Journal articles on the topic 'Internal level of speech'
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Serpanos, Yula C., Janet R. Schoepflin, Steven R. Cox, and Diane Davis. "The Accuracy of Smartphone Sound Level Meter Applications (SLMAs) in Measuring Sound Levels in Clinical Rooms." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 32, no. 01 (January 2021): 027–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1719137.
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Abstract Background The accuracy of smartphone sound level meter applications (SLMAs) has been investigated with varied results, based on differences in platform, device, app, available features, test stimuli, and methodology. Purpose This article determines the accuracy of smartphone SLMAs with and without calibration of external and internal microphones for measuring sound levels in clinical rooms. Research Design Quasi-experimental research design comparing the accuracy of two smartphone SLMAs with and without calibration of external and internal microphones. Data Collection and Analysis Two iOS-based smartphone SLMAs (NIOSH SLM and SPL Meter) on an iPhone 6S were used with and without calibrated external and internal microphones. Measures included: (1) white noise (WN) stimuli from 20 to 100 dB sound pressure level in a sound-treated test booth and (2) sound levels in quiet in four nonsound-treated clinical rooms and in simulated background sound conditions using music at 45, 55, and 80 dBA. Chi-square analysis was used to determine a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in sound measures between the SLMAs and a Type 1 SLM. Results Measures of WN signals and room sound level measures in quiet and simulated background sound conditions were significantly more accurate at levels ≥ 40 dBA using the SLMAs with calibrated external and internal microphones. However, SLMA measures with and without calibration of external and internal microphones overestimated sound levels < 40 dBA. Conclusion The SLMAs studied with calibrated external or internal microphones are able to verify the room environment for audiologic screening at 1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 Hz at 20 dB hearing level (American Academy of Audiology and American Speech-Language-Hearing Association) using supra-aural earphones (American National Standards Institute S3.1–1999 [R2018]). However, the tested SLMAs overestimated low-level sound < 40 dBA, even when the external or internal microphones were calibrated. Clinicians are advised to calibrate the microphones prior to using measurement systems involving smartphones and SLMAs to measure room sound levels and to monitor background noise levels throughout the provision of clinical services.
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Zheng, Chunjun, Chunli Wang, and Ning Jia. "An Ensemble Model for Multi-Level Speech Emotion Recognition." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (December 26, 2019): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010205.
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Speech emotion recognition is a challenging and widely examined research topic in the field of speech processing. The accuracy of existing models in speech emotion recognition tasks is not high, and the generalization ability is not strong. Since the feature set and model design of effective speech directly affect the accuracy of speech emotion recognition, research on features and models is important. Because emotional expression is often correlated with the global features, local features, and model design of speech, it is often difficult to find a universal solution for effective speech emotion recognition. Based on this, the main research purpose of this paper is to generate general emotion features in speech signals from different angles, and use the ensemble learning model to perform emotion recognition tasks. It is divided into the following aspects: (1) Three expert roles of speech emotion recognition are designed. Expert 1 focuses on three-dimensional feature extraction of local signals; expert 2 focuses on extraction of comprehensive information in local data; and expert 3 emphasizes global features: acoustic feature descriptors (low-level descriptors (LLDs)), high-level statistics functionals (HSFs), and local features and their timing relationships. A single-/multiple-level deep learning model that meets expert characteristics is designed for each expert, including convolutional neural network (CNN), bi-directional long short-term memory (BLSTM), and gated recurrent unit (GRU). Convolutional recurrent neural network (CRNN), based on a combination of an attention mechanism, is used for internal training of experts. (2) By designing an ensemble learning model, each expert can play to its own advantages and evaluate speech emotions from different focuses. (3) Through experiments, the performance of various experts and ensemble learning models in emotion recognition is compared in the Interactive Emotional Dyadic Motion Capture (IEMOCAP) corpus and the validity of the proposed model is verified.
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Sevastyanova, Ul’yana Yu. "Features of the internal picture of the defect in children with severe speech impairment." Vestnik Kostroma State University. Series: Pedagogy. Psychology. Sociokinetics, no. 4 (2019): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/2073-1426-2019-25-4-189-192.
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The article presents the structure of the internal picture of the defect in children with severe speech impairments of preschool and primary school age. A theoretical and empirical study was carried out, on the basis of which the features of the internal picture of the defect in children with severe speech impairments were identified. Age-related differences in the physical, emotional, motivational, cognitive components of the internal picture of the defect in children with severe speech impairments are shown. The specifics of the level and assessment of self-image are described depending on the structure of the defect and the age of children with severe speech impairments. Based on the study, the author concludes that the internal picture of the defect is related to the structure of the defect.
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Yaşar qızı Məmmədova, Sevinc. "Azerbaijani literary language and internal speech problems." SCIENTIFIC WORK 80, no. 7 (July 17, 2022): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/80/52-57.
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Azərbaycan ədəbi dili lüğət tərkibi sovet dövrünə istər zənginləşmə mənbələrinə, istərsə də funksional üslubi diferensiasiya səviyyəsinə münasibətdə özünəməxsus tarixi xarakteri ilə gəlir və bu xarakter onun sovet dövründəki inkişafına bilavasitə təsir edir.Azərbaycan ədəbi dilinin tarixi, o qədər də sistemli və ardıcıl olmayan bir sıra təşəbbüsləri nəzərə almasaq, əsrimizin 30-cu illərindən etibarən araşdırılmağa başlanılmışdır. Azərbaycan ədəbi dilinin inkişafı, onun ictimai təsirinin çoxalması baxımından keçmiş sovet dövrü, ədəbi dilin mərhələləri içərisində xüsusi əhəmiyyətə malikdir. Uzun əsrlər boyu zəngin ənənələr qazanmış ədəbi-bədii üslubla yanaşı, ədəbi dilin publisistik, elmi və epistolyar üslubları cəmiyyətin inkişafı ilə əlaqədar bu dövrdə daha da aparıcı mövqeyə çıxmağa başlamışdır. Ədəbi dilimizin bu dövrünün əsaslı tədqiqi ona görə dilçilərin qarşısında həmişə aktual bir mənbə kimi qalır ki, tədqiqatın bu istiqamətdə aparılması prosesində Azərbaycan ədəbi dilinin sonrakı inkişaf yolları aydınlaşdırılır, müxtəlif dil faktlarını ümumiləşdirməklə mütərəqqi meyar aşkara çıxarılır, müəyyən elmi nəticələr əldə etməyə imkan verir. Azərbaycan ədəbi dili Azərbaycan ümumxalq dili əsasında və kifayət qədər mürəkkəb etnolinqvistik proseslərin nəticəsi kimi təşəkkül tapmışdır. Bu barədə birbirini çox hallarda istisna edən mülahizələr mövcuddur. Lakin 80-ci illərin ortalarından etibarən Azərbaycan xalqının, Azərbaycan dilinin (o cümlədən ədəbi dilin) mənşəyi ilə əlaqədar müəyyən ümumi qənaətlər formalaşmaqda və milli tarixi-filoloji təfəkkürün əsaslarını təşkil etməkdədir. Azərbaycan dili, məlum olduğu kimi, ən qədim zamanlardan Avrasiyada geniş yayılmış türk dilləri qrupuna daxildir. Dil (eyni zamanda ədəbi dil) prosesləri ictimai mahiyyəti etibarilə etnik proseslərlə sıx bağlıdır. Açar sözlər: dövr, qrammatika, lüğət, əsər, şeir Sevinj Yashar Mammadova Azerbaijani literary language and internal speech problems Abstract The vocabulary of the Azerbaijani literary language comes to the Soviet period with its own historical character, both in relation to the sources of enrichment and the level of functional stylistic differentiation, and this character directly affects its development in the Soviet period. The history of the literary language of Azerbaijan, if we do not take into account a number of initiatives that are not so systematic and consistent, started to investigate from the 30s of our century. From the point of view of the development of the literary language of Azerbaijan and the increase of its social influence, the former Soviet period is of special importance among the stages of the literary language. In addition to the literary and artistic style, which has gained rich traditions for many centuries, journalistic, scientific and epistolary styles of the literary language began to take a leading position in this period due to the development of society. Fundamental research of this period of our literary language remains a relevant source for linguists because in the process of conducting research in this direction, the further development paths of the Azerbaijani literary language are clarified, a progressive criterion is revealed by summarizing various linguistic facts, and it allows to obtain certain scientific results. The literary language of Azerbaijan was formed on the basis of the national language of Azerbaijan and as a result of rather complex ethnolinguistic processes. There are often mutually exclusive opinions about this. However, since the mid-1980s, certain general conclusions regarding the origin of the Azerbaijani people and the Azerbaijani language (including the literary language) have been formed and form the basis of the national historical-philological thinking. The Azerbaijani language, as it is known, belongs to the group of Turkic languages widely distributed in Eurasia since ancient times. Language (at the same time, literary language) processes are closely related to ethnic processes by their social nature. Key words: period, grammar, dictionary, work, poem
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Huber, Jessica E., Bharath Chandrasekaran, and John J. Wolstencroft. "Changes to respiratory mechanisms during speech as a result of different cues to increase loudness." Journal of Applied Physiology 98, no. 6 (June 2005): 2177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01239.2004.
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The purpose of the present study was to determine whether different cues to increase loudness in speech result in different internal targets (or goals) for respiratory movement and whether the neural control of the respiratory system is sensitive to changes in the speaker's internal loudness target. This study examined respiratory mechanisms during speech in 30 young adults at comfortable level and increased loudness levels. Increased loudness was elicited using three methods: asking subjects to target a specific sound pressure level, asking subjects to speak twice as loud as comfortable, and asking subjects to speak in noise. All three loud conditions resulted in similar increases in sound pressure level . However, the respiratory mechanisms used to support the increase in loudness differed significantly depending on how the louder speech was elicited. When asked to target at a particular sound pressure level, subjects used a mechanism of increasing the lung volume at which speech was initiated to take advantage of higher recoil pressures. When asked to speak twice as loud as comfortable, subjects increased expiratory muscle tension, for the most part, to increase the pressure for speech. However, in the most natural of the elicitation methods, speaking in noise, the subjects used a combined respiratory approach, using both increased recoil pressures and increased expiratory muscle tension. In noise, an additional target, possibly improving intelligibility of speech, was reflected in the slowing of speech rate and in larger volume excursions even though the speakers were producing the same number of syllables.
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Guy, Gregory R., and Cecelia Cutler. "Speech style and authenticity: Quantitative evidence for the performance of identity." Language Variation and Change 23, no. 1 (March 2011): 139–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394510000232.
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AbstractThe question of what constitutes an authentic speaker, particularly with regard to African American Vernacular English (AAVE), has been the subject of some debate in sociolinguistics (Butters, 1984; Labov, 1980; Sweetland, 2002) and arises anew in the case of white hip-hop–affiliated youth (WHHs) who converge toward AAVE in their speech. This paper takes a quantitative approach to this question by examining how speech style alters the relationship between the frequencies of a variable in different linguistic environments. Guy (1991b) showed that the exponential relationship in English among rates of coronal stop deletion (CSD) in several morphological categories is systematically distorted by constraints on the surface-level phonology. Because stylistic variation appears to operate at this level, such distortion provides an internal measure of a speaker's stylistic shifting away from their neutral vernacular usage. Data on CSD deletion from WHHs who style shift toward AAVE show this kind of distortion when compared with the speech of AAVE speakers. This data provide strong internal evidence in support of the idea that some WHHs are “performing” a speech style that diverges from their unmarked style.
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Ivashkevych, Eduard, and Ruslan Simko. "The Characteristics of Inner Speech of a Personality by Use of the Method of Dialogical Analysis of the Case." Collection of Research Papers "Problems of Modern Psychology", no. 57 (April 7, 2022): 32–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32626/2227-6246.2022-57.32-50.
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he purpose of our article is to characterize the method of dialogical analy-sis of the case for description of inner speech of the person, to show it use on practice during the providing of statement experiment.methods of the research. The following theoretical methods of the research were used to solve the tasks formulated in the article: the categorical method, structural and functional methods, the methods of the analysis, systematization, modeling, generalization. Also in our research we used a statement experiment as an empirical method. With the aim to diagnose the level of the development ofinner speech of the person we used the author’s method of dialogical analysis of the case.the results of the research. In the article it was shown, that human feelings act as an experience of “Me”, and in this regard it is as external monologues, and on the other hand they are dialogical in nature, they can hear a broken dialogue with others: appeals, questions, expected answers, desires that are not expressed, accusations, etc., that exists in a covert form of internal dialogue. Un-der the dialogical analysis of the case we understand the reconstruction of the movement of internal dialogue, which becomes possible as a result of a special attitude to the text (for this purpose, special methods of textual analysis were developed).conclusions. Theinner speech was showed to be the speech for himself/herself. External speech is speech for others. Psychologically, the language of the pupil in functional and structural terms is egocentric speech, it is not under-stood as internal speech and is not separated by the child from speech for others. Objectively, this language is a function differentiated from social thinking, but again inconsistent, because it can only function in a situation that makes social speech possible.
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Verstraete, Jean-Christophe. "A semiotic model for the description of levels in conjunction." Functions of Language 5, no. 2 (January 1, 1998): 179–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.5.2.04ver.
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This paper attempts to develop a comprehensive model for the problem of internal vs. external conjunction (Halliday & Hasan 1976). It is first argued that the distinction between internal and external conjunction is not merely a matter of semantics, but that the two types are semiotically significant categories. By postulating that internal and external conjunction are cryptotypically anchored in the speaker-encoding vs. content-related grammar of their main clause, it can be explained why and how syntactic criteria like clefting or nominalization 'react' to the semantic distinction between the two types of conjunction. Secondly, it is argued that the internal category should be subdivided into two grammatically distinct types of conjunction, which are related to the modal and the speech functional grammar of their main clause. Finally, this analysis is used to propose a sharper delineation of the modal and the speech functional subtypes of the internal category.
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Kohler, Klaus J. "Articulatory dynamics of vowels and consonants in speech communication." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 31, no. 1 (June 2001): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100301001013.
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This paper provides a statistical account of schwa elision and vowel nasalization, and of nasalization and deletion of plosives in a large corpus of German spontaneous dialogues in comparison with an equally large data base of read speech (sentences and texts) from large groups of North German speakers. The phonetic variability of these phrase-level processes is projected onto the articulatory dynamics in global opening and closing gestures, which are taken to be basic phonetic structures of speech communication. Trends for gesture reorganization are derived from statistics, and related to external control factors of word boundary, word class, speech style as well as internal phonetic conditions of gestural make-up and of reduction of articulatory complexity. These synchronic facts of one language are compared with parallel instances from other languages and linked to congruent diachronic data of sound change, thus laying the foundation for generalizable phrase-level patterns of human speech production.
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Setyawati, Luthfiyah Hanim, Mangatur Rudolf Nababan, and Djatmika Djatmika. "Translation Analysis toward Expressions Mitigating Speech Act of Criticizing in Harper Lee’s to Kill A Mockingbird and Go Set A Watchman." Journal of English Language Teaching and Linguistics 3, no. 2 (July 25, 2018): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21462/jeltl.v3i2.113.
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<p><em>Using descriptive qualitative method, this paper aims to identify the forms of mitigation of criticizing speech acts in two novels entitled To Kill a Mockingbird and Go Set A Watchman, to identify translation technique used and to describe the quality of translation of expressions mitigating speech act of criticizing in those novels. Data used were linguistic units (words, phrases, clauses, or sentences) represented mitigation types of criticizing speech act. The findings indicate that there were two mitigation types of speech act criticizing, namely external and internal. Expressions mitigating speech act of criticizing from those novels mainly had an equivalent message in Source Text (ST). Translation techniques applied to translate mitigation forms in criticizing speech act imply the translator’s competence in conveying the message of Source Text. Thus, it will impact on shifting meaning or even level of politeness.</em></p>
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Venezia, Jonathan H., Nicole Whittle, Marjorie R. Leek, and Christian Herrera Ortiz. "Estimating the contribution of central noise from composite performance across multiple tasks." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0016004.
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According to signal detection theory, the ability to detect a signal is limited only by internal noise, which comprises peripheral and central sources. Here, we develop a statistical approach to parse central from peripheral noise. Fifty-two Veterans (mean age = 47.8, range = 30–60) with normal or near-normal hearing performed AXB discrimination for several temporal processing tasks: gap duration discrimination, forward masking, frequency modulation detection, and interaural phase modulation detection. After training, a single adaptive run (40 reversals) was completed for each task. Subjects also completed speech-in-noise testing (“Theo-Victor-Michael") with four masker types (48 trials ea.): speech-shaped noise, speech-envelope modulated noise, one and two competing talkers. Composite speech performance was estimated using principal component analysis. Bayesian hierarchical regression was used to estimate two-parameter psychometric functions (threshold, slope) simultaneously for all temporal tasks and subjects. Crucially, fixed (group-level) thresholds were estimated per task but only a single random (subject-level) intercept was estimated (mean across-task deviation from the group thresholds). We assume central noise is the primary factor limiting across-task performance. The principal speech scores were entered as regressors on this “central threshold.” Indeed, central threshold was correlated with the principal speech scores, suggesting that central noise limits temporal processing and speech-in-noise.
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Stathopoulos, Elaine T., and Christine M. Sapienza. "Developmental Changes in Laryngeal and Respiratory Function With Variations in Sound Pressure Level." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 40, no. 3 (June 1997): 595–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4003.595.
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The development of the speech production system was investigated using a crosssectional design that included children aged 4–14 years and adults. Given that the size and internal structure of the laryngeal and respiratory systems differ between children and adults, it was predicted that children would show functional distinctions from adults during speech. Aerodynamic, acoustic, and respiratory kinematic techniques were used to assess laryngeal and respiratory function while participants varied their sound pressure level. In general, the aerodynamic and acoustic results show that men and 14-year-old boys function differently than women and all other groups of children. For the respiratory function data, children's values are similar to adults' by the time they are 12–14 years of age. These changes correspond closely to developmental laryngeal and respiratory anatomic data. All participants used a combination of laryngeal and respiratory mechanisms to increase sound pressure level, but the combination of mechanisms differed across age groups. These data emphasize that the laryngeal and respiratory behavior of children is not easily predicted from an adult model.
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Vasilyeva, S. P., and T. M. Nizamutinova. "STUDY OF DYNAMIC PROCESSES IN THE INTERNAL VOCABULARY OF A SCHOOL STUDENT BY THE METHOD OF FREE ASSOCIATION EXPERIMENT." Bulletin of Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University named after V.P. Astafiev 53, no. 3 (October 30, 2020): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.25146/1995-0861-2020-53-3-234.
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Statement of the problem and the purpose of the article. The development of language / speech ability is the basis for mastering any activity, especially educational one. Using the ideas of the Moscow psycholinguistic school, we believe the basic part of speech activity to be an internal or mental lexicon / vocabulary, allowing to simulate the language picture of the world, linguistic consciousness. Research methodology. The most effective way to study language consciousness, hence the internal lexicon, is the free association experiment (SAE). The experience of creating associative dictionaries as a result of mass association experiments is known in the world and in the country. The most famous associative dictionary in Russia is the Russian associative dictionary (RAS) 1994-1998. Since the end of the XX century, associative dictionaries for schoolchildren have been created in our country as a tool for studying the dynamic processes of the internal lexicon among schoolchildren of different age groups. Research results. The materials of the “Associative dictionary of Krasnoyarsk schoolchildren” as a model of internal lexicon allow us to study the reflection of thinking and understanding of the surrounding world by schoolchildren, the level of formation of cognitive structures. Psycholinguistic analysis of associative fields gives an idea of the level of formation of the conceptual apparatus, the image of the world. By analyzing associative fields as a fragment of the internal lexicon of a student of a certain age, you can plan activities to correct and develop the internal lexicon of a teenager.
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Yazdanfar, Shiler, and Alireza Bonyadi. "Request Strategies in Everyday Interactions of Persian and English Speakers." SAGE Open 6, no. 4 (October 2016): 215824401667947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244016679473.
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Cross-cultural studies of speech acts in different linguistic contexts might have interesting implications for language researchers and practitioners. Drawing on the Speech Act Theory, the present study aimed at conducting a comparative study of request speech act in Persian and English. Specifically, the study endeavored to explore the request strategies used in daily interactions of Persian and English speakers based on directness level and supportive moves. To this end, English and Persian TV series were observed and requestive utterances were transcribed. The utterances were then categorized based on Blum-Kulka and Olshtain’s Cross-Cultural Study of Speech Act Realization Pattern (CCSARP) for directness level and internal and external mitigation devises. According to the results, although speakers of both languages opted for the direct level as their most frequently used strategy in their daily interactions, the English speakers used more conventionally indirect strategies than the Persian speakers did, and the Persian speakers used more non-conventionally indirect strategies than the English speakers did. Furthermore, the analyzed data revealed the fact that American English speakers use more mitigation devices in their daily interactions with friends and family members than Persian speakers.
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Poeppel, David, William J. Idsardi, and Virginie van Wassenhove. "Speech perception at the interface of neurobiology and linguistics." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1493 (September 21, 2007): 1071–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2160.
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Speech perception consists of a set of computations that take continuously varying acoustic waveforms as input and generate discrete representations that make contact with the lexical representations stored in long-term memory as output. Because the perceptual objects that are recognized by the speech perception enter into subsequent linguistic computation, the format that is used for lexical representation and processing fundamentally constrains the speech perceptual processes. Consequently, theories of speech perception must, at some level, be tightly linked to theories of lexical representation. Minimally, speech perception must yield representations that smoothly and rapidly interface with stored lexical items. Adopting the perspective of Marr, we argue and provide neurobiological and psychophysical evidence for the following research programme. First, at the implementational level, speech perception is a multi-time resolution process, with perceptual analyses occurring concurrently on at least two time scales (approx. 20–80 ms, approx. 150–300 ms), commensurate with (sub)segmental and syllabic analyses, respectively. Second, at the algorithmic level, we suggest that perception proceeds on the basis of internal forward models, or uses an ‘analysis-by-synthesis’ approach. Third, at the computational level (in the sense of Marr), the theory of lexical representation that we adopt is principally informed by phonological research and assumes that words are represented in the mental lexicon in terms of sequences of discrete segments composed of distinctive features. One important goal of the research programme is to develop linking hypotheses between putative neurobiological primitives (e.g. temporal primitives) and those primitives derived from linguistic inquiry, to arrive ultimately at a biologically sensible and theoretically satisfying model of representation and computation in speech.
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Prokofyeva, L. P., I. L. Plastun, N. V. Filippova, L. Yu Matveeva, and Na S. Plastun. "Emotion recognition by speech signal characteristics (linguistic, clinical, informative aspects)." Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, no. 2 (2021): 325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/75/23.
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The paper presents an experimental project of linguists, medical professionals, lawyers, com-puter security specialists dealing with emotions discernment by basic speech signal characteristics. The software has been created, and its first testing has been carried out in the social network VKontakte. The collected recordings of speech fragments of live spontaneous prox-imate-intermediated dialogical speech were analyzed at several levels. First, a complex lin-guistic analysis revealed lexico-semantic and prosodic features of emotionality. Then, a com-parison with the software results was carried out, and the data obtained were systematized. Also, conclusions on the leading role of prosody in revealing hidden types of emotional stress were made. Frequent agreements of digital meanings of prosodic elements in speech segments were found demonstrating emotions not fixed at the lexico-semantic level. Finally, the work-ing formulation for external and internal ways of emotionality expression in the live speech was offered.
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Dillon, Harvey. "Hearing Aid Evaluation." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 36, no. 3 (June 1993): 621–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3603.621.
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In this study, hearing aid gain for speech was defined as the difference in level between the aided and unaided performance-intensity functions measured at any specific value of percentage of items correct. The articulation index method was used to predict speech gain based on the subject’s unaided sound field thresholds, ambient room noise, hearing aid internal noise, hearing aid insertion gain, and the subject’s unaided performance-intensity function. Predicted speech gain agreed with measured speech gain with rms errors of only 3 dB for 11 subjects with mild or moderate hearing loss tested with monosyllabic words and continuous discourse. The speech gain provided by a hearing aid can thus be predicted from electroacoustic measures, which generally can be obtained in a shorter time. Importance functions believed to be applicable to nonsense syllables, words, and continuous discourse were used to make the predictions, but prediction accuracy was not affected by the importance function chosen. Speech gain measured with the monosyllabic word test was highly correlated with speech gain measured with the continuous discourse test, provided that similar presentation levels were used.
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Maksymenko, Ksenia, and Heorhii Kalmykov. "Psycholinguistic Concept and the Model of Speech Influence by A.A. Leontiev and Its Importance for Actualization of the Modern Communication Problems." PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 24, no. 1 (October 3, 2018): 227–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2309-1797-2018-24-1-227-251.
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The article reveals the main provisions of the concept of speech influence and describes its theoretical model, which was developed by well-known psycholinguist of the 20th century A.A. Leontiev. The main ideas of this concept are explicated within the scope of the problem of speech communication and conditioned by this verbal act processes of speaking of the communicator (speaker) and listening of the recipient (s). The speech influence is considered by the researcher of this problem at the level of the internal and external stages of the communicative-speech processes generation of the speaker and the recipient. That is why A.A. Leontiev pays great attention in this concept to the analysis of such psycholinguistic phenomena as: «value», «sense», «semantic field of the recipient», «sign», «internal speech», «internal programming», «act of speaking» etc. The article reveals the following aspects: a) established by A.A. Leontiev evolution of the forms of communication and its psychological and semiotic mediation; b) separated by him stages of the historical formation of the activity of communication, in particular its final stage – the speech effect, which becomes a professional activity, motivated «from inside the self»; c) distinguished by the researcher notions of «speech» and «speech activity», d) defined by him the notion of «communication» and its varieties, e) associated with orientation – the criterion of speech communication – speech effect, which is characterized as one of the aspects of psychological content of communication, g) identified by three parameters phenomenon of the sign and applied in its interpretation two methods of scientific analysis important for a deep understanding of speech influence used, through the processes of understanding (the transition from a sign to the thought) and through the objectification of the subjective communicative intention (the transition from a thought to the sign) and other important provisions of the proposed concept. The content of this manuscript also describes the psycholinguistic model of speech effect, which, according to the author, has statuses or psychological actions, or appears as an independent activity with its own motive, has a feedback, acts in various forms of interference with consciousness and subconscious of the personality, etc.; the ways of achieving changes in the recipient’s existing values under the influence of the content of communicator’s speech are represented; the three-layer psycholinguistic structure of the speech influence is substantiated. In the debating section of the article, it is suggested to consider the scientific work of A.A. Leontiev concerning the speech influence as a psycholinguistic theory, by taking into account its theoretical and practical significance for modern science and communicative practice.
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후쿠토미리에. "Speech Level in a First Meeting Conversation between Students of the Same Grade： in a Japanese Internal Situation." Journal of the society of Japanese Language and Literature, Japanology ll, no. 53 (May 2011): 177–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21792/trijpn.2011..53.010.
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Sugahara, Mariko, and Alice Turk. "Durational correlates of English sublexical constituent structure." Phonology 26, no. 3 (November 19, 2009): 477–524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675709990248.
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This study investigates whether differences (a) in word-internal morphological structure and (b) in lexical stress patterns are reflected in prosodic constituent structure, by examining duration measurements in Scottish English. In Experiments 1 and 2, at a slow speech rate, stem-final rhymes followed by Level II suffixes were on average 4–6% longer than corresponding strings in monomorphemic words, and 7–8% longer than stem-final rhymes followed by Level I suffixes. These results are consistent with the view that stems preceding Level II suffixes are mapped onto prosodic words in the prosodic representation. Experiment 3 obtained no reliable durational differences, even at a slow speech rate, between the initial syllable rhymes of SS words and SW words, which does not provide evidence for the hypothesis that these different stress patterns are represented as differences in foot structure.
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Wahyu, Gede Eka, and Ni Putu Evi Wahyu Citrawati. "The Investigation of Request Strategies By EFL Learners of The International Institute of Tourism and Business Denpasar." Humanis 25, no. 2 (May 22, 2021): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jh.2021.v25.i02.p03.
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Communicative competence has been the goal teaching of a second or foreign language. In acquiring the language, speakers of language also acquire the rules of knowledge and choose the speech acts when communicating with others. This study aimed to investigate the act of request strategies and request perspectives produced by the student of The International Institute of Tourism and Business Denpasar. There are fifty students’ involved in the study with intermediate level in their English proficiency. The data is collected with a written Discourse Completion Test (DCT) which has ten request situations. Soshana Blum Kulka and Olshtain’s (1984) theory is used to categorize the speech acts produce in analyzing data. The result of the project showed that most of the students use internal modification and the number of students external modification in their speech acts.
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Shipova, Natalia S. "Personal characteristics and internal picture of the defect in disabled adults." Vestnik of Kostroma State University. Series: Pedagogy. Psychology. Sociokinetics 27, no. 2 (July 30, 2021): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/2073-1426-2021-27-2-128-134.
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The presented article describes the results of the study of the components of the internal picture of the defect and their relationship with personality traits in adults with deficient dysontogeny type (respondents with visual impairment, speech impairment, musculoskeletal system impairment, hearing impairment). At the theoretical level, an analysis of the possibilities of a defect to determine violations of personal development and personal changes is presented. We noted a greater number of connections in the group of people with visual impairments, and the least in the group of people with severe speech impairments. As a result of empirical analysis, correlations of personality traits and components of the internal picture of a defect in respondents of various nosological groups were revealed, and the influence of personality traits on the folding of structure of internal picture of the defect as a whole was determined. As a result of regression analysis, the influence of spontaneity and sensitivity on the physical and sensitive components in the group of persons with musculoskeletal disorders was revealed; anxiety on the physical and sensitive component of internal picture of the defect in the group of people with visual impairment. When considering the influence of personal characteristics on the components of the internal picture of the defect without reference to nosological groups, the main influence of spontaneity was revealed.
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Góral-Półrola, Jolanta, and Zbigniew Tarkowski. "Cluttering: A Multifaceted Communication Disorder." Perspectives on Global Issues in Communication Sciences and Related Disorders 4, no. 2 (September 2014): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/gics4.2.63.
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The article presents a multifaceted communication disorder, cluttering, as it is understood in Poland. According to the authors, cluttering is the result of disorganization in thinking processes and in planning of verbal utterances at the level of the internal speech. Semantic, phonological, and pragmatic disturbances can be found in people with cluttering (PWC). Two cluttering subtypes are presented as well.
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Bazyma, Nataliia, Oksana Koropatova, Yuliia Bondarenko, Olga Forostian, Hanna Sokolova, and Veronika Kovylina. "Characteristics of Language Behavior and Speech Activity in Children with Autistic Disorders: Theoretical Aspect." BRAIN. BROAD RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 12, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 01–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/brain/12.1/167.
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Speech development of a child with autism does not always take place at the appropriate age and does not always obey the laws of development of speech functions. According to the analysis of literature sources, the direct study of speech activity of children with autistic disorders requires a more detailed study. According to our predictions, a child with autistic disorders of older preschool age due to the peculiarities of communicative and behavioral spheres will show a low level of speech activity, which can be explained directly by the specificity of speech development along with limited language experience and insufficient knowledge of language and its use in communication. Language behavior consists of two complementary and interrelated processes: psychological formation (generation) of speech utterance and perception of the expanded speech of the interlocutor. The model of speech utterance generation includes five consecutive, interconnected stages (phases) identified by O.O. Leontiev (1967): the motive of utterance; the idea of expression; internal programming; lexical and grammatical development of the utterance; implementation of speech expression in external speech. Speech activity is one of the many forms of general activity, a reflection of the needs that arise in accordance with specific communication situations, a prerequisite and an important component of language behavior. The term "speech activity" is considered by us in the sense of the presence of a motive for speech utterance and direct speech utterance, which may occur as a reaction-response to the interlocutor's remark or as a desire to inform the interlocutor of their own thoughts, experiences, emotions, needs.
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Agnew, Jeremy, and Michael Block. "The Perception of Internal Circuit Noise in Hearing Aids by Listeners With Normal Hearing." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 40, no. 5 (October 1997): 1177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4005.1177.
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Internal circuit noise in hearing aids is distracting to a listener and, if loud enough, may interfere with intelligibility, either by direct masking of weak components of speech or through the generation of undesired intermodulation products, which can also act as a source of masking. The objective characteristics of noise may be measured; however, wearers of hearing aids often differ in their subjective reporting of the perceived characteristics of the internal noise. This study reports on the results for four listeners with normal hearing of matching pitch and amplitude to the internal noise generated within a series of hearing aids. Results of these experiments showed that the listeners (a) primarily matched the perceived pitch of the noise to the frequency of their most sensitive hearing, and (b) matched the perceived level of the noise approximately to the total SPL noise level.
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Reynolds, Andrea Leigh, Jessica Lindsay Vick, and Nancy Jeanne Haak. "Telehealth applications in speech-language pathology: a modified narrative review." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 15, no. 6 (August 31, 2009): 310–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jtt.2009.081215.
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We conducted a modified narrative review of the literature on telehealth applications used in speech-language pathology assessment and treatment. The following databases and information resources were used: MEDLINE, CINAHL, PSYCInfo, ERIC, Digital Dissertations, CSA Social Services Abstracts, CSA Sociological Abstracts, On-line ASHA publications and personal contacts. Sixty-two full-text documents were located. Twenty-eight provided sufficient detail to be reviewed using a checklist adapted from the Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network (SIGN) recommendations for level of evidence rankings and quality assessment ratings. Five of the 28 studies received a ranking indicating a high level of evidence (larger sample sizes, assessed outcomes with valid and reliable measures, performed statistical analysis of study results, measured reliability of study results, ensured internal and external validity, and ensured randomization of participants to groups). These five studies concluded that the service delivery results from telehealth were equivalent to traditional face-to-face results. However, telehealth was not a complete replacement for face-to-face service delivery and further research is required.
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Covello, Leonard V., Michael P. Karnell, and Earl J. Seaver. "Videoendoscopy and Photodetection: Linearity of a New Integrated System." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 29, no. 2 (March 1992): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_1992_029_0168_vaploa_2.3.co_2.
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Simultaneous videoendoscopy and photodetection has potential for improving the assessment of changes in velopharyngeal (VP) movements and closure over time during speech. The purpose of this project was to examine the linearity of a new system, including a pediatric bronchoscope with an internal instrument channel through which the photodetector fiber was positioned. The results led to the conclusion that the response of the new system was linear. However, further examination Indicated that system positioning variables had important effects on the overall level of photodetector light detection. These observations confirm the Importance of monitoring and controlling the position of the endoscope-photodetector apparatus in the nasopharynx when using the system to evaluate velopharyngeal movement and closure for speech.
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STOCKS, N. G., D. ALLINGHAM, and R. P. MORSE. "THE APPLICATION OF SUPRATHRESHOLD STOCHASTIC RESONANCE TO COCHLEAR IMPLANT CODING." Fluctuation and Noise Letters 02, no. 03 (September 2002): L169—L181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219477502000774.
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In this paper we explore the possibility of using a recently discovered form of stochastic resonance - termed suprathreshold stochastic resonance - to improve speech comprehension in patients fitted with cochlear implants. A leaky-integrate-and-fire (LIF) neurone is used to model cochlear nerve activity when subject to electrical stimulation. This model, in principle, captures key aspects of temporal coding in analogue cochlear implants. Estimates for the information transmitted by a population of nerve fibres is obtained as a function of internal (neuronal) noise level. We conclude that SSR does indeed provide a possible mechanism by which information transmission along the cochlear nerve can be improved - and thus may well lead to improved speech comprehension.
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Hnath-Chisolm, Theresa E., Erin Laipply, and Arthur Boothroyd. "Age-Related Changes on a Children's Test of Sensory-Level Speech Perception Capacity." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 41, no. 1 (February 1998): 94–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4101.94.
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Normative data, as a function of age, were obtained on a test designed to assess sensory-level speech perception capacity, the Three-Interval Forced-Choice Test of Speech Pattern Contrast Perception, otherwise known as THRIFTSPAC (or THRIFT for short). Performance under the input modalities of hearing alone, speechreading alone, and the two combined was measured in 44 normally developing children between the ages of 5 years 7 months and 10 years 9 months. Resultsrevealed that within each condition there were significant influences of age on performance for children below age 7 years. These changes appeared to be related to cognitive and, possibly, to phonological development. Implications for the clinical implementation of THRIFT are discussed.
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Fama, Mackenzie E., and Peter E. Turkeltaub. "Inner Speech in Aphasia: Current Evidence, Clinical Implications, and Future Directions." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 29, no. 1S (February 21, 2020): 560–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_ajslp-cac48-18-0212.
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Purpose Typical language users can engage in a lively internal monologue for introspection and task performance, but what is the nature of inner speech among individuals with aphasia? Studying the phenomenon of inner speech in this population has the potential to further our understanding of inner speech more generally, help clarify the subjective experience of those with aphasia, and inform clinical practice. In this scoping review, we describe and synthesize the existing literature on inner speech in aphasia. Method Studies examining inner speech in aphasia were located through electronic databases and citation searches. Across the various studies, methods include both subjective approaches (i.e., asking individuals with aphasia about the integrity of their inner speech) and objective approaches (i.e., administering objective language tests as proxy measures for inner speech ability). The findings of relevant studies are summarized. Results Although definitions of inner speech vary across research groups, studies using both subjective and objective methods have established findings showing that inner speech can be preserved relative to spoken language in individuals with aphasia, particularly among those with relatively intact word retrieval and difficulty primarily at the level of speech output processing. Approaches that combine self-report with objective measures have demonstrated that individuals with aphasia are, on the whole, reliably able to report the integrity of their inner speech. Conclusions The examination of inner speech in individuals with aphasia has potential implications for clinical practice, in that differences in the preservation of inner speech across individuals may help guide clinical decision making around aphasia treatment. Although there are many questions that remain open to further investigation, studying inner speech in this specific population has also contributed to a broader understanding of the mechanisms of inner speech more generally.
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Birkholc, Robert. "Narracja subiektywna zapośredniczona. Wokół zagadnienia „mowy pozornie zależnej” w filmie." Studia Europaea Gnesnensia, no. 14 (December 15, 2016): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/seg.2016.14.8.
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The paper sets out to describe the “free indirect speech” of film, which the author chooses to cali “mediated subjective narrative”. Based on specific examples, the author characterizes the narrative devices which in a way are analogous to what literary studies define as “free indirect discourse”. The basic indicators of that textual figure include subjectivization of communication on a stylistic level and interference of internal and external focalization.
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Nikitina, Ksenia. "The Migration Crisis as It Seems: Speech Manipulation Technology in US Internet Media." American, British and Canadian Studies Journal 27, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/abcsj-2016-0016.
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Abstract The following paper is devoted to the study of speech manipulation technologies in US political media discourse. A number of web-based articles have been taken under consideration for this study. They demonstrate the problem arising from the refugee flow in Europe and create a special “image” of the complicated European situation. It is helpful to see how the situation appears in the Internet media since this type of mass communication is most influential these days. While considering a large amount of media texts, a special speech manipulation technology has been revealed. This phenomenon demonstrates a distinct structure and close interrelations of purposefully selected elements. Going through a number of stages we can find out the technology of speech manipulation – a system of using the aggregate of speech manipulation instruments in order to purposefully guide the reality perception of the mass audience. The external level of the texts enables us to take a penetrating look at the internal intentions. This knowledge will help us not to confuse the migration crisis as it is and the migration crisis as it seems.
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Mihăilă, Cătălina-Elena. "Cuvântul rostit de actor. De la cuvântul scris la cuvântul celuilalt." Cercetări teatrale 2, no. 1 (2021): 37–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.46522/ct.2021.01.02.
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Exceeding the level of everyday speech, the word spoken by the actor on stage aims to become a superior form of expression. Thus, we will follow a double approach of the word starting from the original word found in the dramatic text. On the one hand, we will look for that word which, taken from the written plan, is uttered following an act of creation, and the other hand, by inner assumption, we will follow the word that exceeds the level of auditory pleasure and is uttered under the imprint of a internal content.
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Rakisheva, Zhanagul, Aelita Sagiyeva, Assel Utegenova, and Bibigul Vasic. "Units of a person’s mental lexicon and the nature of connections between them." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 8, no. 3 (October 4, 2021): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v8i3.6405.
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In the modern world, the interest of the scientific world on the interdisciplinary basis of speech perception on the part of psychology and Philology has increased significantly. It should be noted that, despite the increasing role of the English language in Kazakhstan at the present time, this problem is probably the least developed. The purpose of the article is to describe the results of scientific research on the process of entering a foreign word into the system of internal lexicon of a student at the level of professional training. Methodology used: experimental (identification of the threshold of the "educational" lexical minimum) and comparative (comparison of associative fields of English words of the profile for students of the direction, in general 1500 lexical units) were used. From the results the data obtained allow us to identify the specifics of the entry of a foreign language word into the system of the student's internal lexicon at the professional level. Keywords: psycholinguistics, mental lexicon, internal dictionary, foreign language, connections
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Srinivas, Pratiksha, Joel Nwosu, Aloaye Foy-Yamah, and Clement Okiemute Ejohwomu. "Carotid artery dissection: a case of recurrence." BMJ Case Reports 14, no. 5 (May 2021): e241718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2021-241718.
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A 53-year-old healthy man with history of left internal carotid artery dissection in 2006 presented with right-sided facial pain with paraesthesia associated with taste and speech disturbances. A CT angiogram was done without further delay considering the patient’s history of dissection, and revealed a non-occlusive right-sided internal carotid artery dissection at the skull base level. The neurologist, neurosurgeons and stroke team were involved in the care, and the patient was immediately moved to a tertiary hospital for further intervention. Brain MRI and magnetic resonance angiography did not reveal further progression of the dissection and the patient was therefore medically managed.
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Tiani, Riris. "Preservation of Cultural Identity through Speech Components in the Southern Coastal Java Environment." E3S Web of Conferences 202 (2020): 07045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020207045.
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This research discusses the form of defence of the southern coastal community which is frequently considered strange by most of the Indonesian archipelago community. The analysis began with discussing the linguistic phenomena of the local community, identifying and corroborating the findings as initial capital to determine the analysis method. The findings can be useful for making corrections or structuring social and cultural policies towards indigenous/local wisdom and preserving cultural identity. The research was oriented to the speech lexicon of the Southern coastal communities of Central Java. This research used descriptive qualitative and contextual approaches. The analysis used to describe the speech component was dialect geography and collaborated with an anthropological-linguistic approach to find innovative forms and factors that maintained local identity. As the southern coastal chain of Central Java, bordering with West Java, the nuances of cultural acculturation as a form of cultural pluralism are very visible. Cultural acculturation results in the emergence of language enclaves. The language enclave is formed because the speech community has a speech code that is different from the mother tongue and the nearest language. Language enclaves formed on the southern coast of Central Java occur at the level of internal innovation. Internal innovations in the southern coast language enclave occur in the form of allophones and allomorphs that can be traced based on the articulation process. Social heritage as a form of language preservation in the language enclave of the southern coast of Central Java is formed by the characteristics of simplicity and social intelligence of the people.
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Plomp, Reinier. "A Signal-to-Noise Ratio Model for the Speech-Reception Threshold of the Hearing Impaired." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 29, no. 2 (June 1986): 146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.2902.146.
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This paper reviews the results of a series of investigations inspired by a model of the speech-reception threshold (SRT) of hearing-impaired listeners. The model contains two parameters accounting for the SRT of normal-hearing listeners (SRT in quiet and signal-to-noise ratio corresponding to the threshold at high noise levels), two parameters describing the hearing loss (attenuation and threshold elevation in terms of signal-to-noise ratio), and three parameters describing the hearing aid (acoustic gain, threshold elevation expressed in signal-to-noise ratio, and equivalent internal noise level). Experimental data are reported for three different types of hearing impairment: presbycusis, hearing losses with a pathological origin, and noise-induced losses. The model gives an excellent description of the data. It demonstrates that for many hearing-impaired persons speech intelligibility at noise levels beyond 50 to 60 dB(A) is their main problem, whereas hearing aids are most effective below that noise level.
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Reeder, Kenneth, Jon Shapiro, Jane Wakefield, and Reg D'Silva. "Speech Recognition Software Contributes to Reading Development for Young Learners of English." International Journal of Computer-Assisted Language Learning and Teaching 5, no. 3 (July 2015): 60–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcallt.2015070104.
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Thirty-six English language learners aged 6;8 to 12;6 years received practice with The Reading Tutor, which uses speech recognition to listen to oral reading and provides context-sensitive feedback. A crossover research design controlled effects of classroom instruction. The first subgroup worked with the software for 3.5 months, and following a week's crossover period, the second subgroup worked for a subsequent 3.5 months. Both groups were assessed to obtain comparable gains both in regular classroom with English as an Additional Language (EAL) support and in the classroom condition with EAL support plus the Reading Tutor. Oral reading fluency was assessed by the DIBELS measure. Fluency was also calculated by the program, and grade level of materials mastered was assessed by the software's logs. Both groups made significant gains in oral reading fluency and grade level of materials mastered, according to measures internal to the software. For one period, gains in fluency following experience with the program appeared to have been slightly larger than gains with regular classroom instruction and EAL support only.
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Chichanovskaya, L. V., T. A. Slyusar, T. M. Nekrasova, I. N. Slyusar, A. R. Podborsky, and A. G. Flax. "Clinical, psychological and neuroimaging characteristics of chronic tension headache in elderly persons." Medical alphabet, no. 1 (March 3, 2022): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2022-1-54-59.
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The aim of the study. To study clinical, psychological and neuroimaging characteristics of chronic tension headache (CTH) in the elderly.Materials and methods. 92 patients with CHTHN (37 men and 55 women aged 55–74 years) were examined. The control group consisted of 53 people (22 men and 31 women of the same age) who did not have neurological complaints, including headache. Pain intensity was assessed on a 10-point visual analogue scale. The severity of neurological symptoms was determined using the NIH-NINDS scale. For the study of cognitive functions, a short scale for assessing mental status was used Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and a frontal assessment battery (FAB). Memory was assessed according to the results of the memory subtest MMSE and the 10 words test. The level of attention was studied using the Schulte table, speech fluency – in the «fluency of speech» subtest of the FAB and in the test of verbal associations, visuospatial functions were assessed using the clock drawing test. Memory was assessed by the results of the subtest of memory MMSE and the 10-words test. The level of attention was studied using the Schulte table, the fluency of speech – in the subtest ‘fluency of speech’ FAB and in the verbal association test, visuospatial functions were assessed using the clock drawing test. Magnetic resonance imaging of the head was performed on a Magnetom Impact Expert (Siemens, Germany) tomograph with a magnetic field strength of 1.5 Tesla in T1 and T2 modes. The localization and severity of leukoaraiosis, signs of external and internal atrophy of the brain were determined, the linear dimensions of the anterior horns and central sections of the bodies of the lateral ventricles were measured, and the indices of the anterior horns and bodies of the lateral ventricles were calculated.Results. Patients with chronic tension headache were characterized by clinical and cognitive heterogeneity: frequent «non-standard» characteristics of headache, severe polymorphism of algic manifestations, high frequency of comorbid disorders, cognitive dysfunction and somatic burden, high representation of leukoaraiosis, external and internal hydrocephalus according to MRI study.
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Petersen, Eline Borch, Malte Wöstmann, Jonas Obleser, and Thomas Lunner. "Neural tracking of attended versus ignored speech is differentially affected by hearing loss." Journal of Neurophysiology 117, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00527.2016.
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Hearing loss manifests as a reduced ability to understand speech, particularly in multitalker situations. In these situations, younger normal-hearing listeners' brains are known to track attended speech through phase-locking of neural activity to the slow-varying envelope of the speech. This study investigates how hearing loss, compensated by hearing aids, affects the neural tracking of the speech-onset envelope in elderly participants with varying degree of hearing loss ( n = 27, 62–86 yr; hearing thresholds 11–73 dB hearing level). In an active listening task, a to-be-attended audiobook (signal) was presented either in quiet or against a competing to-be-ignored audiobook (noise) presented at three individualized signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). The neural tracking of the to-be-attended and to-be-ignored speech was quantified through the cross-correlation of the electroencephalogram (EEG) and the temporal envelope of speech. We primarily investigated the effects of hearing loss and SNR on the neural envelope tracking. First, we found that elderly hearing-impaired listeners' neural responses reliably track the envelope of to-be-attended speech more than to-be-ignored speech. Second, hearing loss relates to the neural tracking of to-be-ignored speech, resulting in a weaker differential neural tracking of to-be-attended vs. to-be-ignored speech in listeners with worse hearing. Third, neural tracking of to-be-attended speech increased with decreasing background noise. Critically, the beneficial effect of reduced noise on neural speech tracking decreased with stronger hearing loss. In sum, our results show that a common sensorineural processing deficit, i.e., hearing loss, interacts with central attention mechanisms and reduces the differential tracking of attended and ignored speech. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study investigates the effect of hearing loss in older listeners on the neural tracking of competing speech. Interestingly, we observed that whereas internal degradation (hearing loss) relates to the neural tracking of ignored speech, external sound degradation (ratio between attended and ignored speech; signal-to-noise ratio) relates to tracking of attended speech. This provides the first evidence for hearing loss affecting the ability to neurally track speech.
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MAKAROVA, LYUDMILA N., and SVETLANA A. PYORYSHKOVA. "THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF ORGANIZING REMEDIAL PROGRAM WITH NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR PRESCHOOLERS WITH DISABILITIES." Psychological-Pedagogical Journal GAUDEAMUS 21, no. 1 (2022): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-231x-2022-21-1-9-16.
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We consider the correctional possibilities of the neuropsychological approach in remedial for preschoolers with disabilities (on the example of a special case - preschoolers with specific language impairment). Deviations in other fields of cognitive development in defect structure of children with speech disorders complicate the remedy. The application of the neuropsychological approach allows including closely speech-related higher mental functions in the correctional process. In addition, preschoolers with specific language impairment have a lower level of development of some cognitive processes compared to normotypic peers. These features determine the holistic study of higher mental functions in children with specific language impairment and the active inclusion of neuropsychological technologies in the remedy. The use of the neuropsychological method enables to determine priority of strategies for children’s remedy with regard to the peculiarities of the structure of the defect and the leading disorder. As closer integration of disciplines studying children with developmental disabilities is currently required, the use of a neuropsychological approach aligns the speech therapy, psychological and clinical aspects of the diagnostic examination of preschoolers with disabilities. The integration contributes to the optimization of the entire process of diagnostic study of children with speech disabilities. Remedial work to overcome the specific language impairment should be based on the peculiarities of the internal structure of the speech defect and fulfilled on the basis of integrative technology that combines the speech therapy and psychological aspects of corrective action within a single system.
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de Velasco, Mikel, Raquel Justo, Asier López Zorrilla, and María Inés Torres. "Analysis of Deep Learning-Based Decision-Making in an Emotional Spontaneous Speech Task." Applied Sciences 13, no. 2 (January 11, 2023): 980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13020980.
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In this work, we present an approach to understand the computational methods and decision-making involved in the identification of emotions in spontaneous speech. The selected task consists of Spanish TV debates, which entail a high level of complexity as well as additional subjectivity in the human perception-based annotation procedure. A simple convolutional neural model is proposed, and its behaviour is analysed to explain its decision-making. The proposed model slightly outperforms commonly used CNN architectures such as VGG16, while being much lighter. Internal layer-by-layer transformations of the input spectrogram are visualised and analysed. Finally, a class model visualisation is proposed as a simple interpretation approach whose usefulness is assessed in the work.
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Hodgson, Murray. "Acoustical Evaluation of Six ‘Green’ Office Buildings." Journal of Green Building 3, no. 4 (November 1, 2008): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.3.4.108.
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To explain the reactions of the building occupants to their acoustical environments, meetings with the designers, walk-through surveys, and detailed acoustical measurements were done. The objective was to determine how design decisions affect office acoustical environments, and how to improve the acoustical design of ‘green’ office buildings. Design-performance criteria were established. Measurements were made of noise level, reverberation time, speech-intelligibility index (SII), and noise isolation. Noise levels were atypically low in unoccupied buildings with no mechanical ventilation, but excessive in areas near external walls next to noisy external noise sources—especially with windows open for ventilation—and in occupied buildings. Reverberation times were excessive in areas with large volumes and insufficient sound absorption. Speech intelligibility was generally adequate, but speech privacy was inadequate in shared and open-office areas, and into private offices with the doors open for ventilation. Improvement of the acoustical design of ‘green’ buildings must include increasing the external-internal noise isolation and that between workplaces, and the use of adequate sound absorption to control reverberation and noise.
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Berg, Marinus van den. "Natives, migrants and communication practices in the Xi’an speech community." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 30, no. 1-2 (June 30, 2020): 172–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.00049.ber.
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Abstract This paper reports the results of direct observations of language use and sociolinguistic interviews in Xi’an city, Shaanxi province, China. The data were collected in the autumn of 2018. Direct observations were done in four vegetable and fruit markets providing a data set of 1,708 cases. A sample of market customers was also interviewed resulting in 168 interviews. The interview data made clear that in migrant families, home-town dialects are well maintained, but that for interactions in the city, PTH is preferred as it is for work-related interactions. The observation data showed that ninety percent of interactions between customers and salespeople were performed in either the Xi’an dialect or PTH. These two varieties were used in various combinations confirming wide-spread use of multilingual exchanges. These exchanges are further specified as speech-community-internal interactions, home-dialect exchanges and lingua franca exchanges. Community integration of migrants is clarified through the concept of the discourse communities. The latter structure the modern Xi’an speech community and connect to the national level PTH Koine Community.
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Bonino, Angela Yarnell, Ashton Wiens, Emily C. Nightengale, and Eric A. Vance. "Interrater Reliability for a Two-Interval, Observer-Based Procedure for Measuring Hearing in Young Children." American Journal of Audiology 29, no. 4 (December 9, 2020): 762–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_aja-20-00022.
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Purpose To overcome methodology limitations for studying auditory development in young children, we have recently developed an observer-based procedure that uses a conditioned, play-based, motor response (see Bonino & Leibold, 2017). The purpose of this article was to examine interrater reliability for the method. Method Video recordings of test sessions of 2- to 4-year-old children ( n = 17) were examined. Detection of a 1000-Hz warble tone was measured with the Play Observer-Based, Two-Interval (PlayO2I) method in each of two conditions: for a fixed intensity level (30 dB SPL) or for a variable intensity level signal (0–30 dB SPL). All test sessions were scored independently by three observers (one real-time, two offline). Observer consensus was evaluated with Fleiss' kappa statistic. To determine if summary data were similar across the observers of each test session, the proportion of correct trials (fixed-level condition) or threshold (variable-level condition) were computed. Results The strength of observer consensus was classified as “almost perfect” and “substantial” for the fixed-level and variable-level conditions, respectively. Follow-up analysis of the variable-level data indicated that differences in observer consensus were seen based on the signal level, the type of response behavior provided by the child, and the confidence level of the real-time observer. Resulting summary data were similar across the three observers of each test session: no significant differences for estimates of the proportion of correct trials or threshold. Conclusions Results from this study confirm strong interrater reliability for the method. The PlayO2I method is a powerful tool for measuring detection and discrimination abilities in young children. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12978197
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Xue, Carol Lin. "The Paradigmatic and Syntagmatic Priming Effect of Part of Speech Representation." Complexity 2022 (June 6, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5302799.
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Part of speech feature is the representation between syntactic morphology and semantic category. Priming effect experiment can test the correlation between the parts of speech feature and the lexical processing process. This article puts forward part of speech representation paradigmatic and syntagmatic effect hypotheses. The experiments applied the design pattern of 3 (part of speech: noun by predicate by nonword) ∗ 2 (interval time: 50 by 500 milliseconds) ∗ 3 (English level: elementary by intermediate by advanced). Subjects are requested to make options of the part of speech of the target words. This study shows that when Chinese English learners extract an individual word, their choices are still influenced by part of speech factor without the restrictions of constructive syntagmatic semantic conditions. Both the syntagmatic and paradigmatic effects are verified. Part of speech priming effect intensity is influenced by the English acquisition levels of the subjects.
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Dreisbach, Laura E., Marjorie R. Leek, and Jennifer J. Lentz. "Perception of Spectral Contrast by Hearing-Impaired Listeners." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 48, no. 4 (August 2005): 910–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2005/063).
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The ability to discriminate the spectral shapes of complex sounds is critical to accurate speech perception. Part of the difficulty experienced by listeners with hearing loss in understanding speech sounds in noise may be related to a smearing of the internal representation of the spectral peaks and valleys because of the loss of sensitivity and an accompanying reduction in frequency resolution. This study examined the discrimination by hearing-impaired listeners of highly similar harmonic complexes with a single spectral peak located in 1 of 3 frequency regions. The minimum level difference between peak and background harmonics required to discriminate a small change in the spectral center of the peak was measured for peaks located near 2, 3, or 4 kHz. Component phases were selected according to an algorithm thought to produce either highly modulated (positive Schroeder) or very flat (negative Schroeder) internal waveform envelopes in the cochlea. The mean amplitude difference between a spectral peak and the background components required for discrimination of pairs of harmonic complexes (spectral contrast threshold) was from 4 to 19 dB greater for listeners with hearing impairment than for a control group of listeners with normal hearing. In normal-hearing listeners, improvements in threshold were seen with increasing stimulus level, and there was a strong effect of stimulus phase, as the positive Schroeder stimuli always produced lower thresholds than the negative Schroeder stimuli. The listeners with hearing loss showed no consistent spectral contrast effects due to stimulus phase and also showed little improvement with increasing stimulus level, once their sensitivity loss was overcome. The lack of phase and level effects may be a result of the more linear processing occurring in impaired ears, producing poorer-than-normal frequency resolution, a loss of gain for low amplitudes, and an altered cochlear phase characteristic in regions of damage.
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Maier, Carmen Daniela, and Mona Agerholm Andersen. "Strategic internal communication of corporate heritage identity in a hypermodal context." Corporate Communications: An International Journal 22, no. 1 (February 6, 2017): 36–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccij-09-2015-0059.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how corporate heritage identity (CHI) implementation strategies are communicated by Grundfos, a 70-year-old global company from Denmark, in their internal history references. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on an interdisciplinary methodological framework related to heritage identity communication, hypertextuality, and multi-modality, it proposes a multi-leveled analysis model through which communicative strategies are explored at the level of four semiotic modes (written text, speech, still image, and moving image) and at the level of their hypermodal interplay. Findings This exploratory case study explains how CHI implementation strategies are communicated in accordance with the potential and constraints of semiotic modes and hyperlinking affordances. The analytical work suggests that the management employs complex CHI implementation strategies in order to strengthen organizational identity and to influence employees’ identification with the company across past, present, and future. Research limitations/implications By examining the semiotic modes’ interconnectivity and functional differentiation in a hypermodal context, this paper expands existing research by extending the multi-modal focus to a hypertextual one. Originality/value By exploring CHI implementation strategies from a hypermodal perspective and by providing a replicable model of hypermodal analysis, this paper fills a gap in the heritage identity research. Furthermore, it can also be of value to practitioners who intend to design company webpages that strategically communicate heritage identity implementation strategies in order to engage the employees in the company’s heritage.
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Triana, Hetti Waluati, Marlyna Maros, Martin Kustati, and Reflinaldi. "Struggling for Leadership Authority: Critical Discourse Analysis on Agus Harimurti Yudhoyono's Political Speech." Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication 38, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 143–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkmjc-2022-3801-08.
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This study aims to determine the socio-cognitive dimensions of Agus Harimurti Yudhoyono's (AHY) political speech as chairman of the Democratic Party (DP). The data was taken from AHY's speech entitled Konferensi Pers Ketua Umum Partai Demokrat Agus Harimurti Yudhoyono which was broadcasted on Agus Yudhoyono's YouTube channel. The lingual data was taken by using free listening techniques through the stages of transcription, reading and observation, sorting, storing and printing, re-reading, and determining the research subject. Meanwhile, non-lingual data was collected by using the Internet archive documentation method. The data were analysed through extra lingual matching technique, hermeneutics, and phenomenology. The analysis was carried out through the stages of data reduction, data display, conclusion, and verification. The findings showed that AHY represents himself as a democratic, caring, vigilant, thorough, careful, and committed to party sovereignty leader. The social cognition aspect of AHY is dominated by his background as a former military officer and his status as party leader. The narrative built in his speech was influenced by the poor results of DP in the last 2 elections, the low electability of DP, and conflicts at the internal level of DP. The sociocognitive analysis showed that AHY constructs leadership authority by representing himself as a selective, strategic, and political leader. The three characters he builds are the strong influence of his social cognition. Through his speech, AHY strives to fight for his leadership authority, both as the general chairman of the DP, and for the wider community. Keywords: Leadership authority, critical discourse analysis, political speech, sociocognitive analysis, political speech.
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Wilson, Richard H., Deborah W. Moncrieff, Elizabeth A. Townsend, and Amanda L. Pillion. "Development of a 500-Hz Masking-Level Difference Protocol for Clinic Use." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 14, no. 01 (January 2003): 001–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.14.1.2.
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The purpose of this series of experiments was to develop a simple, 500-Hz masking-level difference (MLD) protocol that could be implemented easily in the clinic to assess auditory perceptual abilities using an audio compact disc. Five, 300-ms tones with 250-ms intertone intervals were embedded in 3-s bursts of 200-800 Hz noise presented at 42.2-dB pressure-spectrum level with 4-5 s inter-stimulus intervals. The homophasic and antiphasic conditions were interleaved with the signal-to-noise ratios decreasing in 2-dB steps. A single-interval, "yes/no" response task was used. Three experiments were performed on 24-28 listeners with normal hearing. The mean SoNo thresholds (58.1- to 59.5-dB SPL) and the mean SπNo thresholds (45.1- to 46.0-dB SPL) produced ˜13-dB MLDs. Experiment 3 included a SoNπ condition that had a mean threshold of 48.8-dB SPL and a 10.0-dB MLD. The mean test, retest ot the SoNo and SπNo thresholds on 15 listeners was <0.5 dB. Over the three experiments, 95% of the listeners had SπNo MLDs that were ≥10 dB.