-cost internal combustion piston engines for modular applications in energy and chemical engineering industries." Thesis, 2017. https://doi.org/10.7916/D81N8CPF.
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This thesis proposes that internal combustion piston engines can help clear the way for a transformation in the energy, chemical, and refining industries that is akin to the transition computer technology experienced with the shift from large mainframes to small personal computers and large farms of individually small, modular processing units. This thesis provides a mathematical foundation, multi-dimensional optimizations, experimental results, an engine model, and a techno-economic assessment, all working towards quantifying the value of repurposing internal combustion piston engines for new applications in modular, small-scale technologies, particularly for energy and chemical engineering systems.
Many chemical engineering and power generation industries have focused on increasing individual unit sizes and centralizing production. This "bigger is better" concept makes it difficult to evolve and incorporate change. Large systems are often designed with long lifetimes, incorporate innovation slowly, and necessitate high upfront investment costs. Breaking away from this cycle is essential for promoting change, especially change happening quickly in the energy and chemical engineering industries. The ability to evolve during a system's lifetime provides a competitive advantage in a field dominated by large and often very old equipment that cannot respond to technology change.
This thesis specifically highlights the value of small, mass-manufactured internal combustion piston engines retrofitted to participate in non-automotive system designs. The applications are unconventional and stem first from the observation that, when normalized by power output, internal combustion engines are one hundred times less expensive than conventional, large power plants. This cost disparity motivated a look at scaling laws to determine if scaling across both individual unit size and number of units produced would predict the two order of magnitude difference seen here. For the first time, this thesis provides a mathematical analysis of scaling with a combination of both changing individual unit size and varying the total number of units produced. Different paths to meet a particular cumulative capacity are analyzed and show that total costs are path dependent and vary as a function of the unit size and number of units produced. The path dependence identified is fairly weak, however, and for all practical applications, the underlying scaling laws seem unaffected. This analysis continues to support the interest in pursuing designs built around small, modular infrastructure.
Building on the observation that internal combustion engines are an inexpensive power-producing unit, the first optimization in this thesis focuses on quantifying the value of engine capacity committing to deliver power in the day-ahead electricity and reserve markets, specifically based on pricing from the New York Independent System Operator (NYISO). An optimization was written in Python to determine, based on engine cost, fuel cost, engine wear, engine lifetime, and electricity prices, when and how much of an engine's power should be committed to a particular energy market. The optimization aimed to maximize profit for the engine and generator (engine genset) system acting as a price-taker. The result is an annual profit on the order of \$30 per kilowatt. The most value in the engine genset is in its commitments to the spinning reserve market, where power is often committed but not always called on to deliver. This analysis highlights the benefits of modularity in energy generation and provides one example where the system is so inexpensive and short-lived, that the optimization views the engine replacement cost as a consumable operating expense rather than a capital cost.
Having the opportunity to incorporate incremental technological improvements in a system's infrastructure throughout its lifetime allows introduction of new technology with higher efficiencies and better designs. An alternative to traditionally large infrastructure that locks in a design and today's state-of-the-art technology for the next 50 - 70 years, is a system designed to incorporate new technology in a modular fashion. The modular engine genset system used for power generation is one example of how this works in practice.
The largest single component of this thesis is modeling, designing, retrofitting, and testing a reciprocating piston engine used as a compressor. Motivated again by the low cost of an internal combustion engine, this work looks at how an engine (which is, in its conventional form, essentially a reciprocating compressor) can be cost-effectively retrofitted to perform as a small-scale gas compressor. In the laboratory, an engine compressor was built by retrofitting a one-cylinder, 79 cc engine. Various retrofitting techniques were incorporated into the system design, and the engine compressor performance was quantified in each iteration. Because the retrofitted engine is now a power consumer rather than a power-producing unit, the engine compressor is driven in the laboratory with an electric motor. Experimentally, compressed air engine exhaust (starting at elevated inlet pressures) surpassed 650 psia (about 45 bar), which makes this system very attractive for many applications in chemical engineering and refining industries. A model of the engine compressor system was written in Python and incorporates experimentally-derived parameters to quantify gas leakage, engine friction, and flow (including backflow) through valves. The model as a whole was calibrated and verified with experimental data and is used to explore engine retrofits beyond what was tested in the laboratory. Along with the experimental and modeling work, a techno-economic assessment is included to compare the engine compressor system with state-of-the-art, commercially-available compressors. Included in the financial analysis is a case study where an engine compressor system is modeled to achieve specific compression needs. The result of the assessment is that, indeed, the low engine cost, even with the necessary retrofits, provides a cost advantage over incumbent compression technologies.
Lastly, this thesis provides an algorithm and case study for another application of small-scale units in energy infrastructure, specifically in energy storage. This study focuses on quantifying the value of small-scale, onsite energy storage in shaving peak power demands. This case study focuses on university-level power demands. The analysis finds that, because peak power is so costly, even small amounts of energy storage, when dispatched optimally, can provide significant cost reductions. This provides another example of the value of small-scale implementations, particularly in energy infrastructure. While the study focuses on flywheels and batteries as the energy storage medium, engine gensets could also be used to deliver power and shave peak power demands.
The overarching goal of this thesis is to introduce small-scale, modular infrastructure, with a particular focus on the opportunity to retrofit and repurpose inexpensive, mass-manufactured internal combustion engines in new and unconventional applications. The modeling and experimental work presented in this dissertation show very compelling results for engines incorporated into both energy generation infrastructure and chemical engineering industries via compression technologies. The low engine cost provides an opportunity to add retrofits whilst remaining cost competitive with the incumbent technology. This work supports the claim that modular infrastructure, built on the indivisible unit of an internal combustion engine, can revolutionize many industries by providing a low-cost mechanism for rapid change and promoting small-scale designs.
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"A novel internal binding motif in the CFTR C-terminus enhances EBP50 multimerization and facilitates endocytic recycling." THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, 2007. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3267878.
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"Chartopolis - A Self Driving Car Test Bed." Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/624055.
Full textBooks on the topic "Internal recycling"
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Hardie, Colin Alexander. In-plant comparison of internal and external spargers for flotation column deinking. Montréal, Qué: [s.n.]., 1998.
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Tettelbach, Clayton G. Recycling Decision Support System: Design and development of a Web-based DSS. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1997.
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Tom, Anderson. MySpace/OurPlanet: Change Is Possible. New York, USA: Collins, 2008.
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Waste and Wealth: An Ethnography of Labor, Value, and Morality in a Vietnamese Recycling Economy. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2018.
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Wright, A. G. The optical interface to PMTs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.003.0003.
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The optical interface between a light source and a detector is important. In most practical realizations the aim should be to collect the maximum light possible. Lens systems seldom do this efficiently, especially where the light source is diffuse. Underlying any attempt at concentrating or guiding light is subject to a fundamental limitation referred to as étendue (phase space cannot be squeezed). Light collection from small volume scintillators of high refractive index may approach 50 %, while collection from large-area scintillators is typically less than a few per cent. Incorporation of wavelength-shifting light guides and fibres leads to enhanced performance. Efficiency measurements by the author in terms of photoelectrons per keV are presented for selected configurations. Optical recycling derived from total internal reflection provides enhancement in effective quantum efficiency by a factor of up to 10. Concepts such as escape cones, adiabatic light guides, and trapped light are covered in detail.
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Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: European Scrutiny Committee and Jimmy Hood. Twenty-sixth report of Session 2005-06: Documents considered by the Committee on 26 April 2006, including, waste prevention and recycling; strategy for sustainable, competitive and secure energy; an internal market for services; future European Union finances; own resources, report, together with formal Minutes. Stationery Office, The, 2006.
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Vincent, Julian. Biomimetic materials. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0010.
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Biological materials present the conventional materials scientist with alternative ways of achieving durability, recyclability, and adaptability. Technical materials are commonly designed to resist the initiation of cracks; biological materials control disaster by initiating failure where it can be more closely controlled and the strain energy can be more easily absorbed, at the same time controlling shape so that stress concentrations are avoided in sensitive areas. Most materials are hydrated and soft, achieving stiffness by dehydration and mineralization. The low energy of the predominant hydrogen bonds allows relatively easy breakdown and recycling of the units of biological materials. Since most biological materials are metabolically accessible (obvious exceptions are keratins and wood) they can be recycled and repaired in situ, adapting the organism to changing circumstances internally and externally. At the molecular level, liquid crystallinity is a driving force.
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Kuk-kongyuji sintʻak pŏpche kaesŏn pangan yŏnʼgu. Sŏul Tʻŭkpyŏlsi: Hanʼguk Pŏpche Yŏnʼguwŏn, 2006.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Internal recycling"
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Kudelska, Izabela, and Monika Kosacka-Olejnik. "How to Assess Internal Transport in Terms of Sustainability in the Recycling Industry?—Case Study." In EcoProduction, 127–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33857-1_7.
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Borner, Daniel, and Barbara Eisenbart. "Circular Economy in Practice: The Benefits of Collaboration for Securing Material Flow in a US Study." In Sustainable Business Development, 231–47. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-78361-6_11.
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AbstractPurpose—This paper aims to describe an amiable approach of addressing challenges to transitioning to a circular economy through collaboration and knowledge sharing between different partners.Design/methodology/approach—The design science research methodology is used to identify the problem of the circular economy, suggest solutions, develop a usable artefact based on gathered user feedback interviews (n = 15) with US recyclers and industry experts.Findings—There are two main approaches to navigating the circular economy, soft and hard methods. Hard methods include investing in digitalization and newer technologies to improve one’s processes. However, these methods require an initial capital investment and high operation costs, which can deter many SMEs. Soft methods on the other hand, include methods such as collaboration and sharing of knowledge. These methods require no initial investments, but rather rely on the use of learning from partners to improve their processes and gather data to evaluate internal structures. These soft methods are explained in detail and an artefact has been developed to showcase these approaches.Business and social implications—This article furthers ideas of the circular economy regarding collaboration to identify the right sourcing partner. This is of growing importance to meet regulatory requirements of increasing recycling quotas on specific materials like secondary plastic.Originality/value—The developed artefacts of material sheet and utility analysis tools improve the transparency of reusable material flows. It has been proven for a global producer of reusable plastic packaging solutions operating in the US with state-specific recycling content requirements. It provides a decision-framework to secure sourcing of secondary plastic to acceptable costs, CO2 reduction/sustainability and partner’s fit.
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Tamke, Martin, Tom Svilans, Johannes A. J. Huber, Wendy Wuyts, and Mette Ramsgaard Thomsen. "Non-Destructive Assessment of Reclaimed Timber Elements Using CT Scanning: Methods and Computational Modelling Framework." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 1275–88. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-69626-8_107.
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AbstractThe reuse and recycling of timber are crucial for a circular economy, but barriers like insufficient information and concerns about material quality hinder their industrial-scale implementation. Uncertainty about mechanical properties often leads to downcycling and CO2 release. Circular practices involve cascading reuse of timber, but downcycling occurs at each step, leading to waste. To maintain carbon storage, reclaimed timber should be used with maximum integrity, like in load-bearing beams. Non-destructive assessment methods for reclaimed timber face challenges due to variations in origin, age, and wear conditions. X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanning in conjunction with computational mechanics provides a means to structurally assess wood based on its internal density distribution. In this paper, a modelling pipeline is proposed using CT-based finite element analysis to assess the quality of reclaimed timber elements. The pipeline is part of an ongoing investigation where timber stiffness and strength are evaluated both destructively and non-destructively using various measurement modalities. Accurate non-destructive assessment of the mechanical properties of reclaimed timber could optimize its use and enable repeated reuse. In subsequent research, the pipeline will be validated and simplified to aim for practical application.
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Formato, Enrico. "New Urbanization Phenomena and Potential Landscapes: Rhizomatic Grids and Asymmetrical Clusters." In Regenerative Territories, 135–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78536-9_8.
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AbstractMore and more nowadays, the Circular Economy is at the heart of European public policies. As a result of the “Next Generation EU” Recovery Plans, a huge amount of financial resources will be available in the coming years to give shape the concept of “ecological transition". For that purpose, radical vision and operational concreteness are needed.In order to strengthen the territorial dimension of public policies aimed at ecological transition, the paper points to consider the status quo of the European territory, looking for recurring elements and differences. In this perspective, a return of “hard” urban studies, focusing on the issues of land ownership, land parcelling, infrastructural and urbanization procedures (and their relationships with the environment and the landscape) should be conducted at the European scale.A central role for the future of contemporary territories is recognized in the so-called “fringe area”, the part of the urban region where patterns of building development and unbuilt space interwave: its intermediary character, as a place between the compact city and the suburban countryside, makes this zone favourable to the collaboration between the two worlds. In addition, its easy accessibility from both the denser contexts and the outer areas makes it the perfect place to locate the equipment required to create short supply chains, so relevant for the circular economy and the ecological transition.These transition areas need to be rethought as new collective spaces of the contemporary city, areas for the proliferation of biodiversity, inhibited from settlement increase and subject to restrictions on car traffic. In them, the circular dimension of the new green economy could give shape to certain spatial conditions and new landscapes.Two main spatial models can describe this sustainable reform of the peri-urban territories. The first one assumes the figure of the “cluster”: a territorially and functionally defined region with one or more reference centres and an edge marking the discontinuity from other clusters. The second model is based on the figure of the “grid”: an unlimited mesh, which gives measure and organizes space according to a replicable and open system. This spatiality is built on a redundant and weak infrastructure, devoid of hierarchy, which can give rise to a sponge rich in pores, with neither internal nor external boundaries.The concept of the materiality also deals with the physical status of each context where the clusters of shortening flows would define local metabolisms, self-sufficient, marked by the use and recycling of what can be produced or “extracted” in the cluster itself. The closing of short supply chains for the use and recycling of materials, also with reference to the construction cycle and CDW recycling, would have direct consequences on the architectural character of the new arrangements: a kind of hyper-contextualism in which the landscape takes on grains, colours, materiality, closely linked to the local condition.Finally, a reflection on the rationales of the project is outlined. What is proposed, in fact, requires going beyond the traditional way in which the project has been conceived. In fact, these urban reconfiguration processes, structurally open to uncertainty, would take advantage of a programmatic choice of spatial incompleteness: a condition of “unfinished”, open to the accumulation over time of functions, forms, aggregations and densifications.
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Küfeoğlu, Sinan. "Emerging Technologies." In Emerging Technologies, 41–190. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07127-0_2.
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AbstractThis chapter presents brief descriptions and working principles of 34 emerging technologies which have market diffusion and are commercially available. Emerging technologies are the ones whose development and application areas are still expanding fast, and their technical and value potential is still largely unrealised. In alphabetical order, the emerging technologies that we list in this chapter are 3D printing, 5G, advanced materials, artificial intelligence, autonomous things, big data, biometrics, bioplastics, biotech and biomanufacturing, blockchain, carbon capture and storage, cellular agriculture, cloud computing, crowdfunding, cybersecurity, datahubs, digital twins, distributed computing, drones, edge computing, energy storage, flexible electronics and wearables, healthcare analytics, hydrogen, Internet of Behaviours, Internet of Things, natural language processing, quantum computing, recycling, robotic process automation, robotics, soilless farming, spatial computing and wireless power transfer.
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Arputharaj, J. Vijay, Joanna Mariam Varkey, Rishi Vagadia, and Ramesh Kumar Ayyasamy. "Leveraging Intelligent Systems and the AIoT/IIoT for Enhanced Waste Management and Recycling Efficiency." In Intelligent Systems and Industrial Internet of Things for Sustainable Development, 266–91. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781032642789-13.
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Kozderka, Michal, Bertrand Rose, Vladimír Kočí, Emmanuel Caillaud, and Nadia Bahlouli. "High Impact Polypropylene Recycling – Mechanical Resistance and LCA Case Study with Improved Efficiency by Preliminary Sensitivity Analysis." In Product Lifecycle Management in the Era of Internet of Things, 541–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33111-9_49.
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Trubina, Nika, Gerald Leindecker, Rand Askar, Aikaterina Karanafti, Marta Gómez-Gil, Teresa Blázquez, Bengü Güngör, and Luís Bragança. "Digital Technologies and Material Passports for Circularity in Buildings: An In-Depth Analysis of Current Practices and Emerging Trends." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 690–99. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57800-7_64.
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AbstractThe construction industry is undergoing a significant transformation driven by digitalization and an unwavering commitment to implementing circular economy (CE) principles and sustainability into its core practices. Emerging digital technologies (DTs), such as Material Passports (MPs), Building Information Modelling (BIM) Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Scanning technologies, Blockchain technology (BCT), the Internet of Things (IoT) stand out as pivotal tools capable of expediting the transition towards CE implementation in buildings. This study highlights the significant potential of six DTs to support CE application throughout the building lifecycle. Furthermore, it delves into the potential synergies among these diverse DTs, highlighting the additional benefits that collaboration can bring across different lifecycle stages of a building project. Particular emphasis is placed on the integration of MPs with other DTs, showing promise in assessing resource availability, volumes, and flows. This integration optimizes waste reduction and recycling plans, contributing to more precise selective and smart deconstruction planning. The combined use of DTs offers substantial benefits to stakeholders, enabling them to make informed decisions regarding maintenance and understand the current quality of specific materials. Through these means, the study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the array of DTs propelling circular building practices. It also explores emerging trends in this dynamic field, scrutinizing the effectiveness of adopting these technologies throughout the building life cycle stages, and anticipating potential challenges these technologies may face.
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Dziike, Farai, Phylis Makurunje, and Refilwe Matshitse. "Biomass Electrospinning: Recycling Materials for Green Economy Applications." In Electrospinning - Material Technology of the Future [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.103096.
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The development and advancement of electrospinning (ES) presents a unique material technology of the future achieved by fabricating novel nanofibrous materials with multifunctional physical (three-dimensional [3D] structure, nanoscalable sizes) and chemical characteristics (functional groups). Advancing the possibility of preparing various classes of novel organic and inorganic electrospun fiber composites with unique features such as polymer alloys, nanoparticles (NPs), active agents, and devices. This feature gives provision for internal access of the setup parameters such as polymer precursor material, polymer concentration, solvent, and the method of fiber collection that consequentially improves the intrinsic control of the construction mechanism of the final nanofibrous architecture. In synthetic electrospinning, the nanofibrous material processing allows for internal control of the electrospinning mechanism and foster chemical crosslinking to generate covalent connections between polymeric fibers. Comparing technologies according to materials of the future revealed that electrospinning supports the formation of micro-scale and in some cases nano-scale fibers while the formation of thin films is facilitated by the electrospraying system. Recent innovations point to various biomass waste streams that may be used as an alternative source of polymeric materials for application in electrospinning to produce materials for the future.
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Åkesson, Jennie, Angelina Sundström, Koteshwar Chirumalla, and Glenn Johansson. "Exploring Challenges to Design Product-Service Systems in SMEs – A Case Study." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde220126.
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The transition towards a circular economy (CE) is part of the solution to reduce the global consumption of natural resources and increase resource efficiency in society. Product-Service Systems (PSS) is seen as one of the effective ways of moving towards a CE. PSS leads to an increase in product use by sharing or renting, and by extending material and product lifecycles through repair, remanufacturing, reuse and recycling. Therefore, designing PSSs have great potential to facilitate the CE transition. Many SMEs show an increased interest in a CE transition; however, they fall short in taking the right path towards designing PSS. Designing PSSs involve a rearrangement of resources, and SMEs usually do not possess the same resources as larger firms. Previous research clarifies that the transition from traditional product design to designing PSS is challenging for SMEs. This paper adds insights to the PSS literature and industrial practices through a single-case study by identifying and describing the challenges an SME may face when intending to design PSS. The data is based on interviews, workshops, and internal archive documents. The findings show that an SME faces both internal and external challenges. The internal challenges related to time constraints, the current business model, lack of financial resources, organisational structure and internal processes, dedicated employees for business and service development, and competence. The external challenges relate to SMEs position in the value chain, customer interests in PSS solutions, and handling of reversed logistics.
Conference papers on the topic "Internal recycling"
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Uday, Vikram, and Sujit Jogwar. "Optimal Design of a Biogas-based Renewable Power Production System." In Foundations of Computer-Aided Process Design, 912–19. Hamilton, Canada: PSE Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69997/sct.194065.
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This paper presents optimal design for an energy-integrated biogas-fuel cell system for renewable electricity generation. The integrated process consists of two steps. The first step generates hydrogen from biogas via methane steam reforming (SMR), whereas the second step electrochemically converts this hydrogen into electricity using a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). These two steps are coupled via material and energy integration. Specifically, various design alternatives like anode and/or cathode gas recycling, biogas upgradation by CO2 removal, external versus direct internal reforming, and auxiliary power production through steam and/or micro gas turbine are explored to improve the overall efficiency and total annualized cost of the system. Specifically, a flowsheet superstructure is developed by incorporating all the available design alternatives. An optimal flowsheet with minimum total annualized cost is extracted from this superstructure using formal optimization techniques to meet the desired power target. Heat exchanger network superstructure is used to incorporate energy integration effectively. The proposed flowsheet and the corresponding optimal operating conditions are explained by analyzing the trade-offs associated with the corresponding design variables in terms of power production, capital expenditure, and utility consumption. For a power target of 300 kW, the proposed optimal energy-integrated process has a total annualized cost of $608,955/y with a net electrical efficiency of 67.1% and corresponds to electricity cost of $0.23/kWh.
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Spyridis, Yannis, Vasileios Argyriou, Antonios Sarigiannidis, Panagiotis Radoglou, and Panagiotis Sarigiannidis. "Autonomous AI-enabled Industrial Sorting Pipeline for Advanced Textile Recycling." In 2024 20th International Conference on Distributed Computing in Smart Systems and the Internet of Things (DCOSS-IoT), 455–61. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dcoss-iot61029.2024.00073.
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Yang, Chengwei, XiangQiang Meng, CuiLing Zhu, MingYuan Hu, Xin Ding, YunPeng Wang, TanTan Liang, and Yingbin Wang. "Multi-temporal time window based path optimization for smart recycling bin removal vehicles." In 2024 International Conference on Identification, Information and Knowledge in the Internet of Things (IIKI), 73–78. IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/iiki65561.2024.00022.
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Vimal Kumar, M. Guru, Madde Kumar, K. Narayana Rao, P. Syamala Rao, Arepalli Tirumala, and Eswar Patnala. "Advanced YOLO-Based Trash Classification and Recycling Assistant for Enhanced Waste Management and Sustainability." In 2024 Second International Conference on Intelligent Cyber Physical Systems and Internet of Things (ICoICI), 1238–46. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icoici62503.2024.10696214.
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Eveloy, Vale´rie. "Anode Gas and Steam Recycling for Internal Methane Reforming SOFCs: Analysis of Carbon Deposition." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-11012.
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The development of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFCs) systems capable of direct internal reforming (DIR) of methane and higher hydrocarbons is being actively pursued. However, a major challenge with current state-of-the-art nickel-based anodes is their propensity to form deteriorous carbon deposits in DIR, unless excess steam is introduced in the fuel. Reduced fuel humidification levels are desirable from the viewpoints of cell performance, reliability and plant economics. This study explores the use of anodic fuel and steam recycling schemes as possible mitigation strategies against carbon deposits at fuel steam-to-carbon (S:C) ratios less than unity. Using a detailed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model which couples momentum, heat, mass and charge transport with electrochemical and chemical reactions, the operation of a an internal reforming SOFC and spatial extent of carbon deposition within the anode are analyzed based on a thermodynamic analysis accounting for both the cracking and Boudouard reactions, for several fuel humidification and recycling conditions. 50% (mass %) fuel recycling is shown to be an effective mitigation strategy against carbon deposition at inlet xH2O/xCH4 ratios of 0.5 to 1, with only a minor portion of the cell inlet region affected by coking. For lower recycling ratios at the same fuel compositions, fuel recycling reduces the risk of coking, but does not eliminate it. For the SOFC configuration studied, at a S:C of 0.5, steam recycling is found to reduce the extent of carbon deposits by a magnitude comparable to that obtained using fuel recycling, providing that steam recycling ratios on order 25% higher than the fuel recycling ratios are applied. Steam recycling may therefore be considered advantageous, in terms of reduced overall mass flow. For a S:C = 0.5, the mitigating effect of steam recycling on the susceptibility to coking is through the directions of the cracking and Boudouard reactions, while fuel recycling has a positive impact on the cracking reaction only. The anodic gas recycling strategies considered could help extend the operational range of DIR-SOFCs to lower fuel humidification levels than typically considered, with reduced thermal stresses and risks of carbon deposits, while reducing system cost and complexity in terms of steam production.
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Asad, Usman, Ming Zheng, David S. K. Ting, and Graham T. Reader. "Effect of Internal Exhaust Gas Recycling on n-Heptane HCCI Combustion." In ASME 2005 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2005-1245.
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Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) combustion is currently limited in application due to several key issues such as a narrow operating range, high hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions and lack of control over the onset of combustion. Exhaust gas recycling (EGR) has the potential to 1) provide reasonable control over the HCCI combustion process and 2) extend its operating range. In this paper, the effect of hot internal EGR on ignition timing and heat release rate of HCCI combustion fuelled with n-heptane has been investigated using the CHEMKIN 0-D closed combustion engine simulation package. An attempt has been made to study the effect of individual components of EGR on cylinder-temperature history and the rate of chemical reaction. The results indicate that combustion initiation is directly linked to the thermal energy contained in the hot EGR but the particular chemical species contained in the EGR have different influences towards ignition timing and heat release rate. This theoretical study would be substantiated by experimental work in the near future.
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Mércia Franca de Carvalho, Rebeka Oliveira Domingues, Andréa Gonçalves de Sousa, Ricardo Artur Sanguinetti Ferreira, and Yogendra Prasad Yadava. "Waste recycling of aluminum anodizing process for internal coating of oil refining pipes." In 23rd ABCM International Congress of Mechanical Engineering. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: ABCM Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.20906/cps/cob-2015-2445.
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Eveloy, Valerie, and Merwan Daoudi. "Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Fuel Recycling on the Susceptibility of a Direct Internal Methane Reforming SOFC to Carbon Deposition." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-67870.
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There is considerable interest in developing solid oxide fuel cell (SOFCs) systems capable of operating directly on methane via direct internal reforming (DIR). However, a major barrier to DIR is the susceptibility of current state-of-the-art nickel based anodes to carbon deposition, particularly at low fuel humidification levels. Overcoming these difficulties will require improved anode designs and identification of suitable operating conditions. In this study, the potential effectiveness of partial fuel recycling in mitigating the risks of carbon deposits is investigated in a planar DIR-SOFC operated on humidified methane at inlet steam-to-carbon ratios (S:Cs) of 0.1 to 1. This is achieved using a detailed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model which couples momentum, heat, mass and charge transport with electrochemical and chemical reactions. The model thermodynamically predicts the spatial extent of carbon deposits by accounting for both the cracking and Boudouard reactions, for several fuel humidification and recycling conditions. At temperatures close to 1173 K and for inlet fuel S:Cs of 0.5 to 1, 50% (mass %) fuel recycling is found to be an effective strategy against carbon deposition. For lower recycling ratios at the same fuel compositions, or lower S:C ratios (regardless of the recycling ratio), fuel recycling reduces the risk of coking, but does not eliminate it. The results suggest that partial fuel recycling could contribute to extend the operational range of DIR-SOFCs to lower S:C ratios (0.5 to 1.0) than typically considered, with reduced risks of carbon deposition, while reducing system cost and complexity in terms of steam production. For dry or weakly humidified fuels, additional mitigation strategies would be required.
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Peralta Zurita, Diana Belén, Jaime Vinicio Molina Osejos, Edilberto Antonio Llanes Cedeño, Gustavo Adolfo Moreno Jiménez, and Roxana Elizabeth Valencia Navarrete. "Mechanical and thermal characterization of nylon resulting from tire recycling for internal vehicle panels." In VIII Congreso Internacional de Investigación REDU. Medwave, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2022.s1.ci72.
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Chen, Xun, Yuxin Jiang, and Xu Li. "Design of waste plastic recycling facilities based on campus scenarios." In Intelligent Human Systems Integration (IHSI 2024) Integrating People and Intelligent Systems. AHFE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004546.
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According to statistics from the China National Resources Recycling Association, only 31% of the approximately 62 million tons of waste plastic produced in China in 2021 was recycled. The reason is that the composition of domestic waste is complex, and the compatibility between plastics requires waste plastics to be classified before recycling. Relying only on waste pickers and staff at garbage drop-off points for sorting is inefficient and costly. The sorting problem in the recycling process needs to be solved urgently. Establish a more reasonable recycling system to increase the recycling rate of waste plastics and alleviate plastic pollution. First, in the pre-survey desktop research, reports released by authoritative organizations such as the China National Resources Recycling Association were studied, and 12 documents were selected for review based on timeliness and content relevance. From the data published in the documents, it is known that the proportion of waste plastics in campus domestic waste is higher than that of municipal domestic waste. The campus has more ample space and public facilities can be deployed flexibly. Therefore, the waste plastic recycling facilities in the campus scene were determined as the research object. The research will be conducted in two parts based on the impact of internal process factors and external situational factors on recycling and sorting behavior. Internal process factors are first based on stratified random sampling in the probability sampling method to sample different user groups on campus to obtain 20 samples, and record their behavioral processes through implicit observation. To prevent observer bias, standardized open-ended and in-depth interviews were added. Thus, the overall basic functions and the functional list of each behavioral stage required in the plastic recycling classification process are determined and described in the form of abstraction, quantification, and object-object structure. Then the KJ method is used to classify functions, and four types are summarized: physical function, cognitive function, symbolic function and aesthetic function. Research on external situational factors attempts to identify users’ willingness and operability to sort plastic waste in specific scenarios. Through focus groups and semi-structured interviews, we studied whether plastic sorting and recycling behavior habits can be formed and maintained from the perspectives of cognitive attitudes, facility convenience, and the correlation mechanism of short-term incentives and long-term incentives. Finally, several program ideas are proposed based on internal and external factors, and a conceptual program is selected from the perspectives of technology, economy, and implementation conditions. In the process of concretizing the plan, experiments were conducted on various permutations and combinations of each functional module. In the arrangement, there are four independent variables: the number of components, the unit arrangement, the geometric forming method and the size. Use this as a clue to produce the final product design. This study uses the above research to explore possible waste plastic sorting and recycling methods to improve the current low recycling rate of waste plastics. It’s also hoped that this design can provide ideas for other sustainable designs.
Reports on the topic "Internal recycling"
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Einarsson, Rasmus. Nitrogen in the food system. TABLE, February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56661/2fa45626.
Full textAbstract:
Nitrogen (N) plays a dual role in the agri-food system: it is an essential nutrient for all life forms, yet also an environmental pollutant causing a range of environmental and human health impacts. As the plant nutrient needed in greatest quantities, and as a building block of proteins and other biomolecules, N is a necessary part of all life. In the last century, an enormous increase of N turnover in the agri-food system has enabled increasing per-capita food supply for a growing world population, but as an unintended side effect, N pollution has increased to levels widely agreed in science and policy to be far beyond sustainable limits. There is no such thing as perfectly circular N supply. Losses of N to the environment inevitably arise as N is transformed and used in the food system, for example in soil processes, in manure storage, and in fertilizer application. This lost N must be replaced by ‘new’ N, which is N converted to bioavailable forms from the vast atmospheric pool of unreactive dinitrogen (N2). New N comes mainly as synthetic N fertilizer and through a process known as biological N fixation (BNF). In addition, there is a large internal flow of recycled N in the food system, mainly in the form of livestock excreta. This recirculated N, however, is internal to the food system and cannot make up for the inevitable losses of N. The introduction of synthetic N fertilizer during the 20th century revolutionized the entire food system. The industrial production of synthetic N fertilizer was a revolution for agricultural systems because it removed the natural constraint of N scarcity. Given sufficient energy, synthetic N fertilizer can be produced in limitless quantities from atmospheric dinitrogen (N2). This has far-reaching consequences for the whole agri-food system. The annual input of synthetic N fertilizer today is more than twice the annual input of new N in pre-industrial agriculture. Since 1961, increased N input has enabled global output of both crop and livestock products to roughly triple. During the same time period, total food-system N emissions to the environment have also more than tripled. Livestock production is responsible for a large majority of agricultural N emissions. Livestock consume about three-quarters of global cropland N output and are thereby responsible for a similar share of cropland N emissions to air and water. In addition, N emissions from livestock housing and manure management systems contribute a substantial share of global N emissions to air. There is broad political agreement that global N emissions from agriculture should be reduced by about 50%. High-level policy targets of the EU and of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity are for a 50% reduction in N emissions. These targets are in line with a large body of research assessing what would be needed to stay within acceptable limits as regards ecosystem change and human health impacts. In the absence of dietary change towards less N-intensive diets, N emissions from food systems could be reduced by about 30%, compared to business-as-usual scenarios. This could be achieved by implementing a combination of technical measures, improved management practices, improved recycling of wasted N (including N from human excreta), and spatial optimization of agriculture. Human dietary change, especially in the most affluent countries, offers a huge potential for reducing N emissions from food systems. While many of the world’s poor would benefit nutritionally from increasing their consumption of nutrient-rich animal-source foods, many other people consume far more nutrients than is necessary and could reduce consumption of animal-source food by half without any nutritional issues. Research shows that global adoption of healthy but less N-polluting diets might plausibly cut future food-system N losses by 10–40% compared to business-as-usual scenarios. There is no single solution for solving the N challenge. Research shows that efficiency improvements and food waste reductions will almost certainly be insufficient to reach agreed environmental targets. To reach agreed targets, it seems necessary to also shift global average food consumption onto a trajectory with less animal-source food.