Academic literature on the topic 'Internal conflicts of law'

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Journal articles on the topic "Internal conflicts of law"

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Ben-Shemesh, Yaacov. "Law and Internal Cultural Conflicts." Law & Ethics of Human Rights 1, no. 1 (2007): 271–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1938-2545.1008.

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Liberal political theory acknowledges the interdependence of the wellbeing of individuals and the flourishing of the cultural groups to which they belong. Consequently, many liberal political philosophers have proposed policies and laws aimed at multicultural accommodation. That is, policies and laws aimed at assisting communities to preserve their cultural values and practices, and at allowing them greater autonomy and self-government. However, certain religious and cultural groups hold beliefs, values, and practices that are oppressive and discriminatory against some of their own members. Ac
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Asongu, Simplice A., Joseph I. Uduji, and Elda N. Okolo-Obasi. "Drivers and Persistence of Death in Conflicts: Global Evidence." World Affairs 183, no. 4 (2020): 389–429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0043820020964274.

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We investigate persistence and determinants of deaths from conflicts in a sample of 163 countries for the period 2010–2015. The empirical evidence is based on the Generalized Method of Moments. First, the findings are contingent on income levels, religious domination, landlockedness, regional proximity, and legal origins. We find that the persistence of deaths in internal conflict is more apparent in coastal, French civil law, and Islam-oriented countries, compared to landlocked, English common law, Christian-oriented countries, respectively. Second, the following factors are generally respons
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Mullerson, R. "INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW IN INTERNAL CONFLICTS." Journal of Conflict and Security Law 2, no. 2 (1997): 109–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcsl/2.2.109.

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Rahim, Bakhtiar Siddiq. "Internal Conflict of Laws in Iraq "Analytical Study"." Journal of Legal and Political Studies 13, Special Issue 2025 (2025): 462–76. https://doi.org/10.17656/jlps.10304.

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Iraq is a federal state, and the Kurdistan Region is independent with its own laws, which leads to the emergence of a conflict between federal laws and regional laws, which requires legal contexts to resolve this conflict and determine the applicable law to the disputes that arise, by benefiting from the established rules in the conflict and its historical roots, and the judge must follow certain standards for the chosen solution, which are multiple standards, and in order for the judge to be able to reach these solutions, there must be specific standards in the law, to be taken into account,
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Михайлова, Татьяна, Tat'yana Mihaylova, Олег Трубников, and Oleg Trubnikov. "Management activity of the head of the territorial body of the Ministry of internal Affairs of Russia in the prevention and resolution of professional conflicts." Applied psychology and pedagogy 3, no. 3 (2018): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5b1ef5392f6574.07715728.

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The way searching to increase the efficiency activity of system of law enforcement agencies in Russia has led to the fact that the force using in professional employees interaction is absolutely unproductive. The problem of leveling of consequences of the conflicts destructive influence on group activity results will increase not only efficiency of the head of law-enforcement body activity, but also professional activity of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation as a whole.
 While studying the conflicts influence on the efficiency of office activity of divisions of law
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Ochmann, Paweł, and Jakub Wojas. "Wojna hybrydowa jako przykład umiędzynarodowionego konfliktu wewnętrznego." Studia Prawa Publicznego, no. 2(22) (June 15, 2019): 101–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/spp.2018.2.22.5.

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 The paper deals with internal conflicts, their internationalisation and a hybrid war. In the 1990s many military conflicts could have been regarded as domestic conflicts or internationalised internal conflicts. According to the authors internationalised internal conflicts and a hybrid war have much in common. The purpose of the paper is to compare and confront distinctive characteristics of internationalised internal conflicts with the model of hybrid war. The authors scrutinize definitions of an internal, domestic conflict and a hybrid war, and the possibilities an
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Olbourne, Ben. "REFUGEES AND INTERNAL ARMED CONFLICTS." Cambridge Law Journal 60, no. 3 (2001): 441–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197301221199.

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Most people forced to flee across national borders do so to escape the consequences of internal armed conflicts. But the extension of protection to such people by the countries from which they seek asylum has proved to be uncertain. Most of these countries have undertaken protection obligations towards persons claiming refugee status in accordance with the 1951 Convention for the Protection of Refugees (“the Convention”). For the purposes of the Convention, a “refugee” is defined as any person who “owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, mem
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Solis, Gary. "Applying international law to internal armed conflicts." Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict 4, no. 1 (2011): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2011.560274.

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CHUMACHENKO, Ivan. "Internal and Cross-Border Conflict of Laws Regulation in the United States of America." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 9, no. 3 (2020): 784. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jarle.v11.3(49).11.

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The relevance of the research is due to the development of cross-border economy relations with involvement of the United States residents and the residents of other countries. Such an interest considers the questions about the correct choice of the applicable law in the framework of legal relations with the participation of U.S. residents carried out in the territory or residents of the different countries covered by the jurisdiction of the United States.
 The authors objectives under this article is to consider the basic concepts, as well as some features of resolving conflicts arising b
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Magallon Elósegui, Nerea. "La vecindad civil y los conflictos inter temporales en la ley de Derecho civil vasco = The Basque civil neighbourhood and the intertemporal conflicts in the Basque civil law." CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 11, no. 2 (2019): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2019.4957.

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Resumen: A través de la Ley de Derecho civil vasco 5/2015 se crea la vecindad civil vasca lo que supone un cambio automático de ley aplicable de todos aquellos que tuvieran vecindad civil en alguno de los territorios de la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco. Su creación reaviva de nuevo el debate sobre la competencia entre las CCAA y el Estado en materia de resolución de conflictos de leyes internos; y al mismo tiempo comporta la potencial multiplicación de los problemas adheridos al conflicto móvil en materia sucesoria. En este trabajo se analizará en primer lugar la adecuación de la nueva vec
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Internal conflicts of law"

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Al-Kraisha, Abeer Jamal. "Law of internal armed conflicts." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271566.

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Cho, Sihyun. "Applicability of international humanitarian law to internal armed conflicts." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245162.

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Kastner, Philipp. "Law-Rest in peace? Legal normativity in the resolution of internal armed conflicts." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=123064.

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This thesis deals with the creation and role of legal norms in the context of the peaceful resolution of internal armed conflicts. Peace negotiations aiming to resolve internal armed conflicts are a complex and multifaceted enterprise. They are also of great consequence, since their outcome – ideally the conclusion of a workable and widely accepted peace agreement – determines whether violence will resume or whether durable, positive peace is given a real chance. The negotiations leading to the conclusion of such legal documents are still poorly understood, especially from a legal perspective.
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Vivekananthan, Niranjini. "The international legal protection of persons internally displaced by internal armed conflict." Thesis, University of Hull, 2006. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:5643.

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Bouzid, Lazhari. "The influence of sovereignty and non-intervention on the development of humanitarian law applicable in internal conflicts." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1990. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1023/.

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Although internal conflicts are recurrent phenomena in the history of mankind, their regulation by international law has been very slow. The usual explanation of this state of affairs is that such events touch directly on the survival of established Governments or even the existence of the State itself. States view with suspicion, fear and even hostility any attempt at the international level to regulate their conduct vis-`a-vis their local enemies. They use the principles of sovereignty and non-intervention as a shield against any effective regulation of such tragic events by humanitarian law
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Babiker, Mohamed Abdelsalam. "International humanitarian law and human rights law in internal armed conflicts : their concurrent application and enforcement in the Sudan (1893-2003)." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.421560.

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Wager, James B. "Towards the attenuation of hardship : is there room for combatant immunity in internal armed conflicts? /." (Requires Adobe Acrobat Reader), 2000. http://stinet.dtic.mil/str/tr4%5Ffields.html.

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Vandason, Dominique. "UNSCR 1820(2008), IHRL, IHL, Gender & Responsibility : Analysis of juridical system on sexual violence against women in internal armed conflicts." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-305600.

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This paper presents a gender analysis of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1820(2008), the International Human Rights Law and the International Humanitarian Law. The study is regarding resolution 1820 as a breakthrough in the writings of legal documents that criminalizes sexual violence against women in internal armed conflict. Using textual analysis and a feminist theoretical approach the study highlights the construction of gender norms in the legal document. The study suggests that the narrative of legislative bodies of the IHL and IHRL is dominated by masculinity. Furthermore
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Keyanti, Frederick Kanjo. "The plight of internally displaced persons (IDPs) during armed conflict: the case of Sudan and Somalia." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7839_1257146321.

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<p>The plight of internally displaced persons (IDPs)in Sudan and Somalia constitutes one of the greatest human tragedy of our time since the end of the Cold War. The concept of IDPs is immense and growing. This research paper addressed the plight of IDPs during armed conflict in Sudan and Somalia. This paper also investigated into the existing institutional and legal frameworks for the protection of IDPs during armed conflict and critically highlight some of the weaknesses of these institutions and legal instruments that protect IDPs during armed conflict.</p>
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Monsenego, Jérôme. "Taxation of foreign business income within the European internal market : an analysis of the conflict between the objective of achievement of the European internal market and." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Institutionen för Juridik, språk och ekonomisk statistik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-1287.

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Member States' rules on the taxation of the foreign business income of companies, whether they are based on the fiscal principle of territoriality or on the principle of worldwide taxation, raise complex issues of compatibility with the law of the European Union. Areas of conflict include particularly the taxation of foreign profits, the deduction of foreign losses, the elimination of international double taxation, and the attribution of profits to permanent establishments. The dissertation analyses these conflicts on the basis of a study of the case law of the European Court of Justice. Altho
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Books on the topic "Internal conflicts of law"

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F, Damrosch Lori, ed. Enforcing restraint: Collective intervention in internal conflicts. Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1993.

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Valenzuela, Pedro. Neutrality in internal armed conflicts: Experiences at the grassroots level in Colombia. Uppsala Universitet, 2009.

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Cariño, Jessica K. The internal refugees of Northeastern Luzon. University of the Philippines, Center for Integrative and Development Studies and the U.P. Press, 1994.

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Tanca, Antonio. Foreign armed intervention in internal conflict. M. Nijhoff Publishers, 1993.

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Vedasto, Audax Kahendaguza. Laws applicable and internal conflict of laws in Tanzania. IDEA International Publishers, 2009.

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Vedasto, Audax Kahendaguza. Laws applicable and internal conflict of laws in Tanzania. IDEA International Publishers, 2009.

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Hehn, Arist Von. The internal implementation of peace agreements after violent intrastate conflict: Guidance for internal actors responsible for implementation. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2011.

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Sudan Human Security Baseline Assessment, ed. Violence and victimization in South Sudan: Lakes State in the post-CPA period. Small Arms Survey, 2007.

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Sow, Aliou. Système de conflits et gouvernance sécuritaire en Sénégambie: Rôles, responsabilités et perspectives des forces armées et de la CEDEAO. L'Harmattan, 2017.

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service), SpringerLink (Online, ed. Dealing with the Fragmented International Legal Environment: WTO, International Tax and Internal Tax Regulations. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Internal conflicts of law"

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Robinson, Darryl, and Herman von Hebel. "War Crimes in Internal Conflicts: Article 8 of the ICC Statute." In Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law. T.M.C. Asser Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-769-2_7.

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Galbiatti Silveira, Paula. "Internal Environmental Conflicts in the Electricity Generation from Renewable Energy Sources." In Climate Protection and Environmental Interests in Renewable Energy Law. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11605-6_4.

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Wippman, David. "8. Practical and Legal Constraints on Internal Power Sharing." In International Law and Ethnic Conflict, edited by David Wippman. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9781501730061-011.

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Galbiatti Silveira, Paula. "Legal Framework for the Resolution of Internal Conflicts in Land-Use Planning for Renewable Energy Projects in Brazil and Germany." In Climate Protection and Environmental Interests in Renewable Energy Law. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11605-6_5.

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Galbiatti Silveira, Paula. "Legal Framework for the Solution of Internal Conflicts in the Environmental Licensing Process of Renewable Energy Projects in Brazil and Germany." In Climate Protection and Environmental Interests in Renewable Energy Law. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11605-6_6.

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Galbiatti Silveira, Paula. "Comparative Analysis and Results for the Resolution of Internal Conflicts in Land-Use Planning and Environmental Licensing of Renewable Energy Projects." In Climate Protection and Environmental Interests in Renewable Energy Law. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11605-6_7.

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Rochat, Shékina. "Internal Conflicts." In Mapping Career Counseling Interventions. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003267386-8.

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Lied, Jon Anders. "Internal Conflicts." In An Introduction to Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy. Routledge, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003516217-4.

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"Internal Conflicts of Laws." In Yearbook of Private International Law. sellier european law publishers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783866536081.541.

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Schachter, Oscar. "Internal Conflicts and International Law." In International Law in Transition. Brill | Nijhoff, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004637870_009.

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Conference papers on the topic "Internal conflicts of law"

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Marjanovic, Sara Vera, Haeun Yu, Pepa Atanasova, Maria Maistro, Christina Lioma, and Isabelle Augenstein. "DYNAMICQA: Tracing Internal Knowledge Conflicts in Language Models." In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.findings-emnlp.838.

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Soares Filho, Sidney, and Leszek Cichobłaziński. "CULTURE, LAW AND MEDIATION: SOCIAL PERCEPTIONS IN THE RESOLUTION OF CONFLICTS IN BRAZIL AND POLAND." In 13th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MANAGEMENT: Circular & Digital: Managing for a Sustainable Future. Mendel University in Brno, 2025. https://doi.org/10.11118/978-80-7701-042-9-0111.

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Yakovenko, Dmitry A., Soslan V. Tskhovrebov, Natalya V. Burdanova, and Mstislav D. Yakovenko. "Internal audit as the basis of management system." In Sustainable and Innovative Development in the Global Digital Age. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcsebm.ajgq4705.

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A public law company is a relatively new form of legal entity that combines features of public entities (subjects of public law), unitary non-profit and corporate commercial organizations (subjects of private law). Such conflation of public and private law has led to the integration of certain elements of the management system from each of the above listed legal forms within the framework of a public law company: in public law companies it is required to establish supervisory board, management board (or the sole executive body - general director), audit committee, internal audit service and in
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Budevici-Puiu, Liliana, and Ruslan Berzoi. "Specificity of arbitration in sports law." In The International Scientific Congress "Sports. Olimpysm. Health". SOH 2023. 8th Edition. The State University of Physical Education and Sport, 2025. https://doi.org/10.52449/soh23.09.

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Sport represents a social and economic phenomenon in continuous development, with an important contribution to the fulfillment of national strategic objectives, especially those regarding solidarity and prosperity. Being a dynamic sector in continuous growth, with a macro economic impact, however underestimated, sport can contribute to economic sustainability and job creation, thus serving as a tool for local and regional development, including urban or rural regeneration. At the same time, an increasing part of the economic value of sport is related to intellectual property rights, namely cop
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Đorđević, Slavko. "INDIVIDUALNA KOMUNIKACIJA I AUTOMATIZOVANO PREGOVARANjE KOD ELEKTRONSKIH UGOVORA." In XVII majsko savetovanje. Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Kragujvcu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/uvp21.099dj.

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Тhis paper analyses the conflict-of-law regime for agency, where the main attention is given to the problem of determining applicable law for existence, extent and effects of agent’s authority (including effects of excess of authority and acting without authority), since Serbian Private International Law Act (SPILA) does not contain the special conflict-of-law rules for these issues. Having this in mind, the analysis is focused on whether the mentioned issues concerning agent’s authority should be governed by the law applicable to the internal relationship between principal and agent or by the
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Moise, Andrei emil. "E-LEARNING AND MILITARY RULES ACROSS BATTLEFIELDS." In eLSE 2013. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-13-016.

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E-learning and military rules across battlefields Andrei-Emil Moise Hyperion University, Calarasi Street, Bucharest, Romania It is undoubtly true for any for any advised reader, that in all conflicts, either of internal or external nature certain rules need to obeyed. While most nations, if not all, agree that such limitations are required in order to protect both combatants and the civilian population of unnecessary torment, few chose to act in sharing to those interested the very set of law principles that should govern armed conflicts. Here is an area where e-learning can and should come in
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Kodaneva, Svetlana. "Resilience of the Constitutional Phenomena to Social Threats (the United Kingdom case)." In East – West: Practical Approaches to Countering Terrorism and Preventing Violent Extremism. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcshss.vicg9790.

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A noticeable trend in constitutional law in recent years has been a broad interpretation that allows referring to the subject of constitutional law, in addition to the provisions enshrined in the written constitution, also the sources of international and common law. This article is focused on the analysis of the risks arising from the recognition of constitutional principles formulated in various unwritten sources, such as traditions, doctrine and judicial interpretation. For this purpose, the experience of the United Kingdom is studied, a country that does not have a written constitution, an
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Soković, Snežana. "CONVICT AND/OR PATIENT - ETHICAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES OF HEALTH CARE SERVICES IN PRISONS." In International scientific conference challenges and open issues of service law. Vol. 1. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of law, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xxmajsko1.339s.

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Normatively highly developed standardization of the provision of health care services in penitentiary institutions fails to neutralize the extreme non- complementarity between the concept of health and the concept of prison. Prison in itself endangers the health of prisoners, and the experience of going to prison overlaps in many ways with the experience of a serious (incurable) disease. This internal contradiction also opens up a special organizational-ethical dimension of health care in prisons, due to which health care services in prisons still have a strong tendency to oscillate in the spa
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Приходько, Ольга Владимировна, and Бекжан Таалайбекович Таалайбеков. "RESEARCH OF THE STRATEGY OF BEHAVIOR IN A CONFLICT SITUATION OF THE FUTURE POLICE OFFICER." In Поколение будущего: сборник избранных статей Международной студенческой научной конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Март 2021). Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/pb190.2021.50.52.006.

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В статье рассматривается проблема поведения в конфликте будущего полицейского. Дается определение конфликта, приводятся его классификации. Описаны результаты исследования «Стратегия и тактика поведения в конфликтной ситуации», проведенного среди слушателей курсов подготовки иностранных специалистов СибЮИ МВД России первого года обучения. The article deals with the problem of behavior in the conflict of the future police officer. The definition of the conflict is given, its classifications are given. The article describes the results of the study "Strategy and tactics of behavior in a conflict
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Zapata Alegria, Isabel. "PLANIFICACIÓN URBANA Y DESIGUALDAD SOCIO ESPACIAL ¿es una contradicción en la metrópoli actual?" In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Grup de Recerca en Urbanisme, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.12756.

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Urban development is constantly evidencing contradictions: the city is, in essence, a place of conflict. This scenario puts democracies in tension with the public function exercised through urban planning, with effects on the distribution of public goods and services and the production of urban space. Is it possible to think of urban planning for the achievement of a just city in the current political-economic context? An answer is explored, based on an analytical framework of plans in communes with greater socio-economic vulnerability, from a historical perspective with different visions of i
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Reports on the topic "Internal conflicts of law"

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Peterson, Alex G. Order Out of Chaos: Domestic Enforcement of the Law of Internal Armed Conflict. Defense Technical Information Center, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada456597.

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Ibrahim, Raslan. Regional Organizations and Internal conflicts: The Arab League and the Arab Spring. E-papers Servicos Editoriais Ltda, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.48207/23577681/bpcp0402.

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Ricciulli-Marín, Diana. The Fiscal Cost of Conflict: Evidence from La Violencia in Colombia. Banco de la República de Colombia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/chee.53.

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This paper studies the effect of internal conflict on local fiscal capacity using evidence from Colombia’s political conflict in the mid-20th century, better known as La Violencia. Following a difference-in-differences strategy, I find that internal conflict has negative long-term consequences in local fiscal capacity. More precisely, municipalities affected by La Violencia experienced an average reduction of 10.3% in their tax revenue and a fall of 2.8 percentage points on their ratio of taxes to total revenue. Effects lasted for more than a decade and are only partially explained by a popula
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Moore, Mick. Glimpses of Fiscal States in Sub-Saharan Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.022.

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There is a widespread perception that taxing in sub-Saharan Africa has been and remains fraught with problems or government failure. This is not generally true. For more than a century, colonial administrations and independent states have steadily developed the capacity to routinely collect more substantial revenues than one might expect in a low-income region. The two main historical dimensions of this collection capacity were (a) powerful, centralized bureaucracies focused on achieving revenue collection targets and (b) large, taxable international trade sectors. In recent decades, those cen
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Lewis, Dustin, Radhika Kapoor, and Naz Modirzadeh. Advancing Humanitarian Commitments in Connection with Countering Terrorism: Exploring a Foundational Reframing concerning the Security Council. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/uzav2714.

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The imperative to provide humanitarian and medical services on an urgent basis in armed conflicts is anchored in moral tenets, shared values, and international rules. States spend tens of billions of dollars each year to help implement humanitarian programs in conflicts across the world. Yet, in practice, counterterrorism objectives increasingly prevail over humanitarian concerns, often resulting in devastating effects for civilian populations in need of aid and protection in war. Not least, confusion and misapprehensions about the power and authority of States relative to the United Nations S
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Ovcharov, A. V. On criminal law approaches to the assessment of «friendly fire». DOI CODE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/2074-1944-2021-0165.

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The article is devoted to the consideration of the phenomenon of «friendly fire» in modern military conflicts and the development of general criminal-legal approaches to its assessment. The article analyzes the causes of «friendly fire», discusses its types and provides the most famous cases of «fire on their own» in military history. Еhe article contains recommendations for determining the guilt of persons who committed cases of «friendly fire» and compares the phenomenon under consideration with the criminal-legal category of extreme necessity
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Wager, James B., and Jr. Towards the Attenuation of Hardship: Is There Room for Combatant Immunity in Internal Armed Conflicts? Defense Technical Information Center, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada381222.

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Lewis, Dustin, Naz Modirzadeh, and Gabriella Blum. Medical Care in Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law and State Responses to Terrorism. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/hwga7438.

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The surge in armed conflicts involving terrorism has brought to the fore the general question of medical care in armed conflict and the particular legal protections afforded to those providing such care to terrorists. Against this backdrop, we evaluate international humanitarian law (IHL) protections for wartime medical assistance concerning terrorists. Through that lens, we expose gaps and weaknesses in IHL. We also examine tensions between IHL and state responses to terrorism more broadly. In studying the IHL regime applicable to medical care, substantive fragmentation and gaps in legal prot
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Lewis, Dustin, Gabriella Blum, and Naz Modirzadeh. Indefinite War: Unsettled International Law on the End of Armed Conflict. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/yrjv6070.

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Can we say, definitively, when an armed conflict no longer exists under international law? The short, unsatisfying answer is sometimes: it is clear when some conflicts terminate as a matter of international law, but a decisive determination eludes many others. The lack of fully-settled guidance often matters significantly. That is because international law tolerates, for the most part, far less violent harm, devastation, and suppression in situations other than armed conflicts. Thus, certain measures governed by the laws and customs of war—including killing and capturing the enemy, destroying
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Coelho, Daphne, Thomaz Teodorovicz, André Martínez Fritscher, Renata Motta Café, Sergio G. Lazzarini, and Jorge Norio Rezende Ikawa. Monitoring the Governance of State-Owned Enterprises: Assessing the Impact of Brazilian Corporate Governance Reforms. Inter-American Development Bank, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012994.

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State-owned enterprises (SOEs) are often justified for correcting market failures, providing essential public services, and fulfilling social objectives. Yet, SOEs face unique governance challenges as agency conflicts usually increase with state ownership. This paper examines Brazil's efforts to address agency conflicts in SOEs, including new legislation (Law 13303 of 2016, the “Law on SOEs”) establishing stringent criteria for the appointment of executives and for the accountability and a complementary monitoring mechanism known as IG-SEST. Using the difference-in-differences methodology, we
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