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1
Kot, Adam, and Waldemar Łatas. "Experimental and theoretical investigation of CVT rubber belt vibrations." Open Engineering 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1196–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2021-0121.
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Abstract This article contains the results of experimental tests of vibrations of a continuously variable transmission (CVT) belt transmission driven by a two-stroke internal combustion engine. The measurements were made with the use of a high-speed camera, which allowed to obtain results impossible to obtain with other measurement methods. The nonlinear integro-partial differential equation of vibrations of the moving belt is given. Based on a simplified linear equation, the observed effects on the amplitude–frequency characteristics obtained from the measurements are explained. An approximate formula is given that allows for determining the transmission belt velocities for which resonances occur.
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Gregório, Jorge P., and Francisco M. Brójo. "Development of a 4 stroke spark ignition opposed piston engine." Open Engineering 8, no. 1 (November 3, 2018): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2018-0039.
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Abstract The purpose of this project was to develop a low-cost OP engine, 4-stroke, gasoline by joining two single-cylinder reciprocating internal combustion engines with side valves on the block, removing the heads. The chosed engine was Model EY15 of Robin America. Joining these two engine blocks together made possible to build an opposed-piston engine (OPE) with two crankshafts. In this new engine, the combustion chamber is confined to the space inside the cylinder between the piston heads and the chamber between the valves. The pistons move in the cylinder axis in opposite directions, a feature typical of opposed-piston engines. After building the engine, parameters characteristic of the OPE, such as: rotational speed, torque, fuel consumption and emissions, were measured on an Eddy currents dynamometer. With the collected data, power, specific consumption and overall efficiency were calculated, allowing to conclude that the motor with the opposed-piston configuration is less expensive and is more powerful. The development of the opposed-piston engine in this project has shown that it is feasible to build one engine from a different one already in use, reducing the manufacturing and development costs. In addition, higher power can be obtained with better specific fuel consumption and less vibration.
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Nor Azwadi Che Sidik and Ehsan Kianpour. "Influence of Compound Spherical Trenched Holes on Film Cooling Performance at the end of Combustor Simulator." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 28, no. 1 (September 11, 2022): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/araset.28.1.1324.
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The major effects of cylindrical and spherical trenched cooling holes with distance between the hole surface and the combustion chamber panel and the filler diameter on the spherical hole contact surface and the panel surface H=0.3,R=D/2=0.1, H=0.3, R=D/2=0.2 and H=0.3, R=D/2=0.3 cm at BR=3.18 on the film cooling effectiveness near the combustor end wall surface is an important subject to study in details. In this research, a three-dimensional representation of a Pratt and Whitney gas turbine engine was simulated and analysed with a commercial finite volume package FLUENT 6.2.26. The analyses were done with RANS turbulence model on internal cooling passages. The combustor simulator was combined with the interaction of two rows of dilution jets, which were staggered in the streamwise direction and aligned in the spanwise direction. In comparison with the baseline case, the application of trenched holes increased the effectiveness of film cooling up to 47% near the wall surface and an average of 35% in depth of combustor simulator .
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Wierzbicki, Sławomir, Kamil Duda, and Maciej Mikulski. "Renewable Fuels for Internal Combustion Engines." Energies 14, no. 22 (November 18, 2021): 7715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14227715.
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The continuous need for systematization and open dissemination of knowledge on Renewable Fuels intended for use in Internal Combustion Engines forms the premise of the presented Special Issue titled “Renewable Fuels for Internal Combustion”. Experts in the field were encouraged to share their latest findings in the form of original research papers, case studies, or short reviews. Works targeting all aspects of the value chain were considered necessary, including the following: (liquid and gaseous) fuel production process, upgrading (catalytic and fractional blending), up to end, valorization in combustion engines (conventional and advanced concepts). Finally, techno-economic analyses aiming to valorize the value chain holistically were warmly encouraged to submit papers in this Special Issue of the Energies Journal. In this book, the reader will find successful submissions that present the latest findings from the discussed research field, encapsulated into nine chapters.
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SZWAJA, Stanisław. "Hydrogen resistance to knock combustion in spark ignition internal combustion engines." Combustion Engines 144, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117118.
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The results of investigations focusing on knock combustion analysis of a hydrogen-fueled engine have been presented in the paper. Knock intensity was determined as the intensity of the in-cylinder combustion pressure pulsations (recorded with a sampling frequency of 100 kHz) and filtered through high-pass filtering with cut-off frequency of 3.5 kHz. The research was conducted on the CFR engine with a variable compression ratio ranging from 6 to 14. The research has shown a rapid increase in pressure pulsations amplitude was observed while the compression ratio was changed from 11 to 12. This was interpreted as a result of in-cylinder hydrogen-air mixture self-ignition at the end of the spark ignition controlled combustion. Supporting this observation the theorem of dual nature of hydrogen knock combustion was postulated. Intensity of the pressure pulsations that accompany normal combustion without hydrogen self-ignition was in an exponential correlation with the compression ratio, which directly translates into a similar correlation of the pulsations and temperature of hydrogen-air mixture at the moment of ignition.
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FRIEDL, Hubert, Günter Fraidl, and Paul Kapus. "Highest efficiency and ultra low emission – internal combustion engine 4.0." Combustion Engines 180, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2020-102.
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In the future, the simultaneous reduction of pollutant and CO2 emissions will require significantly enhanced powertrain functionalities that cannot only be adequately represented by the ICE (internal combustion engine) alone. Both automated transmissions and especially powertrain electrification can help to meet efficiently those extended requirements. The extended functionalities are no longer applied exclusively with the ICE itself ("Fully Flexible Internal Combustion Engine"), but distributed across the entire powertrain ("Fully Flexible Powertrain"). In addition, the powertrain will be fully networked with the vehicle environment and thus will utilize all data that are useful for emission and consumption-optimized operation of the ICE. Combustion engine and electrification often complement each other in a synergetic way. This makes it extremely sensible for the combustion engine to evolve in future from a "single fighter" to a "team player". If one compares the requirements of such an ICE with the definition of Industry 4.0, then there are extensive correspondences. Thus, it seems quite opportune to call such a fully networked combustion engine designed to meet future needs as “Internal Combustion Engine 4.0 (ICE 4.0)”. This even more so, as such a name can also be derived from the history: e.g. ICE 1.0 describes the combustion engines of the first mass-produced vehicles, ICE 2.0 the combustion engines emission-optimized since the 1960s and ICE 3.0 the highly optimized "Fully Flexible Combustion Engine", which currently offers a high torque and performance potential combined with low fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. In addition to further improvements in fuel consumption, the "Combustion Engine 4.0" offers such a low level of pollutant emissions that can best be described as "Zero Impact Emission". This means that such future ICE´s will no longer have a negative impact on the imission situation in urban areas. With the e-fuels topic, the ICE also has the potential to become both CO2- and pollutant-neutral in the medium and long term. This means that the ICE – also in passenger cars – will continue to be an essential and necessary cornerstone for future powertrain portfolios for the next decades.
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Depcik, Christopher, Jonathan Mattson, and Shah Saud Alam. "Open-Source Energy, Entropy, and Exergy 0D Heat Release Model for Internal Combustion Engines." Energies 16, no. 6 (March 7, 2023): 2514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16062514.
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Internal combustion engines face increased market, societal, and governmental pressures to improve performance, requiring researchers to utilize modeling tools capable of a thorough analysis of engine performance. Heat release is a critical aspect of internal combustion engine diagnostic analysis, but is prone to variability in modeling validity, particularly as engine operation is pushed further from conventional combustion regimes. To that end, this effort presents a comprehensive open-source, zero-dimensional equilibrium heat release model. This heat release analysis is based on a combined mass, energy, entropy, and exergy formulation that improves upon well-established efforts constructed around the ratio of specific heats. Furthermore, it incorporates combustion using an established chemical kinetics mechanism to endeavor to predict the global chemical species in the cylinder. Future efforts can augment and improve the chemical kinetics reactions for specific combustion conditions based on the radical pyrolysis of the fuel. In addition, the incorporation of theoretical calculations of energy and exergy based on the change in chemical species allows for cross-checking of combustion model validity.
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Rehman, S., and K. Zaidi. "Design and Fabrication of the High Pressure Effervescent Spray Combustion System." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 2, no. 1 (2014): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.211427.
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The purpose of the present work is to design and fabricate the high pressure effervescent spray combustion system for the study of high pressure spray effervescent combustion characteristics. In the present work, the high pressure effervescent spray cylindrical combustion chamber or system was developed by producing internal pressure and temperature due to combustion process approximately equal to 32 bar and 800 K respectively. It is found that curved surface thickness and closed end surface thickness of the cylindrical combustion chamber were 7.42 mm and 15.76 mm respectively.
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LEJDA, Kazimierz, and Michał WARIANEK. "Assessment methods of the basic parameters of the combustion process in reciprocating internal combustion engines." Combustion Engines 179, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-403.
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The article presents selected methods of assessing the basic parameters of the combustion process, as well as assessing the usability and limitations of the methods used to determine the initiation and the end of the combustion process in reciprocating internal combustion engines. The methods considered are based on data contained in real, developed indicator diagrams. Basic thermodynamic assumptions and the scope of application of the combustion process evaluation method based on the actual work cycle of a combustion engine prepared in a double logarithmic scale were discussed. The article also mentions the application of the following methods: a direct pressure comparison method in the cylinder, the comparison of the first pressure derivative in the cylinder, logarithmic derivative method of pressure change in the cylinder, the method of the polytropic index, method of the first derivative of the polytropic index and the method of constant values of the polytropic index. The article presents the advantages and disadvantages of the research of our methods.
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Tupov, Vladimir, and O. Matasova. "Calculation of Acoustic Efficiency of Exhaust Silencers for Automotive Internal Combustion Engines." Safety in Technosphere 9, no. 3 (June 10, 2021): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1998-071x-2021-9-3-41-47.
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Insertion losses as the main characteristic that mathematically describes the acoustic efficiency of a noise silencer has been considered. This characteristic shows the reduction of noise generated by its source, in particular by the internal combustion engine’s exhaust system, at the control point as a silencer use result. Has been presented a mathematical description of the insertion losses, and have been considered parameters necessary for calculating this characteristic. Has been demonstrated the analytical dependence of impedance for the sound emission by the exhaust system’s end hole from the coefficient of acoustic waves reflection by this hole. The performed analysis of the widely used formulas for calculating the coefficient of sound reflection by the end hole has showed their insufficient accuracy for project designs performing. Have been proposed calculation dependences providing high accuracy for calculations of the reflection coefficient modulus, and the attached length of the channel end hole without a flange in the entire range of the existence of plane waves in it. It has been shown that the end correction of this hole at ka = 0 is 0.6127, and not 0.6133, as it was mistakenly believed until now in world acoustics. Has been proposed a method for calculation the exhaust noise source internal impedance. This method more accurately, in comparison with the already known ones, describes the acoustic processes in the internal combustion engine’s exhaust manifold, thanks to increases the accuracy of calculation the silencer acoustic efficiency, that allows develop the silencer at the early stages of the design of an automotive internal combustion engine.
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Ushnitsky, I. N. "Heat exchange processes in automotive internal combustion engines." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2061, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2061/1/012061.
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Abstract Combustion chamber diameters, an advance angle of fuel injection, injection rate, minimum ratio of air excess, methods of forcing, and oil cooling affect the heat exchange processes of engines. The method of thermal calculation of the working cycle makes it possible to consider the change in the physical properties of the working fluid, the effect of heat transfer between the working fluid, and the environment during the implementation of the working cycle. The main parameters of the gas at characteristic points of the indicator diagram are determined as a result of performing a thermal calculation, which makes it possible to assess the cycle perfection degree. Some of the main parameters of the working fluid (pressure, temperature) and the nature of their change can serve as input data when calculating engine parts for strength. The amount of mechanical work obtained in the cycle and the value of gas volume at the expansion process end demonstrates not only efficiency, but also the dimensions and weight of the engine, namely, indicators that affect the overall layout of machines.
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Nakaryakov, E. V., M. A. Semin, E. L. Grishin, and E. V. Kolesov. "Analysis of the Regularities of Accumulation and Removal of the Exhaust Gases from the Сombustion-engined Vehicles in the Dead-end Chamber-like Mine Workings." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 5 (May 2021): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-5-41-47.
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The paper presents the results of the mathematical modeling of the conditions for ventilating extended blind dead end stope chamber-like mine workings of large cross-section, which are formed by expanding the preparatory rifled mine working when loading and hauling machines with an internal combustion engine are operating in them. The experience of using CFD-modeling in solving problems of ventilation of such mine workings is analyzed. Numerical dependences of the change in the average concentration of exhaust gases at the workplace of the load-haul-dump machine operator on the operating time of equipment with an internal combustion engine in the stope area of the chamber were obtained. These dependencies allowed to determine the coefficient of efficiency of ventilation of dead-end stope chamber-like mine workings of large cross-section when operating equipment with an internal combustion engine in them. It was found that the ventilation efficiency coefficient can be taken equal to one both in the case of an increase in the concentration, and in the case of its decrease. The conclusion is made about the same regularities in the processes of accumulation and removal of harmful impurities in the dead-end mine working. Using a parameterized model, expressions were obtained for determining maximum operating time of the machine with an internal combustion engine for unloading ore from the stope area without exceeding maximum permissible concentration of the exhaust gases. An expression is also presented for calculating the minimum ventilation time of the chamber after the vehicle leaves and before its re-entry into the chamber. Made conclusions and obtained dependencies will allow to ensure safe working conditions for the miners in the extended dead-end stope chamber-like mine workings of large cross-section.
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Heywood, John B. "Fluid Motion Within the Cylinder of Internal Combustion Engines—The 1986 Freeman Scholar Lecture." Journal of Fluids Engineering 109, no. 1 (March 1, 1987): 3–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3242612.
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The flow field within the cylinder of internal combustion engines is the most important factor controlling the combustion process. Thus it has a major impact on engine operation. This paper reviews those aspects of gas motion into, within, and out of the engine cylinder that govern the combustion characteristics and breathing capabilities of spark-ignition engines and compression-ignition or diesel engines. Necessary background information on reciprocating engine operating cycles, the primary effect of piston motion and the spark-ignition and diesel engine combustion processes is first summarized. Then the characteristics of flow through inlet and exhaust valves in four-stroke cycle engines, and through ports in the cylinder liner in two-stroke cycle engines are reviewed. These flows govern the airflow through the engine, and set up the in-cylinder flow that controls the subsequent combustion process. The essential features of common in-cylinder flows—the large scale rotating flows set up by the conical intake jet, the creation and development of swirl about the cylinder axis, the flows produced during compression due to combustion chamber shape called squish, flow during the combustion process, and two-stroke scavenging flows—are then described. The turbulence characteristics of these flows are then defined and discussed. Finally, flow phenomena which occur near the walls, which are important to heat transfer and hydrocarbon emissions phenomena, are reviewed. The primary emphasis is on developing insight regarding these important flow phemomena which occur within the cylinder. To this end, results from many different research techniques—experimental and computational, established and new—have been used as resources. It is the rapidly increasing convergence of engine flow information from these many sources that make this an exciting topic with promise of significant practical contributions.
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Berdnikov, A. A. "Processes occurring in an engine with an unconventional duty cycle." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 11, no. 2 (June 15, 2017): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-66874.
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An internal combustion engine is a thermal machine that converts thermal energy into mechanical energy. Currently, the existing engines operate in cycles of Otto, Diesel and Sabate-Trinkler. Such cycles are usually called traditional. As is known, traditional internal combustion engines do not have a high coefficient of efficiency due to large losses of heat with exhaust gases, heat removal to the cooling system, etc. The reserves of increasing the efficiency are very high. However, modern engine building has reached a high level and further improvement of the working process in traditional cycles is already ineffective. The article proposes a non-traditional seven-stroke internal combustion engine and examines the processes occurring in the cylinders of such an engine. In the main cylinder of the engine, the working cycle proceeds as in a traditional four-stroke internal combustion engine: at the first stroke, there is an intake, on the second stroke - compression, on the third - combustion and operating stroke, but in the fourth cycle the exhaust gases are not diverted from the cylinder, but are sent to an additional cylinder - there is a continued expansion of gases (operating stroke). At the fifth bar, the exhaust gases are compressed in an additional cylinder, and water is supplied at the end of the compression. Selecting heat from the heated parts of the cylinder-piston group and compressed gases, the water evaporates, and the expanding steam performs useful work (the sixth stroke is the operating stroke). At the seventh stroke, the piston moves to the top dead center, displacing the steam with the exhaust gases. Preliminary calculations showed that the maximum pressure of the seven-cycle operating cycle of the internal combustion engine can reach up to 20 MPa, this increases the power and fuel economy of the engine. The injection of water somewhat reduces the maximum cycle temperature and the toxicity of the exhaust gases. Such advantages give reason for the implementation of the working cycle of the internal combustion engine in a seven-cycle scheme.
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Postrzednik, Stefan. "Combined use of coal mine gases for efficient energy generation." Archives of Thermodynamics 37, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoter-2016-0026.
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Abstract There are two basic types of coal mine gases: gas from demethanation of coal deposits, and ventilation gas; containing combustible ingredients (mainly methane, CH4). Effective use of these gases is an important technical and ecological issue (greenhouse gas emissions), mainly due to the presence of methane in these gases. Serious difficulties in this area (e.g. using them as the fuel for internal combustion (IC) engine) occur mainly in relation to the ventilation gas, whereas the gas from demethanation of coal deposits can be used directly as the fuel for internal combustion engines. The proposed solution of this problem shows that the simple mixing of these two gases (without supplying of oxygen from ambient air) is the effective way to producing the gaseous combustible mixture, which can be used for the fueling of internal combustion gas engines. To evaluate the energy usefulness of this way produced combustible mixture the process indicator has been proposed, which expresses the share of the chemical energy supplied with the ventilation gas, in the whole chemical energy of the produced fuel combustible mixture. It was also established how (e.g., by appropriate choice of the mixed gas streams) can be achieved significantly higher values of the characteristic process indicator, while retaining full energy usefulness of the gained gaseous mixture to power combustion engines.
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Chríbik, Andrej, Marián Polóni, Ján Lach, Ľubomír Jančošek, Peter Kunc, and Josef Zbranek. "Internal Combustion Engine Powered by Synthesis Gas from Pyrolysed Plastics." Strojnícky casopis – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 66, no. 1 (July 1, 2016): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/scjme-2016-0009.
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AbstractThe article discusses the application of synthesis gas from pyrolysis of plastics in petrol engine. The appropriate experimental measurements were performed on a combustion engine LGW 702 designated for micro-cogeneration unit. The power parameters, economic parameters in term of brake specific fuel consumption, and internal parameters of the engine were compared to the engine running on the reference fuel - natural gas and synthesis gas. Burning synthesis gas leads to decreased performance by about 5% and to increased mass hourly consumption by 120 %. In terms of burning, synthesis gas has similar properties as natural gas. Compared with [5] a more detailed study has been prepared on the effects of angle of spark advance on the engine torque, giving more detailed assessment of engine cycle variability and considering specification of start and end of combustion in the logarithm p-V diagram.
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Manaf, Muhammad Zaidan Abdul, Nik Abdullah Nik Mohamed, Mohamad Shukri Zakaria, Mohd Noor Asril Saadun, and Mohd Hafidzal Mohd Hanafi. "Modeling of Flywheel Hybrid Powertrain to Optimize Energy Consumption in Mechanical Hybrid Motorcycle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 393 (September 2013): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.393.287.
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The creation of internal combustion engine is a significant milestone in power engineering world which simplified high mechanical energy demand jobs like moving vehicle and machinery. Even though the internal combustion engine gives lot of advantages, however, this type of engine is incapable to convert the heat energy from fuel combustion to the mechanical energy efficiently. Small capacity engine e.g. motorcycle engine having the power conversion efficiency between 25-30%. Therefore, alternative power source is required to support the internal combustion engine in order to increase the overall system efficiency. These phenomena give encouragement to implement the hybridization process. This is to increase the system efficiency in transferring power to the wheel. Hybridization processes e.g. flywheel as secondary power source can increase power transfer efficiency between 30%-80%. Hence, the purpose of this research is to develop the mathematical model of the power transfer efficiency of flywheel hybrid motorcycle by using back trace simulation method. This model will record the amount of energy use in acceleration phase of the driving cycle. Subsequently, the efficiency ratio of motorcycle power transfer is calculated and comparison of those ratios between the conventional motorcycle and the hybrid motorcycle is made. The outstanding results show that the hybrid motorcycle is capable to conserve the energy used up to 36% compare to the conventional motorcycle that wasted energy up to 200%. As a conclusion, flywheel as the secondary power source is capable to supply enough energy to propel the motorcycle forward.
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Chen, Jian, Robert Randall, Ningsheng Feng, Bart Peeters, and Herman Van der Auweraer. "Modelling and diagnosis of big-end bearing knock fault in internal combustion engines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 228, no. 16 (February 24, 2014): 2973–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406214524743.
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Big-end bearing knock is considered to be one of the common mechanical faults in internal combustion engines (IC engines). In this paper, a model has been built to simulate the effects of oversized clearance in the big-end bearing of an engine. In order to find a relationship between the acceleration response signal and the oversized clearance, the kinematic/kinetic and lubrication characteristics of the big ending bearing were studied. By adjusting the clearance, the impact forces with different levels of bearing knock fault can be simulated. The acceleration on the surface of the engine block was calculated by multiplying the simulated force spectrum by an experimentally measured frequency response function (FRF) in the frequency domain (and then inverse transforming to the time domain). As for experimentally measured vibration signals from bearing knock faults, the signal processing approach used involved calculating the squared envelopes of the simulated acceleration signals. The comparison to the experimental results demonstrated that the simulation model can correctly simulate vibration signals with different stages of bearing knock faults.
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Kalghatgi, Gautam. "Is it really the end of internal combustion engines and petroleum in transport?" Applied Energy 225 (September 2018): 965–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.05.076.
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Katijan, A., and A. H. Kamardin. "The Effect of Compression Ratio by Different Piston Head Shape on the Performance of Motorcycle Engine." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 16, no. 3 (October 3, 2019): 6906–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.16.3.2019.06.0518.
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The compression ratio has a significant impact on engine power, fuel economy, emission, and other performances of internal combustion engines. Basic engine theory states that a higher compression ratio produces higher torque and horsepower. One way of having different compression ratio is by changing piston head shape. A piston is a cylindrical engine component that slides back and forth in the cylinder bore via forces produced during the combustion process. The piston acts as a movable end of the combustion chamber transmitting power generated from the burning of fuel and air mixture in the combustion chamber. The objective of this study is to compare the engine performance in horsepower and torque produced by the different shapes of the piston head in an internal combustion engine. Three pistons with different head shapes - standard, mug (low compression) and dome (high compression) with a compression ratio of 8.8:1, 7.61:1 and 10.06:1 were selected for the study. An experiment was also performed to a standard piston installed with 1.5 mm gasket, which has a compression ratio of 7.31. The experiments were carried out using a standard internal combustion engine of a Honda EX5 motorcycle. The engine runs on a chassis dynamometer to measure its torque and horsepower. Piston performance was evaluated based on the maximum available torque and horsepower. The result shows that all three pistons produce different torque and horsepower. The domed piston head produces higher torque and horsepower followed by the standard and mug. By just changing the piston head shape, torque and horsepower increased up to 7.14% and 20.05% respectively.
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Guo, Ping, Jianlun Xu, Chuanhao Zhao, and Baoliang Zhang. "Study of hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles based on the whole life cycle evaluation method." Trends in Renewable Energy 8, no. 1 (2022): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17737/tre.2022.8.1.00135.
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In order to better achieve the goal of low carbon emissions from vehicles, a whole life cycle assessment of hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine vehicles has been conducted in recent years. Based on the study of hydrogen use around the world, we studied the emission and economic performance of hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine vehicles from the beginning of hydrogen production to the end of use (Well-to-Wheel, WTW) based on the whole life cycle evaluation method. The results show that the overall environmental impact of hydrogen production by steam reforming of natural gas is the smallest, and that the rational use of "abandoned electricity" for hydrogen production from electrolytic water in the western part of China significantly reduces the overall environmental impact and the cost of hydrogen production. In the use phase, the emissions are less, which not only can meet the National 6 emission standard, but also can reach higher emission standard after adding exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). From the whole life cycle point of view, hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine has a very good development prospect.
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Song, Yidan, Qiaoqun Sun, Yu Zhang, Yaodong Da, Heming Dong, Hebo Zhang, Qian Du, and Jianmin Gao. "Modeling and Optimization of Natural Gas CCHP System in the Severe Cold Region." Energies 16, no. 12 (June 8, 2023): 4582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16124582.
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A natural gas combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) system is a typical integrated energy supply method that optimizes end−use energy. However, how to achieve economically feasible natural gas CCHP in severe cold regions with low−grade heat demand reaching 50% is still a pressing issue. This paper establishes a typical natural gas CCHP system model for severe cold regions and conducts the system. Based on the climate conditions of Harbin, the economic optimization of independent gas turbine systems, internal combustion engines, and gas turbine systems is still a pressing issue. Based on the climate conditions of Harbin, the economic optimization of independent gas turbine systems, internal combustion engine systems, and steam boiler systems under different cooling and heating load ratios was carried out. The combination of “internal combustion engine + steam boiler” has the most optimal cost of RMB 1.766 million (USD 0.255 million), saving 10.7%, 7.8%, and 18.3% compared to the three single equipment subsystems respectively. This provides good theoretical support for the construction of multi−energy heterogeneous energy systems.
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Jaat, M., Amir Khalid, Bukhari Manshoor, Siti Mariam Basharie, Adiba Rhaodah Andsaler, and Azwan Sapit. "Study on Spray Characteristics of Biodiesel using a Rapid Compression Machine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (July 2015): 590–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.590.
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Diesel engine is an internal combustion engine that uses the high compression pressure to ignite the combustible mixture due to high temperature in the combustion chamber. There were many studies on the fuel-air premixing that resulting from air entrainment which linked to the improvement of exhaust emissions [1][2][3]. The most important issue in diesel combustion is achieving sufficient rapid mixing between the injected fuel and the air in cylinder prior to ignition. The oxidation reactions at the end of endothermic period depend on the physical process such as air entrainment, the breakup of the jet spray, and droplets evaporation.
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Romani, Luca, Alessandro Bianchini, Giovanni Vichi, Alessandro Bellissima, and Giovanni Ferrara. "Experimental Assessment of a Methodology for the Indirect in-Cylinder Pressure Evaluation in Four-Stroke Internal Combustion Engines." Energies 11, no. 8 (July 30, 2018): 1982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11081982.
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Recent innovations in engine control and diagnostics are providing room for development of innovative combustion approaches (e.g., low-temperature combustion) able to minimize the creation of pollutants. To ensure the constant fulfillment of the prescribed thermodynamic conditions, however, a fast real-time monitoring of the in-cylinder pressure is needed. To this end, dynamic pressure sensors, flush-mounted on the cylinder head, are commonly used. With this approach, the measurement accuracy is high, but the durability is limited by the harsh working conditions. The installation on the cylinder head is also complex. The development of robust and effective indirect measurement systems could then represent the enabler of a further development of this technology. In the present study, an innovative methodology to measure the in-cylinder pressure has been conceived and extensively tested on a four-stroke single-cylinder engine. The proposed approach is based on the analysis of the mechanical stress on the engine studs by means of a piezoelectric strain washer. This solution allows the user for a rapid and cost-effective sensor installation, described in the paper along with the signal post-processing techniques. Results showed good accuracy and robustness of the methodology, making the results of practical use for engine control.
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Dostiyarov, Abay, Bauyrzhan Nauryz, Madina Kumargarina, Aliya Dostiyarova, Gulzukhra Turymbetova, Maxat Anuarbekov, and Zhanar Aidymbayeva. "Experimental study results of the front-end device with two-tier air burner as part of the gas turbine engine combustion chamber." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2023): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci221014066d.
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In recent years, the gas turbine power plant has been increasingly used in various industries in Kazakhstan. The reasons for this are: thermal efficiency; simplicity of the thermal scheme and design; small mass per power unit; high maneuverability; low toxicity; relatively simple automation of operation. This paper presents the experimental study results of a two-tier air burner as the part of the gas turbine engine combustion chamber at burning liquid fuel. ? new design of a microflame device was developed. Two-tier burner makes possible the combustion process in a number of discrete zones, i.e. microflame combustion. During the experiment, the installation angles of the blades of the external and internal registers, as well as the ratio of the coefficients of excess air in the tiers, were changed. The experimental studies of a two-tier burner confirmed the possibility to increase fuel combustion efficiency, a low degree of temperature field unevenness and to decrease NOx emission.
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Musabekov, Zakirjon, Jamshid Khakimov, and Ergashev Botir. "Differential equations for calculating gas exchange in an internal combustion engine." E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126401003.
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Considering the unsteadiness of the flow in the valve channels and windows of the internal combustion engine in combination with limiting the maximum flow rate allows you to take into account the flow characteristics in the exhaust systems of forced engines. Thus, the calculation according to the above method allows us to obtain by calculation, observed in experiments, the reverse pressure drop in the short period of the end of the free release, the validity of using a modified 0-dimensional model of gas exchange, even for engines with long manifolds, where the Strophe number is less than 8.
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Silvagni, G., V. Ravaglioli, F. Ponti, E. Corti, D. Moro, A. Brusa, and N. Cavina. "Accelerometer-based SOC estimation methodology for combustion control applied to Gasoline Compression Ignition." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2385, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2385/1/012064.
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Abstract The European Community’s recent decision to suspend the marketing of cars with conventional fossil-fueled internal combustion engines from 2035 requires new solutions, based on carbon-neutral technologies, that ensure equivalent performances in terms of reliability, trip autonomy, refueling times and end-of-life disposal of components compared to those of current gasoline or diesel cars. The use of bio-fuels and hydrogen, which can be obtained by renewable energy sources, coupled with high-efficiency combustion methodologies might allow to reach the carbon neutrality of transports (net-zero carbon dioxide emissions) even using the well-known internal combustion engine technology. Bearing this in mind, experiments were carried out on compression ignited engines running on gasoline (GCI) with a high thermal efficiency which, in the future, could be easily adapted to run on a bio-fuel. Despite the well-reported benefits of GCI engines in terms of efficiency and pollutant emissions, combustion instability hinders the diffusion of these engines for industrial applications. A possible solution to stabilize GCI combustion is the use of multiple injections strategies, typically composed by 2 early injected fuel jests followed by the main injection. The heat released by the combustion of the earlier fuel jets allows to reduce the ignition delay of the main injection, directly affecting both delivered torque and center of combustion. As a result, to properly manage GCI engines, a stable and reliable combustion of the pre-injections is mandatory. In this paper, an estimation methodology of the start of combustion (SOC) position, based on the analysis of the signal coming from an accelerometer sensor mounted on the engine block, is presented (the optimal sensor positioning is also discussed). A strong correlation between the SOC calculated from the accelerometer and that obtained from the analysis of the rate of heat release (RoHR) was identified. As a result, the estimated SOC could be used to feedback an adaptive closed-loop combustion control algorithm, suitable to improve the stability of the whole combustion process.
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Yanyuk, Sergey, Andrii Firsov, Valery Malikov, and Petro Mitiushin. "ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF MEANS OF REFUELING MILITARY EQUIPMENT." Collection of scientific works of Odesa Military Academy, no. 16 (February 11, 2022): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37129/2313-7509.2021.16.22-29.
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The creation and development of means of refueling equipment began with the rearmament of the world army to samples of weapons and military equipment, which were equipped with internal combustion engines. For the operation of the aforementioned engines, it was necessary to produce, transport, accumulate and apply a wide range and quantity of fuel and lubricants. Equipping military equipment with internal combustion engines began at the turn of the twentieth century and was almost completed before the start of World War II, simultaneously with the introduction of internal combustion engines into widespread use, the problem arose of delivering fuels and lubricants to the end consumer and organizing refueling of equipment both in stationary and in field conditions. The impetus for the development of technical means of transportation, storage and refueling of military equipment was the large-scale hostilities on the fronts of the Second World War. Until now, refueling equipment continue to develop, both in the direction of improving the technical design and capabilities and in the direction of adapting the design of refueling facilities to the requirements of modern arms and methods and ways of armed struggle. The history of the development of weapons and military equipment, increase of their power and capabilities has led to the widespread use of internal combustion engines, and subsequently led to an increase dependence of the combat effectiveness of military units and formations on the availability and quality of fuels and lubricants used on weapons. Keywords: the history of the development of means of refueling, the creation and modification of means of refueling, the improvement of methods for delivering petroleum products, the use of refueling equipment in modern conditions.
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Бангоян, E. Bangoyan, Тупов, and Vladimir Tupov. "Research of Acoustic Characteristics related to Noise Release Mufflers of Motor Transport Internal-Combustion Engines." Safety in Technosphere 2, no. 4 (August 25, 2013): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/718.
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The main acoustic characteristic of noise muffler–"brought losses", which shows the decrease of noise created by its source, in particular by exhaust system of internal-combustion engine, in a control point as a result of muffler use is considered. The explanation of essence of this characteristic and its mathematical description are offered; the empirical dependences for calculation of sound radiation impedance by exhaust system end opening are given. The offered way of release noise source impedance definition seems to be more reliable in comparison with already known ones as it allows to consider oscillatory processes in the exhaust manifold of internal-combustion engine thanks to which the calculation accuracy of muffler’s brought losses in course of its development at motor transport engines design stage is increased. The analytical dependences for calculation of frequencies at which the extreme values of this characteristic are observed are also received.
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Scalzo, A. J., R. L. Bannister, M. DeCorso, and G. S. Howard. "Evolution of Westinghouse Heavy-Duty Power Generation and Industrial Combustion Turbines." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 118, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 316–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2816593.
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This paper reviews the evolution of heavy-duty power generation and industrial combustion turbines in the United States from a Westinghouse Electric Corporation perspective. Westinghouse combustion turbine genealogy began in March of 1943 when the first wholly American designed and manufactured jet engine went on test in Philadelphia, and continues today in Orlando, Florida, with the 230 MW, 501G combustion turbine. In this paper, advances in thermodynamics, materials, cooling, and unit size will be described. Many basic design features such as two-bearing rotor, cold-end drive, can-annular internal combustors, CURVIC clutched turbine disks, and tangential exhaust struts have endured successfully for over 40 years. Progress in turbine technology includes the clean coal technology and advanced turbine systems initiatives of the U.S. Department of Energy.
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Каргин, Сергей Александрович, Sergey Aleksandrovich Kargin, Александр Дорохов, and Aleksandr Dorokhov. "Increasing energy efficiency and environmental safety of reciprocating engines." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Marine engineering and technologies 2019, no. 4 (November 15, 2019): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-1574-2019-4-60-70.
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The article highlights the process of organizing the internal combustion engines operation, which is intended to raise the environmental safety and the extent to which the thermal energy of the working fluid is used in order to increase the energy efficiency and environmental safety of marine, fixed and transport engines. Today in propulsion engineering the process of supplying heat to the cycle (fuel injection, mixture formation, combustion) has been comprehensively studied and improved. The analysis of the thermodynamic cycle has been presented. Disadvantages of the working process (from the position of converting the chemical energy of fuel into mechanical ener-gy) of a reciprocating engine with a crank mechanism are listed: incomplete combustion of fuel, loss of heat with exhaust gases and coolant, mechanical losses in the engine, etc. It has been found that the complete conversion of the thermal energy of the working fluid into mechanical work is impossible due to a short expansion stroke. The possibilities of increasing the efficiency of the working cycle of internal combustion engines are considered. An additional increase of the internal energy of the working fluid obtained by reducing losses in the cooling system due to the thermal insulation of the cylinder goes into increased losses with exhaust gases. It is proposed to introduce water into the cylinder after reaching the maximum temperature of the cycle, which helps lower the temperature of the gases, reduce the temperature difference and the intensity of heat transfer. It has been suggested to conduct tests with different moments of water supply, which will determine the effect of water on the process of burning fuel. The necessity of calculating various situations has been justified, since the amount of water will be different. The calculated water injection at the end of the combustion process can simplify cleaning and increase the engine capacity without significant amplifications of its main elements.
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Tse, Timothy J., Daniel J. Wiens, and Martin J. T. Reaney. "Production of Bioethanol—A Review of Factors Affecting Ethanol Yield." Fermentation 7, no. 4 (November 18, 2021): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation7040268.
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Fossil fuels are a major contributor to climate change, and as the demand for energy production increases, alternative sources (e.g., renewables) are becoming more attractive. Biofuels such as bioethanol reduce reliance on fossil fuels and can be compatible with the existing fleet of internal combustion engines. Incorporation of biofuels can reduce internal combustion engine (ICE) fleet carbon dioxide emissions. Bioethanol is typically produced via microbial fermentation of fermentable sugars, such as glucose, to ethanol. Traditional feedstocks (e.g., first-generation feedstock) include cereal grains, sugar cane, and sugar beets. However, due to concerns regarding food sustainability, lignocellulosic (second-generation) and algal biomass (third-generation) feedstocks have been investigated. Ethanol yield from fermentation is dependent on a multitude of factors. This review compares bioethanol production from a range of feedstocks, and elaborates on available technologies, including fermentation practices. The importance of maintaining nutrient homeostasis of yeast is also examined. The purpose of this review is to provide industrial producers and policy makers insight into available technologies, yields of bioethanol achieved by current manufacturing practices, and goals for future innovation.
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Hassan, S., S. Afdhal, M. Shahrizal, and A. Eleena. "Simulation Study on the Potential of Braided Hose Failure in Internal Combustion Engines." MATEC Web of Conferences 225 (2018): 02017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822502017.
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In this study, damaged braided hoses was obtained from the actual site to investigate the possible causes of failure in the internal combustion engines. The hoses were assembled with polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE) as the inner tube and externally braided outer tube corrosionresistant steel (CRES). The hose had undergone failures near the end of the fittings. The braided hose was measured and modelled using SOLIDWORKS CAD software. The ANSYS static structural stimulation was used to measure the stress distribution on the hose due to pressure applied with various bend shapes. The simulation was done by fixing the end of the pipe and exerting the working pressure inside the inner layer of PTFE. The results of the simulation have shown that the inner tube experienced high stresses near the fittings which is then aggravated with the bending. With cyclic pressure loading, the hose was unable to stand the high stresses near the fittings and therefore failed. Further analyses were done to the braided hose to investigate the other possible of failure using failure analysis method.
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Mao, Zhiwei, Zhinong Jiang, Haipeng Zhao, and Jinjie Zhang. "Vibration-based fault diagnosis method for conrod small-end bearing knock in internal combustion engines." Insight - Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring 60, no. 8 (August 1, 2018): 418–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1784/insi.2018.60.8.418.
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Yang, Chao, and Zhaolei Zheng. "Construction of a Chemical Kinetic Model of Five-Component Gasoline Surrogates under Lean Conditions." Molecules 27, no. 3 (February 6, 2022): 1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031080.
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The requirements for improving the efficiency of internal combustion engines and reducing emissions have promoted the development of new combustion technologies under extreme operating conditions (e.g., lean combustion), and the ignition and combustion characteristics of fuels are increasingly becoming important. A chemical kinetic reduced mechanism consisting of 115 species and 414 elementary reactions is developed for the prediction of ignition and combustion behaviors of gasoline surrogate fuels composed of five components, namely, isooctane, n-heptane, toluene, diisobutylene, and cyclohexane (CHX). The CHX sub-mechanism is obtained by simplifying the JetSurF2.0 mechanism using direct relationship graph error propagating, rate of production analysis, and temperature sensitivity analysis and CHX is mainly consumed through ring-opening reactions, continuous dehydrogenation, and oxygenation reactions. In addition, kinetic parameter corrections were made for key reactions R14 and R391 based on the accuracy of the ignition delay time and laminar flame velocity predictions. Under a wide range of conditions, the mechanism’s ignition delay time, laminar flame speed, and the experimental and calculated results of multi-component gasoline surrogate fuel and real gasoline are compared. The proposed mechanism can accurately reproduce the combustion and oxidation of each component of the gasoline-surrogate fuel mixture and real gasoline.
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Szabados, György, Herman Szűcs, Jozefin Hézer, and Brian Sanders. "Investigation of Possibilities of λ = 1 Full Load Operation for Gasoline Engines in the Light of Future Emission Regulation." Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering 50, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/pptr.17433.
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To date, huge amounts of money have been invested in the development of internal combustion engines to reach the current level of technology. High specific power and good thermal efficiency have been achieved, thanks to which, internal combustion engines are now widely used. However, the driving force behind the developments is no longer the high performance, but the compliance with strict emission standards. Future emissions regulation, namely Euro 7, will be challenging for engine and vehicle manufacturers. One possible technical solution may be to use a stoichiometric air-fuel mixture on the entire engine map to meet the requirements of the Euro 7 emission standard. This article analyzes the change in Euro regulations in the light of Euro 7, as well as the theoretical background of the λ = 1 operation. Several technical possibilities to achieve the stoichiometric ratio, such as e.g. water injection or variable compression ratio are presented.
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McFadden, P. D., and S. R. Turnbull. "A comparison of methods of modelling the bearing surfaces in an internal combustion engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 226, no. 4 (September 19, 2011): 913–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406211417228.
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An existing model for the dynamic analysis of the piston motion in an internal combustion engine has been modified to incorporate a simpler representation of the piston–cylinder interaction, and to represent the main and big-end bearings as lubricated rather than dry journal bearings. The results demonstrate that the differences in calculated bearing forces and output torques are negligible, indicating that the simple dry journal bearing model is sufficient, but show that the modelling of the interaction between piston and cylinder is considerably improved.
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Zhang, Junhong, Zhexuan Xu, Jiewei Lin, Zefeng Lin, Jingchao Wang, and Tianshu Xu. "Thermal Characteristics Investigation of the Internal Combustion Engine Cooling-Combustion System Using Thermal Boundary Dynamic Coupling Method and Experimental Verification." Energies 11, no. 8 (August 15, 2018): 2127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11082127.
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The engine cooling system must be able to match up with the stable operating conditions so as to guarantee the engine performance. On the working cycle level, however, the dynamic thermo-state of engines has not been considered in the cooling strategy. Besides, the frequent over-cooling boiling inside the gallery changes the cooling capacity constantly. It is necessary to study the coupling effect caused by the interaction of cooling flow and in-cylinder combustion so as to provide details of the dynamic control of cooling systems. To this end, this study develops a coupled modeling scheme of the cooling process considering the interaction of combustion and coolant flow. The global reaction mechanism is used for the combustion process and the multiphase flow method is employed to simulate the coolant flow considering the wall boiling and the interphase forces. The two sub-models exchange information of in-cylinder temperature, heat transfer coefficient, and wall temperature to achieve the coupled computation. The proposed modeling process is verified through the measured diesel engine power, in-cylinder pressure, and fire surface temperature of cylinder head. Then the effects of different cooling conditions on the cyclic engine performances are analyzed and discussed.
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MACIEJEWSKA, Marta, Paweł FUĆ, and Monika KARDACH. "Analysis of electric motor vehicles market." Combustion Engines 179, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-428.
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The increasingly restrictive standards related to exhaust emissions from cars make difficult the development of internal combustion engines. The activities undertaken in the design of internal combustion engines are mainly based on downsizing, e.g decreasing the engines displacement. The main direction in the development of vehicle propulsion is to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. It is expected to reduce CO2 emissions in 2020 to reach 95 g/km. Electric vehicles achieve low noise levels and do not emitted a burn, and thus, their use leads to a reduction in the amount of toxic exhaust gases in the air. The aspect of reducing emissions of harmful exhaust compounds and activities focusing on downsizing on the market of combustion engine cars leads to a significant increase the number of electric vehicles. In 2018 around 95 million motor vehicles were registered in the world, of which around 12 million in the European Union and 273 thousand in Poland. The number of electric vehicles among all sold is around 5.5%. Every year new, more technologically advanced models appear on the electric vehicle market. In 2018, the most popular model was the Nissan LEAF and the BAIC EC-Series. A large number of Renault ZOE have also been sold. In article analyzed different models of electric vehicle, which are available on market and presented the characteristics based on e.g. price per 100 kilometers, range for every model or charging time.
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Monsalve-Serrano, Javier, Giacomo Belgiorno, Gabriele Di Blasio, and María Guzmán-Mendoza. "1D Simulation and Experimental Analysis on the Effects of the Injection Parameters in Methane–Diesel Dual-Fuel Combustion." Energies 13, no. 14 (July 20, 2020): 3734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143734.
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Notwithstanding the policies that move towards electrified powertrains, the transportation sector mainly employs internal combustion engines as the primary propulsion system. In this regard, for medium- to heavy-duty applications, as well as for on- and off-road applications, diesel engines are preferred because of the better efficiency, lower CO2, and greater robustness compared to spark-ignition engines. Due to its use at a large scale, the internal combustion engines as a source of energy depletion and pollutant emissions must further improved. In this sense, the adoption of alternative combustion concepts using cleaner fuels than diesel (e.g., natural gas, ethanol and methanol) presents a viable solution for improving the efficiency and emissions of the future powertrains. Particularly, the methane–diesel dual-fuel concept represents a possible solution for compression ignition engines because the use of the low-carbon methane fuel, a main constituent of natural gas, as primary fuel significantly reduces the CO2 emissions compared to conventional liquid fuels. Nonetheless, other issues concerning higher total hydrocarbon (THC) and CO emissions, mainly at low load conditions, are found. To minimize this issue, this research paper evaluates, through a new and alternative approach, the effects of different engine control parameters, such as rail pressure, pilot quantity, start of injection and premixed ratio in terms of efficiency and emissions, and compared to the conventional diesel combustion mode. Indeed, for a deeper understanding of the results, a 1-Dimensional spray model is used to model the air-fuel mixing phenomenon in response to the variations of the calibration parameters that condition the subsequent dual-fuel combustion evolution. Specific variation settings, in terms of premixed ratio, injection pressure, pilot quantity and combustion phasing are proposed for further efficiency improvements.
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Raffai, Peter, Pavel Novotný, and Jozef Dlugoš. "Computer Simulation of the Behavior of the Piston Ring Pack of Internal Combustion Engines." Applied Mechanics and Materials 821 (January 2016): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.821.166.
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The continuously tightening regulations limiting the amount of exhaust gas components of internal combustion engines force the manufacturers to further increase the effectivity of their power units. Due to the already relatively highly-developed state of engines result in the need of research and development of even smaller engine parts – e.g. piston rings. The main aim of this project was to develop a tool for the computer simulation of the behavior of the piston ring pack, which could aid the optimization process of the piston ring pack towards lowered friction losses.
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Di Battista, Davide, and Roberto Cipollone. "Waste Energy Recovery and Valorization in Internal Combustion Engines for Transportation." Energies 16, no. 8 (April 18, 2023): 3503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16083503.
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Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) are experiencing a transition era in which research and innovation are mainly pushed by environmental issues: emission reduction and fuel saving are indispensable requirements of the new technologies, otherwise the end of ICE is proposed in Europe. Modifications, in reality, are under discussion by 2026 but the environmental issues are anyway welcomed. In the transportation sector, today dominated by ICEs, it appears that the reduction in the propulsion power, hybridization at various degrees, and exhaust post-treatment improvements will guarantee technological solutions able to support the transition in the next couple of decades toward full electric propulsion. Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) is a very interesting opportunity since almost two-thirds of fuel energy is not converted into mechanically useful energy. Moreover, the integration with other thermal streams on board (cooling and lubricating mediums, EGR cooling) can add further value to the recovery opportunity as well as the concept of managing the engine thermal management which can produce a sensible contribution that is appreciated mainly during urban driving. A huge scientific effort is underway, and a great expectation is perceptible. More generally, the technological options that can achieve a reduction in overall fuel consumption and, thus, the improvement of global engine efficiency, are the most valuable when they can be introduced without massive changes to the engine layout. This happens in all the energy applications in which ICEs are involved since the recovery unit can be introduced in the exhaust line. The mechanical energy recovered can be easily transformed into electrical energy, so represents an interesting integration with the hybrid propulsion powertrains. In this paper, a review of the most important technologies referred to the WHR is presented, outlining advantages and drawbacks, and setting up the presently available technologies referred to the transportation sector.
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Ortenzi, Fernando, and Andrea Bossaglia. "A One-Dimensional Numerical Model for High-Performance Two-Stroke Engines." Energies 16, no. 13 (June 26, 2023): 4947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16134947.
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Computer software that simulates the thermodynamic and gas dynamic properties of internal combustion engines can play a significant role in the design and optimization of internal combustion engines. In the present work, a quasi-dimensional numerical model for two-stroke engines is presented. Particular attention was paid to reporting in-cylinder models, combustion (turbulent with flame development and flame–wall interaction), and turbulence (K-k-ϵ model), with the addition of tumble- and squish-generated turbulence that is quite common in such engines. The aim was to reduce the role of the calibration constants, which are fundamental for correlating the models with the experiments, and relations for calculating the tumble ratio and turbulent scales were reported. A one-dimensional model for manifolds is also presented (solving the Euler equations), using the second-order Roe Riemann solver with some improvements, paying particular attention to the source terms, such as area variation. Additionally, a new approach to the end-pipe boundaries, which would reduce the mass conservation error, is reported. The engines tested were two kart two-stroke engines, used for racing purposes: the IAME X30 engine and the IAME Screamer III KZ engine. A comparison between the model results and the experimental data was made, and good accordance was observed, with a root mean square error of about 0.5 kW and providing good accuracy in evaluating changes, such as the combustion chamber squish area and the exhaust pipe length.
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Liu, Siyu, Yu Huang, Yong He, Yanqun Zhu, and Zhihua Wang. "Review of Development and Comparison of Surface Thermometry Methods in Combustion Environments: Principles, Current State of the Art, and Applications." Processes 10, no. 12 (November 28, 2022): 2528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10122528.
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Temperature is one of the most important parameters in the combustion processes. Accurate surface temperature can help to gain insight into the combustion characteristics of various solid or liquid fuels, as well as to evaluate the operating status of combustion power facilities such as internal combustion engines and gas turbines. This paper mainly summarizes and compares the main surface thermometry techniques, from the aspects of their principles, current state of development, and specific applications. These techniques are divided into two categories: contact-based thermometry and non-intrusive thermometry. In contact-based thermometry, conventional thermocouples as well as thin-film thermocouples are introduced. These methods have been developed for a long time and are simple and economical. However, such methods have disadvantages such as interference to flow and temperature field and poor dynamic performance. Furthermore, this paper reviews the latest non-intrusive thermometry methods, which have gained more interest in recent years, including radiation thermometry, laser-induced phosphorescence, liquid crystal thermography, the temperature-sensitive paint technique, and the temperature-indicating paint technique. Among them, we highlighted radiation thermometry, which has the widest measurement ranges and is easy to acquire results with spatial resolution, as well as laser-induced phosphorescence thermometry, which is not interfered with by the emissivity and surrounding environment, and has the advantages of fast response, high sensitivity, and small errors. Particularly, laser-induced phosphoresce has attracted a great deal of attention, as it gets rid of the influence of emissivity. In recent years, it has been widely used in the thermometry of various combustion devices and fuels. At the end of this paper, the research progress of the above-mentioned laser-induced phosphorescence and other techniques in recent years for the surface thermometry of various solid or liquid fuels is summarized, as well as applications of combustion facilities such as internal combustion engines, gas turbines, and aero engines, which reveal the great development potential of laser-induced phosphorescence technology in the field of surface thermometry.
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Chen, Yan-song, I.-Ming Chen, and Tyng Liu. "A design approach for multi-configuration hybrid transmission mechanisms." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 12 (June 20, 2020): 2744–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407020924981.
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Several hybrid architectures have been widely used in hybrid electric vehicles. For example, power-split architecture brings seamless operation, while parallel architecture makes the internal combustion engine directly drive the wheel. To combine the advantages of various architectures, this study aims to develop a design approach to create a transmission mechanism that has multiple configurations and uses these configurations to achieve several hybrid architectures. First, this study standardized hybrid transmission mechanisms using the Function Power Graph; this powerful and intuitive tool inspired several elements and an element layout for the new mechanisms. Then, several configurations with up to five elements were enumerated and organized into the databases. Next, the mechanisms with multiple configurations and a limited number of clutching units (clutches or brakes) were evaluated, 10 of which were identified as the best group that provided five parallel configurations, two 2-motor electric vehicle configurations, and a power-split configuration. At the end of this paper, a novel hybrid transmission mechanism was developed as a demonstration. It provides higher power and torque at the output but there is no need to use the larger internal combustion engine or motor-generators. This mechanism also enables the internal combustion engine to drive in overdrive parallel architectures to avoid the loss in energy conversion when the power-split architecture is not required. As a result, after a designer specifies the desired hybrid configurations, follows the procedure, and uses the configuration databases built in this study, a novel hybrid transmission mechanism will be created.
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Dahlan, A. A., Mohd Farid Muhammad Said, Z. Abdul Latiff, M. R. Mohd Perang, S. A. Abu Bakar, and R. I. Abdul Jalal. "Acoustic Study of an Air Intake System of SI Engine using 1-Dimensional Approach." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 16, no. 1 (March 21, 2019): 6281–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.16.1.2019.14.0476.
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Air intake system of an internal combustion engine plays main role in delivering fresh air from the environment to the engine and dampening the sound of the engine combustion process coming from the engine combustion process. In this study, a simulation was conducted to improve the existing air intake system design in terms of acoustic study to have better sound quality by modifying the resonators, air duct and airbox volume of the air intake module. This study implements the 1-dimensional simulation study using commercial software, correlate to the 1.6-liter natural aspirated engine. The objective of this study is to decrease the engine noise at snorkel of the air intake module without losing too much of pressure drop. At the end of this study, the analysis defines the geometry of air intake module with the recommended resonator for fabrication and physical testing. The simulation result shows that the modified air intake module meet the objective and fulfil the performance target.
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Powar, Kanhaiya P., and Sharad D. Patil. "Promoting Technology-Enhanced Project-Based Learning through Application of 3D Printing Technology for Mechanical Engineering Education." Journal of Engineering Education Transformations 35, S1 (January 1, 2022): 292–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.16920/jeet/2022/v35is1/22042.
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3D printing is a progressively developing technology under umbrella of industrial revolution 4.0 for rapid prototyping and end-use applications. 3D printing technology is nowadays used in all sectors including automotive, civil, agriculture, medical, aerospace, art and jewelry, and education too. In this work, 3D printing technology is employed as a technology-enhanced tool in engineering education in combination with project-based learning for third-year undergraduates. The combined technology-enhanced project-based learning strategy was used to 3D print components of internal combustion engines to enhance students' comprehension of the fundamentals of internal combustion engines. The activity resulted in improvement in the performance of students in the examination (5.15% improvement in CO attainment and more than 10% improvement in all modes of written examination) as well as professional skill development promoting multidisciplinary learning opportunities and lifelong learning. Keywords—3D printing; engineering education; IR4.0; project-based learning; technology-enhanced active learning. JEET Category—Choose one: Research, Practice, or Op-Ed. (Please note, Op-Eds are by invite only. Refer to the Paper Submission and Review Guidelines for more details.)
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Perceau, Marcellin, Philippe Guibert, Adrian Clenci, Victor Iorga-Simăn, Mihai Niculae, and Stéphane Guilain. "Investigation of the Aerodynamic Performance of the Miller Cycle from Transparent Engine Experiments and CFD Simulations." Machines 10, no. 6 (June 11, 2022): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10060467.
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This paper assesses the effect of the Miller cycle upon the internal aerodynamics of a motored transparent spark ignition engine via CFD simulation and particle image velocimetry. Since the transparent Miller engine does not allow for measurements in the roof of the combustion chamber, the extraction of information regarding the aerodynamic phenomena occurring here is based on CFD simulation, i.e., the results of the CFD simulation are used to allow for the extrapolation of the experimental data; thus, they are used to complete the picture regarding the aerodynamic phenomena occurring inside the whole cylinder. The results indicate that implementing the early intake valve closing strategy to obtain the Miller cycle has a negative impact on the mean kinetic energy, turbulent kinetic energy, and fluctuating velocity toward the end of the compression stroke, thus affecting, the combustion process. This supports the need to intensify the internal aerodynamics when applying the Miller cycle such that the turbulence degradation is not too big and, consequently, to still gain efficiency in the Miller cycle.
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Ján, Danko, Bucha Jozef, Milesich Tomáš, Magdolen Ľuboš, Kevický Iogr, Minárik Matej, Mišković Žarko, and Mitrović Radivoje. "Dynamic Properties Modeling Analysis of the Rubber-Metal Elements for Electric Drive." Strojnícky časopis - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 71, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/scjme-2021-0002.
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Abstract The gradual increase in the volume of electric vehicles leads engineers to solve completely new problems of NVH (noise, vibration and harshness) One of the solutions is the use of rubber mounts to hold the electric motor of the vehicle’s powertrain. This article deals with a rubber mount used to insulate vibrations from the propulsion system to the rest of the vehicle. Since the electric motor produces a different spectrum of vibrations and noise than the internal combustion engine (it produces lower amplitudes, but in a wider frequency band), it is necessary to adapt the design of the rubber mounts. This article deals with the possibility of using a mathematical model that can be used in a virtual vehicle model. It compares the differences in the vibrations of the internal combustion engine and the electric motor. From the results measured on the experimental model, the parameters for the FEM model and the mathematical model were identified. At the end of the article, the results from the experiment are compared with the results from the simulations.
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Ghaffar, Zulkifli Abdul, Ahmad Hussein Abdul Hamid, and Mohd Syazwan Firdaus Mat Rashid. "Spray Characteristics of Swirl Effervescent Injector in Rocket Application: A Review." Applied Mechanics and Materials 225 (November 2012): 423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.225.423.
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Injector is one of the vital devices in liquid rocket engine (LRE) as small changes in its configurations and design can result in significantly different LRE performance. Characteristics of spray such as spray cone angle, breakup length and Sauter mean diameter (SMD) are examples of crucial parameters that play the important role in the performance of liquid propellant rocket engine. Wider spray cone angle is beneficial for widespread of fuel in the combustion chamber for fast quiet ignition and a shorter breakup length provides shorter combustion chamber to be utilized and small SMD will result in fast and clean combustion. There are several mechanisms of liquid atomization such as swirling, e.g. jet swirl atomization or introducing bubbles into the liquid and effervescent atomization. Introducing a swirl component in the flow can enhance the propellant atomization and mixing whereas introducing bubbling gas directly into the liquid stream inside the injector leads to finer sprays even at lower injection pressures. This paper reviews the influence of both operating conditions and injector internal geometries towards the spray characteristics of swirl effervescent injectors. Operating conditions reviewed are injection pressure and gas-to-liquid ratio (GLR), while the injector internal geometries reviewed are limited to swirler geometry, mixing chamber diameter (dc), mixing chamber length (lc), aeration hole diameter (da), discharge orifice diameter (do) and discharge orifice length (lo).