Journal articles: 'Internal checking'

1

Rydén, Lars, and Hans Thornander. "FUNCTIONAL CHECKING OF IMPLANTED CARDIAC PACEMAKERS." Acta Medica Scandinavica 188, no. 1-6 (April 24, 2009): 527–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1970.tb08078.x.

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Gaitanis, N. "Totally self-checking checkers with separate internal fault indication." IEEE Transactions on Computers 37, no. 10 (1988): 1206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/12.5982.

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Pfeiffer, Yvonne, Stephan S. Gut, and David L. B. Schwappach. "Medication Safety in Oncology Care: Mapping Checking Procedures From Prescription to Administration of Chemotherapy." Journal of Oncology Practice 14, no. 4 (April 2018): e201-e210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jop.2017.026427.

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Purpose: To increase medication safety in oncology, checking procedures are increasingly applied by nurses, physicians, and pharmacists. However, little is known about the number, types, and consistency of implemented checks. The aim of the study was to assess the number and types of different checking procedures that are performed along the lifecycle of a chemotherapy prescription across three hospitals, different care settings, administration routes, and professional groups. Methods: A scheme to evaluate checking procedures and a mapping approach to illustrate the checks along the phases of the medication process were developed. Checking procedures were assessed on the basis of analysis of internal guidelines and interviews with nurses and physicians who work on wards and in ambulatory infusion units of three hospitals. Results: There were considerable differences in number and type of checking procedures among administration routes, professional groups, wards and ambulatory infusion units, and hospitals. During the prescribing phase, the lowest number of checks was performed. In internal guidelines, checking procedures were documented poorly, though the pharmacy process was an exception. Conclusion: In contrast to the pharmacists, nurse and physician clinician checking procedures are less standardized within and across hospitals. The results point to different checking habits for the professional groups; for example, physicians would rather perform plausibility reviews than checks. Our evaluation scheme to categorize checks and the visualized mapping approach was feasible and understandable for practitioners.

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McClelland, Gary H. "Assessing bias in professional licensing examinations by checking internal consistency." Law and Human Behavior 9, no. 3 (September 1985): 305–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01044507.

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Barratt, Monica J., Michala Kowalski, Isabelle Volpe, and Larissa J. Maier. "On‐site drug checking can provide quantitative analysis." Internal Medicine Journal 50, no. 8 (August 2020): 1022–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imj.14954.

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Ахмеджанов and K. Akhmedzhanov. "Quality Control of Internal Audit in the Republic of Uzbekistan." Auditor 1, no. 9 (September 17, 2015): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/13229.

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Smit‐Rigter, Laura Alexandra, and Daan Van der Gouwe. "The neglected benefits of drug checking for harm reduction." Internal Medicine Journal 50, no. 8 (August 2020): 1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imj.14953.

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Chelmowski, M. K. "Checking for fecal occult blood with digital rectal examinations." Archives of Internal Medicine 152, no. 9 (September 1, 1992): 1929a—1929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.152.9.1929a.

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Selishchev, S. V. "Structural Aspect of Checking the Continuity of the Enterprise during Internal Audit." Statistics of Ukraine 89, no. 2-3 (November 24, 2020): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/su.2-3(89-90)2020.02-03.16.

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The article presents the results of the study and the further development of approaches to assessing the continuity risks associated with the internal audit of the enterprise. Particular attention is given in the article to the organization of internal audit of termination of activity for groups of events or conditions, which alone or in the aggregate may call into question the validity of the assumption of continuity of activity. The purpose of the article is to research and further develop approaches to assessing the risk assessment of the impact of internal audit effectiveness on the auditor’s assessment of the risk of termination of the enterprise. Current practice research shows that the implementation of an element of internal control, such as internal audit, is either not used at all, or is carried out in a purely formal manner. In particular, it concerns the control over the financial statements, which indicate the probability of termination of the enterprise. In turn, the lack or low efficiency of the internal audit service, whose main task is to monitor the internal control system, causes an increase in audit risk of control, which in turn increases the overall level of audit risk. This situation necessitates an increase in volumes and as a result of audit time. In view of the results of the conducted researches of the current practice of functioning of the internal audit service at the enterprises, in most cases there is a purely formal approach to its functions, in particular in the aspect of ensuring control over the financial status indicators, the critical values of which can directly lead to the termination of the activity of the enterprise. The analysis of the scientific and methodological base shows the lack of materials, the organization of an effective system of internal control over strategic financial indicators, and as a consequence of the lack of an effective concept of its monitoring by the internal audit. We have proposed a comprehensive functional model that includes the following elements: 1) setting an assignment for the internal audit service; 2) identification of sources of necessary information and method of assessment of its reliability; 3) conceptual basis for ensuring the performance of internal audit functions.

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Selishchev, S. V. "Structural Aspect of Checking the Continuity of the Enterprise during Internal Audit." Statistics of Ukraine 89, no. 2-3 (November 24, 2020): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/su.2-3(89-90)2020.02-03.16.

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The article presents the results of the study and the further development of approaches to assessing the continuity risks associated with the internal audit of the enterprise. Particular attention is given in the article to the organization of internal audit of termination of activity for groups of events or conditions, which alone or in the aggregate may call into question the validity of the assumption of continuity of activity. The purpose of the article is to research and further develop approaches to assessing the risk assessment of the impact of internal audit effectiveness on the auditor’s assessment of the risk of termination of the enterprise. Current practice research shows that the implementation of an element of internal control, such as internal audit, is either not used at all, or is carried out in a purely formal manner. In particular, it concerns the control over the financial statements, which indicate the probability of termination of the enterprise. In turn, the lack or low efficiency of the internal audit service, whose main task is to monitor the internal control system, causes an increase in audit risk of control, which in turn increases the overall level of audit risk. This situation necessitates an increase in volumes and as a result of audit time. In view of the results of the conducted researches of the current practice of functioning of the internal audit service at the enterprises, in most cases there is a purely formal approach to its functions, in particular in the aspect of ensuring control over the financial status indicators, the critical values of which can directly lead to the termination of the activity of the enterprise. The analysis of the scientific and methodological base shows the lack of materials, the organization of an effective system of internal control over strategic financial indicators, and as a consequence of the lack of an effective concept of its monitoring by the internal audit. We have proposed a comprehensive functional model that includes the following elements: 1) setting an assignment for the internal audit service; 2) identification of sources of necessary information and method of assessment of its reliability; 3) conceptual basis for ensuring the performance of internal audit functions.

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11

Katyal, Neal Kumar. "Internal Separation of Powers: Checking Today's Most Dangerous Branch from Within." Yale Law Journal 115, no. 9 (January 1, 2006): 2314. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20455698.

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Nye, Hillary. "Checking the Other and Checking the Self: Role Morality and the Separation of Powers." Constitutional Forum / Forum constitutionnel 30, no. 4 (September 13, 2021): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21991/cf29429.

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The concepts of the rule of law, the separation of powers, and checks and balances are related in complicated ways. Jacob T Levy brings this to light in his thought-provoking McDonald Lecture, “The Separation of Powers and the Challenge to Constitutional Democracy.”1 In this response to Levy’s paper I want to further explore the relationship between these three ideas. I will argue that, when thinking about the rule of law, we must consider the idea of “role morality” and its place in constraining power. We should think of the constraints on power that stem from role morality as “internal” as opposed to “external” checks on power. I also suggest that we would do well to broaden our understanding of what the rule of law requires, and to think of it not just as a matter of ensuring impartiality and formal legal equality in the sense that the law applies to all actors within the system. We might benefit from thinking of the rule of law as a weightier moral concept that demands that decision-makers comply with moral ideals, and not just with the rules as laid out.

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EDHAG, O., B. FAGRELL, and A. SJOGREN. "The value of an oscilloscope in routine checking of pacemakers." Acta Medica Scandinavica 200, S596 (April 24, 2009): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1976.tb08382.x.

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14

Klychova, Guzaliya, Alsu Zakirova, Augul Klychova, Guliya Sattarova, and Il'dus Gimadiev. "IMPROVEMENT OF METHODOLOGICAL SUPPORT OF INTERNAL CONTROL OF FINANCIAL RESULTS." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 16, no. 4 (February 15, 2021): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2021-113-120.

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One of the key tools for managing the financial performance of enterprises is internal control aimed at ensuring the safety and efficient use of material, labor and financial resources. In order to avoid errors in reflecting the final results of activities in the enterprise, an effective system for its implementation must be formed, designed to check the correctness of the reflection of operations and the timeliness of drawing up reliable financial statements. The purpose of the study is to develop recommendations for improving the methodological support of internal control of financial results. In the course of the study, the procedures carried out during the internal control of financial results were ranked depending on the stages of control. Working papers are proposed that contribute to improving the effectiveness of audit planning, the timely collection of evidence and the full implementation of control activities. The developed form of the program of internal control of financial results determines the directions and intensity of control measures. Working papers “Checking the execution of primary documents” and “Checking the timeliness of receipt of payments under contracts” ensure the timely collection of evidence and the full implementation of control procedures. Based on the first of them, the controllers check the completeness and correctness of the documents, filling in all the necessary details; the legality of transactions and the logical linkage of individual indicators. Using the working document “Checking the timeliness of receipt of payments under contracts” for each counterparty, you can timely identify the formation of receivables, prevent the emergence of doubtful and overdue receivables. The application of the developed working documents in practice will contribute to the achievement of goals and the solution of urgent tasks of internal control for the effective management of the financial results of the production activity of the enterprise

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15

Skaggs, Sheryl L., and Julie A. Kmec. "Checking the Pulse of Diversity among Health Care Professionals." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 639, no. 1 (December 15, 2011): 236–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716211421869.

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What factors are associated with variation in the racial/ethnic composition of hospital health care professionals? Institutional theories suggest that organizations react to external environmental and internal structural pressures for the racial/ethnic integration of workers. Using an institutional framework, we bring to bear new insight into how hospitals respond to such pressure for diversity. Models estimated with original data from 328 U.S. West Coast hospitals provide evidence that establishment size and a hospital’s minority patient base promote diversity among health care professionals. The state legal environment is also associated with the racial/ethnic composition of professional hospital workers, indicating the importance of fair employment laws and court decisions in signaling expectations about workplace diversity. Last, the findings show that factors within hospitals’ competitive and internal environments have positive consequences for diversity among health care professionals. We discuss implications for our findings, especially in the context of health care worker shortages and ongoing health care reform.

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Krocova, Sarka, and Karla Barcova. "Checking The Hydraulic Efficiency and Improving Safety of the Internal Water Supply." Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 20, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2018.2.121-125.

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Water management systems in industrial facilities, industrial zones, hospitals and other internal water systems relatively frequently fail to meet the intended purpose for which they were built when an extraordinary event occurs. They may even pose a safety hazard. The causes of this condition may be of internal or external origin. Given that internal water supply systems of large premises always have a multipurpose character, i.e. to provide enough drinking water for drinking and sanitation purposes and also as a source of fire water for the fire safety of buildings, they must meet a wide range of hydraulic conditions and technical-operational capabilities. By what means and methods it is possible to achieve the desired state in economically-acceptable dimensions, while maintaining all the necessary hydraulic capabilities of the supply points of drinking and fire water, is briefly described in this article.

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17

Chafe, S. C., and J. M. Carr. "Effect of Board Dimensions and Grain Orientation on Internal Checking inEucalyptus regnans." Holzforschung 52, no. 4 (January 1998): 434–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hfsg.1998.52.4.434.

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18

Поленова and S. Polenova. "System of the internal checking: theoretical aspect of the building and operation." Auditor 2, no. 6 (June 27, 2016): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/20315.

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According to the Federal Law «On Accounting» about the need to control the internal facts of economic life, and in the absence of legal documents on the organization of internal control the article analyses certain provisions of the Russian Finance Ministry information document in detail from 26.12.2013 № PP-11/2013, considered the application of legislation in this area.

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19

Innes, T. C. "Pre-drying of collapse prone wood free of surface and internal checking." Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 54, no. 3 (May 1996): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001070050165.

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Klychova, Guzaliya, Alsu Zakirova, Nuriya Nigmatullina, Zufar Zakirov, and Regina Nurieva. "CONTROL SUPPLY OF THE COST-MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF ENTERPRISES." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 16, no. 4 (January 8, 2022): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2022-115-121.

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In modern conditions, a number of factors affect the activities of enterprises, which include a tough competitive environment, limited material resources, and the economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. To improve its efficiency, it is necessary to minimize the costs of manufacturing products, performing work and providing services. Effective and rational internal control contributes to the solution of this task. In this regard, issues related to the organizational and methodological support of control over production costs are of particular relevance. The research was carried out in order to study organizational aspects and develop directions for improving the methodological support of internal control of production costs. As one of the internal control tools, it is advisable to use the internal control working document (ICWD) “Test for assessing the accounting system of production costs”, which allows you to collect information on the validity and reliability of accounting for production costs and calculating the cost of production; on the procedures used in the system of internal control over production costs and the effectiveness of these procedures; on the general principles of organizing the primary, synthetic and analytical accounting of production costs, on the rationing of material resources at the enterprise. To systematize the information collected during the internal control of primary accounting, the ICWD “Checking the primary accounting of production costs” is suitable. Using the ICWD developed within the framework of the study “Checking compliance with the norms of consumption of material assets in production”, it is possible to establish the validity of material costs and generalize the results of checking the norms of inventories for production. For internal control of work-in-progress, it is proposed to use the ICWD “Questionnaire for assessing the organization and accounting of inventory of work in progress”.

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Trofa, David P., Caroline N. Park, Manish S. Noticewala, T. Sean Lynch, Christopher S. Ahmad, and Charles A. Popkin. "The Impact of Body Checking on Youth Ice Hockey Injuries." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 5, no. 12 (December 1, 2017): 232596711774164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967117741647.

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Background: Body checking is a common cause of youth ice hockey injuries. Consequently, USA Hockey raised the minimum age at which body checking is permitted from the Pee Wee level (11-12 years old) to the Bantam level (13-14 years old) in 2011. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this investigation was to determine the impact of body checking on the distribution of injuries reported in youth ice hockey players. We hypothesized that the elimination of body checking at the Pee Wee level would lower the frequency of serious injuries, particularly concussions. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Injury data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS), a United States Consumer Product Safety Commission database, were analyzed for Pee Wee and Bantam players between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2010 and again between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2015. Data on the location of injury, diagnosis, and mechanism of injury were collected. The location of injury was categorized into 4 groups: head and neck, upper extremity, lower extremity, and core. Diagnoses investigated included concussions, fractures, lacerations, strains or sprains, internal organ injuries, and other. The mechanism of injury was broken down into 2 categories: checking and other. Results: Between the 2008-2010 and 2013-2015 seasons, overall injuries decreased by 16.6% among Pee Wee players, with injuries caused by body checking decreasing by 38.2% ( P = .012). There was a significant change in the distribution of diagnoses in the Pee Wee age group during this time frame ( P = .007): strains or sprains, internal organ injuries, and fractures decreased in frequency, while the number of concussions increased by 50.0%. In the Bantam age group, recorded injuries decreased by 6.8%, and there was no change in the distribution of the location of injury, diagnosis, or mechanism of injury ( P > .05). Conclusion: There was an observed reduction in the total number, mechanism, and type of injuries when body checking was eliminated from the Pee Wee level. There was, however, an unexpected increase in the number of concussions.

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Rizk-Allah, Rizk M., Hatem Abdulkader, Samah S. Abd Elatif, Wail S. Elkilani, Eslam Al Maghayreh, Habib Dhahri, and Awais Mahmood. "A Novel Binary Hybrid PSO-EO Algorithm for Cryptanalysis of Internal State of RC4 Cipher." Sensors 22, no. 10 (May 19, 2022): 3844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22103844.

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Cryptography protects privacy and confidentiality. So, it is necessary to guarantee that the ciphers used are secure and cryptanalysis-resistant. In this paper, a new state recovery attack against the RC4 stream cipher is revealed. A plaintext attack is used in which the attacker has both the plaintext and the ciphertext, so they can calculate the keystream and reveal the cipher’s internal state. To increase the quality of answers to practical and recent real-world global optimization difficulties, researchers are increasingly combining two or more variations. PSO and EO are combined in a hybrid PSOEO in an uncertain environment. We may also convert this method to its binary form to cryptanalyze the internal state of the RC4 cipher. When solving the cryptanalysis issue with HBPSOEO, we discover that it is more accurate and quicker than utilizing both PSO and EO independently. Experiments reveal that our proposed fitness function, in combination with HBPSOEO, requires checking 104 possible internal states; however, brute force attacks require checking 2128 states.

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Busaba, Fadi, and Parag K. Lala. "Techniques for Self-Checking Combinational Logic Synthesis." VLSI Design 2, no. 3 (January 1, 1994): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1994/29238.

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This paper presents techniques for designing arbitrary combinational circuits so that any single stuck-at fault will result in either single bit error or unidirectional multibit error at the output. If the outputs are encoded using Berger code or m-out-of-n code, then the proposed technique will enable on-line detection of faults in the circuit. An algorithm for indicating whether a certain fault at an input will create bidirectional error at the output is presented. An input encoding algorithm and an output encoding algorithm that ensure that every fault will either produce single bit error or unidirectional multibit error at the output are proposed. If there are no input fault which produces bidirectional error, no internal stuck-at fault will result in such an error irrespective of the way the circuit is implemented. Thus, only single bit or unidirectional multibit error will result in the presence of a fault in the circuit. The proposed techniques have been applied to MCNC benchmark circuits and the overhead is estimated.

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Safonova, Margarita, and Valentine Gribushenkova. "The main directions of internal audit when checking the accounting of export transactions." Buhuchet v sel'skom hozjajstve (Accounting in Agriculture), no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-11-2006-05.

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Internal audit of foreign economic activity, in particular export operations, is one of the most difficult and time-consuming areas of audit. This is justified by a whole set of normative and legislative acts that regulate the accounting and support of export operations, as well as the absence of clearly regulated accounting rules for a number of business processes. The main goal of the study is to develop a methodology for internal audit of foreign trade operations. The article highlights the information base for auditing export operations, proposes an audit program, which defines the main areas of audit, including areas of increased risk of corruption of credentials. In the conclusion, it is concluded that the application of the proposed recommendations in practice will allow obtaining better audit results and will increase the reliability of the issued reporting.

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Esteban-Navarro, Miguel-Ángel, Antonia-Isabel Nogales-Bocio, Miguel-Ángel García-Madurga, and Tamara Morte-Nadal. "Spanish Fact-Checking Services: An Approach to Their Business Models." Publications 9, no. 3 (August 21, 2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/publications9030038.

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The proliferation of fact-checking services is a fast-growing global phenomenon, especially in Western countries. These services are the response of journalism to disinformation, that has transformed a common internal procedure of journalistic work in the core of a business directed to the general public, also offered to the companies of mass media and social media. Literature review shows that the research on fact-checking has focused on the origin, funding, relationship with the media, procedures, and experiences related to politics and COVID-19. However, the ownership structure of the fact-checking services has been superficially analysed and the business model of these platforms has not yet been studied in detail and depth. The objective of this article is to identify and analyse the business model of the nine Spanish active fact-checking services through a documentary research of public information sources and the information that these services give about themselves. This paper explains their ownership structure and income provenance, from open information sources. The findings are that the fact-checking services that depend on media groups are no strangers to the trend of opacity usual in these groups, but in the case of fact-checking services that are born as initiatives of journalists, the trend towards transparency is, in the majority of cases, clear. However, the information provided by the Spanish fact-checking services is deficient and does not allow us to discover their business models, except in the case of Newtral and, to a certain extent, Maldita.

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Cheng, Wei, Chen Wang, Jing Ma, Wen Ji, Xiangli Yang, Bei Wu, and Ruigang Hou. "Satisfaction and needs of pharmacists in prescription-checking training: a cross-sectional survey." Journal of International Medical Research 48, no. 11 (November 2020): 030006052096581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060520965810.

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Objective Prescription checking is becoming increasingly prevalent in medical institutions. However, the prescription-checking ability of pharmacists requires improvement. The study aim was to explore the main aspects of prescription-checking training and provide an empirical reference for the training of pharmacists in medical institutions. Methods Participants were pharmacists willing to complete a Likert questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to examine percentages and composition ratios. The chi-square test and exploratory factor analysis were used for inferential analysis. Results The questionnaire showed good internal consistency reliability and validity. A total of 90% of participants were satisfied with the training. Exploratory factor analysis extracted three satisfaction dimensions: training organization, teaching method, and knowledge consolidation and assessment. The average examination score for the 20 courses was 89.21/100. Regarding trainee needs, 94.66% preferred face-to-face lectures, 89.33% expected high professional skills of the lecturers and 62.67% believed that clinical expertise was highly desirable. Conclusions There was a high demand for prescription-checking training among pharmacists. Trainees in this study showed high satisfaction. The most important aspects of prescription-checking training were training organization and knowledge consolidation and assessment. It is recommended that training should be stratified. Pharmacists preferred face-to-face and interactive lectures as a supplement to clinical knowledge.

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Hadbe, Rohit R., Rahul S. Narode, Ganesh V. Siral, and Sanjay M. Deshmukh. "Design and Manufacturing of Inspection Gauge." International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Applications 5, no. 01 (May 31, 2019): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.46593/ijaera.2019.v05i01.003.

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A gauges is a tool which is used in various industries for checking the shape, size of components which are against it allowed geometrical tolerance or size tolerance. There are various method of inspection of components are CMM (Coordinate Measuring Machine) and various types of gauges. This Project leads to focus on making an inspection gauge for Koeastartor motors components.(Manufacturer Name)By making inspection gauge we have to inspect the internal holes of the components which are present in given tolerance amount provided.An inspection is determined quickly whether or not the dimensions of the checking parts with in their specified limit..

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Zakirova, Alsu, Guzaliya Klychova, Bulat Ziganshin, Valery Khoruzhy, and Nuriya Nigmatullina. "DEVELOPMENT OF METHODOLOGICAL TOOLS FOR INTERNAL CONTROL TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF USE OF FIXED ASSETS." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 16, no. 4 (January 8, 2022): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2022-88-95.

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The basis of the material and technical base of the functioning of enterprises are fixed assets. Therefore, the effective organization of accounting and internal control of operations with fixed assets is one of the important tasks facing the management of any enterprise. The purpose of the study is to improve the methodological tools for internal control of the movement of fixed assets at the enterprise, which contribute to the effective assessment of the accounting system and the conduct of control and analytical procedures. To improve the methodological support of internal control of the movement of fixed assets, an internal control working document (ICWD) “Test for assessing the accounting system of fixed assets” was developed, which allows you to identify critical areas of accounting with a high level of risk and determine the means necessary for conducting control procedures. The ICWD “Report on the presence and safety of fixed assets” and “Checking the execution of primary documents for the disposal of fixed assets” developed in the course of research allow the collection of information to confirm the reality of the articles of the financial statements; to establish the reliability of the facts of disposal of fixed assets and to guarantee the quality of original source documentation. To carry out control measures when checking the depreciation of fixed assets, testing should be carried out on the basis of the “Test for checking the correctness of depreciation” developed by the ICWD, using which you can promptly identify violations in the procedure for calculating depreciation. The proposed working documents will make it possible to carry out control procedures, accumulate evidence that can be used in the formation of a report on the results of the audit and the development of recommendations to improve the efficiency of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise

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Letsholo, Rose. "Clausal and DP-internal agreement in Ikalanga." Studies in African Linguistics 33, no. 1 (June 1, 2004): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v33i1.107340.

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This paper investigates the controversial morphemes that occur both at the clause level and within the DP in Bantu languages such as Ikalanga, which have been analyzed as "agreement morphology" by some (Baker 2002, Demuth and Harford (1999) and as resumptive/incorporated pronouns by others (Bresnan and Mchombo 1987, Zwart 1997). The paper proposes a unified analysis of this phenomenon, analyzing both clausal and DP-internal occurrences of these morphemes as agreement morphology which holds between the head of an XP and its predicate, or between the head of an XP and its modifiers. In both instances, the agreement relation is instantiated after movement of the relevant category from its base position to a specifier position which enables the moved category to enter into a checking relation (i.e. a spec-head configuration) with another category that has matching features (Chomsky 1995).

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Albisser, A. M. "Technophobia, prescription checking and the future of diabetes management." Diabetologia 52, no. 6 (April 9, 2009): 1013–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-009-1341-8.

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BOULIFA, Chaimae. "VERIFYING NEWS DURING THE CORONAVIRUS OUTBREAK FACT-CHECKING JOURNALISM." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 4 (May 1, 2021): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.4-3.13.

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Over the past two decades, fact-checking has expanded from internal media function to 237 independent organizations that actively check and verify the statements of public figures and track disinformation across 78 countries. This study investigates the role of watchdog reformers and fact-checkers as an emerging movement that seeks to secure the accuracy of information by holding accountable public figures and media networks for any errors or the dissemination of false claims across the globe. Three of these organizations located in US. Europe, and Africa are operating as non-profit organizations, and analyzed for this research study: Factcheck.org, Full Fact, and Africa Check. This study conducts textual analysis with a close reading of articles dealing with the coverage of coronavirus from the three websites. The study aims to analyze how these dedicated fact-checking organizations are operating, and how the functions encompassed by social responsibility theory guide their motives. The data is gathered through the collection of fact-checking articles on the organizations’ websites. It is showed that the selected functions of social responsibility theory guide the objectives of the three fact-checking organizations analyzed, which are to supply public affairs information, enlighten society, keep watch against the governments. This study approaches different mechanisms to map areas of convergence as well as divergence within these fact-checking outlets

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ZUALKERNAN, I. A., W. T. TSAI, A. JEMIE, I. C. WEN, and J. M. DRAKE. "OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AS DESIGN: A CASE STUDY." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 02, no. 04 (December 1992): 489–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194092000233.

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Object-oriented analysis is the activity of understanding a problem domain and developing a specification for it within an object-oriented paradigm. In this paper we propose object-oriented analysis can be viewed as a design task that consists of analysis, synthesis and internal and external completeness and consistency checking. We postulate a blackboard based design framework and propose several alternative theories within this framework. Data from an expert analyst is collected and analyzed for relative explanatory power of the alternative theories. Basic findings are that viewed as a design activity, object-oriented analysis is neither top-down nor completely opportunistic in nature, Rather, (1) analysis (the process of finding objects and processes) and synthesis (constructing the object model and state-transition diagrams) are complementary activities while internal completeness and consistency checking is coupled with synthesis and (2) construction of objects and processes are cyclic and complementary processes. The findings are compared with both descriptive and normative research in automated software design.

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Yakimova, V. А., and S. V. Pankova. "Algoriths and Procedures for Investment Audit Using a Risk-Based Approach." Accounting. Analysis. Auditing 9, no. 4 (October 19, 2022): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2408-9303-2022-9-4-21-34.

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The research discusses the features of the investment audit at various stages of implementing investment projects. The subject of the study is a methodological approach to its implementation. The goal is to reveal the content of the investment audit method. The work used general scientific principles and research methods: systematization, induction and deduction, comparison, comparison, synthesis, analysis of statistical data. The problems of creating methodology and techniques are relevant for both internal and external audit of investments. The result of the study was the definition of factors influencing management decisions in investment; audit tasks and regulatory regulations for each stage of the investment project; methods used for investment audit and internal control. Also, in the work’s course, the authors developed algorithms, methods and principles for checking assumptions (as components of the investment audit methodology). Also, the authors presented recommendations on implementing an audit by the stages of the investment process. They gave classifiers of procedures, investment risks and assumptions that have been checking during the audit, and reflected their relationship with information sources. The results of the study can be used by internal and external auditors of investment projects, credit and financial institutions, business entities.

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Freund, Yonathan, Hélène Goulet, Judith Leblanc, Jérôme Bokobza, Patrick Ray, Maxime Maignan, Sabine Guinemer, et al. "Effect of Systematic Physician Cross-checking on Reducing Adverse Events in the Emergency Department." JAMA Internal Medicine 178, no. 6 (June 1, 2018): 812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.0607.

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Klychova, Guzaliya, Alsu Zakirova, Amina Husainova, Angelina Dyatlova, and Igor' Nikitenko. "DEVELOPMENT OF METHODOLOGICAL TOOLS FOR INTERNAL CONTROL OF RESERVE MOVEMENT." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 16, no. 3 (November 21, 2021): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2021-135-141.

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One of the factors for the effective development of enterprises is the rational management of stocks, the state of which affects its production and financial activities. For the rational management of stocks, their effective control should be organized, taking into account the specifics, scale and features of production technology. The purpose of the research is to improve the methodological support of internal control over the movement of stocks. In the course of the study, the main stages of internal control of the movement and the efficiency of using stocks, consisting in planning and carrying out control measures, were considered. In order to comply with the principles of rationality, priority and consistency in the conduct of internal control, it was proposed to use the working document “The program for internal control of the movement and efficiency of inventory use”. Checking the correctness of the estimate of stocks when they are received, procured, or purchased is possible using the internal control working document “Checking the correctness of stock estimates”. It makes it possible to identify errors in the assessment of stocks and the formation of their actual cost, which affects production costs and the final financial result. For the analysis of the movement of stocks, we can recommend the internal control working paper “Analysis of the movement of stocks”. It allows you to control the compliance of the actual size of stocks of the most important types of raw materials and materials with the normative ones. By comparing the incoming and outgoing stocks on the basis of this document, it is possible to identify excessive and unclaimed material resources in the production and financial activities of the enterprise, to establish stocks for which there is a shortage, to prevent a decrease in the quality of products, a decrease in production volumes, a decrease in profits

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Pimentel, Carlos Eduardo, Giovanna Barroca de Moura, and Jaqueline Gomes Cavalcanti. "Acceptance of Dating Violence Scale: Checking its psychometric properties." Psico-USF 22, no. 1 (April 2017): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712017220113.

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Abstract Violence by intimate partners is a cause of concern in several countries, including Brazil. Although some instruments that measure this phenomenon have been found, the Acceptance of Couple Violence Scale (ACVS) has proven to be a brief measure with satisfactory psychometric properties. For this reason, we have sought to investigate its psychometric properties in Brazilian samples. The ACVS was subjected to two studies. Study 1 indicated a two-factor structure with satisfactory internal consistency. Study 2 showed that a three-factor structure, which is in agreement with the original study, is more plausible than one- and two-factor models, with its reliability varying from 0.61 to 0.80. In addition, a correlation was found between the factor of female violence and social desirability, which suggests that future studies should take this variable into account. It was concluded that the ACVS is a valid and precise measure and that it may be used in future studies.

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Albisser, A. Michael, Rodolfo Alejandro, Marianne Sperlich, and Camillo Ricordi. "Prescription Checking Device Promises to Resolve Intractable Hypoglycemia." Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 3, no. 3 (May 2009): 524–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/193229680900300317.

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Background: Satisfactory glycemic control, meeting American Diabetes Association recommendations, is often accompanied by unsatisfactory hypoglycemia. The converse is also true. We hypothesize that this diabetes treatment dilemma may be resolved by repeated, objective, prescription checks. To do this, a new, two-part device has been developed. It includes a personal diabetes database for the patient and a built-in diabetes prescription checker for the provider. Its goals are to enhance diabetes education and improve patient care. Research Design and Methods: The device includes a database and supporting software, all contained in a standard USB flash drive. Using the medical prescription, body weight, and recent self-monitored blood glucose (SMBG) data, prescription checks can be done at any time. To demonstrate the device's capabilities, an observational study was performed using data from 11 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, on intensified therapy, with a mean glycated hemoglobin A1c <7%, and who all suffered intractable hypoglycemia. Patients had performed SMBG contours on successive days at monthly intervals. Each contour included pre- and postmeal as well as bedtime measurements. The replicated contours were used to predict the patient's glycemic profile each month. Applying a built-in simulator to each profile, changes in the prescription were explored that were consistent with reducing the recalcitrant hypoglycemia. Results: A total of 110 glycemic profiles containing 822 profile points were explored. Of these profile points, 351 (43%) showed risks of hypoglycemia, whereas 385 (47%) fell outside desired ranges. With the simulated changes in the prescription, the predicted risks of hypoglycemia were reduced 2.5-fold with insignificant increases predicted in hemoglobin A1c levels of +0.6 ± 0.9%. Conclusions: Anovel support tool for diabetes promises to resolve the diabetes treatment dilemma. Supporting the patient, it improves self-management. Supporting the provider, it reviews the medical prescription in light of objective outcomes and formalizes interventions for maximum safety and efficacy.

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Qiu, Yu Liang, Xiao Xu Zhang, Bao Tong Shi, Rui Huang, and Qing Xia Zhang. "Checking Analysis of Lining Structural Strength in Aeolian Sand Tunnel." Advanced Materials Research 382 (November 2011): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.382.307.

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The crushing and loosening arised from the characteristics such as single particle, bad gradation, lacking of self-stability, low cohesion, loose structure and shear strength happen frequently in the aeolian sand formation. These characteristics lead to tremendous difficulty for tunnel's design and construction. Loading such as formation pressure must be undertaken by secondary lining. In this paper, relying on Shen-Mu Tunnel of Yu-Shen expressway, the strength of lining section has been checked according to internal force combination through imitating the interaction of rock and lining by applying elastic resistance. The bearing force of secondary lining in aeolian sand tunnel has been discussed through calculation by ANSYS, which plays an important directive role on the construction process and keeps the project going on well.

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Gumenchuk, Oksana Olegovna. "Use of special forensic knowledge at the stage of checking a crime report." Полицейская и следственная деятельность, no. 4 (April 2021): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7810.2021.4.34636.

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The topicality of the research issue is determined by the fact that detection and solution of crimes committed in the modern conditions requires the use of scientific and technical achievements. Expert and forensic departments of the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs are aimed at assisting the use of technical means and special knowledge at each stage of a criminal investigation. The article considers the issue of the use of a specific type of special knowledge - special forensic knowledge, when checking crime reports. The author substantiates the importance of this stage of initiation of a criminal case, and emphasizes the importance of the work of forensic specialists participating in collecting and analyzing the initial information about a crime. The article analyzes the legal grounds of the use of special knowledge of forensic experts of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The author arrives at a conclusion that despite its importance, the work of experts with special forensic knowledge is not immune from drawbacks. The author substantiates the idea that it is important to improve the activities aimed at the use of special forensic knowledge at the stage of checking a crime report.  The analysis of the author’s experience as a forensic expert allows concluding that it is necessary to develop scientifically grounded recommendations of applicable nature, and optimize normative instruments regulating the use of special forensic knowledge at the stage of checking a crime report.  

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Tabakov, Petr A., and Aleksey P. Tabakov. "Device for checking crankshaft bending and its straightening." Tekhnicheskiy servis mashin, no. 2 (June 10, 2020): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2618-8287-2020-58-2-96-101.

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Before grinding, the crankshafts are checked for curvature, the allowed runout of the average root neck should be within 0.03-0.05 mm. Straightening is performed on a hydraulic press, installing the crankshaft on prisms in the side root necks, and to check the degree of straightening, one have to move the crankshaft to the grinding machine and fix it on the centers. Such devices have many disadvantages. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in expanding the functionality of the crankshaft straightening device, developing drawings and application of a patent for a device that could check the bending of the crankshaft at the centers, as well as straightening with a fixed reverse bend, which eliminates multiple straightening and increases the life of the shaft and the resource of the internal combustion engine. (Materials and methods) The article proposes upgraded equipment, protected by a patent, to increase the life of the crankshaft, labor productivity by 3-4 times and the accuracity of straightening. (Results and discussion) Authors have made drawings and got patent N191590 from August 14, 2019 for a device for checking the bending of the shaft on the centers and straightening under the press. The article describes the equipment work. (Conclusions) Checking the crankshaft for bending at the centers and straightening with a fixed reverse bend on a single device significantly improves labor productivity and straightening accuracy. The straightening of crankshafts by the proposed method is more than 99 percent without breakdowns.

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Budanova, Lyudmila, Olga Mikhailova, and Bronislav Kazak. "Realization of human rights and freedoms when checking a crime report, taking into account digitalization." SHS Web of Conferences 141 (2022): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202214102002.

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The reforms of the domestic criminal procedure legislation carried out in recent years in Russia are primarily aimed at improving the effectiveness of the implementation of the rights and freedoms of persons involved in the sphere of criminal proceedings, the beginning of which, according to the criminal procedure law, is conditioned by the receipt of a crime report by the competent authorities and activities to verify it. However, the analysis of the effectiveness of pre-trial proceedings conducted by the internal affairs bodies refers only to crimes, the analysis of data on the number of registered crime reports and the number of refusals to initiate criminal proceedings is not published by the official data of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. At the same time, one of the fundamental indicators of the activity of the internal affairs bodies is the increase in the number of unsolved criminal cases, which indirectly indicates an unwillingness to initiate criminal proceedings until, during the verification of a crime report, a person subject to further involvement as a suspect is identified after the decision to initiate a criminal case is made.

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Zakirova, Alsu, Guzaliya Klychova, Amina Husainova, Angelina Dyatlova, and Igor' Nikitenko. "IMPROVEMENT OF METHODOLOGICAL SUPPORT OF INTERNAL MONEY CONTROL OF THE ENTERPRISE." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 16, no. 3 (November 21, 2021): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2021-112-120.

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Today, most of the business transactions carried out by an economic entity, including in the process of settlements with counterparties, are associated with cash flows. Therefore, the issues of internal control are of particular relevance, which contributes to information and consulting support and optimization of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise. The purpose of the work is to develop methodological tools for internal control of funds at the enterprise. In the course of the study, forms of working documents for internal control were developed. To determine a general strategy and a detailed approach to conducting effective control procedures, it was proposed to use an internal control program, which should take into account its resource support, namely, the personnel who will carry out the audit; normative and informational support of the audit; methodological support of verification. The proposed working document of internal control “Test for assessing the accounting system for cash transactions” is designed to collect complete and reliable information about the organization of the accounting system of cash flows, assess the degree of ensuring their safety and intended use at the enterprise. To summarize the results of checking cash flow operations at the cash desk of the enterprise and in bank accounts, their expediency and validity, as well as fixing violations identified in the process of internal control, reports on the results of the audit and detected violations were developed such working documents as: “Report on results checks of cash transactions”, “Checking operations on the movement of funds on settlement accounts in the bank” and “Revealed violations in the accounting of banking operations”. Based on the results of the audit, summarized in the proposed working documents of internal control, the company's management can make managerial decisions to improve the efficiency of the use of funds based on the creation of a liquidity management system.

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Kumar, Satish. "Genetic parameter estimates for wood stiffness, strength, internal checking, and resin bleeding for radiata pine." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 12 (December 1, 2004): 2601–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-128.

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Data from two separate experiments were used to estimate genetic parameters for different wood properties of Pinus radiata D. Don in New Zealand. In experiment 1, 72 and 60 open-pollinated families were sampled at two sites, Kinleith and Paengaroa, respectively. Fifty-nine such families were common to both sites. In experiment 2, 62 and 29 pollen-parent families were sampled from a female-tester trial at two sites, Kaingaroa and Warrengong (the latter in Australia), respectively. Twenty-nine such families were common to both sites. Clearwood stiffness (MOE) and strength (MOR), wood density (DEN), acoustic stiffness on standing trees (IMLH), acoustic stiffness in 5-m logs (HITMAN), external resin bleeding (ERB), internal checking from discs taken at 1.3-m and 3.0-m height (CHEK_B and CHEK_U), and diameter at breast height (DBH) were assessed. Within-site narrow-sense heritability (h2) estimates of various wood properties were consistent, particularly within New Zealand. Across-sites estimates of h2 of HITMAN, CHEK_B, and DEN were, respectively, 0.24, 0.40, and 0.62 in experiment 1 and 0.21, 0.16, and 0.38 in experiment 2. Estimated type B genetic correlations were generally high for all traits except DBH. DEN showed strong positive genetic correlation with all direct and acoustic measures of stiffness (MOE, HITMAN, and IMLH). DEN and all measures of stiffness showed low to moderate negative genetic correlations with DBH.

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Wu, Kaiqing, Jingjing Ji, Hong Yang, Zhixin Zhou, Ran Chen, Sicheng Liang, Wang Li, Yanfei Shen, Songqin Liu, and Yuanjian Zhang. "Multifunctional semiconducting carbon nitrides enabling sequential fluorescent sensing of telomerase activity and internal self-checking." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 378 (March 2023): 133170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2022.133170.

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Loureto, Gleidson Diego Lopes, Layrtthon Carlos de Oliveira Santos, Marcos Vitor Costa Castelhano, Délis Sousa Benevides, Hugo Horácio de Lucena, and Vinícius Silveira Leite. "The Basic Empathy Scale: Evidence of Internal Structure in the Brazilian Context." Psico-USF 27, no. 3 (July 2022): 581–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712035270314.

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Abstract This study aimed to investigate evidence for the internal structure of the 20 item Basic Empathy Scale (BES-20), and verify the parameters of each of its items. The participants totaled 300 subjects from the community sample who answered both the BES-20 and demographic questions. The results indicated a two-factor measure involving: affective empathy (α = .84 and ω =.84) and cognitive empathy (α =.84 and ω =.84). Analyses using Item Response Theory demonstrated that the items of the BES-20 properly discriminated between participants, requiring low levels of latent trait for agreement/checking-off responses in each category. In addition, we developed a 10 item (short-form) version (BES-10) which when compared to the full version yielded equivalent psychometric parameters and information scores. Overall, both the BES-20 and BES-10 were confirmed as qualified for psychometric use in future studies to measure empathy in Brazil.

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Kusnia, Hilaatul Mila, Achmad Syaiful Hidayat Anwar, and Mudrifah Mudrifah. "SISTEM PENGENDALIAN INTERNAL PENERIMAAN KAS (Studi Kasus Pada Cv Sekartika Jati Rencana)." Jurnal Akademi Akuntansi 3, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jaa.v3i2.13300.

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The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the internal cash control system conducted by CV Sekartika Jati Rencana. Internal control system is a procedure used by management as a monitoring tool that every policy has been carried out by all employees. The internal control system of cash receipts is used to maintain the company's wealth, especially cash. This study analyzes the internal control system of cash receipts applied by CV Sekartika Jati Rencana and compared with the theory of internal control systems proposed by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO). The results of this study are all internal cash control systems implemented by the CV Sekartika Jati Rencana have been effectively proven by the form that has been numbered printed, each sales document has been printed in duplicate and checking periodically. But there are some internal control systems for cash receipts that are still not effective

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NAKATA, AKIO, TADAAKI TANIMOTO, SUGURU SASAKI, and TERUO HIGASHINO. "A TIMED FAILURE EQUIVALENCE PRESERVING ABSTRACTION FOR PARAMETRIC TIME-INTERVAL AUTOMATA." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 17, no. 04 (August 2006): 833–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054106004133.

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In the development of real-time communicating hardware/embedded-software systems, it is frequently the case that we want to refine/optimize the system's internal behavior while preserving the external timed I/O behavior. In such a design refinement, modification of the systems' internal branching structures, as well as re-scheduling of internal actions, may frequently occur. Our goal is, then, to ensure that such modification of internal branching structures and re-scheduling of internal actions preserve the systems' external timed behavior, which is typically formalized by the notion of (timed) failure equivalence since it is less sensitive to the difference of internal branching structures than (timed) weak bisimulation. In order to know the degree of freedom of such re-scheduling, parametric analysis is useful. One of the models suitable for such an analysis is a parametric time-interval automaton(PTIA), which is a subclass of the existing model, a parametric timed automaton. It has only a time interval with upper- and lower-bound parameters as a relative timing constraint between consecutive actions. In this paper, at first, we propose an abstraction algorithm of PTIA which preserves timed failure equivalence. Timed failure equivalence is strictly weaker than timed weak bisimulation in the sense that it does not distinguish the difference of the timing when the internal resolution of nondeterminism has occurred, but it does distinguish the difference of the refusals of communicating actions observed by an external environment. Then, we also show that after applying our algorithm, the reduced PTIA has no internal actions, and thus the problem deriving a parameter condition in order that given two models are timed failure equivalent can be reduced to the existing parametric strong bisimulation equivalence checking.

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Parimita, Widya. "Millennial Generation Optimizing Organizational Commitment with Internal Communication." Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi Dan Bisnis (JPEB) 9, no. 2 (October 8, 2021): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jpeb.009.2.2.

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The research focusing on expanding scientific studies to see the effect of internal communication by checking employee’s perception in keeping the company internal symmetric communication for maintaining the commitment to the company. This research further discuss about the organization casual commitment relationship, internal communication, meaning of works and work engagement. The method conducted in this research is through survey with descriptive approach. Causal modeling or relations and cause, or known as path analysis is the model used for this research. SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) with SMARTPLS 3.0 program. The direct effect from exogen variable to the endogen will be analyzed through the Partial Least Square. Research said that there is a positive and significant influence of internal communication to colleague, organization commitment and meaning of works. Furthermore, meaning of works is giving a positive influence and significant to organization commitment and work engagement. The outcome of this research can be used as reference and information for developing knowledge, specifically in the field of human resource management in developing theory in organizational commitment.

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Goydo, M. E., A. A. Baturin, V. V. Bodrov, and R. M. Bagautdinov. "SELECTION OF BASIC PARAMETERS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEM OF STAND FOR FULL-SCALE TESTS OF PIPES FOR DURABILITY BY INTERNAL PRESSURE." Spravochnik. Inzhenernyi zhurnal, no. 288 (March 2021): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/hb.2021.03.pp.022-027.

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A complex of formulas is presented, the consistent application of which allows, based on the given characteristics of the sinusoidal law of variation of the internal pressure in the test pipe, to calculate and select the main parameters of the hydraulic system of the test bench. An example is given of using a simple method for checking the correctness of the choice made.

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Wang, Qinhao, and Masahiro Fujita. "Template-Based Semi-Formal Approach to Robust Equivalence Checking." Electronics 11, no. 11 (May 26, 2022): 1691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11111691.

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In order to ensure the correct behaviors and that bugs have not entered the design, equivalence checking technology plays an important role in VLSI design. In this paper, we propose a new template-based, semi-formal equivalence checking method for C-based system design and Register Transfer Level (RTL)/netlist implementation design, whose internal structures can be very different. Staring with a C-based description as a specification, we first randomly generate a set of templates. Each template has one or a small number of missing sentences based on the original C description. Many sets of mutants can be represented by these templates, using symbolic constants, variables, and operators. The process of finding those missing portions can be formulated as a Quantified Boolean Formula (QBF) problem. Then, based on the counter-example guided method, by simulating only the implementation, the templates can be refined. Since the templates are generated from the original C description, their structures are very similar to each other. With the original C description as a specification, we can simulate or formally check the equivalence between the refined template and the original C description, thereby indirectly achieving the equivalence checking of the C-based systems design and RTL/netlist implementation design. The experimental results on several practical examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Internal checking'

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