Academic literature on the topic 'Internal ed external question'
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Journal articles on the topic "Internal ed external question"
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Kakkar, Manisha, and Amit Kumar. "MSMEs – a mainstay for the developing economy." Economics of Development 19, no. 3 (November 16, 2020): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ed.19(3).2020.02.
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This research paper aims to understand all the factors preventing micro, small and medium enterprises from growing despite their great potential, the possible existence of any internal or domestic differences in the way the entrepreneurs from various Indian communities approach business. The question remains whether there are any external or domestic differences in their entrepreneurial orientations. The work also presents some policy-based suggestions to solve such issues that hinder the magnification potential of MSME units. The MSME units offer jobs to more than seven people. However, they do not grow because of many difficulties discussed in this paper. Due to the lack of opportunities, MSMEs are unable to attract foreign investments. MSMEs can stop the migration of young people coming from rural areas to urban cities if MSMEs get developed. MSMEs represent a high-priority sector of the growing and developing economy. Therefore, we need to focus on this sector to transform developing India into a developed country. This paper is an attempt to analyze the reasons for the difficulties of MSMEs.
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Pinello, Vincenzo. "UNA DIDATTICA IMMERSIVA PER MIGRANTI E PER TUTTI." Italiano LinguaDue 14, no. 1 (July 21, 2022): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54103/2037-3597/18149.
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L’articolo descrive il modello didattico di ItaStra ponendone in rilievo i caratteri fondamentali, incentrati sul ruolo attivo dell’apprendente in quanto soggetto artefice di cittadinanza democratica e sulla considerazione specifica delle dinamiche di repertorio. I contenuti del modello si sviluppano su quattro direttrici teorico-settoriali analiticamente descritte. Esse chiamano in causa la variazione linguistica interna ed esterna al soggetto apprendente, le (neo)compentenze, la multidisciplinarità, i contesti di apprendimento. I contenuti del modello sono il frutto delle esperienze sul campo e delle rielaborazioni teoriche maturate in quindici anni di attività sul fronte della didattica inclusiva. L'articolo da conto anche di queste interconnessioni. Immersive teaching for migrants and for all The article describes the teaching model of ItaStra and its fundamental characteristics: the active role of the learner as the creator of democratic citizenship and attention to repertoire dynamics. The contents of the model are developed through four analytically-described theoretical and sectoral guidelines which call into question the linguistic variation that is internal and external to the learner, the (neo) skills, the multidisciplinarity, the learning contexts. The contents of the model are the result of the experiences and of the theoretical re-elaborations that have been developed in fifteen years of activity in the field of inclusive teaching. The article also takes into account these interconnections.
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Nguyen, Quoc Tan Trung. "Rethinking the Legality of Intervention by Invitation: Toward Neutrality." Journal of Conflict and Security Law 24, no. 2 (2019): 201–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcsl/krz004.
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Abstract The article re-examines one of the most established and classical doctrines in international law, with a massive body of literature—intervention by invitation. The doctrine is straightforward and intuitive, and therefore compelling. Since the use of force or intervention in the domestic affairs of a state is prohibited, the consent of the ‘state’ itself could, naturally, eliminate the wrongfulness of the act. There is contention that the ‘government-preference’ principle of intervention by invitation affords a ‘clear alternative’ to external intervention authorized by the Security Council (‘UNSC’)[ Wippman (1996, Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law, 7, 209)]. Others, however, stressing the momentous nature of current events, believe that ‘democratic legitimacy’ is fundamental. The present author finds both approaches inadequate. In many cases, the complexity of intervention by invitation in both cases is, inevitably, reduced to the issue of recognition: ‘Who can speak for a state?’[We can see such tendency in many works on the topic such as: 2016, Byrne, Journal on the Use of Force and International Law, 3, 97, 100; Wippman (1996, Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law, 7, 217–22; Oppenheim and Lauterpacht, International Law, 7th edition (Longmans Green 1952), 249; or Fox, ‘Intervention by Invitation’ in Weller M (ed), The Oxford Handbook of the Use of Force in International Law (Oxford University Press 2015), 831–35.]. The latter is a highly political question. The law, then, is left undetermined, and actions are explained by the government’s political preferences and its rhetorical appeal to so-called international community values [Falk (ed), The International Law of Civil War (The John Hopkins Press 1971), 28]. Inspired by general neutrality approach, the author will evoke available theoretical principles and state practices to form a theory of the Equality of internal actors, (hereinafter ‘Equality theory’), in the hope of proving the relevance, reliability, consistency and overall superiority of this theory in dealing with the legality of intervention by invitation.
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Miles, Jamie, Richard Jacques, Richard Campbell, Janette Turner, and Suzanne Mason. "The Safety INdEx of Prehospital On Scene Triage (SINEPOST) study: The development and validation of a risk prediction model to support ambulance clinical transport decisions on-scene." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 16, 2022): e0276515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276515.
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One of the main problems currently facing the delivery of safe and effective emergency care is excess demand, which causes congestion at different time points in a patient’s journey. The modern case-mix of prehospital patients is broad and complex, diverging from the traditional ‘time critical accident and emergency’ patients. It now includes many low-acuity patients and those with social care and mental health needs. In the ambulance service, transport decisions are the hardest to make and paramedics decide to take more patients to the ED than would have a clinical benefit. As such, this study asked the following research questions: In adult patients attending the ED by ambulance, can prehospital information predict an avoidable attendance? What is the simulated transportability of the model derived from the primary outcome? A linked dataset of 101,522 ambulance service and ED ambulance incidents linked to their respective ED care record from the whole of Yorkshire between 1st July 2019 and 29th February 2020 was used as the sample for this study. A machine learning method known as XGBoost was applied to the data in a novel way called Internal-External Cross Validation (IECV) to build the model. The results showed great discrimination with a C-statistic of 0.81 (95%CI 0.79–0.83) and excellent calibration with an O:E ratio was 0.995 (95% CI 0.97–1.03), with the most important variables being a patient’s mobility, their physiological observations and clinical impression with psychiatric problems, allergic reactions, cardiac chest pain, head injury, non-traumatic back pain, and minor cuts and bruising being the most important. This study has successfully developed a decision-support model that can be transformed into a tool that could help paramedics make better transport decisions on scene, known as the SINEPOST model. It is accurate, and spatially validated across multiple geographies including rural, urban, and coastal. It is a fair algorithm that does not discriminate new patients based on their age, gender, ethnicity, or decile of deprivation. It can be embedded into an electronic Patient Care Record system and automatically calculate the probability that a patient will have an avoidable attendance at the ED, if they were transported. This manuscript complies with the Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis Or Diagnosis (TRIPOD) statement (Moons KGM, 2015).
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A, Vorobiov, Zakusylo P, and Kozachuk V. "Hybrid method of intellectual diagnosis and forecasting of complex technical systems." Artificial Intelligence 26, jai2021.26(2) (December 1, 2021): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/jai2021.02.078.
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Modern control and diagnostic systems (CDS) usually determine only the technical condition (TC) at the current time, ie the CDS answers the question: a complex technical system (CTS) should be considered operational or not, and may provide little information on performance CTS even in the near future. Therefore, the existing scenarios of CDS operation do not provide for the assessment of the possibility of gradual failures, ie there is no forecasting of the technical condition. The processes of parameter degradation and degradation prediction are stochastic processes, the “behavior” of which is influenced by a combination of external and internal factors, so the deg-radation process can be described as a function that depends on changes in the internal parameters of CTS. The hybrid method involves the following steps. The first is to determine the set of initial characteristics that characterize the CTS vehicle. The second is the establishment of precautionary tolerances of degradation values of the characteristics that characterize the pre-failure technical con-dition of the CTS. The third is to determine the rational composition of informative indicators, which maximally determine the "behavior" of the initial characteristics. The fourth — implementa-tion of multiparameter monitoring, fixation of values of the controlled characteristics, formation of an information array of values of characteristics. Fifth — the adoption of a general model of the process of changing the characteristics of the CTS. Sixth — the formation of a real model of the process of changing the characteristics of Y(t) on the basis of an information array of values of char-acteristics obtained by multi-parameter monitoring. Seventh — forecasting the time of possible oc-currence of the pre-failure state of the CTS, which is carried out by extrapolating the obtained real model of the process of changing the characteristics of Y(t). It is proposed to use two types of mod-els: for medium- and long-term forecasting - polynomial models, for short-term forecasting — a lin-ear extrapolation model. At the final stage, forecast errors are determined for all types of models of degradation of pa-rameters and characteristics. Based on the results of the forecast verification, the models are adjust-ed
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Wichert, Sabine. "The Northern Ireland Conflict: New Wine in Old Bottles?" Contemporary European History 9, no. 2 (July 2000): 307–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300002095.
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James Loughlin, The Ulster Question since 1945 (London: Macmillan, 1998), 151 pp., £10.99 (pb), ISBN 0–333–60616–7.David Harkness, Ireland in the Twentieth Century. Divided Island (London: Macmillan, 1996), 190 pp., £9.99 (pb), ISBN 0–333–56796–X.Thomas Hennessey, A History of Northern Ireland, 1920–1996 (London: Macmillan, 1997), 347 pp., £12.99 (pb), £40.00 (hb), ISBN 0–333–73162–X.Brian A. Follis, A State Under Siege. The Establishment of Northern Ireland, 1920–1925 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1995), 250 pp., £35.00 (hb), ISBN 0–198–20305–5.Dermot Keogh and Michael H. Haltzel, eds., Northern Ireland and the Politics of reconciliation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 256 pp., £35.00 (hb), ISBN 0–521–44430–6.William Crotty and David Schmitt, eds., Ireland and the Politics of Change (London/New York: Longman, 1999), 264 pp., £17.99 (pb), ISBN 0–582–32894–2.David Miller, ed., Rethinking Northern Ireland. Culture, Ideology and Colonialism. (London/New York: Longman, 1999), 344 pp., £17.99 (pb), ISBN 0–582–30287–0.Anthony D. Buckley and Mary Catherine Kenney, Negotiating Identity: Rhetoric, Metaphor, and Social Identity in Northern Ireland (Washington: Smithonian Institution Press, 1996), 270 pp., £34.75 (hb), ISBN 1–560–98520–8.John D. Brewer, with Gareth I. Higgins, Anti-Catholicism in Northern Ireland, 1600–1998: the mote and the beam (London: Macmillan, 1998), 248 pp., £16.99 (pb), ISBN 0–333–74635–X.During the last three decades, and accompanying the ‘troubles’, the literature on Northern Ireland has mushroomed. Within the last ten years two surveys have attempted to summarise and categorise the major interpretations. John Whyte's Interpreting Northern Ireland covered the 1970s and 1980s and came to the conclusion that traditional Unionist and nationalist interpretations, with their emphasis on external, that is British and Irish, forces as the cause for the problem, had begun to lose out to ‘internal conflict’ interpretations. He felt, however, that this approach, too, was coming to the end of its usefulness, and he expected the emergence of a new paradigm shortly.
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Hugly, Philip, and Charles Sayward. "The Internal/External Question." Grazer Philosophische Studien 47 (1994): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/gps19944727.
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Hugly, Philip, and Charles Sayward. "THE INTERNAL/EXTERNAL QUESTION." Grazer Philosophische studien 47, no. 1 (August 12, 1994): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756735-90000552.
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Lychagin, A. I., and I. D. Komarov. "THE TAIWAN QUESTION: EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL DETERMINANTS." Vestnik RUDN International Relations 17, no. 3 (2017): 530–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2017-17-3-530-538.
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Bogdanovski, Masan. "Locke's "internal" questions." Theoria, Beograd 47, no. 1-2 (2004): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo0402025b.
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As Moore does in his proof of the external world, Locke asks the question about the existence of things external to our minds as, in Carnap's sense, an "internal" question. The real reason to be dissatisfied with Locke's causal arguments against skepticism is not that they fail to remove the skeptical alternatives imperiling our knowledge, but in the fact that they sidestep the philosophical skepticism, the characteristically "external" way of posing the philosophical questions about the knowledge of external objects.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Internal ed external question"
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Labate, Enia. "Acquisition of spatial knowledge during navigation: the role of internal and external factors." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423707.
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The general aim of this project of research was to investigate the role of internal and external factors involved in the construction of a spatial representation during navigation. The main question of this dissertation was: do we need the same type of memory to retrace a route and find a shortcut? In other words: which type of memory is involved in the construction of route and survey representation respectively?
In research the main question is about the role of working memory in the construction of spatial representation. According to Baddeley's model (1986), working memory is not a unitary system, but it is possible to distinguish an attentional control system—the central executive—and two subsystems—the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad, which encodes and maintains verbal information and visuospatial information, respectively (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974). Until now, research carried out to date on spatial representation has looked at the role of verbal (VWM) and visuo-spatial (VSWM) working memory in the construction of route representation during navigation (Garden et al., 2002; Meilinguer et al., 2008). However it remains unclear the involvement of working memory in the construction of survey knowledge. In addition, the construction of survey representation, as recent frameworks suggested (Montello et al., 1999; Kitchin et al., 1994), seems to depend also on individual difference, but little is known about the role of external factors such as the presence of landmarks or the influence of specific instructions in guiding navigation behaviour. A series of four experiments was carried out. In all experiments we investigated the role of both subcomponents of working memory through classic paradigm of dual task. Participants learned a route in a virtual (Experiments 1, 3 and 4,) or real environment (Experiment 2) performing spatial or verbal secondary task simultaneously. Reproduction of the route, pointing task, drawing map and finding a shortcut were used to investigate the construction of route and survey representation during navigation. Our results supported that the ability to retrace a route depends on encoding and maintaining the information in VWM and VSW whereas the ability to find a shortcut seems to be related on the involvement of VSWM (Experiment 1 – 2). In addition, our results confirmed that there are large individual differences in both ability to learn spatial layout and in how spatial layout is preferentially encoded (Experiment 2), and added that the sense of direction becomes the predictor of the acquisition of survey knowledge in the learning conditions without landmarks (Experiment 3). Moreover our results showed that the process of acquisition of spatial knowledge implicates also external factors, demonstrating, specifically, that the presence of landmarks and receiving specific instructions about the task facilitate the construction of mental representation (Experiment 4). In conclusion our results add to the growing body of literature supporting that the acquisition of spatial knowledge is a multi-level process influenced by internal and external factors.Lo scopo del presente progetto di ricerca era indagare il ruolo di fattori interni ed esterni coinvolti nella costruzione di una rappresentazione spaziale durante la navigazione. Il quesito principale: per riprodurre un percorso e per trovare una scorciatoia è necessario lo stesso tipo di memoria? In altre parole: quale tipo di memoria è coinvolta rispettivamente nella costruzione di una rappresentazione route e survey? La letteratura ha indagato il ruolo della memoria di lavoro nella costruzione di una rappresentazione spaziale. La memoria di lavoro, secondo il modello proposto da Baddeley (1986), non è un sistema unitario, ma è costituita da un sistema di controllo attenzionale – l'esecutivo centrale – e due subcomponenti – phonological loop e visuospatial sketchpad – che codificano, rispettivamente, informazioni verbali e spaziali (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974). Gli studi condotti fino ad oggi, si sono maggiormente focalizzati sul ruolo della componente verbale e visuo-spaziale della memoria di lavoro nella costruzione di una rappresentazione spaziale route durante la navigazione (Garden et al., 2002; Meilinguer et al., 2008). Tuttavia, resta non chiaro il coinvolgimento della memoria di lavoro nella costruzione di una rappresentazione spaziale survey. La costruzione di una rappresentazione survey, come suggerito da recenti frameworks (Montello et al., 1999; Kitchin et al., 1994), risulta essere influenzata da differenze individuali, ma poco è noto rispetto al ruolo di fattori esterni, come la presenza di landmarks nell'ambiente o l'influenza di specifiche istruzioni nel guidare la navigazione. Sono stati condotti quattro studi. In tutti gli esperimenti è stato indagato il ruolo delle sub- componenti della memoria di lavoro attraverso il paradigma del doppio compito. I partecipanti durante l'apprendimento di un percorso in ambiente virtuale (Esperimenti 1, 3 e 4) o reale (Esperimento 2) eseguivano, contemporaneamente, il doppio compito verbale o spaziale. Ai soggetti è stato richiesto di riprodurre il percorso, per indagare la costruzione della rappresentazione route, e di effettuare stime di direzione, disegnare una mappa e individuare una scorciatoia, per indagare la costruzione della rappresentazione survey. I nostri risultati hanno evidenziato che il processo di costruzione di una rappresentazione route implica il coinvolgimento della memoria di lavoro verbale e spaziale mentre il processo di costruzione di una rappresentazione survey sembra coinvolgere maggiormente la memoria di lavoro visuo-spaziale (Esperimenti 1 – 2). Inoltre i risultati hanno confermato che ci sono larghe differenze individuali nell'abilità di apprendere un layout spaziale (Esperimento 2) e ai dati presenti in letteratura, hanno aggiunto che il senso dell'orientamento predice l'abilità di acquisire informazione spaziale survey quando si naviga in un ambiente privo di landmarks (Esperimento 3). Infine, non di minore importanza, è il ruolo svolto da fattori esterni. Infatti dai dati è emerso che navigare in un ambiente con landmarks e ricevere specifiche istruzioni rispetto al compito, facilita il processo di costruzione di una rappresentazione spaziale (Esperimento 4). In conclusione il presente progetto di ricerca ha fornito un contributo al crescente corpo della letteratura dimostrando che l'acquisizione di conoscenza spaziale durante la navigazione, è un processo complesso influenzato da fattori sia interni che esterni.
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Štulíková, Marie. "Zefektivnění procesu získávaní a výběru pracovníků." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-221537.
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This Master´s thesis deals with the analysis of recruitment process in a production company. It contains the recommendation and the new proposals of solution which will be determinate in development of recruitment process. This can be more superior for the development of the whole process and for the company as well.
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PERFRANCESCHI, Linda. "La distinzione tra internal ed external questions. Una rivalutazione della proposta carnapiana." Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/337496.
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La tesi ha ad oggetto l'analisi della distinzione tra internal ed external questions, esplicitata da Carnap a
partire dal 1950. In particolare l'obiettivo di fondo che soggiace alla struttura dell'intero progetto è
quello di considerare la possibilità di re-interpretare la distinzione carnapiana e le sue conseguenze -
nonostante la critica quinenana - a differenti livelli: linguistico ma soprattutto epistemologico ed
ontologico. L'idea è infatti che attraverso l'analisi di questa distinzione - facendo riferimento in questo
senso anche agli scritti precedenti e successivi al 1950 - possa emergere, da una parte, la parziale
inefficacia della critica quinenana e, dall'altra, l'influenza che questa distinzione ha avuto ed ha tuttora
sull'epistemologia post-positiva, nonché sul dibattito ontologico, e in qualche senso metafisico, successivo.
Lo studio ha l'obbiettivo, in piena sintonia con quella che è stata indicata come una sorta di renaissance
carnapiana, di mostrare come, in maniera fuorviante - appunto dopo la apparentemente definitiva critica
quinenana - la proposta di Carnap sia stata accantonata troppo rapidamente, considerandola a tutti gli
effetti espressione di una epistemologia fondazionalista. La conclusione cui questo lavoro tende va in
direzione opposta, ovvero mira a tentare di evidenziare quali siano, grazie proprio al filo conduttore che la
distinzione tra i/e questions rappresenta, le istanze carnapiane presenti anche nei dibattiti epistemologici
ed ontologici successivi e più attuali. L'obbiettivo che si intende perseguire nel Capitolo I è
principalmente quello di individuare ed analizzare le origini della distinzione formulata da Carnap, tanto in
Empiricism, Semantics and Ontology (1950) quanto Replies and Systematic Expositions (1963), tra internal ed
external questions cercando di mostrare come essa non sia semplicemente un espediente utilizzato da Carnap,
nella fase cosiddetta semantica del suo pensiero, per stabilire quale sia lo statuto delle entità astratte,
appunto, in semantica. Il Capitolo II è focalizzato sulla presentazione della critica più accesa alla
distinzione carnapiana ovvero sulla posizione formulata da Quine in On Carnap's View on Ontology (1951) e in
Carnap and Logical Truth (1960). Nel Capitolo III si da spazio proprio al alcune recenti proposte, in
particolare quella sostenuta da Huw Price, che riguardano proprio la possibilità di considerare le posizioni
di Carnap e Quine non più antipodali ma, secondo punti di vista differenti, per certi aspetti, connesse. Nel
Capitolo IV - tenendo conto delle conclusioni cui si è giunti nei capitoli precedenti, in particolare nel
terzo, a proposito della possibile influenza della distinzione tra internal ed external questions
sull'epistemologia post-positiva e post-fondazionalista - l'obbiettivo è quello di impostare un confronto tra
la proposta carnapiana e la teoria kuhniana delle rivoluzioni scientifiche, a partire dall'analisi del
concetto carnapiano di teoria scientifica. Il Capitolo V, infine, considerato il fatto che la distinzione
oggetto di questo studio, e in particolare l'articolo in cui essa viene esplicitata, vengono ritenuti i
principali riferimenti per ricostruire la posizione che Carnap assume nei confronti delle questioni
ontologiche, è dedicato all'approfondimento della prospettiva ontologica e di quello che, dallo stesso
Carnap, è stato definito "atteggiamento neutrale".The central theme of the thesis is the analysis of the distinction between internal and external questions, pointed out by Carnap since 1950. In particular, the main objective on which the structure of the project is based, is to consider the possibility of re-interpreting the carnapian distinction and its consequences - despite Quine criticism - at different levels: linguistic, but mainly epistemological and ontological. The leading idea of this work is actually to consider the possibility that through the analysis of this distinction - referring in this regard also to the writings before and after 1950 - could emerge, on the one hand, the ineffectiveness of partial quinenan criticism and secondly, the influence that this distinction has had and still has on the post-positivist epistemology, as well as on the contemporary ontological debate, in some sense also metaphysical. The aim of the study is, in full harmony with what has been mentioned as a sort of carnapian renaissance, to show how, in a misleading way - apparently just after the final Quine's criticism - Carnap's proposal had been abandoned too quickly, considering it as a true and lawful expression of a foundational epistemology. The conclusion towards which this research is directed, takes an opposite way thus aiming at highlighting which could be, thanks to the guide line represented by the external/internal distinction, the carnapian's instances that are also found in the contemporary ontological and epistemological debates. The goal of Chapter I is to identify and analyze the origins of the distinction made by Carnap, both in Empiricism, Semantics and Ontology (1950) and in Replies and Systematic Expositions (1963), between internal/external questions and trying to show how this could not simply seem a trick used by Carnap, in the so-called semantic phase of his thought, to determine what the status of abstract entities could be as far as semantics is concerned. Chapter II is focused on the presentation of Quine's criticism particularly on the position pointed out by Quine in On Carnap's View on Ontology (1951) and Carnap and Logical Truth (1960). In Chapter III the recent proposal are described, particularly those supported by Huw Price, who address the possibility of considering the views of Carnap and Quine not opposite anymore but instead related even though following different point of view on certain issue. In Chapter IV - taking into account the conclusions reached in previous chapters, particularly in the third, about the possible influence of the distinction between internal and external questions on the post-positivist and post-foundational epistemology - the objective is to set up a comparison between the carnapian proposal and the kuhnian theory of scientific revolutions, analyzing the carnapian concept of scientific theory. Finally, Chapter V, considering that the distinction between internal and external questions, and in particular the article in which it is made explicit, are thought to be the main references to reconstruct the position taken by Carnap against ontological issues, is dedicated to an ontological depth of this perspective and of what, was described as "neutral attitude" by Carnap himself.
Books on the topic "Internal ed external question"
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Delgado, Mercedes. Firms in Context: Internal and External Drivers of Success. Edited by Gordon L. Clark, Maryann P. Feldman, Meric S. Gertler, and Dariusz Wójcik. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755609.013.19.
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How important is location for successful regional and firm performance? To answer this question the first part of the chapter reviews studies using sophisticated methods for defining and mapping clusters—geographical concentrations of related industries, firms, and supporting institutions. These studies show the importance of clusters for entrepreneurship, innovation, and other performance dimensions. The second part of the chapter examines the relationship between location and firm strategy and performance. Location within a cluster by itself does not ensure that a firm will benefit. Thus, a firm’s strategic positioning and its location choices are interrelated. I offer a framework that takes into account the role of internal agglomerations (intra-firm linkages that are facilitated by geographical proximity) and external agglomerations (inter-firm linkages in clusters) on the location choices and performance of firms.
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Wedgwood, Ralph. Why Does Rationality Matter? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802693.003.0009.
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Internalism implies that rationality requires nothing more than what in the broadest sense counts as ‘coherence’. The earlier chapters of this book argue that rationality is in a strong sense normative. But why does coherence matter? The interpretation of this question is clarified. An answer to the question would involve a general characterization of rationality that makes it intuitively less puzzling why rationality is in this strong sense normative. Various approaches to this question are explored: a deflationary approach, the appeal to ‘Dutch book’ theorems, the idea that rationality is constitutive of the nature of mental states. It is argued that none of these approaches solves the problem. An adequate solution will have to appeal to some value that depends partly on how things are in the external world—in effect, an external goal—and some normatively significant connection between internal rationality and this external goal.
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Gilad-Gutnick, Sharon, and Pawan Sinha. The Presidential Illusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0090.
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The effectiveness of the presidential illusion underscores the important point that by excluding external facial features, such as the head and hair shape, we lose critical information about the way faces are represented in real life. This chapter considers the question of whether whole-head processing is a general principle that can be extended to all face processes or if it specifically reflects the nature of facial encoding used by the visual system for the identification of individuals. For example, would supplementing the internal features of one face with those of another affect the perception of other common facial attributes, such as gender, race, or age? The eyes, nose, and mouth are believed to be the primary purveyors of facial identity. The presidential illusion challenges this dogma and suggests that external head features (the hair and jawline) are also crucial constituents of facial representation and strongly influence identity judgments.
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Allen, John L. The Catholic Church. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780199379804.001.0001.
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Roman Catholicism stands at a crossroads, a classic ''best of times, worst of times'' moment. On the one hand, the Catholic Church remains by far the largest branch of the worldwide Christian family, and is growing at a remarkable clip. Yet the Church has also been rocked by a series of scandals related to the sexual abuse of minors by clergy, and, even more devastating, the cover-up by the Church hierarchy. The decade-long crisis has taken a massive financial toll, but the blow to both the internal morale and the external moral standing of the Church has been even steeper. Today, the Church has enormous residual strength and exciting future prospects, but also faces steep internal and external challenges. The question of ''whither Catholicism'' is of vital public relevance, for believers and non-believers alike. In The Catholic Church: What Everyone Needs to Know, John L. Allen, Jr., one of the world's leading authorities on the Vatican, offers an authoritative and accessible guide to the past, present, and future of the Church. This updated edition includes a new chapter on the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI, the election of Pope Francis, and his extraordinary tenure thus far.
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Schütze, Robert. Excursus: A Fiscal Affairs Exception? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803379.003.0007.
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Ever since 1957, the European Treaties made, with regard to goods, a fundamental distinction between regulatory and fiscal barriers to intra-Union trade. Fiscal barriers were here subject to a special constitutional regime. This constitutional regime was however not uniform and itself distinguished between (external) customs duties and (internal) taxes with both aspects being firmly rooted in an international model. Has this changed over the course of the past sixty years? Have the Treaty provisions on fiscal barriers been ‘federalized’and, if so, are they nonetheless subject to distinct doctrinal principles (like in the United States)? This final chapter explores these complex questions. Section I starts with an analysis of the legal structure of the customs union; Section II looks at the question from the point of ‘internal taxation’, and here in particular the question of double taxation.
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Ray, Sumantra (Shumone), Sue Fitzpatrick, Rajna Golubic, Susan Fisher, and Sarah Gibbings, eds. Navigating research methods: critical appraisal. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199608478.003.0006.
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This chapter discusses the role of critical appraisal as an integral part of evidence based practice. There is no gold standard for conducting critical appraisal of medical literature. Standard check lists are presented for the specific study designs (randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case control studies and cross-sectional studies). The check lists include questions which capture four main components of a scientific paper (introduction, methods, results and discussion), and are organized as screening questions (1. Does the research address a clearly focused question?, and 2. Was the type of study appropriate?) and detailed questions focusing on the different aspects of internal and external validity.
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Bergs, Alexander. Set Them Free?! Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198768104.003.0003.
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This paper presents and investigates some general issues regarding the study of scribal variation and the question of free variation in language. It shows that historical linguistics actually does not suffer from a lack of data, but that the particular data available to the historical linguist can offer new and fascinating insights into language users and the groups they belong to. In two empirical cases studies (the late Middle English Paston Letters and the early Middle English Peterborough Chronicle), this paper presents two long-term analyses of individual scribes and authors, and their role(s) in their respective social networks. It appears that scribal variation, at least for this period, was not a question of free variation, but was constrained by complex language-internal and language-external factors. The specific nature of historical data allows for a detailed study of these factors.
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Bobaljik, Jonathan David, and Heidi Harley. Suppletion is local. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778264.003.0007.
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Bobaljik (2012) proposes that the insertion of suppletive vocabulary items can be sensitive to features within the same maximal projection, but not across a maximal projection boundary. Among heads (X0 nodes), this condition restricts suppletion to synthetic formations and excludes suppletion in analogous analytic formations. In Hiaki, however, the number of a subject DP can trigger verbal suppletion in certain intransitive verbs. The verbs in question, however, can be shown by language-internal diagnostics to be unaccusative. Suppletion, then, is in fact triggered by an element within the maximal projection of the suppleting verb. The analysis supports the position that internal arguments are base-generated as sisters to their selecting verb (Kratzer 1996; Marantz 1997; Harley 2014). Further, we see that the locality condition does not distinguish between word-internal and word-external triggers of suppletion, but is rather a condition of structural locality, showing that morphological structure is, in a fundamental way, syntactic.
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Kenny, Neil. Relevance Theory and the Effect of Literature on Beliefs. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794776.003.0005.
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To what extent does literature affect our beliefs about the real world? Relevance theory offers new ways of exploring that old question. That is partly because relevance theory embraces the whole communications circuit: it tracks the communication of meaning from author via text to reader, rather than focusing on just one of those phases. It can also describe how unintended meaning can be inferred by readers. The question of the effect of literature upon beliefs is explored through one case study (Adventures of Tom Sawyer) and through various notions drawn from relevance theory: cognitive environments; contextual assumptions; implicatures; internal and external relevance; epistemic vigilance. It is argued that the evanescence or durability of any effects that literature may have upon readers’ beliefs can be investigated by combining those relevance-theoretic notions with ones drawn from certain other cognitive or literary-critical approaches: immersion; kinesis; perceptual simulation; tagging.
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Bayer, Stefan, Kirsten Dickhaut, and Irene Herzog, eds. Lenkung der Dinge. Klostermann, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783465145585.
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In the course of the humanistic examination of his position in the cosmos, man in the early modern period also reformulates his radius of action: the causality model of the 'steering of things', which is rooted in a hierarchical structure at the top of which magicians, political rulers or princes, and artists appear as sovereigns of action, describes the possibilities of successful and effective action in magic, politics, and art. The question discussed in literary texts, in the arts, and in treatises on statecraft in the early modern period is the possibility and nature of the controllability of external as well as internal nature. The contributions to this volume discuss the concept of the "steering of things" against the backdrop of its historical, cultural and epistemological context.
Book chapters on the topic "Internal ed external question"
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Chollier, Christine. "Lives and Deaths of Gatsby: A Semantic Reading of a Key Passage in a Powerful Text." In Powerful Prose, 99–110. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839458808-007.
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In this article, Christine Chollier is dedicated to the question of the interpretation of a key-passage in a text. The material organization of textuality influences the response of the reader, who perceives semantic forms and makes sense of the specific combination of matter and form by actualizing semantic traits and neutralizing others, relying on contexts - internal and external - to validate or invalidate options. The piece of writing under scrutiny relates Gatsby's murder in his swimming-pool. The global context in the novel provides clues to build in and interpret local linguistic features in the light of the elegiac project.
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"8. Who Cares? ‚External‘, ‚Internal‘ and ‚Mediator‘ Debates about South Asian Elders’ Needs." In The Family in Question, 187–204. Amsterdam University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9789048501533-010.
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Sturmey, S. G. "The Question Answered." In British Shipping and World Competition. Liverpool University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9780986497322.003.0015.
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This final chapter returns to the original question laid out at the start of the volume: why the tonnage of British ships declined by an enormous amount between 1900 and 1960. It brings together the findings of the volume to provide a definitive conclusion. It reiterates the changes in economic factors; interferences with the competitive process; trade factors; war; taxation; policy-making; growth rates; and growth constraints, concluding that overall, the decline of the industry was primarily due to internal decision-making rather than external factors. Upon publication, this conclusion drew ire and scrutiny, but Sturmey’s arguments have generally stood the test of time.
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Mutz, Diana C. "External Validity Reconsidered." In Population-Based Survey Experiments. Princeton University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691144511.003.0008.
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This chapter talks about the significance of generalizability. Experimentalists often go to great lengths to argue that student or other convenience samples are not problematic in terms of external validity. Likewise, a convincing case for causality is often elusive with observational research, no matter how stridently one might argue to the contrary. The conventional wisdom is that experiments are widely valued for their internal validity, and experiments lack external validity. These assumptions are so widespread as to go without question in most disciplines, particularly those emphasizing external validity, such as political science and sociology. But observational studies, such as surveys, are still supposed to be better for purposes of maximizing external validity because this method allows studying people in real world settings.
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Long, A. A. "Ancient Philosophy’s Hardest Question." In Selfhood and Rationality in Ancient Greek Philosophy, 25—C2.P57. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803393.003.0003.
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Abstract The ancient Greek philosophers had the ambition of showing how to put happiness/eudaimonia in our power. For that Socratic project to be feasible, it had to be removed from arbitrary divine control and external contingency, on the one hand, and, still more importantly, it had to be grounded in the internal rule of reason. Corresponding revisions to traditional ideas about the gods and the mind were brought together by the postulate that human reason is a divine faculty, and capable, when perfected, of producing a life that would be not only excellent in human terms but also an authentic likeness of divinity. The morality of ancient philosophy is a kind of mathematics, by which we make what is good for ourselves balance what is good for others.
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Fine, Gail. "Skeptical Dogmata: Outlines of Pyrrhonism I 13." In Essays in Ancient Epistemology, 265–87. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746768.003.0011.
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This chapter asks whether, in PH 1.13, Sextus says that Pyrrhonian skeptics have some, or no, dogmata. The chapter distinguishes an internal from an external question. The internal question asks whether Sextus says that skeptics have any dogmata; and, if he says they do, what dogmata does he takes them to have? The external question asks whether dogmata are beliefs in the sense of taking to be true. The chapter argues that dogmata are beliefs in that sense. It also argues that, according to I 13, Sextus allows that skeptics have beliefs, though only about how they are appeared to.
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Park, Sang Cheol, Gee-Woo Bock, Won Jun Lee, and Cheng Zhang. "The Effects of Two Types of IOS Diffusion on Firms' Performance." In Handbook of Research on Global Enterprise Operations and Opportunities, 283–305. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2245-4.ch017.
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This chapter addresses the theoretically neglected question of how the internal and external diffusion of inter-organizational systems (IOS) impacts firms' performance improvement. The proposed model posits that organizational and relational resources affect both internal and external diffusion. In turn, they influence performance improvement. This study collected data from 187 managers in Korean and Chinese firms. It tested its research model by using partial least squares (PLS). According to the findings, two types of IOS diffusion (i.e., internal and external) mediated the relationship between organizational/relational resources and performance improvement in the supply chain context. The study also found that Korean firms were likely to externally diffuse IOS toward their business partners. Chinese firms would tend to internally diffuse IOS by deploying IOS from their partners.
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Aliphana, Sabri. "The key drivers of sustainable practices in SMEs." In No Question: Sustainability is Everyone’s Business : IV. BBS International Sustainability Student Conference Proceedings, 166–76. Budapest Business School, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29180/9786156342386_12.
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According to the Globalization Council (2009), SMEs have more potential to meet important environmental and social targets than MNCs. However, it is quite challenging even for SMEs to synchronize sustainable development with the financial outcomes of a business and still offer economic prosperity. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to do a comprehensive investigation of the external and internal determinants which have an influence on the SMEs’ incentive to contribute to society, both socially and environmentally. I used the systematic literature review technique to list the external and internal drivers of the sustainability practices in SMEs which were identified globally by various researchers. For policymakers and also for SMEs owners and managers, this paper can have practical implication, They should keep in mind that if SMEs want to get more benefits from their sustainability efforts, they should consider sustainability as a long-term strategy, in other words, if SMEs adopt environmental practices mainly due to strategic intent, not only cost saving intent, and focus on long-run financial and market position payoffs, they can be still beneficial and even increase their profits
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Eckes, Christina. "Consequences of Choosing an External Legal Basis." In EU Powers Under External Pressure, 113–48. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785545.003.0005.
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Chapter 4 discusses the constitutional consequences of the choice of legal basis in the context of external relations. The Union and its Member States are interlocked in a tight embrace, which leads to a far more complicated power division than may appear from a straightforward reading of the Treaty provisions on competences. The choice of the appropriate legal basis is the legal emanation of political power struggles between the Member States and the Union and among the EU institutions. The chapter identifies situations, in which the fact that law-making moves from the internal EU sphere to the external (i.e. international) sphere places more far-reaching restrictions on the Member States’ exercise of powers than would apply internally. It also argues that clarity in attributing responsibilities is a foundational requirement for bonding structures in a divided representative democracy, in which individuals are represented as EU citizens and national citizens. An adequate level of clarity on who is responsible for what is a necessary, albeit insufficient, condition for feeling represented and for limiting the ability of representatives to deny responsibilities. Finally, the chapter illustrates how the international obligations of the Member States are vested with the particular bite (i.e. effectiveness) of EU law when the question of who should take action, which is at the centre of the choice of legal basis, is avoided by concluding a mixed agreement. This limits the scope of manoeuvre of Member States as international actors.
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Bell, Stephen, and Hui Feng. "China’s Troubled Road to Economic Rebalancing." In Banking on Growth Models, 217–41. Cornell University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501762529.003.0012.
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This chapter addresses the question of whether changes to the banking system have helped with economic rebalancing and growth model reform in China. It examines the politics of rebalancing and the current statist reaction by the Xi regime to earlier market developments. For a time, increased financial liberalization did help in providing more credit to the household and private sectors and other positive changes saw slightly reduced savings rates and corporate debt levels, and moderate increases in household consumption. The chapter highlights the dynamic development of both the external and internal dimensions of China's economic structure, arguing that there have been emerging signs of external rebalancing that reflects more mixed results than internal rebalancing. It further explores the political forces that have constrained economic rebalancing in China.
Conference papers on the topic "Internal ed external question"
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Konak, Fatih, and Hakan Turan. "Was the Turkish Financial Crisis in 2001 Caused by External or Internal Factors?" In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00724.
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There has been much discussion on the issue of whether financial crisis are caused by external factors or internal factors. This research has attempted to demonstrate what were the real reasons whether internal or external factors, behind the Turkish financial crisis in 2001. The crucial question that demands an answer is ‘which one of them overwhelmingly triggered the crisis. It was argued that before the crisis occurred, the Turkey economy had been affected by some unfavourable external shocks such as, rise in crude oil prices which increased the current account deficit; however, it can be seriously solved by employing correct finance technique that using long-term capital and direct investment instead of short-term capital. Therefore, external factors effects on the economy can be eliminated by right monetary policy, which means they were not the key factors. On the other hand, there were many internal factors behind the crisis such as fragile finance and banking system, ruling out dis-inflation negative effects and seasonal factors and so on. It could be advocated that these factors led the Turkish economy into uncertain situation and they had central part in the crisis because, when the last global financial crisis was occurred in 2008, although all unexpected external factors were soared, the Turkish economy was less affected, because the Turkish economy has been become more durable by solving the internal triggering factors.
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Faraj, Anwar, and Jalil Ali. "The Role of the External Factor in the Processes of Democratic Transition." In REFORM AND POLITICAL CHANGE. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdiconfrpc.pp86-96.
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The democratic transition is one of the common terms in academic and societal circles, but it is noticeable that there are discussions and differences of opinions about how to transform from a non-democratic system to a democratic one. Among the things that are disputed is the question; Is the priority given to internal factors or external factors in the transfers? Can democracy be imposed if the state is not internally qualified to accept the transition? This research attempts to address the role of the external factor in the processes of democratic transition by standing on the contribution of theoretical literatures presented in the field of political science and international relations on this topic.
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Cole, David E. "An Historical Overview of the Development of the Chevrolet Small-Block V-8 Engine." In ASME 2014 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2014-5695.
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The Chevrolet Small-Block engine was officially introduced to the public as one of the two engines in the 1955 Chevrolet passenger car. Its companion engine powering Chevrolet products was the very dated “Blue-Flame” 6. This six-cylinder driven powertrain was a key contributor to the reputation at that time that Chevrolet cars were dull and, at best, average. The team: In late 1952, my father, Ed Cole, assumed the role as Chevrolet Chief Engineer. A few years earlier he was the Chief Engineer at Cadillac and led the development of a new, advanced design overhead valve V-8. The expectation at Chevy was that he would lead the development of a Chevrolet version but he had other ideas. At this time each GM division had their own powertrain operations. Key people were recruited from across the company based on their unique skills. The entire effort of developing, tooling and launch of the engine, as well as the total vehicle, took less than 2 years. The engine: The Small-Block engine was considered revolutionary at that time. Features included a new casting technology that reduced the casting cores by about half, a valve train that featured simple stamped rocker arms that pivoted on individual studs and elimination of all external oil lines. Its weight was over 40 pounds less than the Blue-Flame 6 and it was very compact. The Chevrolet Small-Block V-8 was a revolutionary engine when it was developed in the 50’s, and even today the basic architecture of the current GM Small-Block is similar.
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Currey, Jennifer A., and Marc Nash. "Design of an External Fixator and Motion Application System for Use in an In Vivo Fracture Study." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53327.
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In the United States, there are approximately 1 million fractures annually [1]. These fractures can be treated successfully with the use of casts or internal fixation (i.e. screws, bone plates, or intramedullary rods). However, for approximately 1 out of 20 people with a fracture, these treatments are not successful and result in either a malunion or a non-union. A malunion or a non-union reduces the ability of the bone to withstand the loads it is intended to take. This can cause pain and suffering for the patient. Clinically, non-unions can be treated using mechanical stimulation via an external fixator. Current treatments and the literature suggest that the mechanical environment of a healing fracture callus can influence tissue differentiation, perhaps even stimulate healing [2,3,4,5,6,7]. This leads to the overarching question, what is the precise relationship between the local mechanical environment of a fracture and patterns of bone repair? In order to answer this question, one must be able to control and measure the amount of motion or force applied to the fracture so as to properly relate the healing patterns with a particular stimulus.
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Zorkalceva, M. P., and I. V. Feschenko. "POLITIKA UPRAVLENIYA PRIBYL'YU I RENTABEL'NOST'YU NA PREDPRIYATII: PROBLEMY I PUTI IKH RESHENIYA." In CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF RUSSIA AND CHINA. Amur State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/medprh.33.
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In this article importance of management question is considered an income and profitability of enterprise, external and internal factors, and also result of their influence on the income of enterprise, their analysis is conducted and the ways of decision of the set problems are offered within the framework of politics of manage-ment by an income and profitability of enterprise
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Bhandari, Pitambar. "Making the Soft Power Hard: Nepal’s Internal Ability in Safeguarding National Interest." In 8th Peace and Conflict Resolution Conference [PCRC2021]. Tomorrow People Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52987/pcrc.2021.008.
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Abstract Soft power is an important instrument of foreign policy and a tool in safeguarding national interests. Under various regimes after the advent of democracy in 1950, Nepal has experienced a turbulent effect of international influence on technology, governance capability, policy transfer, labor migration and climatic affairs. In these contexts, traditional diplomatic effort based on persuasive bargaining requires an interest based practice which is complicated for the countries like Nepal where military power and economy are considered to be public goods rather than strategic base for the expansion of domestic policy making the other countries follow. Nepal creates an exemplary image in coping with the internal and external threats even during the major political transitions in 1950, 1990 and 2006. In all these power sharing mechanisms, the immunity that galvanized internal forces with minimum experience of indirect influence from the neighbouring countries shows that soft power values in Nepal became the major component for managing internal tensions and mitigating external interests. At one hand, the sources of soft power rests on ancient value system and on the other, Nepal celebrates new political system confronting the values earlier regime survived on. Political crisis before 2015 and the natural disaster after it plunged Nepal into a serious threat. During the time of crisis it is need and the value that functions compared to the interest. This paper posits a central question that how soft power became a variant during the war to peace transition from 2006 to the period of implementation of constitution stipulated in 2015 with the result of a stable government. The first part of the paper explores the dimensions of soft power in Nepal- both perceived and practiced- after Jana Aandolan II. The effectiveness of soft power in maintaining the geostrategic importance through a constant coupling of soft power diplomacy adopted and endorsed in Nepal by the external powers and Nepal’s own soft power standpoint will be analyzed in the second part of the paper. The last section of the paper analyzes the challenges for effective implementation of soft power diplomacy in meeting the national interest. Key words: Soft power, geo-strategic importance, national interest
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Prueter, Phillip E. "Using Explicit Finite Element Analysis to Simulate the Structural Damage Associated With an Internal Detonation in a Heat Exchanger." In ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-28893.
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Developing the realistic blast loading associated with an internal detonation occurring within a pressure vessel or heat exchanger is challenging. Unlike evaluation of external blast loading on structures due to far-field explosions, where typical overpressure-time histories can be reasonably defined based on empirical data, investigating confined detonations presents additional complications. The subsequent impulsive peak reflected overpressure from confined detonations acting on a structure can be extremely high due to the close proximity of the blast source to the vessel wall or pressure boundary. This establishes the possibility of significant structural damage for process equipment subjected to an internal detonation, even for relatively modest amounts of concentrated explosive products. This paper discusses the underlying theory of blast analysis and examines the practical application of non-linear, finite element based, explicit computational techniques for simulating the load acting on a structure due to internal and external blasts. The investigation of a recent, real-life industry failure of a heat exchanger due to a suspected internal detonation is discussed. Explicit, three-dimensional blast analysis is performed on the heat exchanger in question, and an internal detonation is simulated to reasonably replicate the considerable damage actually observed in the field. This analysis permits the determination of an approximate amount of concentrated product that caused the accidental explosion; that is, the plausible equivalent amount of explosives is back-calculated based on the predicted damage to the finite element model of the equipment in question. Computational iterations of varying charge amounts are performed and the predicted amount of permanent damage is documented so sensitivity to the hypothesized charge amount can be quantified. Furthermore, explicit blast analysis of nearby equipment is performed. In this investigation, computational results for both the heat exchanger (subjected to internal blast loading) and surrounding equipment (subjected to external blast loading) are in good agreement with the measured plastic deformations and failure modes that were actually observed in the field. Commentary on the likely detonation event that caused the significant damage observed is provided. Additionally, an advanced finite element failure criterion that is driven by plastic yielding is employed where portions of the computational model are removed from the simulation once a user-defined strain threshold is reached. This approach facilitates simulation of the gross heat exchanger pressure boundary failure actually observed in this case. The explicit finite element based analyses discussed in this study reasonably predict the structural response and damage characteristics corresponding to a recent, real-life industry failure.
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Sauer, M., and F. Kaiser. "Spatial Symmetry Breaking and Coexistence of Attractors in a Nonlinear Ring Cavity." In Nonlinear Dynamics in Optical Systems. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/nldos.1992.tuc3.
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Modulational instabilities in nonlinear optical systems play an important role for pattern formation since they give rise to characteristic internal space frequencies [1]. We address the question how the pattern formation by modulational instabilities influenced by an external spatial modulation of the input. We find a sequence of temporal frequency locking when the wavelength of the modulation is increased. It also leads to a spontaneous symmetry breaking of the solutions which allows for the coexistence of various periodic attractors. This can be explained by the concept of cooperative frequency locking[2, 3].
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Yada, Hiroki, Masanori Ando, Kazuyuki Tsukimori, Masakazu Ichimiya, and Yoshinari Anoda. "Failure Mode of ED and AD Type Head Plates Subject to Convex Side Pressure." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65227.
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Containment vessel is an important structure to prevent a significant and sudden radioactive release, however, the safety margin of the containment vessel against the internal or external pressure are not numerically clarified. Namely, the safety margins due to the relationship of the ultimate toughness of containment vessel structures and maximum design pressure is not clear. Indeed, to clarify the progress of events under the beyond design basis events (BDBE) and to design the BDBE countermeasure equipment, it is necessary to evaluate the pressure toughness of containment vessel adequately. The containment vessel of fast reactor is composed of the various structures. The head plate that composes the boundary between primary and secondary coolant in intermediate heat exchanger has an important role when the progress of the BDBE is considered. Therefore, in order to develop the evaluation method of the pressure toughness of the head plate under the BDBE, the pressure failure tests and finite element analysis of head plate structure subjected to convex side pressure was performed in this study. Two types of head plates were applied for pressure failure tests. ED type and AD type head plates were chosen as a representative to clarify the effect of shape. These head plates have 250mm diameter and 3mm thickness. The head plates were subjected to pressure on convex side by water in the pressure failure tests. In tests, almost completely inside-out of each head plate was caused after buckling. Then after that, leakage was observed near the rim. Two types of head plates had similar failure mode in spite of difference original shapes. The circumferential through-wall crack was observed near the rim of each head plates. According to the results of pressure failure tests, it is seemed that the circumferential crack was caused by straightening following bending associated with large deformation as inside-out. To clarify the relationship between bending radius and crack initiation, straightening following the bending deformation (bending-straightening) tests were performed. As a result, the crack was initiated in the test case of the bending radius smaller than 3 mm. 3 mm of bending radius generate 33 % strain. The bending radius at the time of leakage observed of head plates was estimated almost similar value at which crack initiated. Therefore, it can be concluded that a failure mode of a head plate subjected convex side pressure is circumferential through-wall crack caused by straightening following bending deformation near the rim.
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Sikka, Raghav, Maths Halstensen, and Joachim Lundberg. "Spray drop size characterization in an external-mixing bluff-body atomizer based on acoustics and Multivariate Analysis." In 63rd International Conference of Scandinavian Simulation Society, SIMS 2022, Trondheim, Norway, September 20-21, 2022. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ecp192027.
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Air-assist atomizers have been widely used in various applications such as the aerospace industry, internal combustion engines, molten metal, food processing, etc. The mean drop size for these atomizers was obtained through the Shadowgraph imaging technique. This study aims to assess the feasibility of the acoustic chemometrics approach for classifying the atomizer types and predicting the mean drop size, such as Sauter mean diameter (SMD), for a two-phase spray atomizer employed. The droplet size measurements were carried out at three radial locations and one axial location for various air and liquid (water) flow rates. The acoustic signals were recorded through two different sensors: accelerometers and microphones. The main objective of this work is to implement prediction models for the mean drop sizes (SMD) measured at various locations. The model prediction is based on the dimensionless number B, whose unique values correspond to different two-phase flow working conditions. This analysis will further cater to the question that whether the acoustics chemometrics approach, including Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares Regression (PLS-R), is suitable for extracting valuable information such as predicting mean drop size (SMD) in two-phase flows through recorded acoustic signals.
Reports on the topic "Internal ed external question"
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Costa, Julio, Vincenzo Rago, Pedro Brito, Pedro Figueiredo, Ana Sousa, Eduardo Abade, and João Brito. External and internal load during training sessions in elite women’s soccer: a systematic mini review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.12.0038.
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Review question / Objective: The present systematic mini review aim to provide an overview about external and internal load during training sessions in elite women’s soccer, with special focus on fatigue, training adaptions and injuries. Condition being studied: Continuous training load monitoring in the context of the regular team routine. Eligibility criteria: To investigate continuous monitoring, we include articles with a minimum of one week of monitoring, irrespective of gender and study focus (e.g. studies reporting descriptive data of training load without studying its effects will be included). Articles will be excluded if: the participants are not all elite women’s soccer players (e.g. mixed samples including elite and non-elite players); the participants are aged under 18; the participants are not monitored longitudinally over a minimum of a 1-week period or five sessions (if the duration is not stated; friendly matches are considered training sessions) to consider continuous monitoring practices; no GPS-derived training load data are reported; the articles do not report any training load indicators; single drills are monitored rather than the entire training session, or the article focuses on the comparison between a specific drill and match demands; data from training sessions are not reported; and the articles are editorials or reviews.
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Rebelo, André, João R. Pereira, Diogo V. Martinho, and João Valente-dos-Santos. Rating of Perceived Exertion in Professional Volleyball: A Systematic Review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.8.0034.
Full textAbstract:
Review question / Objective: The purpose of the current review was to systematically and critically evaluate the use RPE-based methods in professional volleyball. Condition being studied: Monitoring athlete load is better understood through sub-dividing load into two groups – internal and external. Internal training load (ITL) refers to the physiological stress that a training session induces in the athlete. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) has become the most common method of monitoring ITL. The RPE method was originally developed by Borg, and Foster et al. created a simple technique to quantify ITL using a modification of this scale. This technique is known as the session RPE (sRPE) and is derived by multiplying the overall RPE obtained at the end of a training session (or match), using the Borg Category-Ratio 10 scale (BORG-CR10) by the total duration (in minutes) of the training session, to provide a modified training impulse (TRIMP) score.