Journal articles: 'Internal mammary nodes'

1

Caudle, Abigail S., and Benjamin D. Smith. "Do Internal Mammary Nodes Matter?" Annals of Surgical Oncology 26, no. 4 (January 7, 2019): 930–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1245/s10434-018-07152-3.

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Patz, Edward F., Paul Stark, Kitt Shaffer, and Robert D. Pugatch. "Identification of internal mammary lymph nodes." Journal of Thoracic Imaging 8, no. 1 (1993): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005382-199320000-00011.

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Patz, Edward F., Paul Stark, Kitt Shaffer, and Robert D. Pugatch. "Identification of internal mammary lymph nodes." Journal of Thoracic Imaging 8, no. 1 (1993): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005382-199324000-00011.

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Purushotham, A. D., and M. Cariati. "Internal mammary nodes and breast cancer." British Journal of Surgery 92, no. 2 (2005): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.4886.

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Waghmare, Chaitali M. "Bilateral Internal Mammary Lymph Nodes—Is Epsilateral Internal Mammary Node Treatment Sufficient?" Journal of Cancer Therapy 06, no. 15 (2015): 1273–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jct.2015.615139.

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SACHITHANANDAN, A., B. BADMANABAN, A. GRAHAM, and H. OKANE. "Malignant internal mammary lymph nodes during mobilization of the internal mammary artery." European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery 22, no. 5 (November 2002): 847–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1010-7940(02)00471-2.

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He, Qingqing. "Internal mammary node biopsy for breast cancer patients: Issues for discussion and our practice." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): e22089-e22089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.e22089.

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e22089 Background: The aims of this study was to determine the clinical implications of internal mammary node biopsy as staging, treatment with radiotherapy and systemic treatment and a prognostic factor in patients with breast cancer. Methods: Internal mammary node biopsy via intercostal space was performed in 344 cases of breast cancer. Anatomical location of internal mammary nodes were recorded. Pathological status of internal mammary node were detected by H and E stains. Results: Internal mammary node biopsy was successfully finished in 344 patients.There were 162 cases (48.26%) with positive axillary nodes, while the internal mammary nodes were involved in 72 cases (20.93%).53 patients (32.72%) had regional metastases in both the axillary and internal mammary lymph nodes.19 (5.52%) patients had internal mammary node metastasis but no axillary node metastases. PN stage migration was seen in 72 patients with a positive internal mammary node. There was no statistic relation between internal mammary nodes metastases and tumor location (X2 =0.48, P>0.05). There was no complication such as pneumothorax or haemorrhagia. Conclusions: The approach used is a reliable surgical technique for removing lymph node from intercostal space. Without exploring internal mammary nodes status, pN stage was incomplete. Internal mammary node biopsy enables treatment to be better adjusted to the needs of the individual patient. Using internal mammary node biopsy, patients with a negative internal mammary node can be prevented from radiation to internal mammary nodal areas. This leads to optimization of treatment.

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Gareer, Waheed Yousry, Hesham Elsebaie, Haytham Gareer, Hytham Ahmed, Mohamed Wafa, and Hussein Soliman. "Thoracoscopic internal mammary lymph nodes dissection: a staging tool for internal mammary lymph nodes in breast cancer." Chinese-German Journal of Clinical Oncology 10, no. 10 (October 2011): 580–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10330-011-0848-x.

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Pardolesi, Alessandro, Luca Bertolaccini, Jury Brandolini, and Piergiorgio Solli. "Robotic left internal mammary lymph nodes dissection." ASVIDE 5 (April 2018): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/asvide.2018.389.

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Grabenbauer, Gerhard G. "Internal Mammary Nodes in Invasive Breast Carcinoma." Strahlentherapie und Onkologie 180, no. 11 (November 2004): 690–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00066-004-9193-0.

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Fong, Laura, Aden Mclaughlin, Viktor Ko, and Lucas Sanders. "Occult Malignancy in Internal Mammary Lymph Nodes." Heart, Lung and Circulation 26 (2017): S366—S367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2017.03.041.

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Arnez, Zoran M., and Marko Snoj. "Sampling of Internal Mammary Chain Lymph Nodes during Breast Reconstruction by Free Flaps from the Abdomen." Tumori Journal 91, no. 5 (September 2005): 415–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089160509100506.

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The role of internal mammary chain lymph node removal in breast cancer is still not clarified. Although it has been proven that elective dissection of the internal mammary chain nodes does not improve survival, their selective treatment based on sentinel lymph node biopsy is under evaluation. There is another possibility to establish the status of internal mammary chain nodes - sampling of the nodes during the preparation of the site for microvascular anastomosis to the internal mammary artery and vein for free flap transfer. From August 2002 to December 2003, 54 free flaps were performed for breast reconstruction. In 11 cases, an internal mammary chain lymph node was harvested. A positive internal mammary chain node was found in only one case. In this case, the treatment policy was changed by adding irradiation to the internal mammary chain. The sampling of internal mammary chain nodes during preparation of the site for microvascular anastomosis to the internal mammary artery and vein should be a part of the reconstructive procedure after total mastectomy for invasive breast cancer because it could change the treatment plan.

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Samreen, Naziya, Shubhada Dhage, Naamit Kurshan Gerber, Celin Chacko, and Cindy S. Lee. "Imaging and Management of Internal Mammary Lymph Nodes." Journal of Breast Imaging 2, no. 6 (August 13, 2020): 530–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbi/wbaa046.

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Abstract Internal mammary lymph nodes (IMLNs) account for approximately 10%–40% of the lymphatic drainage of the breast. Internal mammary lymph nodes measuring up to 10 mm are commonly seen on high-risk screening breast MRI examinations in patients without breast cancer and are considered benign if no other suspicious findings are present. Benign IMLNs demonstrate a fatty hilum, lobular or oval shape, and circumscribed margins without evidence of central necrosis, cortical thickening, or loss of fatty hilum. In patients with breast cancer, IMLN involvement can alter clinical stage and treatment planning. The incidence of IMLN metastases detected on US, CT, MRI, and PET-CT ranges from 10%–16%, with MRI and PET-CT demonstrating the highest sensitivities. Although there are no well-defined imaging criteria in the eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Manual for Breast Cancer, a long-axis measurement of ≥ 5 mm is suggested as a guideline to differentiate benign versus malignant IMLNs in patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer. Abnormal morphology such as loss of fatty hilum, irregular shape, and rounded appearance (which can be quantified by a short-axis/long-axis length ratio greater than 0.5) also raises suspicion for IMLN metastases. MRI and PET-CT have good sensitivity and specificity for the detection of IMLN metastases, but fluorodeoxyglucose avidity can be seen in both benign conditions and metastatic disease. US is helpful for staging, and US-guided fine-needle aspiration can be performed in cases of suspected IMLN metastasis. Management of suspicious IMLNs identified on imaging is typically with chemotherapy and radiation, as surgical excision does not provide survival benefit and is performed only in rare cases.

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14

Freedman, G. M. "Internal mammary sentinel nodes: Ignore, irradiate or operate?" Breast Diseases: A Year Book Quarterly 20, no. 4 (January 2009): 444–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1043-321x(09)79453-6.

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15

Coombs, Nathan J., John Boyages, James R. French, and Owen A. Ung. "Internal mammary sentinel nodes: Ignore, irradiate or operate?" European Journal of Cancer 45, no. 5 (March 2009): 789–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2008.11.002.

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16

Jatoi, Ismail. "Internal mammary sentinel nodes in primary breast cancer." Current Medical Research and Opinion 19, no. 6 (January 2003): 567–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1185/030079903125002207.

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17

Policastro, Tania, Natalie To, Jennifer Rusby, Paul Harris, and Peter Barry. "Internal mammary nodes in DIEP reconstruction: Do they matter?" European Journal of Surgical Oncology 44, no. 6 (June 2018): 868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2018.02.038.

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18

De Los Santos, Jennifer. "Post-mastectomy Radiation Yes but Internal Mammary Nodes No." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 102, no. 2 (October 2018): 285–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.05.017.

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19

Sautter-Bihl, Marie-Luise, Beatrix Hültenschmidt, Ute Melcher, and Hans Ulrich Ulmer. "Radiotherapy of Internal Mammary Lymph Nodes in Breast Cancer." Strahlentherapie und Onkologie 178, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00066-002-0848-4.

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20

Lawson, Laura L., Martin Sandler, William Martin, R. Daniel Beauchamp, and Mark C. Kelley. "Preoperative Lymphoscintigraphy and Internal Mammary Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Do not Enhance the Accuracy of Lymphatic Mapping for Breast Cancer." American Surgeon 70, no. 12 (December 2004): 1050–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313480407001204.

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Lymphoscintigraphy (LS) may identify sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) outside the axilla. Biopsy of these nodes could improve the accuracy of lymphatic mapping (LM) for breast cancer (BC) if a significant number of tumor-positive extra-axillary sentinel nodes are identified. To address this, we evaluated the impact of the use of preoperative LS and biopsy of axillary and internal mammary SLNs in women with BC. From October 1997 to July 2003, 175 women with breast cancer received technetium sulfur colloid, and images were obtained. Isosulfan blue dye was injected intraoperatively, and LM of the axillary and internal mammary lymph node basins was performed with a hand-held gamma probe. The anatomic location and histologic status of all SLNs identified with LS and LM was recorded, and the impact of the findings on LS and internal mammary LM were evaluated. LS showed SLN in 127/175 (73%) women and “hot spots” were found with the gamma probe in 142/175 (81%). At least one SLN was identified by LM in 168/175 (96%) patients, and 48/168 (29%) had metastases. One hundred sixty-two of 168 (96%) patients had SLN exclusively in the axilla. Only 10 of 175 (6%) women had internal mammary (IM) SLNs seen on LS. LM identified IM sentinel nodes in 6 of these 10 patients, but none were involved with tumor. Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and biopsy of internal mammary sentinel nodes do not enhance the accuracy of lymphatic mapping for breast cancer. Omitting lymphoscintigraphy reduces the complexity and cost of lymphatic mapping without compromising the identification of tumor-positive sentinel nodes.

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21

Pinheiro, Luiz Gonzaga Porto, Paulla Vasconcelos Valente, Paulo Henrique Walter Aguiar, Fabrício de Sousa Martins, Leonardo Adolpho de Sá Sales, Thiago Almeida Barroso, José Wilson Benevides de Mesquita Neto, and Renato Santos de Oliveira Filho. "Internal mammary lymph nodes identification from isolated sternum of human cadaver." Acta Cirurgica Brasileira 21, no. 6 (December 2006): 430–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-86502006000600014.

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PURPOSE: To identify the lymph nodes positioned along the internal mammary vessels in isolated sternum of human cadaver and to standardize the surgical approach to those nodes, in order to establish anatomical landmarks to be used with the current techniques of mammary gland sentinel lymph node detection. METHODS: Ten sternum plates removed from unclaimed cadavers were used in this study. Sternal plates were removed using bilateral incisions of the ribs at the midclavicular lines. The characterization of the internal mammary vessels and the anatomical integrity of the parietal pleura were indispensable requirements during the procedure. RESULTS: A total of 29 lymph nodes were removed from the 2nd (13) and the 3rd (16) intercostals spaces. Almost 50% of all nodes collected were located medially to the vessels. CONCLUSION: The approach used is a reliable surgical technique for removing lymph node from sternal plates. The model is therefore valuable for breast surgeons training in sentinel node biopsy, an important procedure for breast cancer patients.

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22

REVERTER, J. C. "Hodgkin's Disease in External Mammary Lymph Nodes." Annals of Internal Medicine 103, no. 6_Part_1 (December 1, 1985): 964. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-103-6-964_2.

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23

Avisar, Eli, Shai Libson, and Eduardo Perez. "Prognosis of metastatic internal mammary sentinel nodes (IMSN) in breast cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 32, no. 26_suppl (September 10, 2014): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.32.26_suppl.103.

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103 Background: The presence of positive internal mammary nodes has historically been associated with a significant worse prognosis. Recent studies have also demonstrated a worse prognosis associated with drainage to the internal mammary nodes. Intense search for those nodes, biopsy, appropriate staging and modern treatment for positive IMSN might improve outcome. We sought to study the prognosis of pathologically positive IMSN at our institution. Methods: A retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected database including all breast cancer patients identified with an IMSN that was biopsied between 2005 and 2012 was performed. Demographics, histologic markers, patterns of recurrence as well as survival data were collected. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed. Results: Thirteen of 82 patients with a biopsied IMSN were metastatic (16%). In 8 of those (62%), the biopsy resulted in a change in staging. In all cases of positive IMSN additional radiation to the internal mammary chain was added. Eighteen percent (18%) of positive nodes did not show drainage to the internal mammary basin during Lymphoscintigraphy. There was no statistical difference in regional and distant recurrences between the patients with positive IMSN and those with negative IMSN. Furthermore there was no difference in disease specific survival. Conclusions: Intense search for IMSN presence and biopsy of those nodes is associated with changes in staging and treatment for metastatic IMSN. In our study, pathologically positive IMSN were associated with a non- inferior prognosis than negative IMSN.

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24

Mack, Meghan, Alison Chetlen, and Jason Liao. "Incidental Internal Mammary Lymph Nodes Visualized on Screening Breast MRI." American Journal of Roentgenology 205, no. 1 (July 2015): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.14.13586.

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25

Buchholz, Thomas A. "Internal mammary lymph nodes: to treat or not to treat." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 46, no. 4 (March 2000): 801–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-3016(99)00482-4.

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26

Haffty, Bruce G., Timothy Whelan, and Philip M. Poortmans. "Radiation of the Internal Mammary Nodes: Is There a Benefit?" Journal of Clinical Oncology 34, no. 4 (February 1, 2016): 297–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.64.7552.

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27

UREN, ROGER F., ROBERT B. HOWMAN-GILES, JOHN F. THOMPSON, HELEN M. SHAW, and WILLIAM H. MCCARTHY. "Lymphatic Drainage From Peri-Umbiiical Skin to Internal Mammary Nodes." Clinical Nuclear Medicine 20, no. 3 (March 1995): 254–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003072-199503000-00013.

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28

Kanyilmaz, Gul, Meryem Aktan, Mehmet Koc, Hikmettin Demir, and Lütfi Saltuk Demir. "Unplanned irradiation of internal mammary lymph nodes in breast cancer." La radiologia medica 122, no. 6 (March 3, 2017): 405–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11547-017-0747-5.

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29

Ogawa, Y., T. Ishikawa, K. Ikeda, S. Takemura, B. Nakata, Y. Nishiguchi, Y. Kato, and K. Hirakawa. "The thoracoscopic approach for internal mammary nodes in breast cancer." Surgical Endoscopy 14, no. 12 (December 2000): 1149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004640000229.

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30

Shechter, Shirley, Ehud Arad, Amir Inbal, Or Friedman, Eyal Gur, and Yoav Barnea. "DIEP Flap Breast Reconstruction Complication Rate in Previously Irradiated Internal Mammary Nodes." Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery 34, no. 06 (April 19, 2018): 399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1625986.

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Background Postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) is a widely accepted treatment for locally advanced breast cancer. Some patients require additional boost radiation to the internal mammary nodes as the part of regional nodal irradiation (RNI). Delayed breast reconstruction with an autologous free flap using the internal mammary vessels for microvascular flap anastomosis is a common practice for these patients. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of RNI on autologous microvascular breast reconstruction. Patients and Methods A retrospective study was performed on 57 patients (69 flaps) undergoing deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap for delayed breast reconstruction after radiation therapy. The study group included 37 patients (65%) who received PMRT and RNI to the internal mammary nodes. The control group included 20 patients (35%) who received PMRT alone. Early and delayed surgical complications, including wound complications, fat necrosis, and flap loss, were compared between the groups. Results The patient demographics in both groups were similar. Complication rate showed a higher trend in the study group for flap loss (8.3% versus 0%) and vascular anastomosis failure (5.6% versus 0%), but with no statistical difference (p = 0.54, 0.53, respectively). The control group showed a higher trend in fat necrosis (25% versus 8.3%, p = 0.11). Conclusions DIEP flap breast reconstructions with internal mammary vessels anastomosis should be performed with cautious in patients who had received RNI to internal mammary nodes because of potential added risk for surgical complications.

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Elsherif, Sherif B., Swati Sharma, Kevin Green, Austin Fischer, Savas Ozdemir, and Gregory Wynn. "Recurrent Metastatic Breast Cancer in Internal Mammary Lymph Nodes along the Translocated Left Internal Mammary Artery Bypass Graft." Radiology: Cardiothoracic Imaging 3, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): e210042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/ryct.2021210042.

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32

Linden, A., Karola Reusch, Kamilla Smolarz, M. Jungehülsing, P. Theissen, A. Bolte, and H. Schicha. "Untersuchung retrosternaler Lymphknotenmetastasen beim Mammakarzinom: Lymphszintigraphie und Kernspintomographie." Nuklearmedizin 30, no. 06 (1991): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1629587.

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In 21 patients with breast cancer (pT1–4, N0, M0) internal mammary lymphoscintigraphy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed to evaluate retrosternal lymph node metastases. In 6 patients normal findings of lymphoscintigraphy were confirmed by MRI. In the 15 patients with focal defects seen by lymphoscintigraphy no lymph nodes were found by MRI in 5 in the corresponding area, 5 showed normal-sized lymph nodes (<1 cm) and 5 enlarged lymph nodes indicating metastatic infiltration. In addition to internal mammary lymphoscintigraphy MRI may offer the possibility to improve TNM staging in patients with breast cancer.

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33

Kim, Jina, Jee Suk Chang, Seo Hee Choi, Yong Bae Kim, Ki Chang Keum, Chang-Ok Suh, Gowoon Yang, Yeona Cho, Jun Won Kim, and Ik Jae Lee. "Radiotherapy for initial clinically positive internal mammary nodes in breast cancer." Radiation Oncology Journal 37, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3857/roj.2018.00451.

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34

Paganelli, Giovanni, Giuseppe Viale, and Umberto Veronesi. "Sentinel nodes scintigraphy of the internal mammary chain in breast cancer." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 497, no. 1 (January 2003): 110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(02)01899-5.

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35

Novikov, S., and S. V. Kanaev. "EP-1151: Lymph flow guided irradiation of internal mammary lymph nodes." Radiotherapy and Oncology 119 (April 2016): S550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(16)32401-x.

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36

Cserni, Gábor, and József Pap Szekeres. "Internal mammary lymph nodes and sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer." Surgical Oncology 10, no. 1-2 (July 2001): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-7404(01)00017-2.

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37

Arora, Divya, Jessica Frakes, Jacob Scott, Daniel Opp, Carol Johnson, Juhee Song, and Eleanor Harris. "Incidental radiation to uninvolved internal mammary lymph nodes in breast cancer." Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 151, no. 2 (May 1, 2015): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10549-015-3400-9.

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38

Ray, Kimberly M., Reema Munir, Dorota J. Wisner, Ania Azziz, Belinda Chang Holland, John Kornak, and Bonnie N. Joe. "Internal mammary lymph nodes as incidental findings at screening breast MRI." Clinical Imaging 39, no. 5 (September 2015): 791–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2015.05.011.

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39

Knight, Mark, Dinh Nguyen, Mark Kobayashi, Gregory Evans, and Ming-Huei Cheng. "Incidental Positive Internal Mammary Lymph Nodes: A Multiple International Institutional Investigation." Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery 24, no. 3 (April 2008): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1076088.

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Grant, Aaron L., Kristina H. Lutz, and Claire F. Temple-Oberle. "Incidental Internal Mammary Nodes during Recipient Vessel Dissection in Breast Reconstruction." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Global Open 2, no. 12 (December 2014): e276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gox.0000000000000245.

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Kim, J., J. Chang, S. Choi, Y. B. Kim, K. C. Keum, C. O. Suh, G. Yang, Y. Cho, J. W. Kim, and I. J. Lee. "Radiotherapy for Initial Clinically Positive Internal Mammary Nodes in Breast Cancer." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 105, no. 1 (September 2019): S196—S197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.06.254.

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42

Piato, José; Roberto Morales, José; Roberto Filassi, Alberto Jorge Monteiro Dela Vega, George Barberio Coura-Filho, Fernando Nalesso Aguiar, Ligia Maria Teixeira Pereira Porciuncula, Maíra Teixeira Dória, José Maria Soares, and Edmund Chada Baracat. "SPECT-CT-Guided Thoracoscopic Biopsy of Sentinel Lymph Nodes in the Internal Mammary Chain in Patients with Breast Cancer: A Pilot Study." Innovations: Technology and Techniques in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery 11, no. 2 (March 2016): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/imi.0000000000000257.

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Objective The objective of this study was to determine the impact of the use of single-photon emission computed tomography fused with computed tomography (SPECT-CT) on thoracoscopic biopsy of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) in the internal mammary chain in patients with breast cancer by evaluating resultant changes in staging and their clinical implications. Methods Between September 2010 and January 2014, we performed lymphoscintigraphy-assisted thoracoscopic biopsy of the internal mammary chain SLN in 20 patients with breast cancer. Single-photon emission computed tomography fused with computed tomography was also used in 13 of these patients. The sentinel nodes were surgically identified with the aid of a gamma probe. Results Sentinel lymph nodes were identified surgically in 19 of 20 patients. In the 13 patients in whom SPECT-CT was used, it readily identified SLNs, especially when they were located over an intercostal space. Change of staging occurred in three patients (15%), two of whom accordingly received adjuvant radiotherapy to the internal thoracic chain. Conclusions Compared with lymphoscintigraphy alone, the use of SPECT-CT improves localization of the SLN in the internal mammary chain, allowing more accurate planning of each individual's treatment.

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43

Choi, Jung Eun. "The Metastatic Rate of Internal Mammary Lymph Nodes When Metastasis of Internal Mammary Lymph Node Is Suspected on PET/CT." Journal of Breast Cancer 16, no. 2 (2013): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4048/jbc.2013.16.2.202.

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44

Wade, Louise, Lovedeep Gondara, Carrie-Lynne Swift, Nick Chng, Dylan Narinesingh, Caroline Speers, Caroline Lohrisch, and Alan Nichol. "63: Dose to the Internal Mammary Chain Lymph Nodes in Cases with Internal Mammary Lymph Node Relapse: A Case Control Study." Radiotherapy and Oncology 174 (September 2022): S29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(22)04342-0.

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45

Pallardó, Y., J. Garcia Conde, D. Ramos, J. Ampudia, F. J. Castillo, C. Romero, and Gloria Ruíz Herná. "Hodgkin’s Disease: Internal Mammary Lymph Nodes Relapse Diagnosed by Gallium-67 Scintigraphy." Nuklearmedizin 38, no. 03 (1999): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1632198.

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SummaryThis article presents the case of a 62-year-old man with treated Hodgkin’s disease who had internal mammary lymph nodes relapse after a complete initial response. These masses were gallium avid. These findings were explained by histologically documented Hodgkin’s relapse, the first such case reported in that localization without chest wall involvement. The literature on mediastinal Hodgkin’s disease and diagnostic procedures are reviewed.

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46

Proulx, G. M., R. J. Lee, and P. Stomper. "2070 Are the internal mammary nodes treated with standard tangent breast fields?" International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 45, no. 3 (January 1999): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-3016(99)90340-1.

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47

Kucucuk, S., I. Aslay, A. Iribas, M. Tambas, and P. Saip. "EP-0986 RECURRENCES OF INTERNAL MAMMARY NODES IN EARLY BREAST CANCER PATIENTS." Radiotherapy and Oncology 103 (May 2012): S389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(12)71319-1.

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48

Yip, T. C. K., and G. N. Ege. "Determination of depth distribution of internal mammary lymph nodes on lateral lymphoscintigraphy." Clinical Radiology 36, no. 2 (January 1985): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-9260(85)80098-2.

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49

Kollias, J., P. G. Gill, B. Chatterton, M. A. Bochner, P. Malycha, B. J. Coventry, and G. Farshid. "The clinical significance of internal mammary sentinel nodes in primary breast cancer." European Journal of Cancer 37 (September 2001): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-8049(01)80089-7.

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Galimberti, V., P. Arnone, A. Pesci Feltri, P. Veronesi, M. Intra, G. Gatti, O. Gentilini, A. Vento, S. Monti, and A. Luini. "Stage migration in breast cancer after biopsy of internal mammary lymph nodes." European Journal of Cancer 37 (April 2001): S270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-8049(01)81490-8.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Internal mammary nodes'

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