Relevant bibliographies by topics / Internal level of speech

Academic literature on the topic 'Internal level of speech'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Internal level of speech"

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Serpanos, Yula C., Janet R. Schoepflin, Steven R. Cox, and Diane Davis. "The Accuracy of Smartphone Sound Level Meter Applications (SLMAs) in Measuring Sound Levels in Clinical Rooms." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 32, no. 01 (January 2021): 027–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1719137.

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Abstract Background The accuracy of smartphone sound level meter applications (SLMAs) has been investigated with varied results, based on differences in platform, device, app, available features, test stimuli, and methodology. Purpose This article determines the accuracy of smartphone SLMAs with and without calibration of external and internal microphones for measuring sound levels in clinical rooms. Research Design Quasi-experimental research design comparing the accuracy of two smartphone SLMAs with and without calibration of external and internal microphones. Data Collection and Analysis Two iOS-based smartphone SLMAs (NIOSH SLM and SPL Meter) on an iPhone 6S were used with and without calibrated external and internal microphones. Measures included: (1) white noise (WN) stimuli from 20 to 100 dB sound pressure level in a sound-treated test booth and (2) sound levels in quiet in four nonsound-treated clinical rooms and in simulated background sound conditions using music at 45, 55, and 80 dBA. Chi-square analysis was used to determine a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in sound measures between the SLMAs and a Type 1 SLM. Results Measures of WN signals and room sound level measures in quiet and simulated background sound conditions were significantly more accurate at levels ≥ 40 dBA using the SLMAs with calibrated external and internal microphones. However, SLMA measures with and without calibration of external and internal microphones overestimated sound levels < 40 dBA. Conclusion The SLMAs studied with calibrated external or internal microphones are able to verify the room environment for audiologic screening at 1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 Hz at 20 dB hearing level (American Academy of Audiology and American Speech-Language-Hearing Association) using supra-aural earphones (American National Standards Institute S3.1–1999 [R2018]). However, the tested SLMAs overestimated low-level sound < 40 dBA, even when the external or internal microphones were calibrated. Clinicians are advised to calibrate the microphones prior to using measurement systems involving smartphones and SLMAs to measure room sound levels and to monitor background noise levels throughout the provision of clinical services.
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Zheng, Chunjun, Chunli Wang, and Ning Jia. "An Ensemble Model for Multi-Level Speech Emotion Recognition." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (December 26, 2019): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010205.

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Speech emotion recognition is a challenging and widely examined research topic in the field of speech processing. The accuracy of existing models in speech emotion recognition tasks is not high, and the generalization ability is not strong. Since the feature set and model design of effective speech directly affect the accuracy of speech emotion recognition, research on features and models is important. Because emotional expression is often correlated with the global features, local features, and model design of speech, it is often difficult to find a universal solution for effective speech emotion recognition. Based on this, the main research purpose of this paper is to generate general emotion features in speech signals from different angles, and use the ensemble learning model to perform emotion recognition tasks. It is divided into the following aspects: (1) Three expert roles of speech emotion recognition are designed. Expert 1 focuses on three-dimensional feature extraction of local signals; expert 2 focuses on extraction of comprehensive information in local data; and expert 3 emphasizes global features: acoustic feature descriptors (low-level descriptors (LLDs)), high-level statistics functionals (HSFs), and local features and their timing relationships. A single-/multiple-level deep learning model that meets expert characteristics is designed for each expert, including convolutional neural network (CNN), bi-directional long short-term memory (BLSTM), and gated recurrent unit (GRU). Convolutional recurrent neural network (CRNN), based on a combination of an attention mechanism, is used for internal training of experts. (2) By designing an ensemble learning model, each expert can play to its own advantages and evaluate speech emotions from different focuses. (3) Through experiments, the performance of various experts and ensemble learning models in emotion recognition is compared in the Interactive Emotional Dyadic Motion Capture (IEMOCAP) corpus and the validity of the proposed model is verified.
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Sevastyanova, Ul’yana Yu. "Features of the internal picture of the defect in children with severe speech impairment." Vestnik Kostroma State University. Series: Pedagogy. Psychology. Sociokinetics, no. 4 (2019): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/2073-1426-2019-25-4-189-192.

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The article presents the structure of the internal picture of the defect in children with severe speech impairments of preschool and primary school age. A theoretical and empirical study was carried out, on the basis of which the features of the internal picture of the defect in children with severe speech impairments were identified. Age-related differences in the physical, emotional, motivational, cognitive components of the internal picture of the defect in children with severe speech impairments are shown. The specifics of the level and assessment of self-image are described depending on the structure of the defect and the age of children with severe speech impairments. Based on the study, the author concludes that the internal picture of the defect is related to the structure of the defect.
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Yaşar qızı Məmmədova, Sevinc. "Azerbaijani literary language and internal speech problems." SCIENTIFIC WORK 80, no. 7 (July 17, 2022): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/80/52-57.

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Azərbaycan ədəbi dili lüğət tərkibi sovet dövrünə istər zənginləşmə mənbələrinə, istərsə də funksional üslubi diferensiasiya səviyyəsinə münasibətdə özünəməxsus tarixi xarakteri ilə gəlir və bu xarakter onun sovet dövründəki inkişafına bilavasitə təsir edir.Azərbaycan ədəbi dilinin tarixi, o qədər də sistemli və ardıcıl olmayan bir sıra təşəbbüsləri nəzərə almasaq, əsrimizin 30-cu illərindən etibarən araşdırılmağa başlanılmışdır. Azərbaycan ədəbi dilinin inkişafı, onun ictimai təsirinin çoxalması baxımından keçmiş sovet dövrü, ədəbi dilin mərhələləri içərisində xüsusi əhəmiyyətə malikdir. Uzun əsrlər boyu zəngin ənənələr qazanmış ədəbi-bədii üslubla yanaşı, ədəbi dilin publisistik, elmi və epistolyar üslubları cəmiyyətin inkişafı ilə əlaqədar bu dövrdə daha da aparıcı mövqeyə çıxmağa başlamışdır. Ədəbi dilimizin bu dövrünün əsaslı tədqiqi ona görə dilçilərin qarşısında həmişə aktual bir mənbə kimi qalır ki, tədqiqatın bu istiqamətdə aparılması prosesində Azərbaycan ədəbi dilinin sonrakı inkişaf yolları aydınlaşdırılır, müxtəlif dil faktlarını ümumiləşdirməklə mütərəqqi meyar aşkara çıxarılır, müəyyən elmi nəticələr əldə etməyə imkan verir. Azərbaycan ədəbi dili Azərbaycan ümumxalq dili əsasında və kifayət qədər mürəkkəb etnolinqvistik proseslərin nəticəsi kimi təşəkkül tapmışdır. Bu barədə birbirini çox hallarda istisna edən mülahizələr mövcuddur. Lakin 80-ci illərin ortalarından etibarən Azərbaycan xalqının, Azərbaycan dilinin (o cümlədən ədəbi dilin) mənşəyi ilə əlaqədar müəyyən ümumi qənaətlər formalaşmaqda və milli tarixi-filoloji təfəkkürün əsaslarını təşkil etməkdədir. Azərbaycan dili, məlum olduğu kimi, ən qədim zamanlardan Avrasiyada geniş yayılmış türk dilləri qrupuna daxildir. Dil (eyni zamanda ədəbi dil) prosesləri ictimai mahiyyəti etibarilə etnik proseslərlə sıx bağlıdır. Açar sözlər: dövr, qrammatika, lüğət, əsər, şeir Sevinj Yashar Mammadova Azerbaijani literary language and internal speech problems Abstract The vocabulary of the Azerbaijani literary language comes to the Soviet period with its own historical character, both in relation to the sources of enrichment and the level of functional stylistic differentiation, and this character directly affects its development in the Soviet period. The history of the literary language of Azerbaijan, if we do not take into account a number of initiatives that are not so systematic and consistent, started to investigate from the 30s of our century. From the point of view of the development of the literary language of Azerbaijan and the increase of its social influence, the former Soviet period is of special importance among the stages of the literary language. In addition to the literary and artistic style, which has gained rich traditions for many centuries, journalistic, scientific and epistolary styles of the literary language began to take a leading position in this period due to the development of society. Fundamental research of this period of our literary language remains a relevant source for linguists because in the process of conducting research in this direction, the further development paths of the Azerbaijani literary language are clarified, a progressive criterion is revealed by summarizing various linguistic facts, and it allows to obtain certain scientific results. The literary language of Azerbaijan was formed on the basis of the national language of Azerbaijan and as a result of rather complex ethnolinguistic processes. There are often mutually exclusive opinions about this. However, since the mid-1980s, certain general conclusions regarding the origin of the Azerbaijani people and the Azerbaijani language (including the literary language) have been formed and form the basis of the national historical-philological thinking. The Azerbaijani language, as it is known, belongs to the group of Turkic languages widely distributed in Eurasia since ancient times. Language (at the same time, literary language) processes are closely related to ethnic processes by their social nature. Key words: period, grammar, dictionary, work, poem
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Huber, Jessica E., Bharath Chandrasekaran, and John J. Wolstencroft. "Changes to respiratory mechanisms during speech as a result of different cues to increase loudness." Journal of Applied Physiology 98, no. 6 (June 2005): 2177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01239.2004.

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The purpose of the present study was to determine whether different cues to increase loudness in speech result in different internal targets (or goals) for respiratory movement and whether the neural control of the respiratory system is sensitive to changes in the speaker's internal loudness target. This study examined respiratory mechanisms during speech in 30 young adults at comfortable level and increased loudness levels. Increased loudness was elicited using three methods: asking subjects to target a specific sound pressure level, asking subjects to speak twice as loud as comfortable, and asking subjects to speak in noise. All three loud conditions resulted in similar increases in sound pressure level . However, the respiratory mechanisms used to support the increase in loudness differed significantly depending on how the louder speech was elicited. When asked to target at a particular sound pressure level, subjects used a mechanism of increasing the lung volume at which speech was initiated to take advantage of higher recoil pressures. When asked to speak twice as loud as comfortable, subjects increased expiratory muscle tension, for the most part, to increase the pressure for speech. However, in the most natural of the elicitation methods, speaking in noise, the subjects used a combined respiratory approach, using both increased recoil pressures and increased expiratory muscle tension. In noise, an additional target, possibly improving intelligibility of speech, was reflected in the slowing of speech rate and in larger volume excursions even though the speakers were producing the same number of syllables.
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Guy, Gregory R., and Cecelia Cutler. "Speech style and authenticity: Quantitative evidence for the performance of identity." Language Variation and Change 23, no. 1 (March 2011): 139–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394510000232.

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AbstractThe question of what constitutes an authentic speaker, particularly with regard to African American Vernacular English (AAVE), has been the subject of some debate in sociolinguistics (Butters, 1984; Labov, 1980; Sweetland, 2002) and arises anew in the case of white hip-hop–affiliated youth (WHHs) who converge toward AAVE in their speech. This paper takes a quantitative approach to this question by examining how speech style alters the relationship between the frequencies of a variable in different linguistic environments. Guy (1991b) showed that the exponential relationship in English among rates of coronal stop deletion (CSD) in several morphological categories is systematically distorted by constraints on the surface-level phonology. Because stylistic variation appears to operate at this level, such distortion provides an internal measure of a speaker's stylistic shifting away from their neutral vernacular usage. Data on CSD deletion from WHHs who style shift toward AAVE show this kind of distortion when compared with the speech of AAVE speakers. This data provide strong internal evidence in support of the idea that some WHHs are “performing” a speech style that diverges from their unmarked style.
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Ivashkevych, Eduard, and Ruslan Simko. "The Characteristics of Inner Speech of a Personality by Use of the Method of Dialogical Analysis of the Case." Collection of Research Papers "Problems of Modern Psychology", no. 57 (April 7, 2022): 32–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32626/2227-6246.2022-57.32-50.

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he purpose of our article is to characterize the method of dialogical analy-sis of the case for description of inner speech of the person, to show it use on practice during the providing of statement experiment.methods of the research. The following theoretical methods of the research were used to solve the tasks formulated in the article: the categorical method, structural and functional methods, the methods of the analysis, systematization, modeling, generalization. Also in our research we used a statement experiment as an empirical method. With the aim to diagnose the level of the development ofinner speech of the person we used the author’s method of dialogical analysis of the case.the results of the research. In the article it was shown, that human feelings act as an experience of “Me”, and in this regard it is as external monologues, and on the other hand they are dialogical in nature, they can hear a broken dialogue with others: appeals, questions, expected answers, desires that are not expressed, accusations, etc., that exists in a covert form of internal dialogue. Un-der the dialogical analysis of the case we understand the reconstruction of the movement of internal dialogue, which becomes possible as a result of a special attitude to the text (for this purpose, special methods of textual analysis were developed).conclusions. Theinner speech was showed to be the speech for himself/herself. External speech is speech for others. Psychologically, the language of the pupil in functional and structural terms is egocentric speech, it is not under-stood as internal speech and is not separated by the child from speech for others. Objectively, this language is a function differentiated from social thinking, but again inconsistent, because it can only function in a situation that makes social speech possible.
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Verstraete, Jean-Christophe. "A semiotic model for the description of levels in conjunction." Functions of Language 5, no. 2 (January 1, 1998): 179–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.5.2.04ver.

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This paper attempts to develop a comprehensive model for the problem of internal vs. external conjunction (Halliday & Hasan 1976). It is first argued that the distinction between internal and external conjunction is not merely a matter of semantics, but that the two types are semiotically significant categories. By postulating that internal and external conjunction are cryptotypically anchored in the speaker-encoding vs. content-related grammar of their main clause, it can be explained why and how syntactic criteria like clefting or nominalization 'react' to the semantic distinction between the two types of conjunction. Secondly, it is argued that the internal category should be subdivided into two grammatically distinct types of conjunction, which are related to the modal and the speech functional grammar of their main clause. Finally, this analysis is used to propose a sharper delineation of the modal and the speech functional subtypes of the internal category.
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Kohler, Klaus J. "Articulatory dynamics of vowels and consonants in speech communication." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 31, no. 1 (June 2001): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100301001013.

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This paper provides a statistical account of schwa elision and vowel nasalization, and of nasalization and deletion of plosives in a large corpus of German spontaneous dialogues in comparison with an equally large data base of read speech (sentences and texts) from large groups of North German speakers. The phonetic variability of these phrase-level processes is projected onto the articulatory dynamics in global opening and closing gestures, which are taken to be basic phonetic structures of speech communication. Trends for gesture reorganization are derived from statistics, and related to external control factors of word boundary, word class, speech style as well as internal phonetic conditions of gestural make-up and of reduction of articulatory complexity. These synchronic facts of one language are compared with parallel instances from other languages and linked to congruent diachronic data of sound change, thus laying the foundation for generalizable phrase-level patterns of human speech production.
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Setyawati, Luthfiyah Hanim, Mangatur Rudolf Nababan, and Djatmika Djatmika. "Translation Analysis toward Expressions Mitigating Speech Act of Criticizing in Harper Lee’s to Kill A Mockingbird and Go Set A Watchman." Journal of English Language Teaching and Linguistics 3, no. 2 (July 25, 2018): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21462/jeltl.v3i2.113.

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<p><em>Using descriptive qualitative method, this paper aims to identify the forms of mitigation of criticizing speech acts in two novels entitled To Kill a Mockingbird and Go Set A Watchman, to identify translation technique used and to describe the quality of translation of expressions mitigating speech act of criticizing in those novels. Data used were linguistic units (words, phrases, clauses, or sentences) represented mitigation types of criticizing speech act. The findings indicate that there were two mitigation types of speech act criticizing, namely external and internal. Expressions mitigating speech act of criticizing from those novels mainly had an equivalent message in Source Text (ST). Translation techniques applied to translate mitigation forms in criticizing speech act imply the translator’s competence in conveying the message of Source Text. Thus, it will impact on shifting meaning or even level of politeness.</em></p>
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Internal level of speech"

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Bendall, William Bryson. "Retrospective Analysis of Injuries Sustained In Vehicle Front‐ and Back‐Overs in a Level I Pediatric Trauma Center." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623628.

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A Thesis submitted to The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine.
Motor vehicle accidents involving pedestrians are some of the most common and lethal forms of injury for children in the United States. Among younger children, a common mechanism of action for severe trauma is when a vehicle runs over the child in a forward or backward motion at low speed resulting in a blunt crush injury. This typically occurs in non‐traffic settings including driveways, sidewalks, and roadways. Such incidents have been referred to in many different ways in the literature but for the purposes of this paper will be referred to as low speed vehicle run‐overs. This is a retrospective chart review carried out at Phoenix Children’s Hospital in affiliation with the University of Arizona College of Medicine‐Phoenix that categorizes and examines the injuries sustained by patients involved in low speed vehicle runovers occurring between December 2007 and August 2013. Fifty‐five pediatric patients were included with a median age of 24 months and 6 of these patients were fatally injured. Internal injuries were common overall and significantly more common in children ≤24months. Over half of the cohort sustained fractures, with a 24% incidence of skull fractures. All fatalities were the result of traumatic brain injury. Twenty percent of victims required operative intervention. It was concluded that the severity of these types of incidents varies from minimal to life threatening and best care requires close and thorough evaluation by the trauma and emergency department teams.
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Lucas, Adrian Edward. "Acoustic level speech recognition." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1991. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/2819/.

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A number of techniques have been developed over the last forty years which attempt to solve the problem of recognizing human speech by machine. Although the general problem of unconstrained, speaker independent connected speech recognition is still not solved, some of the methods have demonstrated varying degrees of success on a number of constrained speech recognition tasks. Human speech communication is considered to take place on a number of levels from the acoustic signal through to higher linguistic and semantic levels. At the acoustic level, the recognition process can be divided into time-alignment (the removal of global and local timing differences between the unknown input speech and the stored reference templates) and referencete mplate matching. Little attention seems to have been given to the effective use of acoustic level contextual information to improve the performance of these tasks. In this thesis, a new template matching scheme is developed which addresses this issue and successfully allows the utilization of acoustic level context. The method, based on Bayesian decision theory, is a dynamic time warping approach which incorporates statistical dependencies in matching errors between frames along the entire length of the reference template. In addition, the method includes a speaker compensation technique operating simultaneously. Implementation is carried out using the highly efficient branch and bound algorithm. Speech model storage requirements are quite small as a result of an elegant feature of the recursive matching criterion. Furthermore, a novel method for inferencing the special speech models is introduced. The new method is tested on data drawn from nearly 8000 utterances of the 26 letters of the British English Alphabet spoken by 104 speakers, split almost equally between male and female speakers. Experiments show that the new approach is a powerful acoustic level speech recognizer achieving up to 34% better recognition performance when compared with a conventional method based on the dynamic programming algorithm.
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Campbell, Wilhelm. "Multi-level speech timing control." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283832.

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This thesis describes a model of speech timing, predicting at the syllable level, with sensitivity to rhythmic factors at the foot level, that predicts segmental durations by a process of accommodation into the higher-level timing framework. The model is based on analyses of two large databases of British English speech; one illustrating the range of prosodic variation in the language, the other illustrating segmental duration characteristics in various phonetic environments. Designed for a speech synthesis application, the model also has relevance to linguistic and phonetic theory, and shows that phonological specification of prosodic variation is independent of the phonetic realisation of segmental duration. It also shows, using normalisation of phone-specific timing characteristics, that lengthening of segments within the syllable is of three kinds: prominence-related, applying more to onset segments; boundary-related, applying more to coda segments; and rhythm/rate-related, being more uniform across all component segments. In this model, durations are first predicted at the level of the syllable from consideration of the number of component segments, the nature of the rhyme, and the three types of lengthening. The segmental durations are then constrained to sum to this value by determining an appropriate uniform quantile of their individual distributions. Segmental distributions define the range of likely durations each might show under a given set of conditions; their parameters are predicted from broad-class features of place and manner of articulation, factored for position in the syllable, clustering, stress, and finality. Two parameters determine the segmental duration . pdfs, assuming a Gamma distribution, and one parameter determines the quantile within that pdf to predict the duration of any segment in a given prosodic context. In experimental tests, each level produced durations that closely fitted the data of four speakers of British English, and showed performance rates higher than a comparable model predicting exclusively at the level of the segment.
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Knott, Paul J. "Internal processes influencing organisation-level competence." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.630481.

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This thesis concerns the concepts associated with 'organisation-level competence'. Its focus is on the internal nature of organisation-level competence and with its application to company strategic management. The topic generated considerable interest in the early to mid 1990s amongst practitioners. This interest reflected the increased importance of the internal resource perspective on company strategy arising through increased global competition and the influence of rapidly developing technology. However, this interest generated much confusion as the concepts were often poorly defined, and although a prior theoretical base existed this was poorly linked to the practical use of the concept. This thesis demonstrates the theoretical roots of the concept and shows how it has been interpreted from the perspective of different research paradigms. It reports on research that has challenged the concept empirically and shown how it can be operationalised in several contrasting technology-based organisations. The focus of the work was an internal approach to the analysis of competence, in contrast to much of the literature on competence which concentrates on its external application. In view of the undeveloped status of the topic, and the desire to build theory and understanding rather than to make empirical generalisations, the research was concentrated on idiographic case studies. One of the outcomes of the research has been to provide a foundation for further work which can now build on better established concepts. The central theme of the research was to establish an improved understanding of the nature of competence in organisations. The concept has been delineated more precisely than hitherto and a framework has been derived for integrating related concepts. This is important since vagueness has arguably been limiting to the application of the concept. Competence has been delineated in terms of the new concepts of 'potential competence' and 'realised competence'. In doing so the paradox has been addressed that competence appears to be both a persistent and a contingent property. Another paradox, between competence and rigidity, has been addressed by proposing the unifying framework of a 'Resource utility matrix'. In addition the way in which the factors influencing competence can interact has been described. The research also provides an empirically derived and theoretically informed basis for techniques of applying the competence concept to the practice of strategic analysis. The questions of language and definition have been addressed. Limitations have been identified with analysis approaches in common use that are based on a hierarchical breakdown and a new approach has been proposed and tested which avoids such a breakdown. The approach makes use of a framework which has also been found to form a successful representation of company competence, within certain limits. A set of complementary representations has been suggested. The studies have also produced implications for the management of competence in organisations, including the potential and limitations of managerial action and the transferability of competence.
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Astell, Arlene Jean. "Disordered speech in dementia." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1995. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3992/.

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What is the effect on language of the progressive degenerative disorder, Alzheimer's disease (AD)? What are the functional consequences of this illness, particularly for speech? The majority of accounts interpret speech disorder in AD as reflecting underlying semantic disruption. In contrast I apply current theories of lexicalization in speech production to the speech disorder. Four competing hypotheses are derived from a two-stage model of lexicalization in speech production. This model contains separate semantic, lexical and phonological representations. Data are collected from patients with probable AD and age-matched controls using standard psycholinguistic techniques. The data support an explanation of progressively impaired higher level cognitive processing which interacts with impaired semantic to lexical processing in speech production.
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Chang, Hung-An Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Multi-level acoustic modeling for automatic speech recognition." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/74981.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2012.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 183-192).
Context-dependent acoustic modeling is commonly used in large-vocabulary Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems as a way to model coarticulatory variations that occur during speech production. Typically, the local phoneme context is used as a means to define context-dependent units. Because the number of possible context-dependent units can grow exponentially with the length of the contexts, many units will not have enough training examples to train a robust model, resulting in a data sparsity problem. For nearly two decades, this data sparsity problem has been dealt with by a clustering-based framework which systematically groups different context-dependent units into clusters such that each cluster can have enough data. Although dealing with the data sparsity issue, the clustering-based approach also makes all context-dependent units within a cluster have the same acoustic score, resulting in a quantization effect that can potentially limit the performance of the context-dependent model. In this work, a multi-level acoustic modeling framework is proposed to address both the data sparsity problem and the quantization effect. Under the multi-level framework, each context-dependent unit is associated with classifiers that target multiple levels of contextual resolution, and the outputs of the classifiers are linearly combined for scoring during recognition. By choosing the classifiers judiciously, both the data sparsity problem and the quantization effect can be dealt with. The proposed multi-level framework can also be integrated into existing large-vocabulary ASR systems, such as FST-based ASR systems, and is compatible with state-of-the-art error reduction techniques for ASR systems, such as discriminative training methods. Multiple sets of experiments have been conducted to compare the performance of the clustering-based acoustic model and the proposed multi-level model. In a phonetic recognition experiment on TIMIT, the multi-level model has about 8% relative improvement in terms of phone error rate, showing that the multi-level framework can help improve phonetic prediction accuracy. In a large-vocabulary transcription task, combining the proposed multi-level modeling framework with discriminative training can provide more than 20% relative improvement over a clustering baseline model in terms of Word Error Rate (WER), showing that the multi-level framework can be integrated into existing large-vocabulary decoding frameworks and that it combines well with discriminative training methods. In speaker adaptive transcription task, the multi-level model has about 14% relative WER improvement, showing that the proposed framework can adapt better to new speakers, and potentially to new environments than the conventional clustering-based approach.
by Hung-An Chang.
Ph.D.
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Пазюра, Людмила Володимирівна, and Олександра Олександрівна Новікова. "Teaching oral russian speech at the beginner’s level." Thesis, Материали за XIV международна научна практична конференция, Новината за напреднали наука - 2018 , 15-22 май 2018 г. Филологическите науки. : София.« Бял ГРАД-БГ » - 140 c. (С. 17-21), 2018. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/35225.

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Golston, Chris. "Level-ordered Lexical Insertion: Evidence from Speech Errors." Department of Linguistics, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/227269.

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Agee, C., C. Bowden, and A. Lynn Williams. "Phonological Intervention with Children: Word vs. Conversation Level." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1999. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2103.

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Husein, Hish. "Audiologist as the entry level professional." Diss., NSUWorks, 2002. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hpd_aud_stuetd/2.

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Professional Research Project Report Presented to the Au.D. and SLP.D. Programs in Communication Sciences and Disorders in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Audiology.
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Books on the topic "Internal level of speech"

1

Level 2 clinical case collection: Internal medicine and surgery. 3rd ed. Ottsville, PA: Pro-Medica Publishing Company, 2014.

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Hegde, M. N. (Mahabalagiri N.), 1941- author, ed. Assessment and treatment of speech sound disorders in children: A dual-level text. Austin, TX: PRO-ED, an international publisher, 2015.

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Socio-economic and structural analysis of internal migration: A micro level study. New Delhi: Serials Publications, 2010.

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Bühler, Dirk. Domain-level reasoning for spoken dialogue systems. New York: Springer, 2011.

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Kavi Kumar, K. S., author and South Asian Network for Development and Environmental Economics, eds. Weather variability, agriculture and rural migration: Evidence from state and district level migration in India. Kathmandu: South Asian Network for Development and Environmental Economics, 2014.

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May, Julian. Migrant labour in Transkei: Cause and consequence at the village level. Durban: Development Studies Unit, University of Natal, 1985.

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McIntyre, Anthony. Speech made to the Sinn Fein internal conference at the RDS, Dublin. 30.9.1995. Belfast: The Author, 1995.

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Golper, Lee Ann C. Sourcebook for medical speech pathology. 2nd ed. San Diego, Calif: Singular Pub. Group, 1998.

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Golper, Lee Ann C. Sourcebook for medical speech pathology. San Diego, Calif: Singular Pub. Group, 1992.

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J, Robinson William. The effects of skill level on EMG activity during internal and external imagery. Eugene: Microform Publications, College of Human Development and Performance, University of Oregon, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Internal level of speech"

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Weik, Martin H. "internal consideration level." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 820. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_9408.

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Gorman, G. "Internal Organisation." In Business Studies A Level, 154–65. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13846-3_9.

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Byon, Andrew Sangpil. "The intimate speech level and the plain speech level." In Intermediate Korean:, 1–8. 2nd ed. Second edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge grammar workbooks: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003096610-1.

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Byon, Andrew Sangpil. "The formal speech level and the polite speech level." In Basic Korean, 26–32. Second edition. | [New York] : Routledge, [2020] |: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003096597-5.

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Chernykh, German, Maxim Korenevsky, Kirill Levin, Irina Ponomareva, and Natalia Tomashenko. "State Level Control for Acoustic Model Training." In Speech and Computer, 435–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11581-8_54.

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Pfister, Jan. "The Organizational Level." In Managing Organizational Culture for Effective Internal Control, 127–43. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-2340-0_6.

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Pfister, Jan. "The Individual Level." In Managing Organizational Culture for Effective Internal Control, 145–58. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-2340-0_7.

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Kachhi, Aastha, Anand Therattil, Priyanka Gupta, and Hemant A. Patil. "Continuous Wavelet Transform for Severity-Level Classification of Dysarthria." In Speech and Computer, 312–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20980-2_27.

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Evdokimova, Vera, Pavel Skrelin, Andrey Barabanov, and Karina Evgrafova. "Phonetic Aspects of High Level of Naturalness in Speech Synthesis." In Speech and Computer, 531–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43958-7_64.

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Kuriscak, Lisa M. "The effect of individual-level variables on speech act performance." In Speech Act Performance, 23–40. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lllt.26.02kur.

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Conference papers on the topic "Internal level of speech"

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Shimp, Samuel K., Steve C. Southward, and Mehdi Ahmadian. "Detecting Crew Alertness With Processed Speech." In ASME/IEEE 2007 Joint Rail Conference and Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc/ice2007-40101.

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This paper proposes a solution for improving the safety of rail and other mass transportation systems through operator alertness monitoring. A non-invasive method of alertness monitoring through speech processing is presented. Speech analysis identifies measurable vocal tract changes due to fatigue and decreased speech rate due to decreased mental ability. Enabled by existing noise reduction technology, a system has been designed for measuring key speech features that are believed to correlate to alertness level. The features of interest are pitch, word intensity, pauses between words and phrases, and word rate. The purpose of this paper is to describe the overall alertness monitoring system design and then to show some experimental results for the core processing algorithm which extracts features from the speech. The feature extraction algorithm proposed here uses a new and simple technique to parse the continuous speech signal coming from the communication signal without using computationally demanding and error-prone word recognition techniques. Preliminary results on the core feature extraction algorithm indicate that words, phrases, and rates can be determined for relatively noise-free speech signals. Once the remainder of the overall alertness monitoring system is complete, it will be applied to real life recordings of train operators and will be subjected to clinical testing to determine alert and non-alert levels of the speech features of interest.
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Muecke, Karl, and Steve C. Southward. "Acoustic Beamforming Enhancement of Locomotive Cabin Speech." In ASME/IEEE 2007 Joint Rail Conference and Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc/ice2007-40102.

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The noisy and monotonous environment of a locomotive cabin is certainly not conducive to clear communication or to high levels of crew alertness. Both of these problems have a negative impact on the operational safety of the locomotive. In this paper, an acoustic beamforming system is developed and evaluated for enhancing the speech signals measured in a locomotive cabin. Higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) speech signals can significantly improve communication as well as enable the use of speech-based alertness detection methods. Acoustic beamforming utilizes a spatially distributed array of low-cost microphones permanently mounted in the locomotive cabin trim, with a digital signal processing algorithm to effectively create a focused directional microphone which can be pointed at any crew member in the cabin. Preliminary experimental testing of this system in a green truck cabin has been successful, even with very high levels of noise.
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Hagen, Luke, George Lavoie, Margaret Wooldridge, and Dennis Assanis. "The Impact of Low Octane Primary Reference Fuel on HCCI Combustion Burn Rates: The Role of Thermal Stratification." In ASME 2016 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2016-9355.

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A new experimental method was developed which isolated charge composition effects for wide levels of internal EGR (iEGR) at constant total EGR (tEGR) for negative valve overlap (NVO) homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion. Using this method, the effect of changing iEGR was examined for both research grade gasoline (RON = 90.5) and PRF40 across multiple engine speeds and at constant charge composition. For this study, the charge composition was defined as the total mass of fresh air, fuel and tEGR. Comparison also was made between the two fuels at a fixed iEGR level to isolate, independent of compositional effects, the effect of a low octane fuel on HCCI burn rates. From the experimental results, for all engine speeds, for a given iEGR level, PRF40 was found to have a reduced burn duration and higher maximum heat release rate (HRR) compared with gasoline. PRF40 was found to have a nearly constant burn duration and HRR for a given load and CA50, largely independent of engine speed and iEGR level. Gasoline, for equivalent conditions, showed an increased burn duration at higher iEGR levels. When comparing PRF40 to gasoline at fixed speed, combustion phasing and iEGR level, the increase in HRR was found to coincide with reduced intake valve closing (IVC) temperatures necessary to maintain constant combustion phasing for the PRF40. The reduced IVC temperature for PRF40 reduced the thermal stratification in-cylinder compared with gasoline and may have been the cause of this change. To examine the impact of thermal gradients relative to fuel chemistry, a multi-zone “balloon model” was used to evaluate experimental conditions. The model used a reduced chemical kinetic mechanism for PRFs with PRF87 representing gasoline. The results of the model demonstrated that when the in-cylinder temperature profiles between PRF40 and PRF87 were matched by adjusting wall temperature, the heat release rates were nearly identical. This result suggested the observed differences in burn rates between gasoline and PRF40 were influenced to a large degree by differences in thermal stratification, and to a lesser extent by differences in fuel chemistry.
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Sarma, Sanjay E., and James R. Rinderle. "Quiescence in Internal Propagation." In ASME 1991 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1991-0057.

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Abstract Concurrent design often involves a large number of variables related through a complex network of constraints. This not only makes it difficult to find a design solution, but also to understand the design parameter trade-offs, trends and interactions. Precise estimates of all the design parameters which would facilitate the exploration of tradeoffs and interactions are generally not available, however, the allowable ranges or intervals of some design parameters are often known. Narrower, or more refined intervals, facilitate the inference of stronger conclusions and the more robust application of mathematical optimization and constraint reasoning tools. Refinement of intervals can be carried out conveniently by constraint propagation, however, direct constraint propagation is often a computationally slow process. In this paper we study constraint propagation at a fundamental level and identify certain properties of the process. We then propose an alternative method in which these properties are utilized to increase considerably the speed and accuracy with which the final quiescent state of constraint propagation can be computed.
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Tikhonova, I. V., T. N. Adeeva, and U. Yu Sevastyanova. "Personality adaptation and internal picture of the defect in adolescents with different variants of dysontogenesis." In INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL ONLINE CONFERENCE. Знание-М, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.38006/907345-50-8.2020.951.964.

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Disabilities are traditionally seen as development conditions involving personality desocialization risks. Features of the disorder are reflected in the consciousness of the individual. A person’s subjective perception of their disorder is important for social and psychological adaptation. Adaptive features and adolescent content of the inward disorder pattern (IDP) are presented in the article. The sample consisted of 109 participants — adolescents with visual impairments, with hearing impairments, with severe speech impairments, with delayed mental development. The optimal level of adaptation is typical for all respondents. Adolescents with hearing impairment demonstrate a high level of adaptability, indicate a high level of acceptance of themselves and others, emotional comfort, and internal orientation of self-control. At the same time, respondents demonstrate dependence on others. Respondents with delayed mental development have the opposite adaptation variant. A relatively critical level of acceptance of oneself and others, a moderate level of emotional comfort is observed in this group. Teenagers with delayed mental development often demonstrate dominance in relationships. A comparative analysis of the inward disorder pattern components shows a significant difference in the completeness of all components of the inward disorder pattern. Teenagers with visual impairment are best aware of their violation, know the causes and prevention factors. Adolescents with severe speech disorders show poor cognitive component IDP. Teenagers with delayed mental development are fixated on physical sensations. Children with hearing disorders do not notice physical sensations and discomfort associated with the disorder, and do not demonstrate motivation to change in response to the disorder. The greatest number of correlations exists between the motivational, physical component in the IDP and adaptation indicators. However, reliable correlations are established between the cognitive component and the manifestations of dominancedependence.
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Fleischer, Sebastian, and Rainer Hampel. "Non Invasive Water Level Monitoring on Boiling Water Reactors Using Internal Gamma Radiation: Application of Soft Computing Methods." In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89278.

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To provide best knowledge about safety-related water level values in boiling water reactors (BWR) is essentially for operational regime. For the water level determination hydrostatic level measurement systems are almost exclusively applied, because they stand the test over many decades in conventional and nuclear power plants (NPP). Due to the steam generation especially in BWR a specific phenomenon occurs which leads to a water-steam mixture level in the reactor annular space and reactor plenum. The mixture level is a high transient non-measurable value concerning the hydrostatic water level measuring system and it significantly differs from the measured collapsed water level. In particular, during operational and accidental transient processes like fast negative pressure transients, the monitoring of these water levels is very important. In addition to the hydrostatic water level measurement system a diverse water level measurement system for BWR should be used. A real physical diversity is given by gamma radiation distribution inside and outside the reactor pressure vessel correlating with the water level. The vertical gamma radiation distribution depends on the water level, but it is also a function of the neutron flux and the coolant recirculation pump speed. For the water level monitoring, special algorithms are required. An analytical determination of the gamma radiation distribution outside the reactor pressure vessel is impossible due to the multitude of radiation of physical processes, complicated non-stationary radiation source distribution and complex geometry of fixtures. For creating suited algorithms Soft Computing methods (Fuzzy Sets Theory, Artificial Neural Networks, etc.) will be used. Therefore, a database containing input values (gamma radiation distribution) and output values (water levels) had to be built. Here, the database was established by experiments (data from BWR and from a test setup) and simulation with the authorised thermofluid code ATHLET.
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Yang, Zhenyi, Xiao Yu, Shui Yu, Jianming Chen, Guangyun Chen, Ming Zheng, Graham Reader, and David S. K. Ting. "Impacts of Spark Discharge Current and Duration on Flame Development of Lean Mixtures Under Flow Conditions." In ASME 2018 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2018-9771.

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Lean or diluted combustion has been considered as an effective strategy to improve the thermal efficiency of spark ignition engines. Under lean or diluted conditions, the combustion speed is reduced by the diluting gas. In order to speed up the combustion, in-cylinder flow is intentionally enhanced to promote the flame propagation. However, it is observed that the flow may make the spark ignition process more challenging due to the shortened discharge duration, the frequent re-strikes of spark plasma and the more complicated interactions between the flow and the flame. In this research, the effects of spark discharge current level and discharge duration on flame kernel development and flame propagation of lean methane air mixture are investigated under flow velocity of about 25 m/s and background pressure of 4 bar abs in an optical combustion chamber. A dual coil ignition system and an in-house developed current management module are used to create different discharge current levels. The average discharge current levels range from 55 mA, 190 mA, up to 250 mA. Detached flame kernel is observed under some test conditions. The flame propagation speed with the detached flame is generally slower than the flame developed from a flame kernel attached to the spark plug. The flame detachment is related to both the discharge current level and the discharge duration. When the discharge current level is high at 250 mA, the detached flame is observed at shorter discharge duration of 0.8 ms, while when the discharge current is low at 190 mA, detached flame can happen at longer discharge duration of 1.3 ms. Various discharge current and discharge durations are adopted to initiate the combustion in a single-cylinder engine operating with lean gasoline air mixture. It is shown from the results that a higher discharge current level and longer discharge duration are beneficial for controlling the combustion phasing and improving the operation stability of the engine.
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Cavina, Nicolo`, Giacomo Po, Luca Poggio, and Daniele Zecchetti. "Individual Cylinder Knock Detection Based on Ion Current Sensing: Correlation Analysis." In ASME 2006 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2006-1430.

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This paper addresses issues related with the measurement, analysis and real-time control of knocking combustions in high-performance spark-ignition engines. In particular, the relationship between output torque and knock intensity has been investigated. Issues examined include a methodology for identifying target knocking levels, and a critical comparison of different signals for extracting knock-related information. When considering high-performance spark-ignition engines, individual cylinder spark advance management that allows maximum output torque while protecting engine components from knock-related damage, is particularly complex. The first part of the activity is focused on an analysis aimed at the identification of a knocking level that allows reaching maximum performance while protecting engine components: For a given engine operating condition, such knocking level is shown to be constant for all the engine cylinders, and it is directly measurable through knock intensity indexes obtained by post-processing the in-cylinder pressure signal. If such knocking level is to be achieved during on-board operation, it is necessary to real-time reconstruct individual cylinder pressure-based knock indexes values. One of the main objectives of this work is therefore the evaluation of the impact that the adoption of an ion current sensing system would have on the performance of such a spark advance controller. The background of the second part of the work is the knocking-related information that can be extracted by real-time processing engine block vibration signals. The main drawbacks of such approach are related to the definition of the minimum number of sensors to be installed, to the evaluation of their optimal position, and to the signal-to-noise ratio typical of such systems, which becomes critical especially at high engine speeds. Possible solutions are the use of in-cylinder pressure or ion current sensors installed on board the vehicle. This work is mainly focused on ion sensing application, due to the still existing cost and reliability problems associated with the onboard application of in-cylinder pressure measuring systems. The second part of the work therefore deals with the correlation analysis between pressure based and ion current based knock intensity indexes. The experimental tests have been performed on a V12 6.0 liter and on a V12 6.2 liter high performance engines: Large spark advance sweeps were performed for each speed breakpoint, while acquiring 6 in-cylinder pressure and 6 ion current signals. Several indexes were extracted from both type of signals, in order to achieve both maximum correlation levels and physical consistency with knock-related damage. The results are particularly encouraging, since the correlation levels between pressure-based and ion current-based knock indexes are very high, thus allowing the definition of a closed-loop individual cylinder spark advance controller able to achieve the target knocking level.
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Singh, Aditya Prakash, Gordon Patrick McTaggart-Cowan, and Patrick Kirchen. "Air Fuel Dilution in a Pilot Ignited Direct Injection Natural Gas Engine: Pollutants, Performance, and System Level Considerations." In ASME 2019 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2019-7200.

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Abstract Dilution of natural gas fuel with air for use in a pilot ignited direct injection natural gas engine was investigated to evaluate the impact of this strategy on emissions and engine performance. A representative heavy-duty mode (mid to high-load at medium speed) was considered and the equivalence ratio (Φ) and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates were varied from this representative mode. Air dilution resulted in a significant reduction in several pollutants: 90 to 97% reductions in black carbon particulate matter, 45 to 95% reductions in carbon monoxide, 68 to 85% reductions in total unburnt hydrocarbons. NOx emissions were found to increase by between 1.5 and 2.5x, depending on Φ and EGR, for a fixed combustion phasing. Beyond the emissions improvements, the gross indicated thermal efficiency increased by 2.5 percentage points at both high and low EGR rates. At higher EGR rates, this improvement was due to improved combustion efficiency, while the mechanism for efficiency improvement at lower EGR rates was unclear. The application of air-fuel dilution requires compressed air (&gt; 300 bar) to mix with natural gas at high pressures. A system level analysis considered the compression power required by an industrial 3-stage reciprocating compressor and indicated that the gross indicated thermal efficiency improvements could compensate for the compression requirements for engine operation at high Φ.
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Lee, Sunyoup, Seungmook Oh, Junghwan Kim, and Duksang Kim. "Enhancing Low Temperature Combustion With Biodiesel Blending in a Diesel Engine at a Medium Load Condition." In ASME 2014 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2014-5406.

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The present study investigated the effects of biodiesel blending under a wide range of intake oxygen concentration levels in a diesel engine. This study attempted to identify the lowest biodiesel blending rate that achieves acceptable levels of nitric oxides (NOx), soot, and coefficient of variation in the indicated mean effective pressure (COVIMEP). Biodiesel blending was to be minimized in order to reduce the fuel penalty associated with the biodiesels lower caloric value. Engine experiments were performed in a 1-liter single-cylinder diesel engine at an engine speed of 1400 rev/min under a medium load condition. The blend rate and intake oxygen concentration were varied independently of each other at a constant intake pressure of 200 kPa. The biodiesel blend rate varied from 0% (B000) to 100% biodiesel (B100) at a 20% increment. The intake oxygen level was adjusted from 8 to 19% by volume (vol %) in order to embrace both conventional and low-temperature combustion (LTC) operations. A fixed injection duration of 788 μs at a fuel rail pressure of 160 MPa exhibited a gross indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) between 750 kPa and 910 kPa, depending on the intake oxygen concentration. The experimental results indicated that the intake oxygen level had to be below 10 vol% to achieve the indicated specific NOx (ISNOx) below 0.2g/kWhr with the B000 fuel. However, a substantial soot increase was exhibited at such a low intake oxygen level. Biodiesel blending reduced NOx until the blending rate reached 60% with reduced in-cylinder temperature due to lower total energy release. As a result, 60%-biodiesel blended diesel (B060) achieved NOx, soot, and COVIMEP of 0.2 g/kWhr, 0.37 filter smoke number (FSN), and 0.5, respectively, at an intake oxygen concentration of 14 vol%. The corresponding indicated thermal efficiency was 43.2%.
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Reports on the topic "Internal level of speech"

1

Gordon, Peter C. Multi-Level Processing in Human Speech Recognition. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada216475.

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Desai, Jairaj, Jijo K. Mathew, Howell Li, Rahul Sakhare, Deborah Horton, and Darcy M. Bullock. National Mobility Analysis for All Interstate Routes in the United States. Purdue University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317585.

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In November 2022, Wejo Data Services Inc. provided Purdue with a national data set comprised of approximately 470 billion connected vehicle records covering all 50 states for the month of August 2022. The goal of the evaluation data set was to create a series of summary graphics to evaluate the scalability of work zone analytics graphics and electric/hybrid vehicle counts at a national level. This report illustrates several performance measures developed using this dataset for all interstate routes, both state wise and cross-country. State wise graphics are organized with 50 subdirectories containing graphics for each interstate in the 50 states. There are also a series of multi-state graphics for I-5, I-10, I-15, I-35, I-55, I-65, I-75, I-80, I-90, and I-95. Performance measures include absolute and normalized trip counts classified by type of trip (electric vehicle or hybrid vehicle or internal combustion engine vehicle), weekly heatmaps based on vehicle speed overlaid with hard-braking events and finally, speed profiles by interstate mile markers. Additional details on the directories and how to interpret these performance measures can found inside the document (after extracting the .zip file) titled “National_Mobility_Analysis_README.pdf”.
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Houghton, Laurie. An internal review of a discipline: journal editors' opinions of paradigm development within speech communication. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.375.

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Wood, Lewis E. Rationalization and Internal Control: Improving Marine Corps Unit-Level Internal Management Controls for the Government-Wide Commercial Purchase Card Program. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada423381.

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Abouchacra, Kim S., and Tomasz Letowski. Localization of a Speech Target in Nondirectional and Directional Noise as a Function of Sensation Level. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada568738.

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García Asensio, MA, C. Aguilar Paredes, L. Jiménez Iglesias, C. Ruiz Moreno, and L. Sánchez Gómez. Reported speech as an indicator of internal pluralism in the media: the case of the news programmes of TVE and TV3. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, May 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4185/rlcs-2018-1293.

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García Asensio, MA, CA Aguilar Paredes, L. Jiménez Iglesias, C. Ruiz Moreno, and L. Sánchez Gómez. Reported speech as an indicator of internal pluralism in the media: the case of the news programmes of TVE and TV3. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, May 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4185/rlcs-2018-1293en.

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Centurioni, Luca, Pearn P. Niiler, and Dong-Kyu Lee. Non Linear Internal Wave Dynamics in the South China Sea - Analysis of NCOM Surface Circulation and Sea Level. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada502421.

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Білоконенко, Л. А. Semantic integrity of overtext of conflict. Vědecko vydavatelské centrum «Sociosféra-CZ», 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/0564/1811.

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The article describes the problem of internal area of overtext of conflict. The author analyzes one of the most important qualities of overtext –semantic integrity, that exists because of its ability to coordinate with the extra- textual world, situations and events; transmission of speech actions of people at different stages of the conflict using confrontational tactics and activating in the language semantics specific fragment culture – conflict.
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Kapelyushnyi, Anatolyi. TRANSFORMATION OF WORD-FORMS DURING THEIR SPONTANEOUS CREATION IN LIVE TELEVISION BROADCASTIN: ADJECTIVES ADVERBS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2022.51.11409.

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The article analyzes transformation of word-forms during spontaneous creation in live television broadcasting. Particular attention is paid to adjectives adverbs. The specific properties of adverbs makes it easier to trace general trends in their transformations, because adverbs are not burdened with many different forms and their variations, that occur in the process of word change of some other class of words at the same time adverbiatives allow to analyze in more detail the semantical and grammatical structure of speech. The main method we use is to observe the speech of live TV journalist, we used during the study methods of comparative analysis of comparison of theoretical positions from the work of individual linguists and journalists. Our objective is to trace these transformations and develop a certain attitude towards them in our researches of the language of the media and practicing journalists to support positive trends in the development of the broadcasting on TV and give recommendations for overcoming certain negative trends. All studies of the problems of transformation of grammatical forms in different ways relate to translation studies, mostly investigate the grammatical transformations, that the translator resorted to, when reproducing the original by means of another language. At first glance, it would be logical, if the live speech of television journalists was dominated by transformations? Associated with the translation from internal to foreign broadcasting in cases where natural for this TV journalists is Russian-speaking internal broadcasting and he reproducing the text from internal Russian-speaking. The transformation of grammatical forms however this cannot be seen in the live use of adverbiatives. An interesting trend can also be seen in the transformation of different types of gramma­tical forms. In particular, negative interference is mostly characteristic of the forms of corporate adverbs. Forms of the same word with the same grammatical meaning is such overlapping of two forms of the same grammatical meaning is practically impossible outside of adjectives adverbial and adjectives themselves. Only a small number of transformations are associated with the forms of superlatives.
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