Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Internal level of speech'
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Bendall, William Bryson. "Retrospective Analysis of Injuries Sustained In Vehicle Front‐ and Back‐Overs in a Level I Pediatric Trauma Center." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623628.
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A Thesis submitted to The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine.Motor vehicle accidents involving pedestrians are some of the most common and lethal forms of injury for children in the United States. Among younger children, a common mechanism of action for severe trauma is when a vehicle runs over the child in a forward or backward motion at low speed resulting in a blunt crush injury. This typically occurs in non‐traffic settings including driveways, sidewalks, and roadways. Such incidents have been referred to in many different ways in the literature but for the purposes of this paper will be referred to as low speed vehicle run‐overs. This is a retrospective chart review carried out at Phoenix Children’s Hospital in affiliation with the University of Arizona College of Medicine‐Phoenix that categorizes and examines the injuries sustained by patients involved in low speed vehicle runovers occurring between December 2007 and August 2013. Fifty‐five pediatric patients were included with a median age of 24 months and 6 of these patients were fatally injured. Internal injuries were common overall and significantly more common in children ≤24months. Over half of the cohort sustained fractures, with a 24% incidence of skull fractures. All fatalities were the result of traumatic brain injury. Twenty percent of victims required operative intervention. It was concluded that the severity of these types of incidents varies from minimal to life threatening and best care requires close and thorough evaluation by the trauma and emergency department teams.
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Lucas, Adrian Edward. "Acoustic level speech recognition." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1991. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/2819/.
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A number of techniques have been developed over the last forty years which attempt to solve the problem of recognizing human speech by machine. Although the general problem of unconstrained, speaker independent connected speech recognition is still not solved, some of the methods have demonstrated varying degrees of success on a number of constrained speech recognition tasks. Human speech communication is considered to take place on a number of levels from the acoustic signal through to higher linguistic and semantic levels. At the acoustic level, the recognition process can be divided into time-alignment (the removal of global and local timing differences between the unknown input speech and the stored reference templates) and referencete mplate matching. Little attention seems to have been given to the effective use of acoustic level contextual information to improve the performance of these tasks. In this thesis, a new template matching scheme is developed which addresses this issue and successfully allows the utilization of acoustic level context. The method, based on Bayesian decision theory, is a dynamic time warping approach which incorporates statistical dependencies in matching errors between frames along the entire length of the reference template. In addition, the method includes a speaker compensation technique operating simultaneously. Implementation is carried out using the highly efficient branch and bound algorithm. Speech model storage requirements are quite small as a result of an elegant feature of the recursive matching criterion. Furthermore, a novel method for inferencing the special speech models is introduced. The new method is tested on data drawn from nearly 8000 utterances of the 26 letters of the British English Alphabet spoken by 104 speakers, split almost equally between male and female speakers. Experiments show that the new approach is a powerful acoustic level speech recognizer achieving up to 34% better recognition performance when compared with a conventional method based on the dynamic programming algorithm.
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Campbell, Wilhelm. "Multi-level speech timing control." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283832.
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This thesis describes a model of speech timing, predicting at the syllable level, with sensitivity to rhythmic factors at the foot level, that predicts segmental durations by a process of accommodation into the higher-level timing framework. The model is based on analyses of two large databases of British English speech; one illustrating the range of prosodic variation in the language, the other illustrating segmental duration characteristics in various phonetic environments. Designed for a speech synthesis application, the model also has relevance to linguistic and phonetic theory, and shows that phonological specification of prosodic variation is independent of the phonetic realisation of segmental duration. It also shows, using normalisation of phone-specific timing characteristics, that lengthening of segments within the syllable is of three kinds: prominence-related, applying more to onset segments; boundary-related, applying more to coda segments; and rhythm/rate-related, being more uniform across all component segments. In this model, durations are first predicted at the level of the syllable from consideration of the number of component segments, the nature of the rhyme, and the three types of lengthening. The segmental durations are then constrained to sum to this value by determining an appropriate uniform quantile of their individual distributions. Segmental distributions define the range of likely durations each might show under a given set of conditions; their parameters are predicted from broad-class features of place and manner of articulation, factored for position in the syllable, clustering, stress, and finality. Two parameters determine the segmental duration . pdfs, assuming a Gamma distribution, and one parameter determines the quantile within that pdf to predict the duration of any segment in a given prosodic context. In experimental tests, each level produced durations that closely fitted the data of four speakers of British English, and showed performance rates higher than a comparable model predicting exclusively at the level of the segment.
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Knott, Paul J. "Internal processes influencing organisation-level competence." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.630481.
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This thesis concerns the concepts associated with 'organisation-level competence'. Its focus is on the internal nature of organisation-level competence and with its application to company strategic management. The topic generated considerable interest in the early to mid 1990s amongst practitioners. This interest reflected the increased importance of the internal resource perspective on company strategy arising through increased global competition and the influence of rapidly developing technology. However, this interest generated much confusion as the concepts were often poorly defined, and although a prior theoretical base existed this was poorly linked to the practical use of the concept. This thesis demonstrates the theoretical roots of the concept and shows how it has been interpreted from the perspective of different research paradigms. It reports on research that has challenged the concept empirically and shown how it can be operationalised in several contrasting technology-based organisations. The focus of the work was an internal approach to the analysis of competence, in contrast to much of the literature on competence which concentrates on its external application. In view of the undeveloped status of the topic, and the desire to build theory and understanding rather than to make empirical generalisations, the research was concentrated on idiographic case studies. One of the outcomes of the research has been to provide a foundation for further work which can now build on better established concepts. The central theme of the research was to establish an improved understanding of the nature of competence in organisations. The concept has been delineated more precisely than hitherto and a framework has been derived for integrating related concepts. This is important since vagueness has arguably been limiting to the application of the concept. Competence has been delineated in terms of the new concepts of 'potential competence' and 'realised competence'. In doing so the paradox has been addressed that competence appears to be both a persistent and a contingent property. Another paradox, between competence and rigidity, has been addressed by proposing the unifying framework of a 'Resource utility matrix'. In addition the way in which the factors influencing competence can interact has been described. The research also provides an empirically derived and theoretically informed basis for techniques of applying the competence concept to the practice of strategic analysis. The questions of language and definition have been addressed. Limitations have been identified with analysis approaches in common use that are based on a hierarchical breakdown and a new approach has been proposed and tested which avoids such a breakdown. The approach makes use of a framework which has also been found to form a successful representation of company competence, within certain limits. A set of complementary representations has been suggested. The studies have also produced implications for the management of competence in organisations, including the potential and limitations of managerial action and the transferability of competence.
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Astell, Arlene Jean. "Disordered speech in dementia." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1995. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3992/.
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What is the effect on language of the progressive degenerative disorder, Alzheimer's disease (AD)? What are the functional consequences of this illness, particularly for speech? The majority of accounts interpret speech disorder in AD as reflecting underlying semantic disruption. In contrast I apply current theories of lexicalization in speech production to the speech disorder. Four competing hypotheses are derived from a two-stage model of lexicalization in speech production. This model contains separate semantic, lexical and phonological representations. Data are collected from patients with probable AD and age-matched controls using standard psycholinguistic techniques. The data support an explanation of progressively impaired higher level cognitive processing which interacts with impaired semantic to lexical processing in speech production.
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Chang, Hung-An Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Multi-level acoustic modeling for automatic speech recognition." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/74981.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2012.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 183-192).
Context-dependent acoustic modeling is commonly used in large-vocabulary Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems as a way to model coarticulatory variations that occur during speech production. Typically, the local phoneme context is used as a means to define context-dependent units. Because the number of possible context-dependent units can grow exponentially with the length of the contexts, many units will not have enough training examples to train a robust model, resulting in a data sparsity problem. For nearly two decades, this data sparsity problem has been dealt with by a clustering-based framework which systematically groups different context-dependent units into clusters such that each cluster can have enough data. Although dealing with the data sparsity issue, the clustering-based approach also makes all context-dependent units within a cluster have the same acoustic score, resulting in a quantization effect that can potentially limit the performance of the context-dependent model. In this work, a multi-level acoustic modeling framework is proposed to address both the data sparsity problem and the quantization effect. Under the multi-level framework, each context-dependent unit is associated with classifiers that target multiple levels of contextual resolution, and the outputs of the classifiers are linearly combined for scoring during recognition. By choosing the classifiers judiciously, both the data sparsity problem and the quantization effect can be dealt with. The proposed multi-level framework can also be integrated into existing large-vocabulary ASR systems, such as FST-based ASR systems, and is compatible with state-of-the-art error reduction techniques for ASR systems, such as discriminative training methods. Multiple sets of experiments have been conducted to compare the performance of the clustering-based acoustic model and the proposed multi-level model. In a phonetic recognition experiment on TIMIT, the multi-level model has about 8% relative improvement in terms of phone error rate, showing that the multi-level framework can help improve phonetic prediction accuracy. In a large-vocabulary transcription task, combining the proposed multi-level modeling framework with discriminative training can provide more than 20% relative improvement over a clustering baseline model in terms of Word Error Rate (WER), showing that the multi-level framework can be integrated into existing large-vocabulary decoding frameworks and that it combines well with discriminative training methods. In speaker adaptive transcription task, the multi-level model has about 14% relative WER improvement, showing that the proposed framework can adapt better to new speakers, and potentially to new environments than the conventional clustering-based approach.
by Hung-An Chang.
Ph.D.
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Пазюра, Людмила Володимирівна, and Олександра Олександрівна Новікова. "Teaching oral russian speech at the beginner’s level." Thesis, Материали за XIV международна научна практична конференция, Новината за напреднали наука - 2018 , 15-22 май 2018 г. Филологическите науки. : София.« Бял ГРАД-БГ » - 140 c. (С. 17-21), 2018. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/35225.
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Golston, Chris. "Level-ordered Lexical Insertion: Evidence from Speech Errors." Department of Linguistics, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/227269.
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Agee, C., C. Bowden, and A. Lynn Williams. "Phonological Intervention with Children: Word vs. Conversation Level." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1999. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2103.
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Husein, Hish. "Audiologist as the entry level professional." Diss., NSUWorks, 2002. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hpd_aud_stuetd/2.
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Professional Research Project Report Presented to the Au.D. and SLP.D. Programs in Communication Sciences and Disorders in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Audiology.
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Dohmen, Thomas Johannes. "Internal labor markets theory and evidence at the firm level /." Maastricht : Maastricht : Universitaire Pers Maastricht ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 2003. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=6283.
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Amberger, Harald, Kevin S. Markle, and David M. P. Samuel. "Repatriation Taxes, Internal Agency Conflicts, and Subsidiary-level Investment Efficiency." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Universität Wien, 2019. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6198/1/SSRN%2Did3138823.pdf.
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Using a global sample of multinational corporations (MNCs) and their foreign subsidiaries, we find that repatriation taxes impair subsidiary-level investment efficiency. Consistent with internal agency conflicts between the central management of the MNC and the manager of the foreign subsidiary being the driver, we find that this effect is prevalent in subsidiaries with high information asymmetry, in subsidiaries that are weakly monitored, and subsidiaries of cash-rich MNCs. Natural experiments in the UK and Japan establish a causal relationship for our findings and suggest that a repeal of repatriation taxes increases subsidiary-level investment efficiency while reducing the level of investment. Our paper provides timely empirical evidence to inform expectations for the effects of a recent change to the U.S. international tax law which eliminated repatriation taxes from most of the future foreign earnings of U.S. MNCs.Series: WU International Taxation Research Paper Series
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Colombo, Mackenzie. "Is There a Significant Positive Correlation Between Paraphasias at the Level of Confrontation Naming to Paraphasias at the Level of Discourse and CIUs in Discourse?" The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1554820396344076.
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Elgie, Benjamin. "Activation of word-level speech production regions during suprasegmental speech perception differs by modality and task." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=104890.
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This study addresses recent ideas regarding the contribution of motor and frontal brain regions, traditionally engaged during speech production, to speech perception. Using an fMRI experiment concerned with word-level speech production and perception, the overlap between perception and production was investigated using a functional mask derived from a conjunction analysis of that experiment's word production tasks. This same mask was used to analyse activity during multi-modal sentence-level speech perception in another experiment. Common activity was found between word production and word perception, but not between word production and the more complex sentence-level speech perception tasks. Contrary to certain claims, visual speech perception did not lead to increased activation of speech production regions. Whole-brain analyses of the sentence-level experiment revealed complex differences between modality- and task-specific regions in frontal, temporal, and occipital regions. Activation in this experiment was clearly influenced by inherent demands of the speech level, task, and modality. Results are discussed in light of the task demands of both experiments, as well as their implication for current understanding of motor/frontal contributions to speech perception.Cette étude s'appuie sur de récentes hypothèses concernant la contribution en perception de la parole des aires cérébrales motrices et frontales, traditionnellement recrutées lors de la production de la parole. La création d'un masque fonctionnel calculé à partir des données d'une étude en imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionelle (IRMf) portant sur la perception et la production de mots nous a permis de rechercher une éventuelle superposition entre la perception et la production de la parole. Ce masque a été à nouveau utilisé pour analyser d'éventuelles activations pendant une tâche de perception de phrases multi-modales issue d'une autre expérience d'IRMf. Des activités communes à la production et à la perception de mots, mais pas entre la production de mots et la production plus complexe de phrases, ont été mises en évidence. Contrairement à certaines affirmations, la perception visuelle de la parole n'a pas entraîné d'augmentation des activations dans les régions dédiées à la production de la parole. Des analyses de l'ensemble du cerveau lors de la perception et de la production des phrases ont révélé des différences complexes entre les régions spécifiques de la tâche ou de la modalité dans des aires frontales, temporales et occipitales. La modalité, la tâche et le niveau de complexité de la parole ont clairement influencé les activations observées lors de cette expérience. Les résultats obtenus sont discutés en regard des demandes spécifiques dues aux tâches et aux expériences menées ainsi que de la compréhension actuelle des contributions motrices/frontales lors de la perception de la parole.
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Ng, Kei-chit Brenda. "Noncategorical perception of Cantonese level tones." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36207664.
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Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 2000."A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, May 10, 2000." Also available in print.
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King, Simon Alistair. "Using information above the word level for automatic speech recognition." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10380.
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This thesis introduces a general method for using information at the utterance level and across utterances for automatic speech recognition. The method involves classification of utterances into types. Using constraints at the utterance level via this classification method allows information sources to be exploited which cannot necessarily be used directly for word recognition. The classification power of three sources of information is investigated: the language model in the speech recogniser, dialogue context and intonation. The method is applied to a challenging task: the recognition of spontaneous dialogue speech. The results show success in automatic utterance type classification, and subsequent word error rate reduction over a baseline system, when all three information sources are probabilistically combined.
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Bourgeois, Thomas C. "Deriving Abstract Representations Directly from the Level of Connected Speech." Department of Linguistics, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/227240.
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Murnane, Owen D., and J. K. Kelly. "Transient Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions: Effects of Stimulus Level." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2002. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1915.
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Chigurupati, Swapna. "A computational method for internal radiation dosimetry at the voxel level." FIU Digital Commons, 2003. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2330.
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The current development of hybrid SPECT/CT and PET/CT systems allows not only accurate attenuation correction of images, but also provide an anatomical frame for the 3D spatial representation of the dose distribution. The main goal of this thesis project was to develop computational algorithms for calculation of the 3D dose distribution delivered by internal emitters based on the images and information provided by new hybrid SPECT/CT and PET/CT systems. Although many experimental problems exist in patient-specific dosimetry, current drawback is the lack of radionuclide voxel S values for the set of all possible combinations of cubical and non-cubical pixel edges and thickness used in SPECT and PET studies. This work presents an alternative and computationally efficient method for calculating voxel S values based on the Monte Carlo volume integration of tabulated dose point-kernels of beta emissions over a voxel-to-voxel geometry. The accuracy of the calculations was compared with those determined by direct Monte Carlo radiation transport simulation.
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Plant, Kato. "A workplace learning framework for developing entry-level internal audit professionals." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/52998.
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In recent years, the need to develop professional competence in internal auditing has increasingly come under the spotlight. The main reasons for this are a growing need for competent internal auditors who can render value-adding services to a variety of stakeholders, and the need for an effective internal audit function, where internal audit competence and professionalism are regarded as determinants of internal audit effectiveness. Prior research has focused on internal audit education at a tertiary level, so research on workplace learning for internal audit auditors is limited. The IIA Research Foundation undertook a series of Common Body of Knowledge studies, and developed an internal audit competency framework indicating competency requirements for various levels of internal auditors. However, no reference is made to internal audit trainees or new internal auditors, or to the learning paths required to achieve the set competencies.
The aim of this qualitative study was therefore to propose a workplace learning framework for developing internal audit trainees into entry-level internal audit professionals. The literature review discussed the evolution of the internal audit profession and its impact on the competency requirements of internal auditors. The dimensions of workplace learning were explored. In addition, workplace learning in the accounting and auditing professions was examined globally, and in South Africa, with reference to different professional bodies competency frameworks, and the workplace learning component of these frameworks. Data were collected from focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews held in South Africa with 65 participants, including internal audit employers, internal audit trainees, presenters and assessors of internal audit workplace learning, and members of the IIA (SA) Education and Training Committee to determine their views on internal audit workplace learning. Based on the findings, the study proposes a workplace learning framework for developing internal audit trainees into entry-level internal audit professionals involving five dimensions: workplace learning criteria, workplace learning content, workplace learning methods, determinants of workplace learning success and challenges to workplace learning. It is recommended that internal audit stakeholders take cognisance of these dimensions when embarking on workplace learning to ensure that all constituencies benefit from entry-level internal audit professionals acquisition of professional competence.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
Auditing
PhD
Unrestricted
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Jones, Matthew. "The use of acoustic-level prosodics in large vocabulary speech recognition." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339625.
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Al-Darkazali, Mohammed. "Image processing methods to segment speech spectrograms for word level recognition." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2017. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/71675/.
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The ultimate goal of automatic speech recognition (ASR) research is to allow a computer to recognize speech in real-time, with full accuracy, independent of vocabulary size, noise, speaker characteristics or accent. Today, systems are trained to learn an individual speaker's voice and larger vocabularies statistically, but accuracy is not ideal. A small gap between actual speech and acoustic speech representation in the statistical mapping causes a failure to produce a match of the acoustic speech signals by Hidden Markov Model (HMM) methods and consequently leads to classification errors. Certainly, these errors in the low level recognition stage of ASR produce unavoidable errors at the higher levels. Therefore, it seems that ASR additional research ideas to be incorporated within current speech recognition systems. This study seeks new perspective on speech recognition. It incorporates a new approach for speech recognition, supporting it with wider previous research, validating it with a lexicon of 533 words and integrating it with a current speech recognition method to overcome the existing limitations. The study focusses on applying image processing to speech spectrogram images (SSI). We, thus develop a new writing system, which we call the Speech-Image Recogniser Code (SIR-CODE). The SIR-CODE refers to the transposition of the speech signal to an artificial domain (the SSI) that allows the classification of the speech signal into segments. The SIR-CODE allows the matching of all speech features (formants, power spectrum, duration, cues of articulation places, etc.) in one process. This was made possible by adding a Realization Layer (RL) on top of the traditional speech recognition layer (based on HMM) to check all sequential phones of a word in single step matching process. The study shows that the method gives better recognition results than HMMs alone, leading to accurate and reliable ASR in noisy environments. Therefore, the addition of the RL for SSI matching is a highly promising solution to compensate for the failure of HMMs in low level recognition. In addition, the same concept of employing SSIs can be used for whole sentences to reduce classification errors in HMM based high level recognition. The SIR-CODE bridges the gap between theory and practice of phoneme recognition by matching the SSI patterns at the word level. Thus, it can be adapted for dynamic time warping on the SIR-CODE segments, which can help to achieve ASR, based on SSI matching alone.
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Kamppari, Simo O. (Simo Olli) 1976. "Word and phone level acoustic confidence scoring for speech understanding systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/86458.
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Thesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2000.Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-91).
by Simo O. Kamppari.
M.Eng.
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Rossi-Katz, Jessica A. "The contribution of lower-level and higher-level processes to age-related changes in competing-speech perception." Diss., Connect to online resource, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3239444.
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Chan, Kwok-man, and 陳國民. "Internal assessment in science at the junior secondary school level: an investigation." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1987. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31208083.
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Gosselin, Frederic. "Why do we SLIP to the basic level? : a formal model." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312669.
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Case, Erik S. Sahliyeh Emile F. "State level causes of terrorism limits on political expression /." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2009. http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12092.
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Gabriel, Karim, and Sani Al Moudarres. "The development of a Speech Level Adjustment Technique for late Deaf People." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Avdelningen för signalbehandling, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-4143.
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People that become deaf later on in life do have the ability to speak with correct pronunciation but since they can not hear their own voice nor the noise in the enviroment, they have difficulties to adjust their voice level to the surrounding environment. In this thesis we propose and algorithm which can be used on a prototype to help the late deafened people to adjust their voice level to the surrounding.
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Prebianca, Gicele Vergine Vieira. "Working memory capacity, lexical access and proficiency level in L2 speech production." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/92568.
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Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras/Inglês e Literatura Correspondente, Florianópolis, 2009Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-24T10:11:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 272989.pdf: 2194050 bytes, checksum: f560c18beafb51b32515bdd97af738d3 (MD5)
This study investigates (i) whether bilingual lexical access is predicted by working memory capacity (WMC) and proficiency level in L2; (ii) whether WMC and L2 proficiency interact in predicting bilingual lexical access, and (iii) the extent to which within-language competition affects bilingual lexical access. One hundred learners of English as a foreign language (L2) were submitted to three data collection sessions which comprised three tests to measure WMC, two tests to measure L2 proficiency and one test to assess bilingual lexical access. The task used to assess the main L2 ability under investigation - bilingual lexical access -, was a picture-naming task carried out under the semantic competitor paradigm. This task was composed of a control and an experimental condition. Whereas in the former subjects were required to name pictures without any interfering stimuli, in the latter they were asked to retrieve the lexical items to name the pictures under the presence of semantically related L2 word distractors. Data were analyzed quantitatively and the statistical procedures (multiple regressions, ANOVA, ANCOVA and partial correlations) revealed that, in general terms, WMC and L2 proficiency both significantly predicted bilingual lexical access. Higher spans retrieved lexical items faster than lower spans. Moreover, the facilitation effects of semantically related L2 word distractors on L2 picture-naming were shown to be an effect of task order. However, more proficient bilinguals obtained faster reaction times during the retrieval of L2 lexical items than less proficient ones, regardless of performing the control or the experimental condition first. The findings of the present study are explained mainly in respect to the interplay between automatic and controlled processes in memory retrieval and their impact on the development of L2 proficiency. Special attention is given to the way semantic/lexical representations develop, are stored, retrieved and connected in a bilingual mental lexicon.
Este estudo investiga (i) se o acesso lexical bilíngüe pode ser explicado pela capacidade de memória de trabalho (CMT) e pelo nível de proficiência em L2; (ii) se ambos os construtos interagem para explicar o acesso lexical bilíngüe e, (iii) o efeito da competição entre representações lexicais em L2 no acesso lexical bilíngüe. Cem aprendizes de Inglês como língua estrangeira foram submetidos a três sessões de coleta de dados envolvendo 3 testes para medir a capacidade de memória de trabalho, 2 testes para medir o nível de proficiência em L2 e 1 teste para mensurar o acesso lexical bilíngüe dos aprendizes. A tarefa utilizada para medir o acesso lexical foi uma tarefa de nomeação de figuras conduzida sob o paradigma de competição semântica. Essa tarefa era composta de uma condição controle e uma experimental. Enquanto na primeira condição os aprendizes deviam nomear figuras em L2 sem nenhum estímulo interferente, na segunda os mesmo deviam nomear figuras na presença de distratores semanticamente relacionados aos nomes das figuras. Os dados foram analisados quantitativamente. Os resultados revelaram que, em termos gerais, CMT e nível de proficiência em L2 explicam parte da variação em acesso lexical significativamente. Aprendizes com maior CMT recuperaram os itens lexicais mais rapidamente que aprendizes com menor CMT. Os efeitos facilitatórios produzidos por distratores semanticamente relacionados aos nomes das figuras na tarefa de nomeação em L2 foram conseqüência da ordem de execução das condições controle e experimental. Os aprendizes mais proficientes, por sua vez, apresentaram tempos de resposta mais rápidos do que aprendizes menos proficientes, independentemente de realizar a condição controle ou a experimental primeiro. Os resultados deste estudo são explicados, principalmente, em relação à interação entre processos automáticos e controlados na recuperação de informação da memória de longo-prazo e no desenvolvimento da proficiência e das representações lexicais em L2.
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Smith, Valerie L. "Analysis of locus of control and educational level utilizing the internal control index." Huntington, WV : [Marshall University Libraries], 2003. http://www.marshall.edu/etd/descript.asp?ref=204.
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Belinkov, Yonatan. "On internal language representations in deep learning : an analysis of machine translation and speech recognition." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118079.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2018.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 183-228).
Language technology has become pervasive in everyday life. Neural networks are a key component in this technology thanks to their ability to model large amounts of data. Contrary to traditional systems, models based on deep neural networks (a.k.a. deep learning) can be trained in an end-to-end fashion on input-output pairs, such as a sentence in one language and its translation in another language, or a speech utterance and its transcription. The end-to-end training paradigm simplifies the engineering process while giving the model flexibility to optimize for the desired task. This, however, often comes at the expense of model interpretability: understanding the role of different parts of the deep neural network is difficult, and such models are sometimes perceived as "black-box", hindering research efforts and limiting their utility to society. This thesis investigates what kind of linguistic information is represented in deep learning models for written and spoken language. In order to study this question, I develop a unified methodology for evaluating internal representations in neural networks, consisting of three steps: training a model on a complex end-to-end task; generating feature representations from different parts of the trained model; and training classifiers on simple supervised learning tasks using the representations. I demonstrate the approach on two core tasks in human language technology: machine translation and speech recognition. I perform a battery of experiments comparing different layers, modules, and architectures in end-to-end models that are trained on these tasks, and evaluate their quality at different linguistic levels. First, I study how neural machine translation models learn morphological information. Second, I compare lexical semantic and part-of-speech information in neural machine translation. Third, I investigate where syntactic and semantic structures are captured in these models. Finally, I explore how end-to-end automatic speech recognition models encode phonetic information. The analyses illuminate the inner workings of end-to-end machine translation and speech recognition systems, explain how they capture different language properties, and suggest potential directions for improving them. I also point to open questions concerning the representation of other linguistic properties, the investigation of different models, and the use of other analysis methods. Taken together, this thesis provides a comprehensive analysis of internal language representations in deep learning models.
by Yonatan Belinkov.
Ph. D.
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Johnson, Earl E. "Comment reply to Does the acceptable noise level (ANL) predict hearing aid use?" Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2249.
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Morris, Dwayne C. "Pulpit speech a college-level course in verbal and nonverbal style for preaching /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Access this title online, 2005. http://www.tren.com.
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Singer, David. "The effect of instruction in computerized language sample analysis on the knowledge and comfort level of graduate student clinicians." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1523068.
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This thesis describes a preexperimental, within-subject, pretest-posttest design used to measure the impact of an in-service training about computerized language sample analysis (CLSA) on the knowledge, comfort level, and implementation practices of21 graduate students in Communicative Disorders enrolled at California State University, Long Beach. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected through three surveys: one delivered during clinical practicum didactic sessions prior to the training, one on the day ofthe training, and one survey delivered 12 weeks post-training after the graduate student clinicians had an opportunity to use the computer program they learned about in the training. Results indicated that CLSA knowledge, comfort level and likelihood of implementation increased slightly immediately following the training, but were found to decline over time due to lack of exposure and practice. However, these results were not statistically significant. Findings are discussed as they relate to the current speech-language pathology literature, and possible avenues for further research into this area are explored.
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Kim, Se In. "The association between the supraglottic activity and glottal stops at the sentence level." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1660.
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Contrary to the previous belief that any presence of supraglottic activity indicates presence of hyperfunctional vocal pathology, Stager et al. (2000, 2002) found out that supraglottic compressions do occur in normal subjects. In fact, dynamic false vocal fold compressions during production of phrases with a great number of glottal stops were noted. The present study hypothesized that a similar pattern s would be observed at sentence level, where at least 50% or higher incidence of dynamic FVF compressions would be observed at aurally perceived glottal stops and other linguistic markers, such as vowel-initial words, /t/ final words, punctuations and phrase boundaries, where glottal stops were likely to occur.
Nasendoscopic recordings were obtained from 8 healthy subjects (2M; 6F) during production of selected sentence stimuli.. Their audio recordings were rated by two judges to detect the location of glottal stops. Then, the video images were analyzed to categorize the presence and absence of dynamic and static false vocal folds (FVF) or anterior posterior (AP) compressions. Results indicated that the incidence of dynamic FVF compressions was 30%. Nevertheless, the average incidence was elevated at aurally perceived glottal stops and at the linguistic contexts that are known to be associated with glottal stops compared to other contexts.
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Chamberlain, Glenn Stephen. "A reference test approach for moderating internal assessment at the upper secondary school level." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Educational Studies and Human Development, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3497.
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The main purpose of this study was to investigate the
suitability of reference tests for moderating internally
assessed national qualifications at the upper secondary school
level. In a secondary analysis, the relative merits of two
alternative item formats, the open-ended and cloze, were
compared with the multiple-choice item, which has been traditionally
utilized in reference tests of this nature.
A series of short reference tests, based on the underlying
construct of developed abilities, were constructed in four core
subject areas (i.e. English, mathematics, science and social
studies), along with an additional test of scholastic aptitude.
The English, science and social studies tests consisted of a
vocabulary and reading comprehension component; while the
mathematics test had a more traditional content, relating to
the measure of general concepts. An essay test was added to the
English test analyses. Multiple forms of the developed abilities
tests were developed as separate multiple-choice and open-ended/
cloze formats, and to enable a multiple matrix sampling technique
to be employed.
The validity of the reference tests was evaluated by using
the performance of Christchurch fifth formers on the tests to predict
their corresponding School Certificate Examination class parameters
(i.e. mean and standard deviation). These analyses were based on
a sample of 18 classes, across four state, co-educational high
schools; covering a wide range of ability levels. A series of
mUltiple regression analyses were conducted to provide optimal
predictions of the respective class parameters.
It was found that each of the subject-based reference tests
predicted class ability levels (i.e. means) on the corresponding
School Certificate Examinations with a very high degree of
sensitivity. The multiple-R's generated were 0.97 for mathematics,
0.90 for English, 0.89 for science and 0.80 for social studies.
The predictions of the spread of ability for each class (i.e.
standard deviation) were found to be more difficult, although
the results were still sensitive enough for moderation purposes.
The addition of the mathematics or scholastic aptitude
test to the subject-based reference tests improved the multiple-R's
on both parameters.
The comparison of item types revealed no significant difference
in the prediction of class means. However, the open-ended/
cloze format failed to predict class standard deviations at a
statistically significant level.
The findings were discussed with reference to those
from earlier studies, to policy implications, to application at
a practical level and to the urgent need for further research.
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Wood, Lewis E., and Robert J. Darling. "Marine Corps unit-level internal management controls for the government-wide commercial purchase card." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/6215.
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MBA Professional ReportApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
In this thesis, we offer recommendations to improve the current Marine Corps internal management controls for the Government-Wide Commercial Purchase Card (GCPC) program. The 2002 General Accounting Office testimony on the Navy GCPC program noted the continued existence of significant internal control weaknesses, despite a number of improvements made to the program over several years. Using the fraud triangle as its philosophical construct, this thesis develops practical methods by which to lessen the ability of those involved with administration of a GCPC program to rationalize improper and illegal actions. Its specific recommendations are to: convert the GCPC cards from individually named credit cards to unit cards with personalized numbers; change the appearance of the cards; control the number of cards within each unit by authorizing level five agency program coordinators to define and implement best practice controls; and provide electronic receipts of all cardholder transactions daily to Approving Officials and Agency Program Coordinators.
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Darling, Robert J. "Marine Corps unit-level internal management controls for the government-wide commercial purchase card /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Dec%5FDarling%5FMBA.pdf.
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Fagelson, Marc A., and Frederick N. Martin. "The Occlusion Effect and Ear Canal Sound Pressure Level." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1998. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1582.
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Comparisons were made between changes in the audibility of bone-conduction stimuli to differences in the sound pressure present in the external auditory canal when ears were occluded. Fifteen listeners with normal middle ear function were tested using pure tones of 250, 500, and 1000 Hz, delivered via a bone-conduction oscillator placed on the mastoid process and the frontal bone. At all three frequencies, and both sites of stimulation, ear canal sound pressures were greater in the occluded than in the unoccluded conditions. Concurrently, the test signals were detected at lower intensities, although the changes in audibility and external canal sound pressure levels were not unity. The occlusion effect was attenuated slightly when the skull was vibrated from the frontal bone.
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Lau, Suk-han. "The effect of type and level of noise on long-term average speech spectrum (LTASS) /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17896253.
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Kenny, Nicoll. "Risks and outcomes for enteral nutrition among adults with dysphagia at a tertiary level hospital in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15521.
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Patients with dysphagia, who are unable to meet their daily hydration and nutritional needs orally, may require enteral nutrition, either via a nasogastric tube (NGT) as a short term provision, or via a gastrostomy tube for longer term provision. The presence of dysphagia, specific medical conditions and the presence of comorbidities place patients, who require enteral nutrition, at risk for mortality. High rates of mortality are reported in international literature, in patients following the placement of long term enteral nutrition via percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG). High mortality rates following the placement of enteral nutrition in patients treated by Speech Language Therapists (SLTs) at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital (CHBAH) were noted anecdotally. No study has previously been done to analyse the outcomes and risks of the placement of enteral nutrition in the adult population with dysphagia in the South African context. This study aimed to compare survival times in patients with dysphagia, who had a single morbidity and multiple morbidities, who were recommended for enteral nutrition to those who were recommended for oral palliative nutrition, and the risks associated with a higher risk of mortality postplacement of enteral nutrition. Design: The study employed an observational cohort design, using both retrospective and prospective methods. Three cohorts were included in the study.1) Participants with multiple morbidities who were recommended for enteral nutrition (n=212), 2) Participants with a single morbidity who were recommended for enteral nutrition (n=35) and, 3) Participants who were placed on oral palliative nutrition (n=10). Results: A high rate or mortality was noted in all participants who were placed on enteral nutrition (regardless of it being NGT or PEG). Survival time was longer in participants with a single morbidity (54 days) compared to those with multiple morbidities (24 days) who received a PEG. Survival of participants with multiple morbidities who were on oral palliative nutrition, was only five days less (19 days) than participants with multiple morbidities who had a PEG placed. Mortality rates were high following the placement of enteral nutrition which could be attributed to the participants underlying medical condition and level of morbidities present. Conclusion: Findings of this study highlight the need for greater consideration of the risk factors that may place a patient at risk of mortality following the placement of enteral nutrition. It brings into question the futility of some PEG procedures in a cohort of participants that show such poor survival, and encourages clinicians to explore the option of oral palliative nutrition as a recommendation for patients who are expected to have a high risk of mortality if recommended for and placed with enteral nutrition.
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Мальована, Нiна Володимирiвна, Нина Владимировна Малеванная, and Nina Volodymyrivna Malovana. "Cultural levels of speech." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2017. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/65147.
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The way you use language tells more about you than any other activity of your life. What you say and how you say it are more revealing of your intelligence, personality, and character than the ways you dress, eat, walk, read or make your living. Knowing how to read and write is a significant accomplishment for everyone, but neither reading nor writing is an essential part of anyone’s factual existence. Communicating with others through some sort of speech signals is essential however.
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Seeff-Gabriel, Belinda Kim. "An investigation of sentence-level abilities in children with different types of speech disorder." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2006. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445053/.
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Recent studies have highlighted the co-occurrence of speech disorders with language disorders, yet few studies have attempted to explore the relationship between them. This thesis examines the sentence-level abilities of children with different types of speech disorders, and addresses the following questions: (i) Can children with different types of speech disorders be differentiated according to their sentence-level performance? (ii) Is there a more-than-chance co-occurrence of sentence-level difficulties in children with different types of speech disorders? (iii) What is the relationship between speech disorders and sentence production? (iv) Is sentence imitation an efficient, effective and reliable method of assessing expressive syntax in children with severe speech difficulties? The research focuses on two groups of children, each with a different type of speech disorder: one using atypical phonological processes consistently (CPD) and the other using atypical phonological processes inconsistently (IPD). Their performance was compared to children with SLI and typical development. Results of a group study assessing sentence imitation revealed that children with CPD were no more likely to have co-occurring sentence-level difficulties than typically developing children. The IPD group showed difficulties at the sentence level, with significant variation within the group. Further investigations of sentence processing-related skills found that the IPD group could be divided into those who had IPD only and obtained high sentence imitation scores, and those who had co-occurring IPD and sentence-level difficulties, reflected in their low sentence imitation scores. The performance of the low-scoring IPD children was similar to the SLI group's performance in terms of their sentence imitation accuracy scores and most sentence processing-related abilities. However, they could be differentiated by the types and proportions of their errors and their sentence imitation performance when repeating sentences containing multi-syllabic words. The theoretical and clinical implications of the research outcomes are explored.
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King, Janice E. "INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL INFLUENCES ON PROGRAM-LEVEL CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATION FASHION MERCHANDISING PROGRAMS." OpenSIUC, 2010. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/132.
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In an ever changing global economy, higher education experiences accountability issues in educating the workforce. Graduates require the knowledge and skills necessary to succeed in the global workplace. For graduates to have the opportunity to attain this understanding and expertise, it is critical to identify what influences curriculum development to create a curriculum that meets workplace needs. The purpose of this study was to contribute to a better understanding of curriculum development in higher education fashion merchandising programs. More specifically what impacts the curriculum and if skill standard(s) and/or competency list(s), are used when developing program-level curriculum for higher education fashion merchandising programs. Descriptive research examined the internal and external influences and standard(s) and/or competency list(s) used in curriculum development. Electronically, an invitation to participate and the survey instrument were sent to faculty in apparel and textile programs across the United States. Data were collected from 96 apparel and textile faculty. Data revealed internal influences, more so than external influences, impacted curriculum development in higher education fashion merchandising programs. The largest percentage and extent of internal influence on curriculum development in higher education fashion merchandising programs was faculty background; program mission was also a major internal influence. The largest percentage and extent of external influence on curriculum development in higher education fashion merchandising programs was marketplace/employers. No statistically significant relationship was found between the participants' type of institution (undergraduate and graduate granting) and internal and external influences. However, more research is called for to examine the specific internal influence of program mission and the external influence of marketplace/employers. Current curriculum influences, skill standard(s) and/or competency list(s) used, and type of institution were examined in this research study. The study proposes that the higher education fashion merchandising curriculum is influenced, in varying degrees, by internal and external influences and that skill standard(s) and/or competency list(s) from many sources are used in curriculum development. Undergraduate or graduate institutions were not differentially influenced by internal or external factors.
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Lam, Lai-man Suki. "Pitch level and pitch variability in Cantonese speakers with dysarthria associated with cerebral palsy." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36207548.
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Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 2000."A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, May 10, 2000." Also available in print.
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Akin, Faith W., Owen D. Murnane, Peter C. Panus, Stacy K. Caruthers, Amy E. Wilkinson, and Tina M. Proffitt. "The Influence of Voluntary Tonic Emg Level on the Vestibular-Evoked Myogenic Potential." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2004. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1789.
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Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) are proposed as a reliable test to supplement the current vestibular test battery by providing diagnostic information about saccular and/or inferior vestibular nerve function. VEMPs are short-latency electromyograms (EMGs) evoked by high-level acoustic stimuli and recorded from surface electrodes over the tonically contracted sternocleidomastoid muscle. VEMP amplitude is influenced by the EMG level, which must be controlled. This study examined the ability of subjects to achieve the EMG target levels over a range of target levels typically used during VEMP recordings. In addition, the influence of target EMG level on the latency and amplitude of the click- and tone-evoked VEMP was examined. The VEMP amplitude increased as a function of EMG target level, and the latency remained constant. EMG target levels ranging from 30 microV to 50 microV are suggested for clinical application of the VEMP.
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Jones, Anna Barbara. "Auditory comprehension : from the voice up to the single word level." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25387.
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Auditory comprehension, the ability to understand spoken language, consists of a number of different auditory processing skills. In the five studies presented in this thesis I investigated both intact and impaired auditory comprehension at different levels: voice versus phoneme perception, as well as single word auditory comprehension in terms of phonemic and semantic content. In the first study, using sounds from different continua of ‘male’-/pæ/ to ‘female’-/tæ/ and ‘male’-/tæ/ to ‘female’-/pæ/, healthy participants (n=18) showed that phonemes are categorised faster than voice, in contradistinction with the common hypothesis that voice information is stripped away (or normalised) to access phonemic content. Furthermore, reverse correlation analysis suggests that gender and phoneme are processed on the basis of different perceptual representations. A follow-up study (same paradigm) in stroke patients (n=25, right or left hemispheric brain lesions, both with and without aphasia) showed that lesions of the right frontal cortex (likely ventral inferior frontal gyrus) leads to systematic voice perception deficits while left hemispheric lesions can elicit both voice and phoneme deficits. Together these results show that phoneme processing is lateralized while voice information processing requires both hemispheres. Furthermore, this suggests that commencing Speech and Language Therapy at a low level of acoustic processing/voice perception may be an appropriate method in the treatment of phoneme perception impairments. A longitudinal case study (CF) of crossed aphasia (rare acquired communication impairment secondary to lesion ipsilateral to the dominant hand) is then presented alongside a mini-review of the literature. Extensive clinical investigation showed that CF presented with word-finding difficulties related to impaired auditory phonological analysis, while functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) analyses showed right hemispheric lateralization of language functions (reading, repetition and verb generation). These results, together with the co-morbidity analysis from the mini-review, suggest that crossed aphasia can be explained by developmental disorders which cause partial right lateralization shift of language processes. Interestingly, in CF this process did not affect voice lateralization and information processing, suggesting partial segregation of voice and speech processing. In the last two studies, auditory comprehension was examined at the single word level using a word-picture matching task with congruent (correct target) and incongruent (semantic, phonological and unrelated foils) conditions. fMRI in healthy participants (n=16) revealed a key role of the pars triangularis (phonological processing), the left angular gyrus (semantic incongruency) and the left precuneus (semantic relatedness) in this task – regions typically associated via the arcuate fasciculus and often impaired in aphasia. Further investigation of stroke patients on the same task (n=15) suggested that the connections between the angular gyrus and the pars triangularis serve a fundamental role in semantic processing. The quality of a published word-picture matching task was also investigated, with results questioning the clinical relevance of this task as an assessment tool. Finally, a pilot study looking at the effect of a computer-assisted auditory comprehension therapy (React2©) in 6 stroke patients (vs. 6 healthy controls and 6 stroke patients without therapy) is presented. Results show that the more therapy patients carry out the more improvement is seen in the semantic processing of single nouns. However, these results need to be reproduced on a larger scale in order to generalise any outcomes. Overall, the findings from these studies present new insight into, as well as extending on, current cognitive and neuroanatomical models of voice perception, speech perception and single word auditory comprehension. A combinatorial approach to cognitive and neuroanatomical models is proposed in order to further research, and thus improve clinical care, into impaired auditory comprehension.
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Naish, Daniel A. "Speech interference on residential balconies with road traffic noise." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2013. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/63527/1/Daniel_Naish_Thesis.pdf.
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Residential balcony design influences speech interference levels caused by road traffic noise and a simplified design methodology is needed for optimising balcony acoustic treatments. This research comprehensively assesses speech interference levels and benefits of nine different balcony designs situated in urban street canyons through the use of a combined direct, specular reflection and diffuse reflection path theoretical model. This thesis outlines the theory, analysis and results that lead up to the presentation of a practical design guide which can be used to predict the acoustic effects of balcony geometry and acoustic treatments in streets with variable geometry and acoustic characteristics.
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Johnson, Earl E., Todd Ricketts, and Benjamin Hornsby. "The Effect of Extending High-Frequency Bandwidth on the Acceptable Noise Level (anl) of Hearing-Impaired Listeners." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1696.
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This study examined the effects of extending high-frequency bandwidth, for both a speech signal and a background noise, on the acceptable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of listeners with mild sensorineural hearing loss through utilization of the Acceptable Noise Level (ANL) procedure. In addition to extending high-frequency bandwidth, the effects of reverberation time and background noise type and shape were also examined. The study results showed a significant increase in the mean ANL (i.e. participants requested a better SNR for an acceptable listening situation) when high-frequency bandwidth was extended from 3 to 9 kHz and from 6 to 9 kHz. No change in the ANL of study participants was observed as a result of isolated modification to reverberation time or background noise stimulus. An interaction effect, however, of reverberation time and background noise stimulus was demonstrated. These findings may have implications for future design of hearing aid memory programs for listening to speech in the presence of broadband background noise.
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劉淑 and Suk-han Lau. "The effect of type and level of noise on long-term average speech spectrum (LTASS)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31251031.
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