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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Internal conflicts of law'
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Al-Kraisha, Abeer Jamal. "Law of internal armed conflicts." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271566.
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Cho, Sihyun. "Applicability of international humanitarian law to internal armed conflicts." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245162.
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Kastner, Philipp. "Law-Rest in peace? Legal normativity in the resolution of internal armed conflicts." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=123064.
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This thesis deals with the creation and role of legal norms in the context of the peaceful resolution of internal armed conflicts. Peace negotiations aiming to resolve internal armed conflicts are a complex and multifaceted enterprise. They are also of great consequence, since their outcome – ideally the conclusion of a workable and widely accepted peace agreement – determines whether violence will resume or whether durable, positive peace is given a real chance. The negotiations leading to the conclusion of such legal documents are still poorly understood, especially from a legal perspective. They have been mainly considered and analyzed as political processes to solve political problems, with law offering only a utopian ought perspective and playing a subordinate role because of the crushing grip of political necessity. Peace negotiations are, however, not detached from the realm of law but take place within a legal-normative framework. Failing to recognize the existence and importance of this normative framework, its use and continuous development would misconceive the reality of peace negotiations and would miss the central contribution that law can – and ought to – make to the resolution of internal armed conflicts.In addition to realizing the value of a relatively formal and clear legal framework anchored in international law, this thesis argues that orthodox legal theory cannot fully account for the normative dynamics of peace negotiations. Instead, a socio-legal and pluralistic understanding of law with a focus on human interaction is better suited to analyze the conduct and role of peace negotiators and mediators. Such a process-oriented approach allows us to recognize the norm-creative capacity of the actors involved and to appreciate, more generally, the normative dynamics of peace negotiations. By exploring these dynamics, this thesis aims to contribute to a better understanding of how legal norms are created and what role they play in peace negotiations as well as to enhance the legitimacy and effectiveness of these negotiations.Cette thèse analyse la création et le rôle des normes juridiques dans le contexte de la résolution pacifique de conflits armés internes. Les négociations de paix sont des processus complexes d'une grande importance : leur aboutissement, idéalement sous forme d'un accord de paix viable et largement accepté par les parties prenantes, détermine si les violences reprendront ou si une paix positive et durable pourra s'installer. Les négociations menant à l'adoption de tels accords sont toujours mal appréhendées, particulièrement d'un point de vue juridique. En effet, les négociations de paix ont été, jusqu'ici, analysées et comprises avant tout comme des processus politiques permettant de résoudre des problèmes de ce même ordre. Ainsi, selon cette logique, le droit n'aurait pratiquement aucun rôle à jouer en raison d'une présumée contrainte politique et n'offrirait qu'une perspective jugée trop idéaliste. Or, cette thèse démontre que les négociations de paix se déroulent bel et bien à l'intérieur d'un cadre normatif. Elle argue également qu'en niant l'existence et l'importance de ce cadre normatif, l'on méconnaitrait un aspect important de la réalité des négociations de paix et l'on délaisserait la contribution significative que le droit peut, et devrait, apporter à la résolution de conflits armés internes. En plus de réaliser la valeur d'un cadre juridique relativement formel et bien défini, qui prend ses racines dans le droit international, cette thèse affirme que la théorie juridique orthodoxe ne peut totalement saisir les dynamiques normatives des négociations de paix. Une conception socio-juridique et pluraliste du droit, axée sur l'interaction humaine, est plus favorable à une analyse de la conduite et du rôle des négociateurs et des médiateurs. Une telle approche, qui met de l'avant le processus, permet aussi de reconnaitre la capacité des acteurs impliqués de créer des normes et facilite l'appréciation des dynamiques normatives des négociations de paix. En explorant ces dynamiques, cette thèse vise à favoriser une meilleure compréhension de la création des normes juridiques et du rôle qu'elles jouent dans les négociations de paix, l'objectif ultime étant de contribuer au renforcement de la légitimité et de l'effectivité de ces négociations.
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Vivekananthan, Niranjini. "The international legal protection of persons internally displaced by internal armed conflict." Thesis, University of Hull, 2006. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:5643.
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Bouzid, Lazhari. "The influence of sovereignty and non-intervention on the development of humanitarian law applicable in internal conflicts." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1990. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1023/.
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Although internal conflicts are recurrent phenomena in the history of mankind, their regulation by international law has been very slow. The usual explanation of this state of affairs is that such events touch directly on the survival of established Governments or even the existence of the State itself. States view with suspicion, fear and even hostility any attempt at the international level to regulate their conduct vis-`a-vis their local enemies. They use the principles of sovereignty and non-intervention as a shield against any effective regulation of such tragic events by humanitarian law. However, no serious attempt has been made by international lawyers to study the issue of the influence of those two principles on the development of humanitarian law applicable in internal conflicts. This study tries to establish with exactitude how and where sovereignty and non-intervention have been resorted to, in order to hinder such regulation, and how other considerations (especially the concept of human rights) have opened the way to such regulation. In this respect the study, after clarifying in the first two chapters the meaning, the limitations and the place in the practice of states of the principles of sovereignty and non-intervention, has concentrated on their influence on three main issues raised by internal conflicts, namely: 1. The definition of internal conflicts. In this sphere, the question of the criteria or thresholds of internal conflicts to which humanitarian law is to be applied and the question of which authority has the power to decide the existence of an internal conflict, are dealt with in the context of customary law, common Article 3 and Protocol II of 1977. It is asserted that the claims of sovereignty and non-intervention have been used extensively to restrict any real progress in this area. 2. The protection of the victims of internal wars. In this important area the study tries to trace the development of specific legal norms for the protection of the victims and to determine whether the concept of human rights has contributed in any way to better protection of those victims. 3. Compliance and implementation of humanitarian law in internal conflicts. In this context, it is established beyond any doubt that the claims of sovereignty and non-intervention have been used extensively, both in 1949 and also 1974-1977 to stop all attempts to institute measures for the control of application of humanitarian law, especially those measures which would involve third party supervision. However, it is asserted that human rights machinery may be used to fill this loophole as the UN practice shows.
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Babiker, Mohamed Abdelsalam. "International humanitarian law and human rights law in internal armed conflicts : their concurrent application and enforcement in the Sudan (1893-2003)." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.421560.
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Wager, James B. "Towards the attenuation of hardship : is there room for combatant immunity in internal armed conflicts? /." (Requires Adobe Acrobat Reader), 2000. http://stinet.dtic.mil/str/tr4%5Ffields.html.
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Vandason, Dominique. "UNSCR 1820(2008), IHRL, IHL, Gender & Responsibility : Analysis of juridical system on sexual violence against women in internal armed conflicts." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-305600.
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This paper presents a gender analysis of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1820(2008), the International Human Rights Law and the International Humanitarian Law. The study is regarding resolution 1820 as a breakthrough in the writings of legal documents that criminalizes sexual violence against women in internal armed conflict. Using textual analysis and a feminist theoretical approach the study highlights the construction of gender norms in the legal document. The study suggests that the narrative of legislative bodies of the IHL and IHRL is dominated by masculinity. Furthermore I am discussing if such norms are evident as a form of essentialism in the legal document, if essentialism is apparent in local and international juridical systems, and what effect does it have on the resolution 1820.
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Keyanti, Frederick Kanjo. "The plight of internally displaced persons (IDPs) during armed conflict: the case of Sudan and Somalia." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7839_1257146321.
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The plight of internally displaced persons (IDPs)in Sudan and Somalia constitutes one of the greatest human tragedy of our time since the end of the Cold War. The concept of IDPs is immense and growing. This research paper addressed the plight of IDPs during armed conflict in Sudan and Somalia. This paper also investigated into the existing institutional and legal frameworks for the protection of IDPs during armed conflict and critically highlight some of the weaknesses of these institutions and legal instruments that protect IDPs during armed conflict.
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Monsenego, Jérôme. "Taxation of foreign business income within the European internal market : an analysis of the conflict between the objective of achievement of the European internal market and." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Institutionen för Juridik, språk och ekonomisk statistik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-1287.
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Member States' rules on the taxation of the foreign business income of companies, whether they are based on the fiscal principle of territoriality or on the principle of worldwide taxation, raise complex issues of compatibility with the law of the European Union. Areas of conflict include particularly the taxation of foreign profits, the deduction of foreign losses, the elimination of international double taxation, and the attribution of profits to permanent establishments. The dissertation analyses these conflicts on the basis of a study of the case law of the European Court of Justice. Although this analysis provides some guidance for the taxation of companies when they carry out business activities throughout the European Union, it is concluded that the Court cannot, by itself: solve the conflict between the taxation of business income in a cross-border context and the objective of achievement of the internal market.Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, 2011
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Djiguiba, Dommo. "Le nouveau droit malien des successions : étude prospective pour l'application en France." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nantes Université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NANU3014.
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Cette thèse se propose de mettre en exergue les difficultés relatives à la coexistence au sein du droit malien de trois corps de règles successorales applicables (loi, droit religieux et droit coutumier : un pluralisme juridique issu de la Loi n°2011-87 AN/RM du 30 décembre 2011 portant Code des Personnes et de la Famille). Il s’agit alors de réfléchir aux solutions envisageables pour faire fonctionner le pluralisme juridique malien qui se caractérise par une absence de clarté. Outre les difficultés relatives à la recherche du droit successoral applicable en droit interne malien, cette thèse met également l’accent sur les difficultés liées à l’application du droit malien, spécialement ses règles religieuses et coutumières, au regard des dispositions fondamentales de la Constitution malienne et les traités internationaux ratifiés par la République du Mali. Ainsi, après avoir montré l’existence d’un conflit interne de lois et les insuffisances des systèmes de solutions aux conflits, cette thèse propose de le résoudre par le renforcement du rôle de la volonté individuelle. Pour l’application des règles religieuses et coutumières, la thèse propose l’institution d’une clause d’ordre public en droit interne afin de permettre au juge malien d’écarter les règles traditionnelles manifestement contraires à certains principes du droit moderne. Les difficultés auxquelles le droit malien est confronté dans le contexte interne peuvent surgir également sur le plan international lorsqu’une succession internationale impliquant un ressortissant malien est ouverte en France ou soumise à un notaire ou un juge français. Les maliens voyagent beaucoup et nombreux sont ceux qui choisissent la France comme pays de leur résidence. Le règlement de leur succession qui aura un caractère international, nécessite la mise en œuvre des règles de conflit de lois françaises afin de désigner soit la loi française soit la loi malienne en fonction des rattachements retenus. Avec l’entrée en application du Règlement (UE) n° 650/2012 du 4 juillet 2012 relatif à la compétence, à la loi applicable, à la reconnaissance et l'exécution des décisions, à l'acceptation et l'exécution des actes authentiques en matière de succession et à la création du certificat européen, l’application du droit malien en France peut être assez fréquente du fait notamment du choix de loi possible ou en cas de dernière résidence habituelle du défunt au Mali alors même que l’ouverture de la succession se ferait en France du fait de la présence d’héritiers (enfants ou conjoint survivant). En cas de désignation du droit malien, deux difficultés majeures se posent : l’identification du droit interne malien qui sera finalement applicable et l’application en France de certaines règles religieuses et coutumières désignées. Cette situation amène à réfléchir sur les risques de contrariété possible du droit malien avec les exigences liées à l’ordre public international français, notamment aux droits fondamentaux et donc sur les risques de mise à l’écart du droit malien en FranceFocusing to highlight the challenges associated to the coexistence within the Malian Law of the three sets of applicable inheritance rules (statutory law, religious law and customary law) and to contribute to resolving internal conflicts of law between codified law and competing normative systems. The goal is to reflect on possible solutions to make Malian legal pluralism work, which is characterized by a lack of visibility and clarity. In addition to the difficulties when it comes to identifying inheritance law under Malian domestic law, this thesis also emphasizes the challenges linked to the application of Malian law, particularly its religious and customary rules, first within the Malian context, considering the fundamental provisions of the Malian Constitution and international treaties ratified by the Republic of Mali. Therefore, after showing the existence of internal conflicts of law and the shortcomings of the current conflict-resolution systems, this thesis proposes offers strengthening the role of individual will in matters of religious and customary. This thesis suggest introducing a public order clause into domestic law to allow Malian judges to exclude traditional rules that are manifestly contrary to certain principles of modern law. This challenge faced by Malian law in the domestic context may also rise internationally when an international inheritance involving a Malian national is opened in France or handled by a French notary or judge. Many Malians travel and a many of them choose France as their country of residence. The settlement of their succession, which will have an international character, requires the application of French conflict of law rules to determine whether French law or Malian law should apply, depending on the relevant connections with the entry into force of Regulation (EU) No. 650/2012 of 4 July 2012, on jurisdiction, applicable law, recognition and enforcement of decisions, the acceptance and enforcement of authentic instruments in matters of succession, and the creation of European Certificate of Succession. The application of Malian law in France may become more frequent, particularly due to the choice of law option or if the deceased’s last residence was in Mali, even if the succession is opened in France, due to the presence of heirs ( children or surviving spouse ), or because of the principle of unity of the estate which governs the regulation process. The conflit of law rules, whether from national or European sources, designate Malian law as applicable in an international inheritance case, two major challenges arise : identifying the Malian domestic law that will ultimately apply and applying certain religious or customary rules in France. This situation leads us to consider the potential conflict between Malian law and the requirements of French international public order, especially regarding fundamental rights and therefore the risk of Malian law being set aside in France
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Nguyen, Thi Hong Nhung. "Droit d’auteur dans le cyberespace au Vietnam." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO30008/document.
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Au 20è siècle, l’Internet a commencé à se développer. En matière de propriété littéraire et artistique, l’incidence des nouvelles technologies sur la création fut réelle et parfois positive. Cependant, les nouvelles technologies causent des conséquences négatives sur la création elle-même. C’est le phénomène du piratage des œuvres sur l’Internet. Les prérogatives d’auteur sont alors menacées, car tous les citoyens peuvent être des consommateurs des œuvres sans difficulté, ni rémunération pour l’auteur. Alors que la législation vietnamienne dans cette matière est encore silencieuse, aucune étude pertinente et approfondie n’existe pour l’instant au Vietnam. Cette thèse vise à apprécier l’efficacité de la protection et de l’exploitation du droit d’auteur dans le cyberespace au Vietnam tant en théorie qu’en pratique.La première partie se consacre à l’étude des enjeux de l’application du droit d’auteur dans le cyberespace. L’analyse porte au premier rang sur les influences de l’Internet sur les droits d’auteur. Il s’agit donc d’étudier les caractères ainsi que les attributs des prérogatives morales et patrimoniales de l’auteur afin d’analyser pourquoi et comment l’Internet peut les influencer. Le développement de ce travail aborde ensuite l’exploitation du droit d’auteur dans cet environnement. La pertinence de l’étude de cette question se trouve dans l’idée selon laquelle sans l’exploitation, les prérogatives de l’auteur sont dépourvues de valeur.La deuxième partie porte sur les mesures de protection du droit d’auteur ainsi que les aspects de droit international privé. À ce titre, deux types de mesures de protection des droit d’auteur sur l’Internet sont envisagés, à savoir d’une part, l’engagement de la responsabilité des acteurs relatifs à l’exploitation des œuvres sur l’Internet, et d’autre part, le renforcement des sanctions civiles, administratives tant que pénales. En outre, pour une meilleure protection du droit d’auteur sur l’Internet, les conflits de juridictions ainsi que les conflits de lois pour des litiges ayant des éléments d’extranéité provoqués par l’espace sans frontière comme Internet doivent être résolus. En effet, est retenu en général pour la détermination du tribunal compétent, un principe selon lequel le tribunal du domicile du défendeur est compétent de juger ainsi que le tribunal du lieu du délit. Quant à la loi applicable, d’après un principe posé par la Convention de Berne, dit lex loci protectionis, l’étendue et les moyens de recours garantis à l’auteur pour sauvegarder ses droits sont réglés exclusivement par la législation du pays où la protection est réclaméeIn the 20th century, the Internet began to develop. In terms of literary and artistic property, the impact of new technologies on the creation was real and sometimes positive. However, new technologies are causing a negative impact on the creation itself. This is a piracy phenomenon on the Internet. The prerogatives of author are so threatened because all persons can become consumers of the works without difficulty, or compensation for the author. While the Vietnamese law in this area is still quiet, the relevant study is currently rare in Vietnam. This thesis aims to assess the effectiveness of the protection and of the exploitation of copyright in cyberspace in Vietnam both in theory and practice.The first part is devoted to study of issues in the application of copyright in cyberspace. In this part, the influences of the Internet on copyright are firstly mentioned. It is therefore to study the characteristics and the attributes of prerogatives of the author to analyze why and how the Internet can influence them. The development of this work addresses the exploitation of copyright in this environment. The relevance of the study of this question lies in the idea that without the operation, the prerogatives of the author have no value.The second part focuses on copyright protection measures and aspects of private international law concerning copyright. As such, two types of measures to protect copyright on the Internet are considered, namely the one hand, the commitment of the responsibility of actors of the Internet for the exploitation of works in cyberspace, and the other hand, the strengthening of civil remedies as well as administrative and criminal penalties. In addition, for better protection of copyright on the Internet, conflicts of jurisdiction and conflicts of law in disputes with foreign elements caused by the border-free area such as the Internet must be resolved. In fact, is usually chosen for the determination of the competent court, a principle that the court of the place of the defendant is competent to judge and the court of the place of the offence. For the applicable law, according to principle laid down by the Berne Convention, said lex loci protectionis, the extent and the remedies afforded to the author to protect his rights shall be settled exclusively by the law of the country where the protection is claimed
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Adonis, Bongiwe. "Immunity for serving Heads of State for crimes under International Criminal Law: an analysis of the ICC-indictment against Omar Al Bashir." University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2910.
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Magister Legum - LLMThis paper analyses head of state immunity, a traditional rule of international law, in relation to the indictments by the International Criminal Court (ICC) in 2009 against the current Sudanese President Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir. It can be agreed that the doctrine of immunity in international law attempts to overcome the tension between the protection of human rights and the demands of state sovereignty. The statutes and decisions of international criminal courts make it clear that no immunity for international crimes shall be attached to heads of states or to senior government officials. However, the case against the Sudanese President, where the jurisdiction of the ICC was triggered by the UN Security Council‟s referral of the situation in Darfur to the Court, represents the first case where a serving head of state has, in fact, been indicted before the ICC. From this case, a number of legal issues have arisen; such as the questions where the ICC‟s jurisdiction over an incumbent head of state, not party to the ICC Statute, is justified, and the obligations upon ICC state parties to surrender such a head of state to the requesting international criminal court. This paper gives an analysis of these questions.
South Africa
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Revineala, Svetlana. "Le droit des successions dans la Fédération de Russie : droit interne et droit international privé." Thesis, Paris 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA020043/document.
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La problématique des successions internationales a, récemment, accédé à l’actualité en Russie après l’ouverture du pays et la libération des échanges privés internationaux. En effet, avec la disparition de l’URSS en 1991, les russes se sont vus ouvrir les frontières, avec la possibilité notamment de développer leur commerce dans une économie mondiale. Ce sont désormais l’ensemble des États qui connaissent une immigration, partagée entre une volonté d’enracinement dans le pays d’accueil, et sinon le désir de retour, du moins la volonté de faire profiter la famille restée dans l’État d’origine de leurs économies. Cette population immigrée souvent vieillit et meurt dans le pays d’accueil. Cette intensification de l’immigration nous montre la nécessité d'une réglementation russe et d’une application claire de cette réglementation dans le domaine des successions internationales. Les règles de conflit russes sont principalement régies par des dispositions de droit interne, car les rares Conventions internationales signées par la Fédération de Russie dans ce domaine sont intentionnellement de nature, soit régionale, soit bilatérale. Pour cette raison, les règles de droit international privé et les règles substantielles russes reflète la spécificité de son système social, économique et juridique. La présente thèse a pour objectif d’étudier ces règles de manière transversale sur toute la matière du droit russe des successions internationales. Les deux principaux axes de cette étude constituent d’une part, la détermination de la loi applicable aux successions internationales, et d’autre part, le domaine d’application de la loi successorale russe. Nous espérons que la thèse sera utile à tous les praticiens qui seront amenés à appliquer le droit international privé russe des successionsThe international inheritance issues have recently gained importance in Russia, since the opening of the country and the liberalisation of private international exchanges. Indeed, since 1991, with the URSS disintegration, the Russian nationals began to have their borders open with the possibility to develop their trade in a global economy. As a known phenomenon in all the countries, the immigration is shared between the desire to set down roots in the host country, and unless there is a will to return, at least a desire to have their families left in the original country benefit from their savings. Most of the time, this immigrant population ages and dies in the host country. The rising immigration from and to Russian Federation, illustrates the need of a clear regulation and enforcement in the area of the international inheritance law. The Russian conflict-of-law rules are mainly governed by internal rules, because the few international conventions signed by Russia in this area are deliberately regional or bilateral. For this reason, the rules of Russian private international law and the internal rules reflect the specificity of its social, economic and legal system. This Ph.D. undertakes a global reflexion on the Russian rules of the international inheritance law area. The two main axis of this study are, on the one hand, the determination of the applicable law to the international inheritance and the exploration of the domain of the Russian law applicable to the international inheritance. The aim of this thesis is to bring support to the patricians called to apply the Russian international private law in the area of inheritance
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Piemontese, Lavinia. "Essays on organised crime and Internal conflicts." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667743.
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En esta tesis analizo las consecuencias económicas de dos categorías de violencia: crimen organizado y conflicto interno. La literatura económica ha establecido que tanto el crimen organizado como las guerras civiles implican daños económicos. Por ejemplo, Abadie y Gardeazabal (2003) investigan el efecto económico de la campaña de terror vasca y estiman una reducción del PIB per cápita de aproximadamente un 10 por ciento. Asimismo, Pinotti (2015) estudia el efecto económico de la expansión de la mafia italiana en dos regiones que históricamente no han sido afectadas por este fenómeno y determina una reducción del PIB per cápita de aproximadamente un 16 por ciento. En esta tesis hago una estimación del coste del crimen organizado, estudiando las consecuencias económicas de una mala asignación de recursos ligada a la presencia de la mafia. También estudio el coste de conflictos internos teniendo en cuenta los efectos contemporáneos de guerras civiles y la crisis humanitaria provocada por estos acontecimientos violentos.
En el primer capítulo estudio cómo la respuesta de las empresas a la infiltración de la mafia puede generar costes económicos. Muestro teoréticamente que las extorsiones que la mafia impone a las empresas en el norte de Italia tienen como resultado una asignación de recursos que no es óptima, medida con la covarianza entre tamaño y productividad en cada industria. Este resultado se obtiene de un modelo de competencia monopolística en el que las extorsiones introducen una distorsión en la alineación del ranking de la productividad y del tamaño de las empresas. Verifico esta hipótesis usando un panel de datos con información sobre el rendimiento económico de 12 sectores en 46 provincias italianas entre los años 1998 y 2012. Usando la estrategia de triples diferencias, demuestro que en las industrias atractivas para la mafia en territorios con presencia de la mafia, la asignación de recursos empeora después de la llegada de la mafia.
En el segundo capítulo, desarrollo un método para estimar el coste económico de las infiltraciones de la mafia en la economía del norte de Italia. En particular, cuantifico la proporción de la producción que la mafia extorsiona a las empresas y las pérdidas de producción que esto implica. La novedad de esta metodología consiste en el uso tanto del análisis de datos de panel como de la econometría estructural. Los resultados sugieren que las extorsiones equivalen a entre un 1 y 8 por ciento de la producción de las empresas perjudicadas. Hago una simulación de lo que hubiera sido la economía de Italia del norte sin mafia y estimo el coste de la expansión de la mafia. El daño estimado es de aproximadamente 2500 millones de Euros. Solo un cuarto de este coste son las transferencias totales a la mafia; el resto corresponde a la contracción de producción de las empresas afectadas.
En el tercer capítulo, estudio las consecuencias económicas de conflictos internos. Este capítulo forma parte de un Informe del Banco Mundial Recovery from conflict: lessons of success (2017), escrito con Hannes Mueller y Augustin Tapsoba. En este informe estudiamos el impacto a largo plazo de los conflictos violentos para entender los costes de conflicto y las políticas para prevenir la vuelta al conflicto. En la primera parte analizamos los efectos contemporáneos de guerras civiles mirando el crecimiento económico de países o regiones que experimentan violencia. En la segunda parte, analizamos la crisis humanitaria provocada por una guerra civil, fijándonos en el número de refugiados. Mostramos que en un año de guerra civil, un promedio de 500 000 personas salen del país.
Abadie, Alberto, and Javier Gardeazabal. 2003. "The Economic Costs of Conflict: A Case Study of the Basque Country ." American Economic Review, 93 (1): 113-132.
Pinotti, Paolo. (2015), The Economic Costs of Organised Crime: Evidence from Southern Italy. Econ J, 125: F203-F232. doi:10.1111/ecoj.12235In this dissertation, I analyse the economic consequences of two categories of violence: organised crime and internal conflicts. It is well-established in the economic literature that both organised crime and civil wars imply significant economic losses. For example, Abadie and Gardeazabal (2003) investigate the economic effect of the Basque terror campaign and estimate a reduction of the GDP per capita of approximately 10 percent. Similarly, Pinotti (2015) studies the economic effect of the Italian mafia expansion into two regions not historically affected by this phenomenon, and measures a reduction of the GDP per capita of approximately 16 percent. Here, I estimate the cost of organised crime by looking at the economic consequences of resource misallocation linked to the Italian mafia presence. I study the cost of internal conflicts by taking a close look at the contemporaneous effects of civil wars and at the humanitarian crisis triggered by these violent events. In Chapter 1, I study how the response of firms to mafia infiltrations can generate economic costs. I explain theoretically that extortion racketing imposed on firms located in Northern Italy is linked to resource misallocation, which is measured using the within-industry covariance between size and productivity. Using a model of monopolistic competition, I prove that extortion racketing generates misallocation, because it introduces distortions in the alignment of the rankings of firms' productivity and size. I then test this hypothesis using a panel dataset that provides information on the economic performance of 12 sectors, located in the 46 Italian provinces, between years 1998 and 2012. Through a triple-Difference-in-Differences strategy I provide evidence that the industries that are appealing for mafia groups, located in territories that experience mafia presence, suffer resource misallocation after mafia arrival. In Chapter 2, I take the findings in the previous chapter to develop a method to estimate the economic cost of mafia infiltrations in the northern Italian economy. Specifically, I quantify the share of output that mafia groups extort from firms and the output loss that these transfers imply. The novelty of this methodology relies on the use of both panel data analysis and structural econometrics. The results of this analysis suggest that the transfer ranges between 1 and 8 percent of firm-level output for the taxed firms. I simulate the counterfactual northern Italian economy without infiltrations and estimate the cost due to mafia expansion. The results suggest that the northern Italian economy, between 2000 and 2012, suffered an aggregate loss of approximately 2.5 billion Euros. Only one fourth of this cost is the aggregate transfer to mafia groups. The remaining three fourths correspond to the contraction of production that impacted firms suffer because of resource misallocation. In Chapter 3, I study the economic impact of internal conflicts. This chapter is extracted by the World Bank Policy Report Recovery from conflict: lessons of success (2017), joint work with Hannes Mueller and Augustin Tapsoba. In this report we study long-term impacts of violent conflict, to provide insights into the costs of conflict and policies to prevent conflict relapse. In this chapter I present two sections of the original report. In the first one, we analyse the contemporaneous effect of civil wars by looking at the economic growth of country or region that experiences violence. Using panel data regressions we show that the economic growth of the impacted territories experiences dramatic decreases. In the second section, we analyse the humanitarian crisis triggered by civil war. We look at the close relationship between violence and refugees. We show that in the average civil war year around 500,000 persons leave their country. Abadie, Alberto, and Javier Gardeazabal. 2003. "The Economic Costs of Conflict: A Case Study of the Basque Country ." American Economic Review, 93 (1): 113-132. Pinotti, Paolo. (2015), The Economic Costs of Organised Crime: Evidence from Southern Italy. Econ J, 125: F203-F232. doi:10.1111/ecoj.12235
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Wist, Dominic, and Ralf Wollowski. "STG decomposition : avoiding irreducible CSC conflicts by internal communication." Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2009/3296/.
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Macak, Jakub (Kubo). "Internationalized armed conflicts in international law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:793d605d-dea3-403c-95df-c88bfe0cf19f.
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In a world shaped by the simultaneous forces of globalization and fragmentation, very few armed conflicts remain isolated from any foreign involvement and confined to the territory of one State. On the contrary, many begin as internal conflicts that gradually acquire international characteristics of varying degree and nature. Yet, the law of armed conflict forces each such conflict into one of two legal categories: it must either be a non-international, or an international armed conflict. Accordingly, the prevailing approach in the literature is to examine what type of conflict, if any, corresponds to a certain situation in reality at a given time. In contrast, this thesis opts for a dynamic approach, focussing on the combination of factors that transform a prima facie non-international armed conflict into an international armed conflict. It argues that four such modalities of internationalization have emerged thus far: (1) outside intervention; (2) State dissolution; (3) wars of national liberation; and (4) relative internationalization by way of recognition of belligerency, unilateral declarations, or special agreements. Since some situations feature more than two conflict parties, the thesis puts forward an autonomy-based interpretive model, which enables to determine whether such situations should be seen as a single internationalized armed conflict or a number of independent international and non-international armed conflicts. On the basis of this comprehensive map of conflict internationalization, the thesis turns to the effects brought about by this process. It analyses two areas of the law of armed conflict considered to be regulated differently in the two respective types of conflict, namely matters of combatant status and belligerent occupation. It argues that fighters belonging to non-State armed groups participating in internationalized armed conflicts are in principle eligible for combatant status and it proposes an interpretive model for the determination whether they in fact meet the relevant criteria in practice. Finally, the thesis argues in favour of the applicability of the law of belligerent occupation to internationalized armed conflicts. To substantiate this claim, it delineates the temporal, geographical, and personal scope of the law of occupation in such conflicts. In its totality, the thesis analyses the meaning, process, and effects of conflict internationalization and on this basis argues for a particular interpretation of the concept of internationalized armed conflict in international law.
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La, Haye Eve. "Individual criminal responsibility for war crimes in internal armed conflicts." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406082.
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Amberger, Harald, Kevin S. Markle, and David M. P. Samuel. "Repatriation Taxes, Internal Agency Conflicts, and Subsidiary-level Investment Efficiency." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Universität Wien, 2019. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6198/1/SSRN%2Did3138823.pdf.
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Using a global sample of multinational corporations (MNCs) and their foreign subsidiaries, we find that repatriation taxes impair subsidiary-level investment efficiency. Consistent with internal agency conflicts between the central management of the MNC and the manager of the foreign subsidiary being the driver, we find that this effect is prevalent in subsidiaries with high information asymmetry, in subsidiaries that are weakly monitored, and subsidiaries of cash-rich MNCs. Natural experiments in the UK and Japan establish a causal relationship for our findings and suggest that a repeal of repatriation taxes increases subsidiary-level investment efficiency while reducing the level of investment. Our paper provides timely empirical evidence to inform expectations for the effects of a recent change to the U.S. international tax law which eliminated repatriation taxes from most of the future foreign earnings of U.S. MNCs.Series: WU International Taxation Research Paper Series
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Rodban, Milena. "On demand armies private military company involvement in internal conflicts /." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2009. http://worldcat.org/oclc/501016836/viewonline.
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Draf, Oliver. "Selected issues of private international law and of contracts on the Internet." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ64271.pdf.
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Ranganathan, Surabhi. "International law and strategically-created treaty conflicts." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608031.
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Hameed, Asif. "Conflicts with jus cogens in international law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5b111346-30bb-409c-9a08-1c82cf67c228.
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Jus cogens is a mysterious body of international law. It comprises legal standards which are thought to be superior to those in ordinary international law, namely, international treaties, customary international law, and general principles of law. The title of this study 'Conflicts with Jus Cogens in International Lawa' condenses its main aims. The study examines conflict-situations between jus cogens rules and rules of ordinary international law. The study is divided into four Parts. Part I clarifies what jus cogens status means and how jus cogens rules are made. Part II analyses some of the different ways in which legal rules come into conflict with each other. I seek to push the boundaries of our understanding of legal conflict, and I also construct a typology of legal conflict. In Part III, I apply the analysis of conflict in Part II to the jus cogens context by identifying and classifying situations where rules of ordinary international conflict with jus cogens rules. Finally, Part IV explores the consequences of the conflicts with jus cogens which were identified in Part III. What we see is that the consequences of these conflicts are varied. Most strikingly, however, we find that in some cases jus cogens rules are being defeated by rules of ordinary international law. This challenges the orthodox thinking that jus cogens rules are straightforwardly superior to ordinary international law, in the sense that they always prevail in conflict-situations. But while the conclusion of the study may seem radical, it is informed by theoretical writing about law and about how rules conflict. Ultimately, the study seeks to improve our understanding of jus cogens rules in international law, as well as the more general problem of how legal rules conflict with each other.
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Svensson, Isak. "Elusive Peacemakers : A Bargaining Perspective on Mediation in Internal Armed Conflicts." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Peace and Conflict Research, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7412.
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This composite dissertation explores mediation in internal armed conflicts from a bargaining perspective. Four separate essays investigate why mediation occurs, why it is successful, and why peace guarantors’ commitments are credible. Essay 1 examines the conditions under which mediation takes place. The study argues that whereas it is costly for governments to accept international mediation, it is a less costly intervention tool for potential third parties. This argument implies that mediation will be more likely when and where negotiated settlements are least likely to be reached, a contention that is supported by empirical tests. Essay 2 reviews the contemporary debate on what types of mediators that can disseminate information in a credible manner, and formulates a set of testable hypotheses on mediation partiality. The analysis shows that negotiated settlements are more likely if biased or interested mediators intervene, while neutral mediators are not associated with mediation success. Essay 3 elaborates on the role of biased mediators. It proposes that rebels face a commitment problem when negotiated settlements are to be reached, which government-biased mediators can mitigate. The study finds that such types of mediators outperform rebel-biased mediators in terms of helping combatants to settle the armed conflict. Essay 4 deals with the commitment problem that comes to pass between, on the one hand the primary parties, and on the other, the potential peace guarantors. The study probes the requests and promises for third-party security guarantees and suggests that the reputation of the United Nations (UN) enhances its credibility as peace guarantor compared to non-UN actors. It finds that although the UN is more restrictive with its promises, it is more likely that peacekeeping forces will be provided if the UN is one of the guarantors. In sum, utilizing unique data from two time-periods (post World War II and post Cold War), this dissertation arrives at new insights on the role of mediators in bringing about negotiated settlements of internal armed conflicts.
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Hedelin, Ingrid. "Conflict Prevention in Internal Conflicts : Is political will all it takes?" Thesis, Växjö University, School of Social Sciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-1916.
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The purpose of the thesis is to see how operational prevention has been carried out in cases of internal conflicts in the last five to six years in order to see whether it has been ineffective just due to lack of political will or if there could be other explanations to it. To fulfil the purpose, two main questions are answered in two steps. The first question is:
What other factors than political will are necessary for operational prevention to be more effective? These other factors then form a model for more effective operational prevention together with political will. The second question is based on this model and is as follows:
Is the model that these factors form followed when operational prevention is applied in practise?
Three cases of conflict are looked at in order to answer the second question, Darfur, Nepal and Haiti. Both steps of the analysis are conducted by means of qualitative text analysis. The results support the common notion that effective conflict prevention is due to political will to act within the international community, but the results also indicate that political will is not all it takes for operational prevention to be effective.
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Huddleson, Michael. "Resolving Conflicts within the Mind: Internal Warfare in Non-Human Primates." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/philosophy_theses/122.
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This thesis explores the implications of non-human primates’ propensity to hyperbolically discount the future. Hyperbolic discounting occurs when small, near-term rewards are preferred over larger rewards that are realized at a future point in time, but these preferences do not hold when the choice between long term and short term rewards is made at a time far removed from when the choice produces rewards-- i.e., at a time when the payoff of the choice is distant. I discuss two mutually exclusive models that attempt to explain why non-human primates hyperbolically discount: the cognitivist and the behaviorist model. I then present evidence that supports the cognitivist model and undermines the behaviorist model. I then argue that a “War of Interests” (WOI) occurs within the non-human primate mind. I explain this WOI model, discuss its philosophical implications, and then conclude with a general theory of the non-human primate mind.
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Lagerberg, Eric M. "Conflicts of laws in private international air law." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59992.
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The thesis deals with problems of conflict of laws and its latest developments, especially in Europe, in relation to international air transport. (1) The contractual situations connected with air transport are analysed in light of the applicable international air law conventions and of a comparative survey of the conflict of laws rules of some states and international conventions on conflict of laws concerning contracts. Where the international air law conventions do not supply the solution or where they are not applicable resort has to be made to the conflict of laws. (2) Conflict of laws also arises in the legal interaction (contracts, sale of goods, transfer of ownership--res in transitu, torts, marriages, wills, etc.) between persons onboard an aircraft in flight. (3) The aircraft as an expensive and highly mobile chattel poses problems from the rights in rem point of view in the conflict of laws. (4) Aircraft accidents and the tortious liability of persons and entities involved as well as obligations arising from assistance and rescue operations pose conflict of laws problems.
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Bittmann, Folker. "Internal investigations under German Law." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-176443.
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Folker Bittmann is a chief prosecutor and has served as head of the Public Prosecutor’s Office in Dessau-Roßlau, Germany since 2005. Prior to his current position, he worked as a lawyer in Heidelberg, a prosecutor in Darmstadt and Frankfurt, and a chief prosecutor in Halle/Saale. He is the editor and author of a handbook on criminal insolvency law, as well as an author of various articles on property law, white-collar crime, and criminal procedure law. Additionally, he is an advisor to an association on white-collar crime (Wirtschaftsstrafrechtliche Vereinigung e.V.) and is a member of the practice group of the Center for Criminal Compliance at the University of Gießen.
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Kartal, Kazim. "Tracing The Evolution Of Un Peacekeeping: Peacebuilding, Internal Conflicts And Liberal Restructuring." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12607607/index.pdf.
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Peacekeeping, which was born as an innovation of the United Nations system in an ad hoc way, has transformed in the post-Cold War. In the post-Cold War era, the number of peacekeeping operations increased, new tasks were introduced and the end goal of the operations has changed. Besides, the prevailing understanding of UN peacekeeping has transformed thereby leading us to use the terms peacebuilding and peace operations rather than mere peacekeeping. While during the Cold War era, peacekeeping meant to supervise the ceasefire after interstate conflicts, in the post-Cold War era, peace operations have been mostly utilised in internal conflicts with a view to bring sustainable peace in the lands of internal conflicts. Furthermore, while during the Cold War era, peacekeeping mainly concerned peace/security and sovereignty upon the conflictshuman security and socio-economic development have been embedded into the agenda of peace operations in the post-Cold War era. This thesis offers two dynamics based on a normative change as the underlying cause behind this transformation. In the post-Cold War era, international norms have changed and brought a new parameter: internal conflicts are to be responded. Based on this normative change, the first dynamic is related with the challenge, which internal conflicts pose for peace operations, and the second dynamic is the rise of liberal internationalism, which tends to organise domestic realms of the states.
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Corbetta, Renato. "State partisan interventions in international conflicts." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280684.
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The dissertation explores the phenomenon of joining behavior--non-neutral interventions by third party states in interstate conflicts. The opportunity and willingness theoretical framework (Most and Starr 1989) is used to develop a model of third party intervention that integrates simultaneously intervention decision, alignment choices, and selection of specific intervention techniques. Within the general model of third party intervention, two models of third party's preference formation--a rational choice and a homophily-based model--are compared. The models are empirically tested with newly collected data on interventions in interstate disputes for the 1946-2001 period. The data expand current knowledge on third states' activities by including information on non-military--diplomatic and economic--intervention techniques. Opportunity factors are found to predict effectively third parties' intervention; while willingness shapes alignment decisions and selection of intervention techniques. Strategic and homophily-based similarities with the state supported in a conflict and dissimilarities with the state being antagonized are found to matter equally in shaping third parties' decisions. Methodologically, this study addresses a variety of selection issues present in current research on joining behavior. Theoretically, it speaks to a variety of international relations issues, such as balance-of-power and bandwagoning, spatial diffusion of conflict, foreign policy substitutability and decision-making, and alliance formation and reliability.
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Leitner, Magdalena. "Conflicts in early modern Scottish letters and law-courts." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2015. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6349/.
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Scottish letters and court-records from the late 16th and early 17th centuries give access to a rich variety of conflicts, ranging from international disputes to everyday spats. This thesis investigates verbal offences reported by correspondents or recorded as legal evidence. Current models of (im)politeness (Culpeper, 2011a, Spencer-Oatey, e.g. 2005), which have rarely been tested on historical data, are synthesized with insights from historical pragmatics. The aims are to create qualitative reconstructions of how participants communicated their period- and situation-specific understandings of verbal offences, and how their expressed perceptions were shaped by private and public dimensions of different contexts. This thesis thus addresses three comparatively understudied aspects of (im)politeness research: historical impoliteness, Scottish (im)politeness, and the examination of private-public aspects of social interactions. Regarding the third point, a multi-dimensional framework is developed for systematic descriptions of private-public dimensions of conflict-situations, remodelling an existing pragmatic approach to news discourse (Landert and Jucker, 2011). Letters are drawn from the Breadalbane Collection, 1548-1583 (Dawson, 2004/2007) and James VI’s correspondence. Court-records are selected from editions of Justice Court papers and Kirk Session minutes. Case studies reveal that the vocabulary and discursive structure of conflict-narratives in letters is largely distinct from reported offences in court-records. Differences are presumably influenced by the genres’ contrasting contextual functions of more private versus more public conflict-settlement. However, the language of conflict-letters and court-records also shows shared moral and religious dimensions. Furthermore, verbal offences in the investigated letters and lawsuits refer primarily to collective identity-aspects of group-membership and social roles, while purely individual qualities appear to have been marginal. The perceived gravity of offence could be intensified by participants’ notions of private and public in multiple ways. Concerning comparisons within genres, the Scottish king’s epistolary language in conflicts shows similarities to that of Scottish upper-rank correspondents; nevertheless, it also has some distinct features reflecting James VI’s understanding of his royal status. Criminal and ecclesiastical court-records had largely different, yet semantically related, inventories of verbal offence terms.
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Nakajima, Chizu Virginia. "Conflicts of interest in English and Japanese financial law." Thesis, University of London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265761.
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Karlén, Louise. "State Responsibility Regarding Starvation in Non-International Armed Conflicts." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-81618.
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Guiziou-Péronne, Géraldine. "Les cyberdélits et le droit international privé." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010341.
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La notion de cyberdélit est analysée, dans le cadre de la thèse, sous l'angle de la responsabilité civile. Le champ de l'étude est ainsi circonscrit à trois types de délits civils : les atteintes aux droits de la personnalité, les atteintes aux droits de la propriété intellectuelle et à la concurrence déloyale. Ces délits commis par le biais de l'Internet posent de nombreuses difficultés aux règles de droit international privé, justifiant qu'une nouvelle façon de les appréhender soit proposée, tant sur le terrain de la compétence juridictionnelle que sur celui de la loi applicable. Les propositions sont de deux ordres. La première, se fondant sur les difficultés de localisation du délit, suggère une nouvelle méthode de localisation adaptée aux cyberdélits. En effet, les méthodes du droit positif, la méthode de localisation objective du délit ainsi que la méthode de la focalisation, s'avèrent inadéquates. Il est ainsi proposé une méthode de localisation fictive des cyberdélits. La seconde, prenant appui sur la position délicate des victimes de cyberdélits qui engagent une 1e action aux fins d'obtenir une réparation ou la cessation de l'illicite, suggère une protection de ces dernières. La pertinence d'une protection des victimes se fonde sur l'identification d'une asymétrie structurelle à l'égard, à la fois des prestataires techniques de l'Internet et des auteurs des faits illicites eux-mêmes. Des règles protectrices des victimes de cyberdélits s'imposent donc afin de rétablir un juste équilibre entre les partiesThe study focuses on the analysis of three different types of cybertorts : defamation, violation of the right to privacy and copyright infringements occurring on the Internet. Cybertorts are a recent phenomenon challenging conflict of laws rules. The difficulties arising from the application of traditional rules to these specific torts justify that a new way to deal with them be adopted as regards conflicts of laws rules and rules for jurisdiction. The proposals are dual. The first one builds on the difficulties of localization of cybertorts to suggest a new method. The positive methods based on an objective localization or on the target or destination of the website are inadequate. The study proposes a fictitious localization of cybertorts. The second one, building on the difficulties encountered by the victims of cybertorts when they act for the defense of their rights, suggests that they should be granted some protection. Indeed, the analysis shows the existence of an asymmetric relationship between the victim and the online intermediaries and the tortfeasor. Some protective rules appear to be necessary to strike a fair balance between the parties
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Zamir, Singer Noam Ziso. "Classification of conflicts in cases of foreign intervention in civil wars." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283965.
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Söder, Rickard. "Understanding Terrorism in Internal Armed Conflicts : Explaining why some rebel groups use terrorism." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-315041.
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Zernikow, Marcel. "Les règles de conflit de lois confrontées au marché intérieur : étude en droit international privé européen du travail." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D045.
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Au sein du marché intérieur, nous assistons à une mobilité croissante des travailleurs, alors que la compétence harmonisatrice de l’Union européenne est de nature minimale et que l’intégration européenne en droit du travail reste encore inachevée. Dans un contexte de diversité des réglementations du travail au sein de cet espace, il revient un rôle important aux règles de conflit de lois pour assurer que les personnes bénéficiaires des libertés de circulation ne voient pas leur mobilité affectée. Plus précisément, le droit international privé a pour fonction de garantir le principe de protection du travailleur inscrit dans les libertés de circulation. Pour parvenir à ce constat, il s’agit de s’interroger sur les influences possibles du droit du marché intérieur sur les règles de conflit de lois. L’évolution décrite est celle du droit international privé européen. Héritées des systèmes de droit international privé des Etats membres, les règles de conflit de lois européennes doivent désormais s’inscrire dans le contexte juridique de l’Union européenne dont elles empruntent les principes. Nous nous concentrons essentiellement sur le principe de protection du travailleur lequel est ancré dans le concept du marché intérieur. En dessinant ses contours, nous nous interrogeons sur les manières dont ce principe peut influencer les règles de conflit de lois. Le point de départ consiste en l’affirmation d’une compétence de l’Union européenne pour adopter des règles de droit international privé. Partant de l’analyse des difficultés d’adaptation des règles de conflit de lois au contexte européen, notre démarche vise à démontrer les faiblesses des règles de conflit de lois dans un contexte de diversité des réglementations des Etats membres en droit du travail. Face aux insuffisances des règles de conflit de lois classiques, des mécanismes unilatéraux du conflit de lois se développent. Sous la forme des lois de police, ces derniers permettent aux Etats membres de véhiculer des impérativités qui expriment une solution territorialiste du conflit de lois. Ils se caractérisent ainsi par la faveur qu'ils accordent à l’application de la loi du for. Dans ce contexte, le traitement conflictuel du détachement des travailleurs sert d’illustration.En accentuant sur la libre circulation des travailleurs, il convient de confronter les solutions du conflit de lois à la mise en place progressive d’un marché européen de l’emploi. Une règle de conflit de lois qui tiendrait compte des intérêts de l’intégration européenne ne livrerait-elle la solution la plus adéquate du conflit de lois ? Nous nous inspirons des références à la protection du travailleur dans le concept du marché intérieur pour en tirer des leçons pour une règle de conflit de lois régulatrice et protectrice dans un contexte d’européanisationMobility of workers within the internal market of the European Union is growing constantly, whereas European integration in social matters remains incomplete. The absence of an exhaustively harmonised European Social Law is not only related to the minimum character of harmonisation but also to the lack of an overall competence in social matters. Due to diversity between labour legislations of the Member States, conflict of laws needs to be mobilized in order to guarantee effective freedom of movement. More precisely, Private International Law has the function of promoting the worker protection principle enshrined in free movement law. Our purpose is to analyse possible impacts of the law of the internal market on Conflict of Laws. The subject of the present study is on European Conflict of Laws. Inspired by national conflict of law mechanisms, European conflict of law rules should nowadays fit into the context of European Union Law and therefore adopt its principles. Among those, the worker protection principle – as part of the concept of the internal market – is of high interest. While discovering the content of this principle, we underline different manners in which it can influence conflict of law rules. Our starting point consists in admitting the competence of the European Union for Private International Law matters. While demonstrating failures of the actual European conflict of law rules regarding their adaptability to legislative diversity, we discover that Member States tend to make increasingly use of unilateral mechanisms: Imperativeness is intended to assure Member States’ regulatory interests by designating the law of the forum state. For the purpose of this demonstration, we suggest to analyse the example of posted workers, among others. Territoriality has been observed in Conflict of Laws. This is problematic from the perspective of integration of the internal market, i.e. in our context, the European labour market. Therefore, we suggest that conflict of law rules should be adapted to the requirements of European regulatory interests. Lessons can be drawn from the concept of the internal market which leads us to examine a protective conflict of law rule aiming at integrating the worker into the labour market
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Yoo, Namyoung. "Japanese spirit and Western utility : a comparative study of Japanese conflicts jurisprudence /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9618.
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Murray, Paul. "Preventing Rape : Possibilities for peace operations to act against sexual violence in internal conflicts." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-200569.
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Tardelli, Luca. "When elites fight : elites and the politics of U.S. military interventions in internal conflicts." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/783/.
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Military intervention in internal conflicts represents a recurrent practice in international history. This thesis provides a theoretical framework for the study of the political and sociological processes that lead political elites to militarily intervene in internal conflicts. Following the renewed interest in political elites both in Sociology and International Relations, the thesis draws on Elite Theory to address the dual nature of political elites as both domestic and international actors. In doing so, it develops a framework for the study of military intervention centred on political elites that overcomes the limits of existing contributions on the subject. In particular, the thesis highlights how interventionary policies are shaped by three overlapping causal antecedents: elites’ contending ideological claims; elites’ struggle for both domestic and international power; and the relationship established by the intervener’s elite with elite and counter- elite groups in the target state. The thesis tests the plausibility of the proposed framework by examining US decisions in three cases: US intervention in the Cuban War of Independence (1898-1902); US intervention in the Russian Civil War (1918- 1920); and US non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). This analysis highlights three elements. First, ideological considerations set significant limits to US cooperation with leaders in the target country despite the strategic rationale for cooperation against common enemies. Second, the interplay between international and domestic political considerations represented a fundamental ‘push factor’, shaping the objectives US elites sought. Third, foreign elite groups played a crucial role in ‘pulling’ US interventions, both by representing local allies instrumental to Washington’s objectives and by directly accessing and influencing US decision-making processes. For the same reasons, the lack of these push and pull factors are key to explaining US non-intervention in the Spanish case. Overall, the thesis offers a twofold contribution to the study of military intervention. First, it explores how military intervention permits decision- makers to affect the ‘circulation of elites’ in both their own societies and in other societies. Second, it indicates how military intervention affects the international system by altering ideological homogeneity, international alliances and hierarchical relations between elites.
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Armstrong, Ian Cameron. "International intervention in internal conflicts : problems and challenges in the post-Cold War era." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/284016.
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As the Cold War drew to an end, a number of long-running internal conflicts began to mature, which enabled international mediators to help the belligerent parties to find a solution to these conflicts. Historically, a key obstacle to implementation has been a lack of trust between the parties: in order to stop the fighting, both sides must disarm, but to do so leaves each of the parties vulnerable to cheating by the other side. In order to help the parties to implement the peace agreement, an intervention strategy developed that called for the removal of partisan outside parties to simplify the political process, demobilisation of military forces under the oversight of international military observers and reform of the political and judicial system to help create a functional post-war polity. The key for this strategy to succeed, however, was that the conflict had to be 'ripe,' which meant that the parties felt a military victory could not be won at an acceptable cost, that each party had identifiable spokespeople who could secure the approval of their constituents for a peace agreement, and that an alternative political solution could be identified. In post-Cold War environment, however, interventions have been less successful in helping to secure a peaceful solution to internal conflicts. This has been because international actors have been intervening at a much earlier phase in a conflict's development, which has meant that the conditions of ripeness' have not existed. In addition, changes in the international system, and the ready availability of high-worth commodities (such as diamonds) have made the mobilisation of armed forces easier. As a result, the structures of the conflicts have frequently encouraged further fighting, which has conflicted with international efforts to 'create the conditions for peace.' The intervenors' inability to achieve their aims with traditional peacekeeping strategies has meant that they have increasingly sought to gain control over situations through the use of coercion. Assertion of control by international actors - up to and including the use of force - has in fact been counter-productive, because it gives them an interest in a particular outcome to the conflict. This reverses the earlier strategy of removing outside parties from the conflict. Paradoxically, the more intervenors seek to gain control over the situation, the less likely they are to succeed in 'creating the conditions for peace.'
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Baros, Miroslav. "International law and resolution of the Yugoslav conflicts : application or creation?" Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275964.
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Fobanjong, John M. "Interventionary alliances in civil conflicts." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184749.
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This study argues that foreign intervention is not a concept that could lend itself to any theoretical inquiry. It is a norm that is applicable mainly in juridical inquiries and in systems theory. It is a norm in systems theory in that the system is made up of two important elements: (1) the distribution of resources; and (2) the norms of conduct that accompany the resources. As a systemic norm, the norm of nonintervention seeks to guarantee stability and predictability in the international system. It is a juridical norm in that it calls either for the indictment or vindication for the violation of sovereign sanctity. It produces a dichotomous debate (such as legal/illegal; right/wrong; etc.) that has none of the operational ingredients of a theory. If foreign intervention is a norm and not a theoretical concept, it means therefore that social scientists have yet to come up with a theory for the study of the pervasive phenomenon of foreign involvement in civil conflicts. Conceptual tools such as 'power theory,' and the psychoanalysis of perceptions/misperceptions have been used by social scientists to study the Vietnam, Nicaragua and other wars simply for lack of more specific conceptual tools. While these concepts have been successful in describing and in explaining these conflicts, they still in a sense remain broad conceptual tools. Explaining the Soviet involvement in Afghanistan in terms of the power theory rationale of national security interest, or the U.S. involvement there in terms of the psychoanalysis of perceived Soviet expansionism only recreate a dichotomous, non-dialectic evaluation of "who's wrong/who's right" elements of the conflict. Crucial factors such as factionalization, escalation, and stalemate, remain unexplained and unaccounted for when these broad concepts are used to analyze such conflicts. It is for this reason that the present study tailors the concept of "Interventionary Alliance" in a manner that addresses both systemic as well as subsystemic properties, internal as well as external (f)actors; and provides explanations that account for the escalations and stalemates that are characteristic of the civil conflicts that proliferate our present international system.
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Stern, Orly. "The principle of distinction and women in conflicts in Africa." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3291/.
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The ‘principle of distinction’ is core to international humanitarian law, regulating who can and cannot be targeted in armed conflict. It states that combatants and those civilians ‘directly participating’ in hostilities may be targeted in attack, while non-combatants may not be. The law defines what it means to be a combatant and a civilian, and sets out what behaviour constitutes direct participation. The principle of distinction purports to be gender-neutral. However, closer examination reveals that international humanitarian law was based on a gendered view of conflict that envisaged men and women playing particular roles; men as fighters and women as victims of war. Problematically, this view often does not accord with the reality in ‘new wars’ today. Across the African continent women participate in armed groups. While sometimes women fight on the front lines, frequently, women contribute to armed movements in gender specific ways. Serving as fighters, cooks, porters and armed group ‘wives’, women often form the backbone of fighting groups, performing functions on which armed groups are highly reliant. The narrow framing of the principle of distinction means that many of the roles that women typically play in conflict are not recognised as ‘combatancy’ or ‘direct participation’ – even where women are actively engaged in armed movements. While this does provide more women with legal protection from attack, there are indirect negative consequences that flow from this. Using women’s participation in new wars in Africa as a study, this thesis critically examines the principle of distinction through a gendered lens, questioning the extent to which the principle serves to protect women in modern conflicts and how it fails them. By so doing, the thesis questions whether the principle of distinction is suitable to effectively regulate the conduct of hostilities in new wars.
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Alba, Betancourt Ana Georgina. "Cross-border conflicts of patents and designs : a study of multijurisdictional litigation and arbitration procedures." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2015. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/8918.
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This thesis examines procedural litigation problems arising when two parties have a conflict involving the same patent or design, with an impact in several jurisdictions, taking as a case study the litigation procedures of Apple and Samsung. The thesis asks whether this type of dispute is best resolved through a single procedure. If so, what would be the circumstances surrounding such procedure in terms of jurisdiction, applicable law, preliminary injunctions and enforcement of the decisions? It first identifies the problems related to the type of dispute when taking parallel actions in different National Courts. Then it examines the European litigation procedure of patents and designs and assesses how this system addresses the inconsistency of the national litigation regime. It argues that in relation to patents, the Unitary Patent Court (UPC) has the potential to solve some of the problems identified in the thesis and that a similar unitary system should be extended to disputes involving designs. However, in the absence of an effective international court system outside the EU for global disputes, it suggests that a single arbitration procedure is still needed. The thesis identifies the main legal barriers to an arbitration procedure as being: bringing the parties to arbitrate, the arbitrability of the dispute, the identification of applicable law and the need for preliminary injunctions. It is concluded that: the agreement to arbitrate should be facilitated by the authorities so that it is appealing to the parties; the arbitrability can be resolved by limiting the effect of the judgment to the parties; a flexible approach can be adopted to applicable law through the application by the arbitrator of ‘choice of law’ rules; and, even when a preliminary injunction is needed, the parties may recur to arbitration. The thesis concludes that the primary benefit of a single arbitration procedure would be the creation of a single award enforceable at international level.
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Hightower, Rudy L. "Oceanic sovereignty and the law of the sea : fishery-based conflicts." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1997. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA333975.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs) Naval Postgraduate School, June 1997.Thesis advisors, Rodney Kennedy-Minott, Mary P. Callahan. Includes bibliographical references (p. 123-126). Also available online.
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Perna, Laura. "The formation of the treaty law of non-international armed conflicts /." Leiden [u.a.] : Nijhoff, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/50248327X.pdf.
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Rimstad, Johanne Eriksen. "Globalization and Internal Conflicts : A Statistical Analysis of the Effects of Economic, Social, and Political Globalization on Different Forms of Internal Conflict." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for sosiologi og statsvitenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-17237.
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Globalization is one of the most significant developments in the world today. At the same time that globalization is integrating the world, violent conflicts are to an increasing degree internal affairs, rather than international. Most of the previous research on the subject is concerned with economic globalization and civil war, but there is more to both globalization and internal conflict. I attempt to shed light on the relationship between the two using a broad, three-part definition of globalization and data on different forms of violent internal conflict. Through a statistical analysis I find that a high level of social globalization is related to higher levels of internal peace, and that certain features of economic globalization is related to lower risk of riots, but dangerous when implemented in sudden shocks. Political globalization, on the other hand, does not appear to matter much to the risk of internal conflict. Regardless of the effect of a higher level, I expected the process of globalization to be dangerous. Slow change is not particularly influential, but there is some indication that rapid increases in level of economic globalization are connected with a greater risk of both riots and guerrilla war.
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Mak, Ho-nam. "Zipf's law under migration." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/HKUTO/record/B39557704.
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Kennelly, Kevin G. "The role of NATO and the EU in resolving frozen conflicts." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Dec%5FKennelly.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2006.Thesis Advisor(s):Mikhail Tsypkin, Donald Abenheim. "December 2006". Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-98). Also available in print.