Relevant bibliographies by topics / Internal nitrogen use efficiency

Academic literature on the topic 'Internal nitrogen use efficiency'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Internal nitrogen use efficiency"

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Robinson, Nicole, Andrew Fletcher, Alex Whan, Christa Critchley, Nicolaus von Wirén, Prakash Lakshmanan, and Susanne Schmidt. "Sugarcane genotypes differ in internal nitrogen use efficiency." Functional Plant Biology 34, no. 12 (2007): 1122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp07183.

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The large amounts of nitrogen (N) fertiliser applied to most cropping systems support high yields but cause N pollution. More efficient use of N in cropping systems can be achieved through improved N management practices combined with genetic improvement of the crop. The magnitude of genetic variation in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) for internal nitrogen use efficiency (iNUE, biomass produced per unit tissue N) was investigated as this could provide a basis for breeding varieties with reduced N demand. Genotypes of a mapping population were examined for biomass production and physiological variables under low or high N supply in controlled conditions. Key findings were: (i) genotypic variation for biomass production and iNUE was up to 3-fold greater under low than high N supply, (ii) elite parent Q165 was among the best performing genotypes for biomass and iNUE at high N but not at low N supply, and (iii) several genotypes had high iNUE at both N supplies. While glutamine synthetase (GS; EC 6.3.1.2) activity has been linked with grain yield in other crops, no direct relationship was observed between whole tissue GS activity and vegetative biomass or iNUE in sugarcane genotypes. Soluble protein content was negatively correlated with iNUE and biomass production. This study demonstrates that there is considerable genetic variation for iNUE in sugarcane, which can be exploited for breeding. It is proposed that breeding programs should assess genotypes not only at high N, but also at low N supply rates to select genotypes that produce high biomass with low and high N supply.
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Rose, Terry, Tobias Kretzschmar, Daniel L. E. Waters, Jeanette Balindong, and Matthias Wissuwa. "Prospects for Genetic Improvement in Internal Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Rice." Agronomy 7, no. 4 (October 30, 2017): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy7040070.

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Rochester, Ian J. "Assessing internal crop nitrogen use efficiency in high-yielding irrigated cotton." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 90, no. 1 (December 29, 2010): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10705-010-9418-9.

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Bronson, Kevin F. "Optimal internal nitrogen use efficiency for irrigated cotton in the southwestern United States." Agronomy Journal 113, no. 3 (May 2021): 2821–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20674.

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Brauer, Elizabeth K., and Barry J. Shelp. "Nitrogen use efficiency: re-consideration of the bioengineering approach." Botany 88, no. 2 (February 2010): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b09-111.

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There is considerable confusion about N use efficiency (NUE) in the plant literature. We would like to propose the simple and ubiquitous definitions described by Good et al. (2004) as a starting point for studies of NUE. Based on this terminology, there is evidence from breeding programs for variation in both uptake efficiency (UpE) and utilization efficiency (UtE). Molecular physiology studies typically address mechanisms for improving NUE, but often do not calculate NUE or even acquire appropriate data for calculating NUE. Herein, we report in detail on recent studies involving molecular approaches for improving NUE, and calculate changes in NUE where possible. The evidence suggests that there is potential for improving usage index and UpE in dicots and UpE and UtE in monocots by overexpressing enzymes for N assimilation, specifically glutamine synthetase 1, glutamate synthase, and alanine aminotransferase. If decreased fertilizer-N input and improved NUE are truly goals of the plant biology community, researchers are encouraged to (i) consider the use of both wild type and azygous controls, (ii) compare general NUE (on the basis of grain or biomass yield per unit of applied N) of overexpression mutants and controls at both limiting and non-limiting N levels, (iii) select an appropriate type of specific NUE for assessing the physiological mechanisms involved (uptake versus internal utilization), and (iv) confirm promising results under field conditions.
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Tao, Zui, Yu Liu, Jiana Chen, Fangbo Cao, and Min Huang. "Yield Attributes Response to Nitrogen Fertilization in Low-Nitrogen Tolerant Hybrid Rice." Agronomy 12, no. 10 (September 27, 2022): 2320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102320.

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The development of low-nitrogen (N) tolerant varieties is an effective way to improve the use efficiency of N in rice and is crucial to the sustainable rice production in China. Recently, we observed that higher grain yields were obtained in the hybrid rice variety Deyou 4727 (DY4727) than in the hybrid rice variety Y-liangyou 900 (YLY900) under zero-N fertilization conditions, suggesting that DY4727 has higher low-N tolerance compared to YLY900. In this study, field experiments were performed in 2020 and 2021 to compare the responses of yield attributes to N fertilization (180 kg N ha–1) relativized to zero-N fertilization between DY4727 and YLY900. Results showed that the response of grain yield to N fertilization was 13–55% for two varieties in two years. DY4727 had lower response of grain yield to N fertilization than YLY900 by 47% in 2020 and by 70% in 2021. There were no significant or consistent differences in responses of spikelets per m2, spikelet filling percentage, aboveground biomass, intercepted radiation, radiation use efficiency, and aboveground N uptake to N fertilization between DY4727 and YLY900. DY4727 had 32% and 26% lower positive response of grain weight to N fertilization compared to YLY900 in 2020 and 2021, respectively. The response of harvest index to N fertilization was negative (−3% in 2020 and −9% in 2021) for DY4727 but positive (1% in 2020 and 12% in 2021) for YLY900. DY4727 had higher negative response of internal N-use efficiency to N fertilization (−41% in 2020 and −24% in 2021) than YLY900 (−11% in 2020 and −10% in 2021). This study suggests that grain weight, harvest index, and internal N-use efficiency are key traits determining the difference in response of grain yield to N fertilization between DY4727 and YLY900.
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Olson, Monica B., Melba M. Crawford, and Tony J. Vyn. "Hyperspectral Indices for Predicting Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Maize Hybrids." Remote Sensing 14, no. 7 (April 2, 2022): 1721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14071721.

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Enhancing the nitrogen (N) efficiency of maize hybrids is a common goal of researchers, but involves repeated field and laboratory measurements that are laborious and costly. Hyperspectral remote sensing has recently been investigated for measuring and predicting biomass, N content, and grain yield in maize. We hypothesized that vegetation indices (HSI) obtained mid-season through hyperspectral remote sensing could predict whole-plant biomass per unit of N taken up by plants (i.e., N conversion efficiency: NCE) and grain yield per unit of plant N (i.e., N internal efficiency: NIE). Our objectives were to identify the best mid-season HSI for predicting end-of-season NCE and NIE, rank hybrids by the selected HSI, and evaluate the effect of decreased spatial resolution on the HSI values and hybrid rankings. Analysis of 20 hyperspectral indices from imaging at V16/18 and R1/R2 by manned aircraft and UAVs over three site-years using mixed models showed that two indices, HBSI1 and HBS2, were predictive of NCE, and two indices, HBCI8 and HBCI9, were predictive of NIE for actual data collected from five to nine hybrids at maturity. Statistical differentiation of hybrids in their NCE or NIE performance was possible based on the models with the greatest accuracy obtained for NIE. Lastly, decreasing the spatial resolution changed the HSI values, but an effect on hybrid differentiation was not evident.
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Whan, Alex, Nicole Robinson, Prakash Lakshmanan, Susanne Schmidt, and Karen Aitken. "A quantitative genetics approach to nitrogen use efficiency in sugarcane." Functional Plant Biology 37, no. 5 (2010): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp09260.

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The economic and environmental consequences of inefficient use of nitrogen (N) fertiliser in agricultural crops is of concern worldwide, so new crop varieties with improved nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) are sought. Here, we report the first study of mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) for nitrogen physiology traits in sugarcane. QTL analysis was undertaken for each parent of a segregating bi-parental sugarcane mapping population. We grew 168 progeny under limiting (0.2 mM NH4NO3) and non-limiting (5.0 mM NH4NO3) N supplies in two glasshouse experiments. Significant marker-trait associations (MTA) were detected in each treatment for shoot dry weight, root dry weight, total shoot N, shoot internal NUE (iNUE; measured as units shoot dry weight per unit N), leaf protein content and glutamine synthetase (GS) activity. MTA for GS activity did not co-locate with other traits except leaf protein content, indicating that variation in GS activity is not linked to plant size or iNUE during early growth. Under high N, there were no significant MTA for iNUE among markers from the male parent, Q165, an Australian commercial cultivar, but six MTA were found for markers inherited from the female parent, IJ76–514, a Saccharum officinarum ancestral variety. The results indicate that variation for iNUE under high N may be lower in commercial varieties than unimproved genotypes. Further, four MTA were consistent with previous field-based research on sugar and biomass production. Our study provides initial evidence that QTL may be incorporated in sugarcane breeding programs targeting improved NUE.
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Wierzbowska, Jadwiga, Stanisław Sienkiewicz, and Arkadiusz Światły. "Yield and Nitrogen Status of Maize (Zea mays L.) Fertilized with Solution of Urea—Ammonium Nitrate Enriched with P, Mg or S." Agronomy 12, no. 9 (September 2, 2022): 2099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092099.

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UAN is a popular nitrogen fertilizer, broadly used in world agriculture. Research concerning the effects of this fertilizer is just as common. Contrarily, studies on the combined application of UAN with P, Mg or S are lacking. This fact has stimulated our study, undertaken in order to evaluate the effects of maize grown for grain and fertilized with UAN enriched with the macronutrients (P, Mg and S) on the crop’s yields and nitrogen metabolism. The following nitrogen fertilizers were applied: UAN 32%N, UAN + S—26% N + 3% S, UAN + P (Medium)—26% N and 11% P2O5, UAN + P (Starter)—21% N and 18% P2O5, UAN + Mg—20% N + 4% Mg. Based on the results of chemical analyses and yields of maize, the following indicators of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) were calculated: agricultural efficiency (AE), physiological efficiency (PE), internal N utilization efficiency (IE), reciprocal internal N utilization efficiency (RIE), grain share in N accumulation (HIN), recovery of N from mineral fertilizers (RN) and partial nitrogen balance (PNB). The highest grain yields were harvested after the application of UAN + S/UAN + Mg, and after the pre-sowing and top-dressing application of UAN or UAN + P (Medium). Values of all calculated nitrogen use efficiency indicators were more strongly dependent on the weather conditions, which determined volumes of maize yields in a given year, than on the applied fertilization.
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Dantas, Damiana Ferreira da Silva, Ronaldo Nascimento, Ademar Pereira Oliveira, Lourival Ferreira Cavalcante, Naysa Flávia Ferreira Nascimento, and Tony Andreson Guedes Dantas. "Gas exchange and photosynthetic pigments in zucchini plants under cattle bio-fertilization and sources of nitrogen." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 11 (December 4, 2020): e8099118107. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i11.8107.

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Zucchini is traditionally used in human consumption, however, the scarcity of information, especially about fertilization and the physiological aspects of this crop, constitutes a major obstacle its cultivation and commercialization. The objective was evaluate the chlorophyll content and gas exchange under cattle bio-fertilization and different sources of nitrogen. The work was carried a randomized block experimental design was used in a factorial scheme 5 x 3 + 1 composed of five cattle bio-fertilizer concentrations, three sources of nitrogen and an additional treatment without nitrogen. The levels of chlorophyll a, b and total, liquid photosynthesis, transpiration, internal CO2 concentration, stomatal conductance, instantaneous water use efficiency, and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency were evaluated. The studied variables were influenced by the interaction between the concentrations of the cattle bio-fertilizer and the nitrogen sources, except for the chlorophyll b content and the instantaneous water use efficiency, which responded only to the nitrogen sources. Ammonium sulfate and urea increased increase the physiological variables evaluated. The combination of ammonium sulfate with bio-fertilizer promoted an increase in chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, liquid photosynthesis, transpiration, internal carbon concentration, stomatal conductance, and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency. The cattle bio-fertilizer in the soil without nitrogen did not increase the physiological variables evaluated.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Internal nitrogen use efficiency"

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Gherli, Hussein. "Nitrogen use efficiency in Brassica napus." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/97639/.

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The aim of this project was to enhance our knowledge of how nitrogen is transported and utilised within Brassica napus through the use of proteomics, phenotyping and genetic mapping. It highlights the importance of looking at all possible plant tissues to determine the mechanisms underlying seven macronutrients (N, P, Mg, Ca, S and Na) and five micronutrients (B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) accumulation, since differences were observed between different tissues. Significant amount of mineral elements were found to remain in both the stem and roots at harvest, which in turn, highlights the inefficient mechanisms applied by some plants in the way they redistribute and utilise minerals such as N, P, K and S. Large genotypic differences in minerals concentration was found between different accessions of B. napus, ranging from 1.48-fold for Ca in the bottom of the stem to 20-fold for Na in top of the stem at maturity. Genotypes were identified that differed significantly from one another in relation to mineral concentration in the stem and root at harvest or in both. Differences were observed in the parents of the TN mapping population allowing a QTL approach to be adopted. Complex network of relationships between minerals were observed within and between tissues, and found to be dependent on the tissue and the growth stage. The strongest significant positive correlations (0.91 > r >0.71) were between Ca/P, S/Ca and N/Ca in taproot, Ca/Mg in stem, and Mg/P and N/S in seed. A significant source of N is that stored within proteins. Several proteins were shown to be accumulated significantly in the top part of the plants especially in the senescing silique walls and the stem adjacent to them. Putative vegetative storage proteins, VSPs, were identified in these tissues and we have suggested that these could be associated with N remobilisation. Development of a screening methodology based on these proteins through which quantitative analysis could be performed on a proteomic based experiment has been successfully developed which will allow the identification of QTLs associated with the N remobilisation and utilisation in plants. These finding could assist plant breeders in developing varieties with enhanced mineral utilisation efficiency. Such developments will eventually lead to significant benefits both economically and socially worldwide as they should lead to increased abilities to enhance crop yields of oilseed rape while lowering the fertiliser requirements.
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Brown, Tabitha Therisa. "Variable rate nitrogen and seeding to improve nitrogen use efficiency." Thesis, Washington State University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10043121.

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Increased nitrogen (N) fertilizer additions to modern agricultural cropping systems will be necessary to feed a growing world population. However, greater nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is required if agroecosystems are to continue to provide certain ecosystem services (e.g., greenhouse gas emission reductions and water quality goals). The aim of this research was to investigate the role of variable rate N and seeding of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) for optimizing yield-water-NUE relationships across heterogeneous landscapes. Field plot studies were conducted at the Cook Agronomy Farm (CAF) near Pullman, WA during the 2010, 2011 and 2012 winter wheat harvest years. A randomized complete block split plot N rate x seeding rate experiment with N fertilizer rate as main plot and seeding rate as subplot was employed across three landscape positions. Assessed were evidence of “haying-off”, depletion of available water resources, and the link between yield, protein, and NUE response to landscape by N fertilization rate by seeding rate treatment combinations. A performance classification was developed to evaluate wheat performance with regard to N utilization efficiency (Gw/Nt) and N uptake efficiency (Nt/Ns) components of the NUE.

Evidence of haying-off in winter wheat was medium to high for drier landscape positions, particularly during low precipitation years and likely occurs in these landscapes most years. Treatment impacts on NUE varied by year and landscape but overall NUE decreased by 14 to 22 kg grain yield per kg N supply as N rate increased from 0 to 160 kg N ha-1 across three landscape positions and two site years (2011 and 2012). Target NUE and maximum anthesis biomass could be achieved with a 34 to 68% reduction in typical seeding rates. The NUE-based performance classification was helpful in identifying environmental or management conditions contributing to low or high NUE indicating potential to be used as an evaluation tool. This research also included a policy fellowship focused on N2O emission reductions and greenhouse gas offset credits that could be generated from adoption of variable rate N for wheat and concluded that offset credits alone would not provide enough incentive for adoption of variable rate N.

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Ransom, Curtis J. "Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Polymer-Coated Urea." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3985.

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Plants require N to complete their life cycle. Without adequate concentration of N, crops will not produce their potential yields. For turfgrass systems, N fertilizer application allows for the maintenance of functional, aesthetic, and recreational properties. However, fertilizer mismanagement is common and leads to N pollution in the environment. Controlled-release and slow-release fertilizers can enhance nitrogen (N)-use efficiency, reduce N pollution, minimize the need for repeated fertilizer applications, and reduce turfgrass shoot growth and associated costs. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of these fertilizers in the Intermountain West, research is needed. The timing of N release was evaluated for seven urea fertilizers: uncoated, sulfur coated (SCU), polymer-sulfur coated (PSCU), and four polymer-coated (PCU) with release timings of 45, 75, 120, and 180 d estimated release. These products were placed on bare soil, a Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) thatch layer, and incorporated into soil. These three placement treatments were replicated to allow for enough samples to be placed in two locations. The first was outside in a field to represent field conditions with diurnal fluctuating temperatures and the second was placed in a storage facility to replicate laboratory conditions with static diurnal temperatures. The PCU prills incorporated into soil under field conditions generally released N over the estimated release period. However, when applied to bare soil or thatch, N from PCU had 80% or greater N release by 35 d after application regardless of expected release time. Fertilizers under laboratory conditions had minimal N release despite having similar average daily temperatures, suggesting that fluctuating temperatures impact N release. The PSCU and SCU treatments were no different from uncoated urea, showing no slow release properties for this particular product. Spring-applied N fertilizer trials were conducted over two years to determine the optimal N rate for Kentucky bluegrass. Similar PCU120 products were applied at 50, 75, and 100% of the recommended full rate, while also being compared to an unfertilized control and urea applied either all at once or split monthly. Spring-applied PCU showed minimal initial N response while urea applied all at once resulted in an initial spike of N uptake. Once PCU began to release N, there was minimal difference for all rates compared to urea split monthly for biomass growth, verdure, and shoot tissue N. Although at the 50% rate, there were a few sampling dates with slower growth and lower verdure. The decrease in verdure at this low rate was slight, and it is recommended that PCU could be applied effectively at a reduced rate between 50 and 75%. Although for better results, additional quick release N is required to compensate for early season lag in N release.
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Ahrens, Toby D. "Improving regional nitrogen use efficiency : opportunities and constraints /." May be available electronically:, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.

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Thennakoon, Mudiyanselage Sakura Dilhani Karunarathne. "Genetic improvement of nitrogen use efficiency in barley." Thesis, Thennakoon Mudiyanselage, Sakura Dilhani Karunarathne (2021) Genetic improvement of nitrogen use efficiency in barley. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2021. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/64211/.

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Grain yield is the key target in barley production. A powerful tool to increase yield has been the use of fertilizers of which nitrogen (N) is the main nutrient for the productivity and grain quality. Yet excessive application leads to environmental pollution and high production costs. Therefore, improvement of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is fundamental for sustainable agriculture. Only limited research has been conducted on barley NUE. A few QTLs controlling NUE have been identified, albeit they are not stable across experiments due to low marker density, limited genetic diversity and small population size. Thus, the aims of this project are to investigate the barley tolerance to low-N, propose a candidate gene pool related to NUE and to develop advanced barley materials with improved NUE through CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Hydroponic screening of barley was conducted under low-N for 7 NUE related traits to identify low to moderate NUE commercial cultivars such as Compass with potential for further NUE improvement. 66 significant marker trait associations (MTAs) associated with NUE were identified through a genome wide association study (GWAS) using 282 barley accessions which is a subset of a larger worldwide barley panel. Key genes retrieved from the GWAS mainly belonged to nitrate transporters, asparagine synthetase gene family, several transcription factor families and protein kinases. High-affinity nitrate transporter 2.7 (HvNRT2.7) and a chloroplast envelope membrane protein (HvARE1) on chromosome 7H, protein NRT1/PTR FAMILY 8.3 (HvNRT1) gene on 4H and asparagine synthetase 2 (glutamine hydrolyzing) (HvASN2) on 1H were identified as promising loci for NUE improvement under low-N. In addition, a part of this research proposes the use of chlorate ions as an analogue to nitrate for rapid and large scale NUE screening of barley using a multiparent advanced generation inter-cross (MAGIC) population developed from four commercial barley cultivars Compass, GrangeR, LaTrobe and Lockyer. An independent GWAS identified 9 MTAs and a candidate gene pool with D2H71173319_GA, D2H655480684_ CT and D3H37942201_CT repeatedly identified in both experiments under low-N. MTA4H546806926_TC which exhibits concordance with high NUE phenotype can further be explored under different genetic backgrounds and successfully applied in marker-assisted selection (MAS). CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing of the HvARE1 gene successfully generated 22 potential mutant lines from barley cv. Golden Promise. Transformation efficiency was 87% based on the Cas9 and CaMV35S promoter specific PCR detection. 18% of T1 and 24% of T2 individuals were mutants based on PCR-RE assay. Missense and frameshift mutations were identified by Sanger sequencing from both T1 and T2 generations. Interestingly, the are1 mutants had a 1.5 to 2.8-fold increase of the chlorophyl content at the grain filling stage and a delayed leaf senescence than that of the wild type. Overall, the are1 mutants had better performance in terms of agronomic and physiological traits related to NUE under both low and optimal N. The results of this research can be successfully adopted to improve commercial barley cultivars for high NUE and yield through CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing.
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Kakkar, Avneet. "Nitrogen Availability and Use Efficiency in Corn Treated with Contrasting Nitrogen Sources." DigitalCommons@USU, 2017. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6886.

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The plant-soil nitrogen cycle plays a significant role in allocation of available N to plants, and improved understanding of N cycling helps sustainably increase fertilizer use efficiency. There are various processes (nitrogen mineralization and nitrification) involved in the availability and mobility of nitrogen in the soil. The primary objective of this study was to determine the NUE under contrasting nitrogen treatments over a period of five years. Additionally, we examined the effect of different N treatments on N mineralization and nitrification in conventional and organic farming systems. This project was funded by Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program Grant no. 2011-67019-30178 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture and by the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station. We established silage corn field plots in northern Utah, and silage corn was grown using ammonium fertilizers or manure composts over five years. Nitrogen use efficiency was found to be higher in ammonium sulfate fertilizer treatments as compared to compost treated soils. Nitrogen mineralization and nitrification rates were examined for soils from the silage corn field plots and also for additional soils from certified organic field plots receiving steer compost, steer manure and crop rotations. There was a significant overall nitrogen treatment effect for both conventional and organic rotational plots. Carbon mineralization rates were found to be higher in compost under conventional plots and manure under organic rotational plots as compared to control. There was no significant treatment effect found in gross mineralization and nitrification rates in 2015 and 2016. Gross nitrification rates were found to be the higher in AS200 treatment versus compost and control in 2016. Improved knowledge of the timing and rates of nitrogen supply is vital for improving NUE and for reducing excessive use of fertilizers while maintaining an acceptable yield. The optimization of fertilizer rates according to crop demand at different stages of growth will be helpful in the efficient management of available N especially for composts and manures.
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Zhao, Yun. "Genetic dissection of wheat nitrogen use efficiency related traits." Thesis, Zhao, Yun (2019) Genetic dissection of wheat nitrogen use efficiency related traits. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2019. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/57397/.

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Nitrogen is not only an essential element for wheat development, but also a major determinant for wheat yield and protein quality. It is vital to improve wheat nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) as nitrogen is the most important component of all fertilizers that are provided for the pursuit of a higher wheat yield and better protein quality. Wheat NUE is an important quantitative trait that is very complex and easily influenced by the environment and its controlling network is still not clear. In the current study, a wheat doubled haploid (DH) population was used to study the genetic variations of NUE and its controlling mechanism in wheat. Through quantitative genetic locus (QTL) mapping method, a suite of QTLs associated with NUE related traits as well as yield and yield component traits under different nitrogen rates and different environmental conditions were obtained. For yield components, results showed major QTLs for seed number per main spike (SN) were located on 3A and 5A, the SN QTL on 3A was detected in three environments and explained 32.16% of phenotypic variation. QTLs for thousand kernel weight (TKW) were detected on 2A, 2D, 4A, 4B, 5A, 6A and 7D. The most significant TKW QTL was located at 123 cM on 2A, with LOD and PVE of 16.93 and 20.35%, respectively. Major QTL for grain weight (GW) was located on 5A, with LOD and PVE of 4.42 and 13.26%, respectively. Important QTLs related to grain protein content (GPC) were identified on 1B, 2D, 4B and 5A, GPC QTL on 5A was the most significant, with logarithm of odds (LOD) and phenotypic variation explained (PVE) of 11.36 and 17.04%, respectively. Important NUE related QTLs identified in this study were QTL for Straw protein content (SPC) on 3B, QTL for nitrogen Harvest index (NHI) on 1B, 2B, 5A and 6B. QTL for nitrogen utilization efficiency for grain yield (NUtE) on 1B, 3A and 6B. Besides the large numbers of QTLs identified related to each trait investigated in this study, several chromosome regions were identified to be associated with multiple traits and were detected in multiple environments, including a QTL cluster located at 131 cM at 1B, associated with GPC, SPC and NUtE; QTL cluster located at 111-115 cM on 3A associated with TKW, SN and NUtE; QTL cluster located at 153-155 cM on 4B associated with kernel traits and GPC. Compared with other QTLs that were only detected in single environment, these QTL regions deserve more attention. Metabolites profiling of over 1000 metabolites in mature wheat kernels were carried out to facilitate the candidate gene identification for those regions and other important traits. Because of the causal relationships between metabolites and their closely correlated traits, metabolites identified to be colocalized with these genetic regions will assist further narrowing down these regions harbouring the underlying candidate genes. A single gene controlled major QTL for stem diameter that is positively correlated with grain yield was located on Chromosome 3BL. A list of candidate genes was generated from search of wheat reference map using the flanking markers of this QTL. TaCOMT gene was suggested as one of the candidate genes for stem diameter, further confirmation of the genetic function work is needed. Many modern commercial wheat cultivars contain 1B.1R translocation due to its high yield and disease resistance characteristics despite its negative impact on breadmaking quality caused by the Sec-1 locus on rye 1R chromosome. Wheat gliadins are important parts of wheat storage proteins that determine the extensibility of wheat gluten, which is crucial for breadmaking. In the current study, the gliadin constituent dynamics across the population were studied via reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and size exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) to reveal the 1B.1R impacts on seed gliadin compositions. The two parental lines differ in 1B.1R genotype and with High molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) composition, ie., 2*, 17+18, 2+12, vs 2*, 7+9, 5+10. Results from SE-HPLC indicated that lines with 1B.1R translocation showed significantly lower SDS-unextractable polymeric protein (UPP) percentage, Ratio of polymeric proteins to monomeric proteins (P/M) and Ratio of glutenin proteins to gliadin proteins (Glu/Gli). However, this undesirable effect was significantly alleviated by HMW-GS 17+18 in one growing environments. The population RP-HPLC profiles could be clearly distinguished into two groups, with lines containing 1B.1R showed more individual proteins originated from the rye translocation. To elucidate the genetic mechanism behind the chromatograph pattern, QTL-mapping analysis was carried out to detect the underlying genetic factors controlling the gliadin components and the results indicated that some gliadin fractions were controlled by gene loci other than the Sec-1 locus. This study provided new insights into maintaining a balanced grain yield and quality through utilising the 1B.1R translocation line in wheat breeding.
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Hitz, Katlyn. "Breeding for Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Soft Red Winter Wheat." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_etds/62.

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Nitrogen use efficient (NUE) wheat varieties have potential to reduce input costs for growers, limit N runoff into water ways, and increase wheat adaptability to warmer environments. Previous studies have done little to explain the genetic basis for NUE and components, nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUpE) and nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE). Four studies were conducted to 1) determine genotypic stability of NUE under high and low N regimes and under warming 2) determine effect of warming on NUE 3) indentify QTL associated with NUE components 4) assess the utility of canopy spectral reflectance (CSR) as a high-throughput phenotyping device for NUE. Genotypic response to N stress or warming varied. Uptake efficiency was found to be more important than utilization efficiency to genotypic performance under high and low N environments and under warming. Selection under low N for NUpE and under high N for NUtE most efficiently identified NUE varieties. Uptake and utilization were lower under warming due to quickened development. No strong correlations between the CSR indices and NUE existed. No QTL were found to be significantly associated with NUE components. Further research into the mechanisms controlling NUE and to reveal plant response to N stress and under warming is necessary.
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Ogola, J. B. Ochanda. "Improving water use efficiency of maize through proper nitrogen management." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340024.

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Stadler, Christina. "Nitrogen release and nitrogen use efficiency of plant derived nitrogen fertilisers in organic horticultural soils under glasshouse conditions." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=980532159.

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Books on the topic "Internal nitrogen use efficiency"

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Subasinghe, Ranjith. Increasing productivity and water use efficiency in Australia's rice industry through nitrogen management. Barton, A.C.T: RIRDC, 2009.

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Seminar on Nitrogen Efficiency in Agricultural Soils and the Efficient Use of Fertilizer Nitrogen (1987 Edinburgh, Scotland). Nitrogen efficiency in agricultural soils: A Seminar on Nitrogen Efficiency in Agricultural Soils and the Efficient Use of Fertilizer Nitrogen, held in Edinburgh, 16-18 September 1987, as part of the EC Programme for the Coordination of Agricultural Research. London: Elsevier Applied Science, 1988.

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Adhya, T. K. Nitrogen losses, N-use efficiency, and N-management in rice and rice-based cropping system. Edited by Society for Conservation of Nature (New Delhi, India). Indian Nitrogen Group and International Nitrogen Initiative. South Asian Nitrogen Centre. Noida: Published by Indian Nitrogen Group, Society for Conservation of Nature in association with South Asian Nitrogen Centre, International Nitrogen Initiative, 2010.

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Bunov, Egor. Social efficiency of internal affairs bodies. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1243771.

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The monograph contains a theoretical analysis of the social effectiveness of the internal affairs bodies as the degree of satisfaction of the population with the quality of law enforcement activities to protect their interests, rights and freedoms. The results of a multidimensional analysis of empirical studies of the influence of macro - and microsocial factors on the effectiveness of interaction between the population and law enforcement agencies are presented. The article substantiates the criteria for social assessment of the activities of the internal affairs bodies, the use of which allows for practical adjustment of the forms and methods of the management system. For a wide range of readers interested in the practice of applying legal measures of law enforcement.
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Acharya, G. P. Nitrogen use efficiency on wheat with combination of organic/inorganic fertilizers and legume inter-cropping for increased production and income. Pokhara: Agricultural Research Station, Lumle, 1999.

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Zuev, Sergey, Ruslan Maleev, and Aleksandr Chernov. Energy efficiency of electrical equipment systems of autonomous objects. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1740252.

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When considering the main trends in the development of modern autonomous objects (aircraft, combat vehicles, motor vehicles, floating vehicles, agricultural machines, etc.) in recent decades, two key areas can be identified. The first direction is associated with the improvement of traditional designs of autonomous objects (AO) with an internal combustion engine (ICE) or a gas turbine engine (GTD). The second direction is connected with the creation of new types of joint-stock companies, namely electric joint-stock companies( EAO), joint-stock companies with combined power plants (AOKEU). The energy efficiency is largely determined by the power of the generator set and the battery, which is given to the electrical network in various driving modes. Most of the existing methods for calculating power supply systems use the average values of disturbing factors (generator speed, current of electric energy consumers, voltage in the on-board network) when choosing the characteristics of the generator set and the battery. At the same time, it is obvious that when operating a motor vehicle, these parameters change depending on the driving mode. Modern methods of selecting the main parameters and characteristics of the power supply system do not provide for modeling its interaction with the power unit start-up system of a motor vehicle in operation due to the lack of a systematic approach. The choice of a generator set and a battery, as well as the concept of the synthesis of the power supply system is a problem studied in the monograph. For all those interested in electrical engineering and electronics.
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Lea-Cox, John. Nitrogen Uptake, Nitrogen-use Efficiency and Nitrogen Leaching Losses of Citrus. Dissertation Discovery Company, 2018.

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Lea-Cox, John. Nitrogen Uptake, Nitrogen-Use Efficiency and Nitrogen Leaching Losses of Citrus. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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Raghuram, Nandula, Susanne Schmidt, Tariq Aziz, Surya Kant, and Jianbin Zhou, eds. Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Sustainable Nitrogen Management in Crop Plants. Frontiers Media SA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88974-284-4.

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Raghuram, Nandula, Susanne Schmidt, Tariq Aziz, Surya Kant, and Jianbin Zhou, eds. Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Sustainable Nitrogen Management in Crop Plants. Frontiers Media SA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88974-284-4.

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Book chapters on the topic "Internal nitrogen use efficiency"

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Sinclair, Thomas, and Thomas W. Rufty. "Plant Nitrogen Use Efficiency." In SpringerBriefs in Agriculture, 25–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14414-1_5.

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Malik, Al Imran, and Zed Rengel. "Physiology of Nitrogen-Use Efficiency." In Improving Water and Nutrient-Use Efficiency in Food Production Systems, 105–21. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118517994.ch7.

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DoVale, Júlio César, Rodrigo Oliveira DeLima, and Roberto Fritsche-Neto. "Breeding for Nitrogen Use Efficiency." In Plant Breeding for Abiotic Stress Tolerance, 53–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30553-5_4.

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Raun, W. R., and J. S. Schepers. "Nitrogen Management for Improved Use Efficiency." In Nitrogen in Agricultural Systems, 675–93. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr49.c17.

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Bernal, J. H., G. E. Navas, and R. B. Clark. "Sorghum nitrogen use efficiency in Colombia." In Plant Nutrition, 66–67. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47624-x_31.

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Adams, Fred, and John B. Martin. "Liming Effects on Nitrogen Use and Efficiency." In Nitrogen in Crop Production, 417–26. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/1990.nitrogenincropproduction.c27.

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Umar, Wajid, Muhammad Ashar Ayub, Muhammad Zia ur Rehman, Hamaad Raza Ahmad, Zia Ur Rahman Farooqi, Ahsan Shahzad, Umar Rehman, Adnan Mustafa, and Muhammad Nadeem. "Nitrogen and Phosphorus Use Efficiency in Agroecosystems." In Resources Use Efficiency in Agriculture, 213–57. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6953-1_7.

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Punia, Himani, Jayanti Tokas, Anurag Malik, Satpal, Anju Rani, Pernika Gupta, Anita Kumari, Virender S. Mor, Axay Bhuker, and Sandeep Kumar. "Solar Radiation and Nitrogen Use Efficiency for Sustainable Agriculture." In Resources Use Efficiency in Agriculture, 177–212. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6953-1_6.

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Fageria, N. K., V. C. Baligar, A. B. Heinemann, and M. C. S. Carvalho. "Nitrogen Uptake and Use Efficiency in Rice." In Nutrient Use Efficiency: from Basics to Advances, 285–96. New Delhi: Springer India, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2169-2_18.

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Aslam, Muhammad Aqeel, Mukhtar Ahmed, Fayyaz-ul-Hassan, and Riffat Hayat. "Modeling Nitrogen Use Efficiency Under Changing Climate." In Quantification of Climate Variability, Adaptation and Mitigation for Agricultural Sustainability, 71–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32059-5_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Internal nitrogen use efficiency"

1

Zheng, Ming, Graham T. Reader, Yuyu Tan, and Meiping Wang. "Adaptive Combustion Control to Improve Diesel HCCI Cycle Fuel Efficiency." In ASME 2007 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2007-1630.

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Previous work indicates that the lowered combustion temperature in diesel engines is capable of reducing nitrogen oxides and soot simultaneously, which can be implemented by the heavy use of exhaust gas recirculation or the homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) type of combustion. However, the fuel efficiency of the low temperature combustion cycles is commonly compromised with high levels of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions. Additionally, in cases of diesel HCCI cycles, the combustion process may even occur before the piston completes the compression stroke, which may cause excessive efficiency reduction and combustion roughness. Adaptive control strategies are applied to precisely navigate and stabilize the engine cycles and to better phase and complete the combustion process. The impact of heat release phasing, duration, shaping, and splitting on the thermal efficiency has also been analyzed with zero-dimensional engine cycle simulations. The correlations between the cylinder pressure and the heat release curves have been characterized to facilitate model based control. The empirical set-up and cases of applications are provided.
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Willems, R. C., F. P. T. Willems, N. G. Deen, and L. M. T. Somers. "A Comparison of Low-Load Efficiency Optimization on a Heavy-Duty Engine Operated With Gasoline-Diesel RCCI and CDC." In ASME 2019 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2019-7149.

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Abstract Upcoming CO2 legislation in Europe is driving heavy-duty vehicle manufacturers to develop highly efficient engines more than ever before. Further improvements to conventional diesel combustion, or adopting the reactivity controlled compression ignition concept are both plausible strategies to comply with mandated targets. This work compares these two combustion regimes by performing an optimization on both using Design of Experiments. The tests are conducted on a heavy-duty, single-cylinder engine fueled with either only diesel, or a combination of diesel and gasoline. Analysis of variance is used to reveal the most influential operating parameters with respect to indicated efficiency. Attention is also directed towards the distribution of fuel energy to quantify individual loss channels. A load-speed combination typical for highway cruising is selected given its substantial contribution to the total fuel consumption of long haul trucks. Experiments show that when the intake manifold pressure is limited to levels that are similar to contemporary turbocharger capabilities, the conventional diesel combustion regime outperforms the dual fuel mode. Yet, the latter displays superior low levels of nitrogen oxides. Suboptimal combustion phasing was identified as main cause for this lower efficiency. By leaving the intake manifold pressure unrestricted, reactivity controlled compression ignition surpasses conventional diesel combustion regarding both the emissions of nitrogen oxides and indicated efficiency.
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Aithal, S. M. "Equilibrium Chemistry Calculations for Assessment of NOx Abatement Strategies in IC Engines." In ASME 2011 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2011-60030.

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Nitrogen Enriched Air (NEA) has shown great potential in NOx reduction without the drawbacks of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). Use of NEA in stationary natural gas engines has shown up to 70% NOx reduction with a modest 2% nitrogen enrichment. However, nitrogen enrichment beyond a point leads to degradation in engine performance in terms of power density, brake thermal efficiency and unburned hydrocarbons. Optimizing the nitrogen enrichment levels to reduce NOx without performance degradation of the engine would greatly benefit the advancement of the air separation membrane technology. Development of fast and robust modeling tools to compute the temporal variation of the incylinder engine pressure, temperature and NOx formation can aid experimental efforts in determining the optimum enrichment levels for a given engine operating condition. This work presents a methodology to compute engine-out NOx for engines with and without nitrogen enrichment. Temporal variation of in-cylinder engine pressure and temperature can be obtained by a solution of the energy equation. Using these temperature and pressure values, along with the instantaneous composition of the working fluid, one can evaluate the equilibrium concentration of the combustion products. Since the NOx formation freezes a few crank angle degrees after the completion of combustion, it is instructive to examine whether the equilibrium computation can provide a reasonable estimate of engine-out NOx. To this end, engine-out NOx computed by using the above-mentioned procedure was obtained as a function of equivalence ratio for cases with nitrogen enrichment of 2% and no nitrogen enrichment. The results showed that the equilibrium NOx concentrations a few crank angle degrees after end of combustion were close to those reported experimentally in stationary natural gas engines. These results suggest that it would be possible to use equilibrium chemistry computations to evaluate various NOx mitigation strategies.
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Biruduganti, Munidhar S., Sreenath B. Gupta, and Raj Sekar. "Low Temperature Combustion Using Nitrogen Enrichment to Mitigate NOx From Large Bore Gas-Fueled Engines." In ASME 2008 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2008-1616.

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Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) is identified as one of the pathways to meet the mandatory ultra low NOx emissions levels set by regulatory agencies. This phenomenon can be realized by utilizing various advanced combustion control strategies. The present work discusses nitrogen enrichment using an Air Separation Membrane (ASM) as a better alternative to the mature Exhaust Gas Re-circulation (EGR) technique currently in use. A 70% NOx reduction was realized with a moderate 2% nitrogen enrichment while maintaining power density and simultaneously improving Fuel Conversion Efficiency (FCE). The maximum acceptable Nitrogen Enriched Air (NEA) in a single cylinder spark ignited natural gas engine was investigated in this paper. Any enrichment beyond this level degraded engine performance both in terms of power density and FCE, and unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) emissions. The effect of ignition timing was also studied with and without N2 enrichment. Finally, lean burn versus stoichiometric operation utilizing NEA was compared. Analysis showed that lean burn operation along with NEA is one of the effective pathways for realizing better FCE and lower NOx emissions.
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Sierra Aznar, Miguel, Farouk Chorou, Jyh-Yuan Chen, Andreas Dreizler, and Robert W. Dibble. "Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Argon Power Cycle." In ASME 2018 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2018-9670.

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Carbon capture has been deemed crucial by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change if the world is to achieve the ambitious goals stated in the Paris agreement. A deeper integration of renewable energy sources is also needed if we are to mitigate the large amount of greenhouse gas emitted as a result of increasing world fossil fuel energy consumption. These new power technologies bring an increased need for distributed fast dispatch power and energy storage that counteract their intermittent nature. A novel technological approach to provide fast dispatch emission free power is the use of the Argon Power Cycle, a technology that makes carbon capture an integral part of its functioning principle. The core concept behind this technology is a closed loop internal combustion engine cycle working with a monoatomic gas in concert with a membrane gas separation unit. By replacing the working fluid of internal combustion engines with a synthetic mixture of monoatomic gases and oxygen, the theoretical thermal efficiency can be increased up to 80%, more than 20% over conventional air cycles. Furthermore, the absence of nitrogen in the system prevents formation of nitrogen oxides, eliminating the need for expensive exhaust gas after-treatment and allowing for efficient use of renewable generated hydrogen fuel. In the case of hydrocarbon fuels, the closed loop nature of the cycle affords to boost the pressure and concentration of gases in the exhaust stream at no penalty to the cycle, providing the driving force to cost effective gas membrane separation of carbon dioxide. In this work we investigated the potential benefits of the Argon Power Cycle to improve upon current stationary power generation systems regarding efficiency, air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions. A cooperative fuel research engine was used to carry out experiments and evaluate engine performance in relation to its air breathing counterpart. A 30% efficiency improvement was achieved and results showed a reduction on engine heat losses and an overall increase on the indicated mean effective pressure, despite the lesser oxygen content present in the working fluid. Greenhouse gas emissions were reduced as expected due to a substantial increase in efficiency and nitric oxides were eliminated as it was expected. Numerical simulation were carried out to predict the performance and energy penalty of a membrane separation unit. Energy penalties as low as 2% were obtained capturing 100% of the carbon dioxide generated.
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Nithyanandan, Karthik, Jiaxiang Zhang, Yuqiang Li, Xiangyu Meng, Robert Donahue, Chia-Fon F. Lee, and Huili Dou. "Diesel-Like Efficiency Using CNG/Diesel Dual-Fuel Combustion." In ASME 2015 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2015-1147.

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The use of natural gas in compression ignition engines as a supplement to diesel under dual-fuel combustion mode is a promising technique to increase efficiency and reduce emissions. In this study, the effect of dual-fuel operating mode on combustion characteristics, engine performance and pollutant emissions of a diesel engine using natural gas as primary fuel and neat diesel as pilot fuel, has been examined. Natural Gas (99% Methane) was port injected into an AVL 5402 single cylinder diesel research engine under various engine operating conditions and up to 90% substitution was achieved. In addition, neat diesel was also tested as a baseline for comparison. The experiments were conducted at three different speeds — 1200, 1500 and 2000 RPM, and at different diesel-equivalent loads (injection quantity) — 15, 20, and 25 mg/cycle. Both performance and emissions data are presented and discussed. The performance was evaluated through measurements of in-cylinder pressure, power output and various exhaust emissions including unburned hydrocarbons (UHC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and soot. The goal of these experiments was to maximize the efficiency. This was done as follows — the CNG substitution rate (based on energy) was increased from 30% to 90% at fixed engine conditions, to identify the optimum CNG substitution rate. Then using that rate, a main injection timing sweep was performed. Under these optimized conditions, combustion behavior was also compared between single, double and triple injections. Finally, a load and speed sweep at the optimum CNG rate and timings were performed. It was found that a 70 % CNG substitution provided the highest indicated thermal efficiency. It appears that dual-fuel combustion has a Maximum Brake Torque (MBT) diesel injection timing for different conditions which provides the highest torque. Based on multiple diesel injection tests, it was found that the conditions that favor pure diesel combustion, also favor dual-fuel combustion because better diesel combustion provides better ignition and combustion for the CNG-air mixture. For 70% CNG dual-fuel combustion, multiple diesel injection showed an increase in the efficiency. Based on the experiments conducted, diesel-CNG dual-fuel combustion is able to achieve similar efficiency and reduced emissions relative to pure diesel combustion. As such, CNG can be effectively used to substitute for diesel fuel in CI engines.
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Hampson, Gregory J. "High Efficiency Natural Gas Engine Combustion Using Controlled Auto-Ignition." In ASME 2019 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2019-7292.

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Abstract Increasingly restrictive limits on Oxides of Nitrogen - NOx levels and desire for low methane emissions from gas engines are driving the change from lean-burn to stoichiometric combustion strategies on heavy-duty on-highway natural gas engines in order to take advantage of inexpensive and effective three-way catalyst technology. The change to stoichiometric combustion has led to increased tendency for engine knock due to higher in-cylinder temperatures. To suppress engine knock, Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) rates from 10 to 30% are used. While high EGR rates nominally improve Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) and reduce exhaust gas temperatures, they also slow down combustion. However, by deploying a controlled spark triggered homogeneous charge volumetric ignition, very short burn durations can be achieved without the destructive effects of engine knocking towards high efficiency gas engines. In the interest of achieving 45% BTE in spark ignited an on-highway class 8 truck engines fueled on natural gas and to meet EURO 6 and future California emissions standards of 0.02 gm/kw-hr NOx, Controlled Auto-Ignition (CAI) is herein demonstrated on a 15 liter truck engine. CAI is enabled by (a) having a combustion device capable of exceptionally good combustion stability in the presence of high EGR rates (COV of IMEP < 0.75 %), (b) cylinder pressure based combustion feedback, and (c) fast closed loop combustion control (using a Woodward RT-CDC control system). This system enables significant reduction in burn duration by controlling a two phase combustion event. The first phase is normal spark ignited propagating flame, which then triggers the second phase which is volumetric auto-ignition. The location and percentage of fuel that burns in the volumetric auto-ignition event is controlled relative to that which occurs via the conventional spark ignited flame propagation process by use of high speed combustion in the loop feedback control. Auto-ignition mass fraction burned (MFB) ratios of 25–50% have been achieved yielding higher heat release rates at the end of combustion than at the center of combustion with the result being a shortening of the combustion burn duration from a nominal 20–30 degrees to a near optimal 10–15 degrees even with EGR rates as high as 25%. A novel and patent pending burn duration control strategy is employed to stably maintain this knock-free combustion strategy even with compression ratio as high as 14:1. The benefits are significant increase in Brake Thermal Efficiency and substantial reduction in engine out methane emissions without sacrifice of transient responsiveness.
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Peters, Nathan, Sai Krishna Pothuraju Subramanyam, Michael Bunce, and Hugh Blaxill. "Optimization of the Mechanical and Thermodynamic Efficiency Loss Dynamic in a Lean Single Cylinder Natural Gas-Fueled Jet Ignition Engine." In ASME 2019 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2019-7213.

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Abstract In an effort to reduce fuel consumption and lower emissions output, there is a growing need for high efficiency engines in power generation. Ultra-lean (λ > ∼1.6) combustion via air dilution is an enabling technology for achieving high efficiencies while simultaneously reducing emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx). Jet ignition is a pre-chamber-based combustion system that enables ultra-lean operation beyond what is achievable with traditional spark ignition engines. In this paper, results and analyses related to the downspeeding of a 390cc, high efficiency low-output single cylinder jet ignition engine operating ultra-lean are presented. The engine was developed as part of the US Department of Energy’s Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy (DOE ARPA-E) GENSETS program1. The purpose of the program is to develop technologies for use in high efficiency combined heat and power generator sets. Due to the intended application of power generation, optimization of the engine for a specific operating condition is critical. An efficiency loss breakdown based on the Thermodynamic First Law is used to analyze the interdependent trends of engine speed, brake power, and normalized air-fuel ratio, lambda, with the aim of optimizing these parameters for brake thermal efficiency. The general trends of efficiency loss pathways with enleanment are found to be relatively insensitive to speed and load although the magnitude of the loss pathways changes. As the relative importance of the efficiency loss pathways changes with operating condition, so too does the lambda at which peak brake thermal efficiency occurs. The “peak efficiency lambda” was found to be at its leanest at low speed and high power where the influence of heat transfer is greatest and mechanical losses are minimized.
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Khalil, Ahmed E. E., and Ashwani K. Gupta. "Internal Entrainment Effects on Distributed Combustion." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-48090.

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Colorless Distributed Combustion (CDC) has been shown to provide ultra-low emissions and enhanced combustion performance of high intensity gas turbine combustors in terms of efficiency and stability. To achieve distributed combustion, the flowfield needs to be carefully tailored for adequate mixing between reactants and hot reactive species from within the combustor to result in high temperature low oxygen concentration environment prior to ignition. Such distributed reactions result in uniform thermal field and also eliminates any hot spots for mitigating NOx emission. Though Distributed Combustion have been extensively studied using a variety of geometries, injection velocities, heat release intensities, and fuels, the role of hot reactive internally recirculated gases requires further examination. In this paper, the impact of internal entrainment of reactive gases on flame structure and behavior is investigated with focus on fostering distributed combustion and providing guidelines for designing high intensity combustors operating in distributed combustion mode. A mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide, used to simulate the recirculated gases, is introduced to the air stream prior to mixing with the fuel and subsequent combustion. Increase in the amounts of nitrogen and carbon dioxide (simulating increased entrainment), led to volume distributed reaction over a larger volume in the combustor with enhanced and uniform distribution of the OH* chemiluminescence intensity. At the same time, the bluish flame stabilized by the swirler is replaced with a more uniform almost invisible bluish flame. The increased recirculation also reflected on the pollutants emission, where NO emissions were significantly decreased for the same amount of fuel burned. Lowering oxygen concentration from 21% to 15% (due to increased entrainment) resulted in 80∼90% reduction in NO with no impact on CO emission with sub PPM NO emission achieved at an equivalence ratio of 0.7. The same trend was seen at higher diluents injection temperature as well, with significant pollutants emission reduction down to an oxygen concentration of 10%.
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Subramanian, Swami Nathan, and Stephen Ciatti. "Low Cetane Fuels in Compression Ignition Engine to Achieve LTC." In ASME 2011 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2011-60014.

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The conventional combustion processes of Spark Ignition (SI) and Compression Ignition (CI) have their respective merits and demerits. Internal combustion engines use certain fuels to utilize those conventional combustion technologies. High octane fuels are required to operate the engine in SI mode, while high cetane fuels are preferable for CI mode of operation. Those conventional combustion techniques struggle to meet the current emissions norms while retaining high efficiency. In particular, oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions have limited the utilization of diesel fuel in compression ignition engines, and conventional gasoline operated SI engines are not fuel efficient. Advanced combustion concepts have shown the potential to combine fuel efficiency and improved emissions performance. Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) offers reduced NOx and PM emissions with comparable modern diesel engine efficiencies. The ability of premixed, low-temperature compression ignition to deliver low PM and NOx emissions is dependent on achieving optimal combustion phasing. Variations in injection pressures, injection schemes and Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) are studied with low octane gasoline LTC. Reductions in emissions are a function of combustion phasing and local equivalence ratio. Engine speed, load, EGR quantity, compression ratio and fuel octane number are all factors that influence combustion phasing. Low cetane fuels have shown comparable diesel efficiencies with low NOx emissions at reasonably high power densities.
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Reports on the topic "Internal nitrogen use efficiency"

1

Dweikat, Ismail, and Thomas Clemente. Characterization of Nitrogen use efficiency in sweet sorghum. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1154929.

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Shtienberg, Dan, William Fry, Amos Dinoor, Thomas Zitter, and Uzi Kafkafi. Reduction in Pesticide Use in Plant Disease Control by Integration of Chemical and Non-Chemical Factors. United States Department of Agriculture, May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613027.bard.

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The long term goal of this research project was to improve control efficiency of Alternaria diseases while reducing fungicide use, by integration of chemical and non-chemical factors. Non-chemical factors were genotype resistance, age-related resistance and fertilizers. The Specific objectives were: 1) To quantify changes in resistance among genotypes and over time in terms of disease development and specific phases of the disease cycle; 2) To quantify the effects of fertilizers applied to the foliage alone, or in combination with a fungicide, on disease development; 3) To quantify the relative contribution of genotype resistance, age-related resistance and fungicide type to the reduction of disease development; 4) To develop a strategy for integration of chemical and non-chemical factors which will achieve optimal disease suppression. The influence of physiological age of cotton plants and of the individual leaves, on disease incidence and on the rate of lesion expansion of A. macrospora was examined on leaves sampled from the field. Both parameters increased with the physiological age of individual leaves but were not affected by the age of the whole plant. The hypothesis that enrichment of the foliage with nitrogen and potassium may enhance host resistance to Alternaria and thus reduce disease severity, was examined for potato and tomato (A. solani ) and for cotton (A. macrospora ). Under controlled environment conditions, application of urea or KNO3 resulted in some reduction in disease development; however, foliar application of both nutrients (8-10 sprays in total) did not affect Alternaria severity in the field. Systemic fungicides against Alternaria (e.g. , tebuconazole and difenoconazole) are more effective than the commonly used protectant fungicides (e.g. mancozeb and chlorothalonil). Concepts for the integration of genotype resistance, age-related resistances and fungicide for the suppression of Alternaria diseases were developed and evaluated. It was found that reduction in host resistance, with age and among genotypes, can be compensated for by adjusting the intensity of fungicide applications, i.e. by increasing the frequency of sprays and by spraying systemic fungicides towards the end of the season. In, moderately resistant cultivars protection can be achieved by spraying at longer intervals than susceptible cultivars. The concepts for integration were evaluated in field trials for cotton, potatoes and tomatoes. By following these concepts it was possible to save up to five sprays out of 8-10 in a growing season.
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Pfluger, Rainer, and Alexander Rieser, eds. Conservation compatible energy retrofit technologies: Part IV: Documentation and assessment of energy and cost-efficient HVAC-systems and strategies with high conservation compatibility. IEA SHC Task 59, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task59-2021-0007.

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Historic building restoration and renovation requires sensitivity to the cultural heritage, historic value, and sustainability (i.e., building physics, energy efficiency, and comfort) goals of the project. Heat recovery ventilation can contribute to the mentioned goals if ventilation concepts, and airflow distribution is planned and realized in a minimally invasive way. Compared to new buildings, the building physics of historic buildings are more complicated in terms of hygrothermal performance. In particular if internal insulation is applied, the need for dehumidification is needed for robust and risk-free future use, while maintaining the building’s cultural value. As each ventilation system has to be chosen and adapted individually to the specific building, the selection of the appropriate system type is not an easy task.
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Pesis, Edna, Elizabeth J. Mitcham, Susan E. Ebeler, and Amnon Lers. Application of Pre-storage Short Anaerobiosis to Alleviate Superficial Scald and Bitter Pit in Granny Smith Apples. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593394.bard.

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There is increased demand for high quality fruit produced and marketed with reduced chemical inputs to minimize toxic effects on human health and the environment. Granny Smith (GS) apple quality is reduced by two major physiological disorders, superficial scald and bitter pit (BP). These disorders cause great loss to apple growers worldwide. Superficial scald is commonly controlled by chemical treatments, mainly the antioxidant diphenylamine (DPA) and/or the ethylene action inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene (1–MCP). Both chemicals are ineffective in controlling bitter pit incidence. We proposed to investigate the beneficial use of non-chemical, abiotic stress with low O2 (LO2) applied for 10d at 20°C on GS apple fruit. During the project we expanded the treatment to more apple cultivars, Golden Delicious (GD) and Starking Delicious (SD) and another pome fruit, the pear. Apple and pear have similar physiological disorders that develop during cold storage and we examined if the LO2 treatment would also be effective on pear. Application of 0.5% LO2 atmosphere for 10d at 20°C or 500ppb 1-MCP at 20°C prior to cold storage at 0°C, was effective in reducing superficial scald in GS apple. Moreover, LO2 pretreatment was also effective in reducing bitter pit (BP) development in California GS and Israeli GD and SD apples The BP symptoms in GS from California were much more prominent, so the effect of LO2 was more dramatic than the effect on the Israeli cvs. GD and SD, nevertheless the LO2 treatment showed the same trend in all cultivars in reducing BP. The LO2 and 1-MCP -treated fruit exhibited lower levels of ethylene, - farnesene and its oxidation product, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (MHO), as determined by SPME/GC-MS analysis. In addition, LO2 pretreatment applied to California Bartlett or Israeli Spadona pears was effective in reducing superficial scald, senescent scald and internal breakdown after 4 m of cold storage at 0°C. For GS apple, low-temperature storage resulted in oxidative stress and chilling injury, caused by increased production of superoxide anions which in turn led to the generation of other dangerous reactive oxygen species (ROS). Using confocal laser-scanning microscopy and H2O2 measurements of apple peel, we observed ROS accumulation in control fruit, while negligible amounts were found in LO2 and 1-MCP treated fruit. Gene-expression levels of ROS-scavenging enzymes were induced by the various pretreatments: catalase was induced by LO2 treatment, whereas Mn superoxide dismutase was induced by 1-MCP treatment. We assume that LO2 and 1-MCP pretreated fruit remained healthier due to reduced production of ethylene and reactive oxygen substances, such as MHO, during cold storage. The LO2-treated apple exhibited greener peel and firmer fruit after 6 m of cold storage, and the fruit had high crispiness leading to high taste preference. In both pear cultivars, the LO2 treatment led to a reduction in internal breakdown and browning around the seed cavity. We tested the LO2 pre-storage treatment on a semi-commercial scale that would be applicable to a small organic grower by sealing the fruit within the plastic field bins. The treatment was most effective with a continuous flow of nitrogen through the bins; however, a single 6 hour flush of nitrogen was also fairly effective. In addition, we determined that it was very important to have the oxygen levels below 0.5% for approximately 10 days to achieve good scald control, not counting the time required to reduce the oxygen concentration. Our LO2 technology has been proven in this project to be effective in reducing several physiological disorders developed in pome fruit during cold storage. We hope that our non-chemical treatment which is friendly to the environment will be used in the near future for the organic apple and pear industry. The next step should be an analysis of the cost-benefits and commercial feasibility.
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Tel-Zur, Neomi, and Jeffrey J. Doyle. Role of Polyploidy in Vine Cacti Speciation and Crop Domestication. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697110.bard.

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1. Abstract: Over the past 25 years, vine cacti of the genera Hylocereus and Selenicereus have been introduced into Israel and southern California as new exotic fruit crops. The importance of these crops lies in their high water use efficiency and horticultural potential as exotic fruit crops. Our collaboration focused on the cytological, molecular and evolutionary aspects of vine cacti polyploidization to confront the agricultural challenge of genetic improvement, ultimately to improve success of vine cacti as commercial fruit crop plants. More specifically, we worked on the: 1- Identification of the putative ancestor(s) of the tetraploid H. megalanthus; 2- Determination of the number of origins of H. megalanthus (single vs. multiple origins of polyploidy); 3- Cytogenetic analysis of BC1 and F1 hybrids; 4- Determination of important agricultural traits and the selection of superior hybrids for cultivation. The plant material used in this study comprised interspecific Hylocereus F1 and first backcross (BC1) hybrids, nine Hylocereus species (58 genotypes), nine Selenicereus species (14 genotypes), and four Epiphyllum genotypes. Two BC1 hexaploids (BC-023 and BC-031) were obtained, a high ploidy level that can be explained only by a fertilization event between one unreduced female gamete from the triploid hybrid and a balanced gamete from the pollen donor, the diploid H. monacanthus. These findings are scientific evidence that support the possibility that “hybridization followed by chromosome doubling” could also occur in nature. Cytomixis, the migration of chromatin between adjacent cells through connecting cytoplasmatic channels, was observed in vine cacti hybrids and may thus imply selective DNA elimination in response to the allopolyploidization process. Evidence from plastid and nrDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) sequences support the placement of H. megalanthus within a monophyletic Hylocereus group. Furthermore, both plastid and ITS datasets are most consistent with a conclusion that this tetraploid species is an autopolyploid, despite observations that the species appears to be morphologically intermediate between Hylocereus and Selenicereus. Although the possibility of very narrow allopolyploidly (i.e., derivation from parents that are barely diverged from each other such as closely related species in the same genus) cannot be ruled out entirely based on our data (in part due to the unavailability of Hylocereus species considered to be morphologically the closest relatives of H. megalanthus), the possibility of H. megalanthus representing an intergeneric cross (i.e., Hylocereus × Selenicereus) seems extremely unlikely. Interestingly, the process of homogenization of ITS sequences (concerted evolution) is either incomplete or lacking in both Hylocereus and Selenicereus, and the inclusion of several artificial hybrids in the molecular study revealed the potential for biparental plastid inheritance in Hylocereus. The most important agricultural implication of this research project was the information collected for F1 and BC1 hybrids. Specifically, this project concluded with the selection of four superior hybrids in terms of fruit quality and potential yields under extreme high temperatures. These selected hybrids are self-compatible, avoiding the need for hand cross pollination to set fruits, thus reducing manpower costs. We recently offered these hybrids to growers in Israel for prioritized rapid evaluation and characterization.
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