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Journal articles on the topic 'Internal forced convection'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Figueira da Silva, E., and R. M. Cotta. "Benchmark results for internal forced convection through integral transformation." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 23, no. 7 (November 1996): 1019–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-1933(96)00084-x.

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2

Taylor, M. F., K. E. Bauer, and D. M. McEligot. "Internal forced convection to low-Prandtl-number gas mixtures." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 31, no. 1 (January 1988): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0017-9310(88)90218-9.

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3

Zheng, Shaofei, Ferdinand Eimann, Tobias Fieback, and Ulrich Gross. "Numerical study of the effect of forced convective flow on dropwise condensation by thermal LBM simulation." MATEC Web of Conferences 240 (2018): 01040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824001040.

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The enhancement mechanism of forced convective flow on dropwise condensation over a cold spot is numerically investigated by two-dimensional hybrid thermal lattice Boltzmann (LB) model based on the Shan-Chen pseudopotential LB model. After validating the present LB model, dropwise condensation over a cold spot as the nucleation region is simulated. The well-known power law for the growth of a single condensing droplet is demonstrated. Finally, the simulation of dropwise condensation considering the convection flow or not is carried out in the constant contact radius (CCR) mode. Using the CCR model, the effect of contact angle can be also investigated. The result of streamline field indicates that the forced convectional flow complicates the internal flow of droplet and main flow. The dragging force from main flow changes the size of two symmetric vortices inside the droplet. And the channel flow is also strongly influenced by the suction effect caused by condensation at the three phase contact line. By comparison, the heat transfer enhancement of the superimposed flow is not worth mentioning. The present study illustrates the mechanisms of dropwise condensation under forced convectional flow.

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4

Choi, Hyun-Joo, Hye-Yeong Chun, and In-Sun Song. "Characteristics and Momentum Flux Spectrum of Convectively Forced Internal Gravity Waves in Ensemble Numerical Simulations." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 64, no. 10 (October 1, 2007): 3723–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas4037.1.

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Abstract Characteristics of convectively forced gravity waves are investigated through ensemble numerical simulations for various ideal and real convective storms. For ideal storm cases, single-cell-, multicell-, and supercell-type storms are considered, and for real cases, convection events observed during the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) and in Indonesia are used. For each storm case, wave perturbations and the momentum flux spectrum of convective gravity waves in a control simulation with nonlinearity and cloud microphysical processes are compared with those in quasi-linear dry simulations forced by either diabatic forcing or nonlinear forcing obtained from the control simulation. In any case, gravity waves in the control simulation cannot be represented well by wave perturbations induced by a single forcing. However, when both diabatic and nonlinear forcing terms are considered, the gravity waves and their momentum flux spectrum become comparable to those in the control simulation, because of cancellation between wave perturbations by two forcing terms. These results confirm that the two forcing mechanisms of convective gravity waves proposed by previous studies based on a single convective event can be applied generally to various types of convective storms. This suggests that nonlinear forcing, as well as diabatic forcing, should be considered appropriately in parameterizations of convectively forced gravity waves.

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5

Hooman, Kamel. "Forced Convection through a Hyperporous Duct with Internal Heating/Cooling Effects." International Journal of Fluid Mechanics Research 30, no. 5 (2003): 485–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/interjfluidmechres.v30.i5.30.

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6

Walstrom, P. L. "Heat transfer by internal convection in turbulent He II forced flow." Journal of Low Temperature Physics 73, no. 5-6 (December 1988): 391–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00683569.

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7

Rustum, I. M., and H. M. Soliman. "Experimental Investigation of Laminar Mixed Convection in Tubes With Longitudinal Internal Fins." Journal of Heat Transfer 110, no. 2 (May 1, 1988): 366–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3250493.

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Experiments were performed to study the pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics for laminar flow in a smooth tube and four tubes with internal longitudinal fins, with emphasis on showing how the experimental results relate to previous analytical predictions. Measured quantities include the fully developed friction factor, local and fully developed Nusselt numbers. Good agreements were obtained between the friction factor results and previous analytical predictions, and between Nusselt number results for the smooth tube and previous experiments. Free convection is shown to have a strong influence on heat transfer in finned tubes and the results approach the forced-convection predictions as Rayleigh number decreases. Internal fins appear to retard the onset of significant free convective currents; however, once initiated, a faster rate of heat transfer enhancement occurs compared to the smooth tube. An empirical correlation of fully developed Nusselt number is presented taking into account the influences of tube geometry.

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8

Yu, D., T. A. Ameel, R. O. Warrington, and R. F. Barron. "Conjugate Heat Transfer With Buoyancy Effects From Micro-Chip Sized Repeated Heaters." Journal of Electronic Packaging 119, no. 4 (December 1, 1997): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2792249.

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Laminar mixed convection heat transfer across five in-line microchipsized heaters, surface mounted on printed circuit board (PCB), was investigated by the weighted residual finite element method. The effects of axial heat conduction within the PCB for both mixed convection and pure forced convection are reported. The flow regime considered was 200 ≤ Re ≤ 800 and 0 ≤ Gr ≤ 58,000. Internal heat generation was included in the microchip-sized blocks in order to accurately model the thermal response to predict the maximum temperature rise. On the outer PCB walls, convective heat transfer conditions were given. Thermophysical and transport properties based on materials used in the electronics industry, including orthotropic thermal conductivity in PCB, were used. The flow and solid domains were solved simultaneously. A sensitivity study of PCB heat transfer coefficients, isotropic thermal conductivity, thermal conductivity variations, and spacing effects was performed. The mixed convection transient heating process was compared with the steady-state formulation to estimate the influence of flow oscillation in heat transfer. It was found that the maximum temperature rise in the microchips predicted by pure forced convection was, at most, 10 percent higher than that predicted by mixed convection. The difference in maximum temperature between the trailing and leading chips in the array was 30 percent.

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9

Clemente, G., N. Sanjuán, J. Bon, R. Peña, and J. V. García-Pérez. "Grape Seeds Dehydration under Forced Convection Conditions." Defect and Diffusion Forum 283-286 (March 2009): 610–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.283-286.610.

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Grape pomace is the main by-product from the wine industry. It is principally made up of grape skin and seeds. Drying this by-product is the first step for the later extraction of components with high added value like oil or antioxidants. Due to the different characteristics of the components, the study of the drying kinetics of grape pomace must be addressed taking its components into account one by one. For that purpose, grape seeds from the Spanish wine industry were dehydrated in a convective laboratory dryer at 70 °C and at 1, 2 and 3 m/s until a weight loss of 40% was reached. Drying kinetics was determined in triplicate. Modelling was carried out by means of a diffusion model without considering shrinkage and external resistance. Grape seeds were assumed to be spherical. For all the fits, the explained variance was higher than 96.9 % and the mean relative modulus was lower than 1.7 %. Between 1 and 2 m/s, effective diffusivity increased in line with air velocity, although the values of effective diffusivity calculated for 2 and 3 m/s were similar. It seems to indicate that for the experimental conditions under study, the external resistance is not negligible at 1 and 2 m/s and for higher air velocities the internal resistance to mass transfer controls the drying process. These results coincide with those found by other authors when studying different food products.

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10

Sehat, Ashkan, Hani Sadrhosseini, and M. Behshad Shafii. "Experimental Study of Internal Forced Convection of Ferrofluid Flow in Porous Media." Defect and Diffusion Forum 348 (January 2014): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.348.139.

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This work presents an experimental study of the effect of a magnetic field on laminar forced convection of a ferrofluid flowing in a tube filled with permeable material. The walls of the tube are subjected to a uniform heat flux and the permeable bed consists of uniform spheres of 3-mm diameter. The ferrofluid synthesis is based on reacting iron (II) and iron (III) in an aqueous ammonia solution to form magnetite, Fe3O4. The magnetite is mixed with aqueous tetra methyl ammonium hydroxide, (CH3)4NOH, solution. The dependency of the pressure drop on the volume fraction, and comparison of the pressure drop and the temperature distribution of the tube wall is studied. Also comparison of the wall temperature distribution, convection heat transfer coefficient and the Nusselt numbers of ferrofluids with different volume fractions is investigated for various Reynolds numbers (147 < Re < 205 ). It is observed that the heat transfer is enhanced by using a porous media, increasing the volume fraction had a similar effect. The pressure coefficient decreases for higher Reynolds number. The effect of magnetic field in four strategies, named modes, on ferrofluid flow through the porous media is presented.

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11

Campo, Antonio, and Carlos Schuler. "Laminar/turbulent forced convection and thermal radiation in an internal gas flow." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 16, no. 1 (January 1989): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-1933(89)90040-7.

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12

Sayed, A. A. M., and L. J. Campbell. "A Two-Layer Model for Steady-Amplitude Gravity Waves and Convection Generated by a Thermal Forcing." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 75, no. 7 (June 18, 2018): 2199–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-17-0056.1.

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Abstract A two-dimensional two-layer mathematical model is described representing internal gravity waves and convection generated by a thermal forcing in the lower atmosphere. The model consists of an upper layer with stable stratification, a lower layer with unstable stratification, and a thermal forcing in the form of a nonhomogeneous term in the energy conservation equation. Exact analytical solutions are derived for some simple configurations. Depending on the vertical location and depth of the thermal forcing, the model can be used to represent different configurations in which gravity waves are generated by diabatic heating. When the thermal forcing is centered in the lower layer, convective cells are generated in the lower layer, and gravity waves are forced and propagate upward from the interface between the two layers. When the thermal forcing is centered at the interface, the convection in the lower layer is weaker, and gravity waves are forced by the direct effect of the thermal forcing in the upper layer and the influence of the convective cells below. Steady-amplitude solutions for the vertical profile of the gravity waves and convection are derived and generalized to include cases where there is a spectrum of horizontal wavenumbers or vertical wavenumbers or frequencies present.

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13

Krishnan, R., Vinay Kumar, M. Sugi, and J. Yoshimura. "Internal Feedbacks from Monsoon–Midlatitude Interactions during Droughts in the Indian Summer Monsoon." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 66, no. 3 (March 1, 2009): 553–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jas2723.1.

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Abstract Results from a 20-yr simulation of a high-resolution AGCM forced with climatological SST, along with simplified model experiments and supplementary data diagnostics, are used to investigate internal feedbacks arising from monsoon–midlatitude interactions during droughts in the Indian summer monsoon. The AGCM simulation not only shows a fairly realistic mean monsoon rainfall distribution and large-scale circulation features but also exhibits remarkable interannual variations of precipitation over the subcontinent, with the 20-yr run showing incidence of four “monsoon droughts.” The present findings indicate that the internally forced droughts in the AGCM emanate largely from prolonged “monsoon breaks” that occur on subseasonal time scales and involve dynamical feedbacks between monsoon convection and extratropical circulation anomalies. In this feedback, the suppressed monsoon convection is shown to induce Rossby wave dispersion in the summertime subtropical westerlies and to set up an anomalous quasi-stationary circulation pattern extending across continental Eurasia in the middle and upper troposphere. This pattern is composed of a cyclonic anomaly over west central Asia and the Indo-Pakistan region, a meridionally deep anticyclonic anomaly over East Asia (∼100°E), and a cyclonic anomaly over the Far East. The results suggest that the anchoring of the west central Asia cyclonic anomaly by the stagnant ridge located downstream over East Asia induces anomalous cooling in the middle and upper troposphere through cold-air advection, which reduces the meridional thermal contrast over the subcontinent. Additionally, the intrusion of the dry extratropical winds into northwest India can decrease the convective instability, so that the suppressed convection can in turn weaken the monsoon flow. The sustenance of monsoon breaks through such monsoon–midlatitude feedbacks can generate droughtlike conditions over India.

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14

Cieśliński, Janusz T., and Przemysław Kozak. "Influence of Nanoparticle Concentration on Convective Heat Transfer of Water-Al₂O₃ Nanofluids inside Horizontal Tubes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 831 (April 2016): 208–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.831.208.

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In contrast to the very rich literature on modeling and the determination of the thermal conductivity of nanofluids the forced convection data are limited. This work presents preliminary results of the experimental investigation of the forced convection heat transfer of water-Al2O3 nanofluids inside stainless steel tube with 8 mm internal diameter and 2000 mm length. Nanoparticles were tested at the concentrations of 0.01%, 0.1%, 1% and 5% by weight and the Reynolds number range encompasses laminar as well as turbulent flows.

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15

Kolev, Zhivko, and Seher Kadirova. "CFD simulation of forced heat transfer of gas in pipe." E3S Web of Conferences 112 (2019): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911201008.

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This paper presents results from CFD simulation of heat transfer processes in ABAQUS. The investigations are realized at forced convection of air in steel pipe. Verification of the computing mesh and validation of the model, have been done. The average heat convection coefficients have been determined by methodology based on criteria equations, and on simulation methodology. Heat transfer processes between air flow in a steel pipe and the environment, have been experimentally accomplished. In order to analyze the processes of heat convection between the fluid and the internal surface of the pipe, numerical modelling is applied. A geometric model of the fluid flowing in the pipe is built. The computing mesh has been verified by increasing the number of cells and nodes. The numerical model has been validated based on experimentally measured temperature values and the simulation data. The heat convection coefficients have been investigated by analogy of the above. The results demonstrate that the numerical model is adequate and can be used to study similar heat transfer processes.

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16

Incropera, F. P. "Convection Heat Transfer in Electronic Equipment Cooling." Journal of Heat Transfer 110, no. 4b (November 1, 1988): 1097–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3250613.

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To maintain the best possible thermal environment in electronic packages, the engineer must establish the most efficient path for heat transfer from the electronic devices to an external cooling agent. The path is typically subdivided into internal and external components, representing, respectively, heat transfer by conduction through different materials and interfaces separating the devices from the package surface and heat transfer by convection from the surface to the coolant. Depending on the scale and speed of the electronic circuits, as well as on constraints imposed by nonthermal considerations, the coolant may be a gas or a liquid and heat transfer may be by natural, forced, or mixed convection or, in the case of a liquid, by pool or forced convection boiling. In this paper a comprehensive review of convection cooling options is provided.

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17

Bejan, Adrian. "Optimal Internal Structure of Volumes Cooled by Single-Phase Forced and Natural Convection." Journal of Electronic Packaging 125, no. 2 (June 1, 2003): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1566970.

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This article is a principle-based review of a growing body of fundamental research that documents the opportunity for optimizing geometrically the cooling of spaces (e.g., electronics packages) that generate heat volumetrically. The chief result of geometric optimization is the identification of an optimal internal structure—optimal spacings between components (e.g., plates and fins), optimal sizes and aspect ratios for cooling channels, and optimal frequencies for pulsating flows. The origin of these optimal geometric features—the construction of the system—lies in the global effort to use every infinitesimal volume to the maximum, i.e., to pack the volume not only with the most heat generating components, but also with the ‘most’ coolant, in such a way that every fluid packet is engaged effectively in cooling. The optimal aspect ratio for ducts with forced and natural convection corresponds to the special geometry and flow conditions where boundary layers meet just as the coolant exits the channel. This “constructal” design principle is illustrated by several classes of examples: laminar forced and natural convection, and various internal arrangements (parallel plates, staggered plates, cylinders in cross flow, square pins with impinging flow). General trends (scaling laws) of optimal geometric form are revealed by the optimal-structure results, this, in spite of the diversity of the optimized configurations.

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18

Rincón-Casado, A., and F. J. Sánchez de la Flor. "3D internal forced convection heat-transfer correlations from CFD for building performance simulation." Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics 12, no. 1 (January 2018): 553–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19942060.2018.1476267.

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19

Skočilasová, Blanka, Jan Skočilas, and Josef Soukup. "Forced convection and heat transfer around a bounded cylinder." MATEC Web of Conferences 157 (2018): 02045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815702045.

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The article deals with the heat transfer solution in the fluid flow inside a pipe, the small tube is inserted into the pipe and its axis is perpendicular to the axis of the pipe. The fluid is water, the regime of the fluid flow is turbulent. The small tube is loaded by the internal source of the heat, the power of the source is constant and homogenous over the small tube surface and the cold water cools down the small tube. The analysis of the described problem helps to design the experimental model (the heat source above all) to validate the CFD results. The work included the numeric and analytic method. The model was prepared with the aim to investigate large amount of the variants of the geometric set up (the tube and pipe diameters ratio, the geometrical aspect ratio, corresponding stabilization length of the pipe for given diameter), the flow properties (variation of the velocity values, Reynolds number) and the power of the heat source (ensuring the measurable differences of the temperatures on the tube surface, large Nusselt number). The effect of the constrained space has been observed and described, compare to the free fluid flow.

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20

Song, In-Sun, Hye-Yeong Chun, Rolando R. Garcia, and Byron A. Boville. "Momentum Flux Spectrum of Convectively Forced Internal Gravity Waves and Its Application to Gravity Wave Drag Parameterization. Part II: Impacts in a GCM (WACCM)." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 64, no. 7 (July 1, 2007): 2286–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3954.1.

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Abstract Impacts of a spectral parameterization of gravity wave drag (GWD) induced by cumulus convection (GWDC) in the NCAR Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM1b) are investigated. In the spectral GWDC parameterization, reference wave momentum flux spectrum is launched at cloud top and analytically calculated based on the physical properties of convection and the large-scale flow. The cloud-top wave momentum flux is strong mainly in the Tropics and midlatitude storm-track regions, and exhibits anisotropy and spatiotemporal variability. The anisotropy and variability are determined by the distributions and variations of convective activities, the moving speed of convection, and horizontal wind and stability in convection regions. Zonal-mean zonal GWDC has a maximum of 13–27 (37–50) m s−1 day−1 in the mesosphere in January (July). Impacts of GWDC on zonal wind appear mainly in the low to midlatitudes of the upper stratosphere and mesosphere. In these regions, biases of zonal wind with respect to observation are reduced more than 50% through the GWDC process. In contrast to zonal wind, impacts of GWDC on temperature occur mainly in the mid- to high latitudes. Through the analysis of forcing terms in the zonal wind and temperature equations, it is found that impacts of GWDC result from interaction among wave forcing terms (resolved wave forcing, parameterized background GWD, and GWDC) and meridional circulations induced by the wave forcing terms. With regard to tropical variability, when GWDC is included, the model produces the stratospheric semiannual oscillation with more realistic amplitude and structure and stronger interannual variabilities in the lower stratosphere. These enhanced variabilities are caused by resolved wave forcing and meridional circulations.

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21

Campo, Antonio, and Ulises Lacoa. "Teaching technique for internal forced convection flows through tubes cooled or heated by external natural convection. I. Horizontal orientation." Computer Applications in Engineering Education 2, no. 4 (1994): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cae.6180020403.

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22

Lacoa, Ulises, and Antonio Campo. "Teaching technique for internal forced convection flows through tubes cooled or heated by external natural convection. II. Vertical orientation." Computer Applications in Engineering Education 5, no. 3 (1997): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0542(1997)5:3<153::aid-cae2>3.0.co;2-c.

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23

Mitrovic, Jovan. "FORCED CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER AND PRESSURE DROP IN HORIZONTAL TUBES WITH INTERNAL TWISTED FINS." Journal of Enhanced Heat Transfer 27, no. 8 (2020): 751–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/jenhheattransf.2020034268.

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24

Sadrhosseini, H., A. Sehat, and M. B. Shafii. "Effect of Magnetic Field on Internal Forced Convection of Ferrofluid Flow in Porous Media." Experimental Heat Transfer 29, no. 1 (June 16, 2014): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08916152.2014.926431.

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25

Weigand, B., O. Neumann, T. Strohmayer, and H. Beer. "Combined free and forced convection flow in a cooled vertical duct with internal solidification." Heat and Mass Transfer 30, no. 5 (June 1995): 349–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01463926.

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26

Bergman, T. L. "Effect of reduced specific heats of nanofluids on single phase, laminar internal forced convection." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 52, no. 5-6 (February 2009): 1240–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2008.08.019.

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27

Neumann, Dipl Ing O., Dipl Ing T. Strohmayer, Prof Dr Ing H. Beer, and Dr Ing B. Weigand. "Combined free and forced convection flow in a cooled vertical duct with internal solidification." Heat and Mass Transfer 30, no. 5 (June 1, 1995): 349–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002310050031.

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28

Setford, Patrick, David Jeffery, Paul Grbin, and Richard Muhlack. "Mass Transfer of Anthocyanins during Extraction from Pre-Fermentative Grape Solids under Simulated Fermentation Conditions: Effect of Convective Conditions." Molecules 24, no. 1 (December 26, 2018): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24010073.

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The colour of red wine is largely determined by the concentration of anthocyanins that are extracted from grape skins during fermentation. Because colour is a key parameter in determining the overall quality of the finished product, understanding the effect of processing variables on anthocyanin extraction is critical for producing a red wine with the desired sensorial characteristics. In this study, the effect of convective conditions (natural and forced) on the mass transfer properties of malvidin-3-glucoside (M3G) from pre-fermentative grape solids was explored at various liquid phase conditions representing stages of fermentation. A mathematical model that separates solid and liquid phase mass transfer parameters was applied to experimental extraction curves, and in all cases, provided a coefficient of determination exceeding 0.97. Calculated mass transfer coefficients indicated that under forced convective conditions, the extraction process was controlled by internal diffusion whereas under natural convection, both internal diffusion and liquid-phase mass transfer were relevant in determining the overall extraction rate. Predictive simulations of M3G extraction during active fermentation were accomplished by incorporating the current results with a previously developed fermentation model, providing insight into the effect of a dynamic liquid phase on anthocyanin extraction.

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29

Camci, Cengiz, and Frank Herr. "Forced Convection Heat Transfer Enhancement Using a Self-Oscillating Impinging Planar Jet." Journal of Heat Transfer 124, no. 4 (July 16, 2002): 770–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1471521.

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Impinging jets are widely used in the local enhancement of heat removed from internal passages of gas turbine blades. Arrays of stationary jets are usually impinged on surfaces of internal cooling passages. The current practice is to benefit from the high heat transfer coefficients existing in the vicinity of the jet impingement region on a target wall. The present study shows that a self-oscillating impinging-jet configuration is extremely beneficial in enhancing the heat removal performance of a conventional (stationary) impinging jet. In addition to a highly elevated stagnation line Nusselt number, the area coverage of the impingement zone is significantly enhanced because of the inherent sweeping motion of the oscillating coolant jet. When an oscillating jet (Re=14,000) is impinged on a plate normal to the jet axis (x/d=24 hole to plate distance), a typical enhancement of Nu number on the stagnation line is about 70 percent. The present paper explains detailed fluid dynamics structure of the self-oscillating jet by using a triple decomposition technique on a crossed hot wire signal. The current heat transfer enhancement levels achieved suggest that it may be possible to implement the present self-oscillating-impinging-jet concept in future gas turbine cooling systems, on rotating disks, glass tempering/quenching, electronic equipment cooling, aircraft de-icing, combustors and heat exchangers.

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30

Straatman, A. G., N. C. Gallego, Q. Yu, L. Betchen, and B. E. Thompson. "Forced Convection Heat Transfer and Hydraulic Losses in Graphitic Foam." Journal of Heat Transfer 129, no. 9 (December 1, 2006): 1237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2739621.

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Experiments and computations are presented to quantify the convective heat transfer and the hydraulic loss that is obtained by forcing water through blocks of graphitic foam (GF) heated from one side. Experiments have been conducted in a small-scale water tunnel instrumented to measure the pressure drop and the temperature rise of water passing through the foam and the base temperature and heat flux into the foam block. The experimental data were then used to calibrate a thermal non-equilibrium finite-volume model to facilitate comparisons between GF and aluminum foam. Comparisons of the pressure drop indicate that both normal and compressed aluminum foams are significantly more permeable than GF. Results of the heat transfer indicate that the maximum possible heat dissipation from a given surface is reached using very thin layers of aluminum foam due to the inability of the foam to entrain heat into its internal structure. In contrast, graphitic foam is able to entrain heat deep into the foam structure due to its high extended surface efficiency and thus much more heat can be transferred from a given surface area. The higher extended surface efficiency is mainly due to the combination of moderate porosity and higher solid-phase conductivity.

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31

Li, Jian, Qianhua Kan, Kaijuan Chen, Zhihong Liang, and Guozheng Kang. "In Situ Observation on Rate-Dependent Strain Localization of Thermo-Induced Shape Memory Polyurethane." Polymers 11, no. 6 (June 4, 2019): 982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11060982.

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In situ monotonic tensile experiments of thermo-induced shape memory polyurethane (SMPU) at different loading rates were carried out by the digital image correlation (DIC) method and infrared camera FLIR®-A655sc in natural convection (NC) and forced convection (FC) conditions, respectively. The multiform strain localization of SMPU was observed by the DIC method, and the influence of thermo–mechanical coupling on the strain localization was analyzed by using the FLIR to measure the temperature field caused by the internal heat generation. The experimental results show that the strain localization mode strongly depends on the strain rate and convection condition, and the strain localization mode can be transformed by changing the convection condition from NC to FC. The competition mechanism between the strain hardening induced by the increasing loading rate and strain softening induced by the internal heat generation is indicated, the transition modes of strain localization are clarified, and the influences of thermo–mechanical coupling on shape memory effect are discussed.

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32

Yang, Gui-Ying, Brian Hoskins, and Julia Slingo. "Convectively Coupled Equatorial Waves. Part III: Synthesis Structures and Their Forcing and Evolution." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 64, no. 10 (October 1, 2007): 3438–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas4019.1.

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Abstract Building on Parts I and II of this study, the structures of eastward- and westward-moving convectively coupled equatorial waves are examined through synthesis of projections onto standard equatorial wave horizontal structures. The interaction between these equatorial wave components and their evolution are investigated. It is shown that the total eastward-moving fields and their coupling with equatorial convection closely resemble the standard Kelvin wave in the lower troposphere, with intensified convection in phase with anomalous westerlies in the Eastern Hemisphere (EH) and with anomalous convergence in the Western Hemisphere (WH). However, in the upper troposphere, the total fields show a mixture of the Kelvin wave and higher (n = 0 and 1) wave structures, with strong meridional wind and its divergence. The equatorial total fields show what may be described as a modified first internal Kelvin wave vertical structure in the EH, with a tilt in the vertical and a third peak in the midtroposphere. There is evidence that the EH midtropospheric Kelvin wave is closely associated with SH extratropical eastward-moving wave activity, the vertical velocity associated with the wave activity stretching into the equatorial region in the mid–upper troposphere. The midtropospheric zonal wind and geopotential height show a pattern that may be associated with a forced wave. The westward-moving fields associated with off-equatorial convection show very different behaviors between the EH midsummer and the WH transition seasons. In the EH midsummer, the total fields have a baroclinic structure, with the off-equatorial convection in phase with relatively warm air, suggesting convective forcing of the dynamical fields. The total structures exhibit a mixture of the n = 0, 1 components, with the former dominating to the east of convection and the latter to the west of convection. The n = 0 component is found to be closely connected to the lower-level n = 1 Rossby (R1) wave that appears earlier and seems to provide organization for the convection, which in turn forces the n = 0 wave. In the WH transition season the total fields have a barotropic structure and are dominated by the R1 wave. There is evidence that this barotropic R1 wave, as well as the associated tropical convection, is forced by the NH upper-tropospheric extratropical Rossby wave activity. In the EH, westward-moving lower-level wind structures associated with equatorial convection resemble the R1 wave, with equatorial westerlies in phase with the intensified convection. However, westward-moving n = −1 and n = 0 structures are also involved.

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33

Silva, M. C. da, and A. D. P. Novelli. "LAMINAR FORCED CONVECTION IN HORIZONTAL CHANNEL WITH HEAT GENERATION PLATES COOLED BY WATER." Revista de Engenharia Térmica 15, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v15i2.62181.

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This paper describes the study of the behavior of two-dimensional and parallel horizontal flat plates with uniform internal heat generation subjected to laminar forced convection of water. The governing equations are solved numerically using the finite volume technique with Power-Law interpolating scheme and the SIMPLE algorithm. After the simulations the temperature and velocity fields were obtained for various plates spacing and fluid inlet velocities, as well as the Nusselt number values.

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34

Luo, D. D., C. W. Leung, T. L. Chan, and W. O. Wong. "Simulation of Turbulent Flow and Forced Convection in a Triangular Duct with Internal Ribbed Surfaces." Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications 48, no. 5 (September 2005): 447–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10407780590959880.

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Wong, T. T., and C. W. Leung. "FORCED-CONVECTION AUGMENTATION OF TURBULENT FLOW IN A TRIANGULAR DUCT WITH ARTIFICIALLY ROUGHENED INTERNAL SURFACES." Experimental Heat Transfer 15, no. 2 (April 2002): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08916150252886180.

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36

Dong, Z. F., and M. A. Ebadian. "ANALYSIS OF COMBINED NATURAL AND FORCED CONVECTION IN VERTICAL SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS WITH RADIAL INTERNAL FINS." Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications 27, no. 3 (March 1995): 359–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10407789508913706.

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37

Zhao, Jiaqi, Ming Zhang, Yu Zhu, Rong Cheng, Xin Li, and Leijie Wang. "Concurrent optimization of the internal flow channel, inlets, and outlets in forced convection heat sinks." Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 63, no. 1 (July 14, 2020): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00158-020-02670-9.

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38

Weigand, Bernhard, Norbert Domaschke, and Sebastian Zehner. "The morphology of ice-structure in a planar nozzle subjected to forced internal convection flow." Heat and Mass Transfer 44, no. 10 (December 6, 2007): 1271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00231-007-0363-3.

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Shafii, Mohammad Behshad, and Mohsen Keshavarz. "Experimental study of internal forced convection of ferrofluid flow in non-magnetizable/magnetizable porous media." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 96 (September 2018): 441–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2018.03.036.

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40

Rustum, I. M., and H. M. Soliman. "Numerical Analysis of Laminar Forced Convection in the Entrance Region of Tubes With Longitudinal Internal Fins." Journal of Heat Transfer 110, no. 2 (May 1, 1988): 310–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3250485.

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Steady, laminar, forced convection heat transfer in the thermal entrance region of internally finned tubes is investigated numerically for the case of fully developed hydrodynamics using the (H1) and (T) thermal boundary conditions. Results are presented for 16 geometries including the local Nusselt number and developing length corresponding to each boundary condition. These results indicate that internal finning influences the thermal development in a complicated way, which makes it inappropriate to extend the smooth tube results to internally finned tubes on a hydraulic diameter basis.

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Cho, Young Hoo, Jaehyun Park, Naehyuck Chang, and Jaemin Kim. "Comparison of Cooling Methods for a Thermoelectric Generator with Forced Convection." Energies 13, no. 12 (June 19, 2020): 3185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123185.

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A thermoelectric generator (TEG) is a clean electricity generator from a heat source, usually waste heat. However, it is not as widely utilized as other electricity generators due to low conversion efficiency from heat to electricity. One approach is a system-level net power optimization for a TEG system composed of TEGs, heat sink, and fans. In this paper, we propose airflow reuse after cooling preceding TEGs to maximize system net power. For the accurate system net power, we model the TEG system, air, and heat source with proper dimension and material characteristics, and simulate with a computational fluid dynamics program. Next, the TEG power generation and the fan power consumption are calculated in consideration of the Seebeck coefficient and internal electrical resistance varying with hot and cold side temperatures. Finally, we find the optimal number of TEGs and fan speed generating the most efficient system net power in various TEG systems. The results show that the system with a side fan with a specific number of TEGs provides a system net power up to 58.6% higher than when with a top fan. The most efficient system net power with the side fan increases up to four TEGs generating 1.907 W at 13,000 RPM.

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Lee, Min, and Tae-Wan Kim. "A Study on the Heat Sink with internal structure using Peltier Module in the Forced Convection." Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society 15, no. 6 (June 30, 2014): 3410–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2014.15.6.3410.

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Chaudhry, Hassam Nasarullah. "THE EFFECT OF HEAT PIPE INTERNAL FLUID PROPERTIES ON ENHANCING HEAT TRANSFER UNDER FORCED CONVECTION FLOWS." Heat Pipe Science and Technology, An International Journal 4, no. 4 (2013): 277–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/heatpipescietech.2014010879.

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Abd Kadir, Nur F., D. A. S. Rees, and Ioan Pop. "Conjugate forced convection flow past a circular cylinder with internal heat generation in a porous medium." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 18, no. 6 (August 8, 2008): 730–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615530810885542.

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Rasmussen, Henrik T., and Harold M. McNair. "Influence of buffer concentration, capillary internal diameter and forced convection on resolution in capillary zone electrophoresis." Journal of Chromatography A 516, no. 1 (September 1990): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(01)90220-1.

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46

Campo, Antonio, and Jane Chang. "Teaching Flow and Thermal Characteristics of Laminar Forced Convection in Tubes with Variable Internal Straight Fins." International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education 26, no. 2 (April 1998): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030641909802600206.

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The primary goal of this educational paper is to construct, for the first time, compact and reliable correlation equations for the asymptotic friction factor and the asymptotic Nusselt numbers for internal, longitudinal finned tubes as a function of the number of fins, the relative fin height and the laminar Reynolds number. Neither textbooks nor the thermofluid dynamics literature provides this information which is extremely useful to instructors of courses on heat transfer to elucidate passive augmentation techniques using fins. The resulting correlation equations for f and NuD have been tested in classroom environments with a great amount of success.

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Geng, Yan, Xiongyan Li, Suduo Xue, Jinguang Li, and Yanjie Song. "Experimental and theoretical internal forced convection investigation on air pipe cooling of large-dimension RC walls." Construction and Building Materials 194 (January 2019): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.177.

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Luo, D. D., C. W. Leung, and T. L. Chan. "Optimum rib size to enhance forced convection in a horizontal triangular duct with ribbed internal surfaces." Heat and Mass Transfer 40, no. 11 (December 19, 2003): 893–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00231-003-0489-x.

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49

Altaf, Khurram, Masri Baharom, A. Rashid A. Aziz, Junaid A. Qayyum, and Mirza Jahanzaib. "Rapid Prototyping of a Customized Cooling System for a Novel Crank Rocker Engine." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.17 (August 1, 2018): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.17.16628.

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A novel internal combustion engine termed as Crank Rocker Engine has been developed at Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) Malaysia. In the existing design, the engine cylinder is cooled through forced convection which is not efficient and malfunctioning of cooling system could lead to engine overheating. The objective of the current study is to develop a concept of an integrated and customized cooling system for the Crank-Rocker engine and to develop through rapid prototyping (RP). The proposed cooling system comprises of an integrated cooling water jacket around the engine cylinder, which works on the principle of forced convection. The forced convection is energy intensive and not suitable for stationary engines. Therefore, an enhanced design of the cooling system is required to improve the overall performance of the engine. Since the engine cylinder is curved, the conventional manufacturing technologies could be difficult to apply for the development of cooling system. For swift, precise and economic development as well as performance analysis of the cooling system, RP technique could be promising. In the present study, a customized and modified cooling system has been designed and developed through fused deposition modelling (FDM), an efficient RP technology. Design for additive manufacturing (DFAM) is applied to mitigate development time and support structures of the cooling system. The design is proposed by keeping in view the cooling performance and manufacturability.

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50

Rhee, Jinny, and Robert J Moffat. "Experimental Estimate of the Continuous One-Dimensional Kernel Function in a Rectangular Duct With Forced Convection." Journal of Heat Transfer 128, no. 8 (January 17, 2006): 811–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2227039.

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Abstract The continuous, one-dimensional kernel function in a rectangular duct subject to forced convection with air was experimentally estimated using liquid crystal thermography techniques. Analytical relationships between the kernel function for internal flow and the temperature distribution resulting from a known heat flux distribution were manipulated to accomplish this objective. The kernel function in the hydrodynamically fully developed region was found to be proportional to the streamwise temperature gradient resulting from a constant heat flux surface. In the hydrodynamic entry region of the rectangular duct, a model for the kernel function was proposed and used in its experimental determination. The kernel functions obtained by the present work were shown to be capable of predicting the highly nonuniform surface temperature rise above the inlet temperature resulting from an arbitrary heat flux distribution to within the experimental uncertainty. This is better than the prediction obtained using the analytically derived kernel function for turbulent flow between parallel plates, and the prediction obtained using the conventional heat transfer coefficient for constant heat flux boundary conditions. The latter prediction fails to capture both the quantitative and qualitative nature of the problem. The results of this work are relevant to applications involving the thermal management of nonuniform temperature surfaces subject to internal convection with air, such as board-level electronics cooling. Reynolds numbers in the turbulent and transition range were examined.

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