Journal articles on the topic 'Intermittent RES integration'
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Asiaban, Siavash, Nezmin Kayedpour, Arash E. Samani, Dimitar Bozalakov, Jeroen D. M. De Kooning, Guillaume Crevecoeur, and Lieven Vandevelde. "Wind and Solar Intermittency and the Associated Integration Challenges: A Comprehensive Review Including the Status in the Belgian Power System." Energies 14, no. 9 (May 4, 2021): 2630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092630.
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Renewable Energy Sources (RES) have drawn significant attention in the past years to make the transition towards low carbon emissions. On the one hand, the intermittent nature of RES, resulting in variable power generation, hinders their high-level penetration in the power system. On the other hand, RES can aid not only to supply much more eco-friendly energy but also it allows the power system to enhance its stability by ancillary service provision. This article reviews the challenges related to the most intermittent RES utilised in Belgium, that is, wind energy and solar energy. Additionally, wind speed and solar irradiance variations, which are the cause of wind and solar intermittency, are studied. Then, recent techniques to forecast their changes, and approaches to accommodate or mitigate their impacts on the power system, are discussed. Finally, the latest statistics and future situation of RES in the Belgian power system are evaluated.
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Rani, S. K., and S. Prabakaran. "ANN Based DC Link Control of STATCOM in Wind Integrated Distribution System for Power Quality Conditioning." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 10, no. 4 (August 16, 2020): 5896–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3630.
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The integration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) brings along abnormalities that affect the grid, loads, and may degrade the performance of the system. These issues can be alleviated with the integration of RES with the use of a distribution Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM). Renewable generation with STATCOM provides quality of power during disturbances created by the AC loads and intermittent power from the RES. The STATCOM distribution of DC link plays a major role in the supply quality during abnormalities. In this work, an attempt has been made to provide supply quality in the distribution system with the integration of a renewable energy farm using Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-based DC link STATCOM control of distribution. The wind farm is analyzed for a Double Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) based wind turbine system and it is integrated into the distribution system. The system was simulated in MATLAB 2018A.
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Ahmed, Abdulla, and Tong Jiang. "Impact of compressed air energy storage system into diesel power plant with wind power penetration." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 3 (June 1, 2019): 1553. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i3.pp1553-1560.
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<p>The wind energy plays an important role in power system because of its renewable, clean and free energy. However, the penetration of wind power (WP) into the power grid system (PGS) requires an efficient energy storage systems (ESS). compressed air energy storage (CAES) system is one of the most ESS technologies which can alleviate the intermittent nature of the renewable energy sources (RES). Nyala city power plant in Sudan has been chosen as a case study because the power supply by the existing power plant is expensive due to high costs for fuel transport and the reliability of power supply is low due to uncertain fuel provision. This paper presents a formulation of security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC) of diesel power plant (DPP) with the integration of CAES and PW. The optimization problem is modeled and coded in MATLAB which solved with solver GORUBI 8.0. The results show that the proposed model is suitable for integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into PGS with ESS and helpful in power system operation management.</p>
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Henriot, Arthur, and Jean-Michel Glachant. "Melting-pots and salad bowls: The current debate on electricity market design for integration of intermittent RES." Utilities Policy 27 (December 2013): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2013.09.001.
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Rendroyoko, Ignatius, Ngapuli I. Sinisuka, Vincent Debusschere, and Deddy P. Koesrindartoto. "Integration Method of Unit Commitment Using PL-GA Binary Dispatch Algorithm for Intermittent RES in Isolated Microgrids System." International Journal on Electrical Engineering and Informatics 13, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 449–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15676/ijeei.2021.13.2.12.
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Rendroyoko, Ignatius, Ngapuli I. Sinisuka, Vincent Debusschere, and Deddy P. Koesrindartoto. "Integration Method of Unit Commitment Using PL-GA Binary Dispatch Algorithm for Intermittent RES in Isolated Microgrids System." International Journal on Electrical Engineering and Informatics 13, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 449–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15676/ijeei.2020.13.2.12.
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Margot, Gaetani-Liseo, Alonso Corinne, and Jammes Bruno. "Identification of ESS Degradations Related to Their Uses in Micro-Grids: Application to a Building Lighting Network with VRLA Batteries." European Journal of Electrical Engineering 23, no. 6 (December 31, 2021): 455–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ejee.230605.
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This paper presents a study about power profiles of micro-grid with highly intermittent sources and their impacts on energy storage system (ESS). The first step of the work consists in generating the ESS power profiles thanks to a new optimal sizing algorithm. Our approach allows to size the ESS and the renewable energy sources (RES) using a power/energy considerations to generate charging and discharging profiles regardless ESS specifics parameters. In a second step, we review the potential damages on Valves Regulated Lead Acid Batteries (VRLAB). This technology has been chosen because it is the most used ESS in case of stationary applications for urban MG with RES integration. We propose some criterion to quantify the batteries stresses generated by MG working operations. Therefore, we give recommendations to enhance the VRLAB lifetime in both micro-grid design and energy management. Our method has been applied to the photovoltaic production and lighting network consumption profiles of the LAAS-CNRS building integrated photovoltaic. We compare four possible configurations of ESS and RES: two determined thanks to Pareto optimisation method and two critical cases corresponding to the minimal and the maximal values of ESS size into all the possible configuration tested.
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Auer, Hans, Claus Huber, Thomas Faber, Gustav Resch, Carlo Obersteiner, Lukas Weissensteiner, and Reinhard Haas. "Economics of large-scale intermittent RES-E integration into the European grids: analyses based on the simulation software GreenNet." International Journal of Global Energy Issues 25, no. 3/4 (2006): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijgei.2006.008993.
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Margeta, Jure, and Bojan Đurin. "Innovative approach for achieving of sustainable urban water supply system by using of solar photovoltaic energy." Ingeniería e Investigación 37, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v37n1.57983.
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Paper describes and analyses new and innovative concept for possible integration of solar photovoltaic (PV) energy in urban water supply system (UWSS). Proposed system consists of PV generator and invertor, pump station and water reservoir. System is sized in such a manner that every his part is sized separately and after this integrated into a whole. This integration is desirable for several reasons, where the most important is the achievement of the objectives of sustainable living in urban areas i.e. achieving of sustainable urban water supply system. The biggest technological challenge associated with the use of solar, wind and other intermittent renewable energy sources RES is the realization of economically and environmentally friendly electric energy storage (EES). The paper elaborates the use of water reservoires in UWSS as EES. The proposed solution is still more expensive than the traditional and is economically acceptable today in the cases of isolated urban water system and special situations. Wider application will depend on the future trends of energy prices, construction costs of PV generators and needs for CO2 reduction by urban water infrastructure.
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Manso-Burgos, Álvaro, David Ribó-Pérez, Sergio Mateo-Barcos, Pablo Carnero, and Tomás Gómez-Navarro. "Market Value and Agents Benefits of Enhanced Short-Term Solar PV Power Generation Forecasting." Machines 10, no. 9 (August 26, 2022): 730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10090730.
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Renewable energy sources such as PV solar or wind power are intermittent and non-dispatchable. Massive integration of these resources into the electric mix poses some challenges to meeting power generation with demand. Hence, improving power generation forecasting has raised much interest. This work assesses the market value of enhanced PV solar power generation forecasting. Then, we analyse the different agents present in the electricity system. We link the studied agents to the proposed market values based on both analyses. Improving the accuracy of RES forecasting has massive potential as the sector grows and new agents arise. It can have reactive values like reducing imbalances or proactive values such as participating in intraday markets or exercising energy arbitrage. However, accurate forecasting can also lead to opportunistic values that can be exploited by malicious agents if they are not adequately regulated.
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Ahmadi, Miad, Hamed Jafari Kaleybar, Morris Brenna, Francesco Castelli-Dezza, and Maria Stefania Carmeli. "Integration of Distributed Energy Resources and EV Fast-Charging Infrastructure in High-Speed Railway Systems." Electronics 10, no. 20 (October 19, 2021): 2555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10202555.
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Low carbon emission transportation is attracting global attention where electric railway power systems (ERPS) and electric vehicles (EVs) act as a load. Besides the main utility grid, renewable energy sources (RES) including photovoltaic (PV) panels and wind turbines are implemented to supply the loads fully or partially. In this paper, a novel smart DC catenary system is proposed in which renewable sources, storage systems, and DC fast-charging stations are connected to the overhead DC catenary line of the high-speed railway power system. The generated power from renewable sources and consumed power by charging stations are processed by their dedicated DC-DC power electronics converters. Furthermore, a storage system is used as a backup system not only for the case of blackouts but also because of the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources to supply the loads continuously. The paper presents an optimal power control for various parts and a power management system (PMS) that manages the power flow from wind-PV-storage system to EV-ERPS system. The proposed system has been investigated using a real Italian Rome-Florence 3 kV high-speed line as a case study with real data of ERPS load. The EV fast-charging station power demand, wind speed, solar irradiance, and temperature were recorded for 24 h in order to provide us with realistic output data. The simulation results obtained by MATLAB/Simulink are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed system.
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Sempe, Thom Leholo, Adewale Owolawi Pius, and Timothy Akindeji Kayode. "Performance Analysis of a Hybrid Micro-Energy System for SA Data Centers." E3S Web of Conferences 64 (2018): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186401003.
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The integration of hybridized renewable energy sources (RES) with AC/DC converters has become the focus of the 21st century for green Information Communication Technology (ICT) applications such as the data center. As the data traffic grows exponentially, the corresponding demand for energy to drive the growth becomes a great challenge and considering the environmental impact, a hybrid renewable energy system is favored for eco-sustainability and economic reasons. This is especially true for data centers which represent a dominant share of the total power in cellular networks. This paper evaluates the actual performance of a fuel cell in a renewable energy hybrid system considering the hybridization of photovoltaic (PV), Wind, Fuel Cell, and battery storage system with a choice of a half-grid mode. The reduction and the absence of available PV power by shading and rainy conditions will be easily reduced by the compensation of the other renewable sources. The modeling and simulations are performed using HOMER software. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed system as the energy supply is less intermittent and more stable.
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Dorji, Sangay, Hemlal Bhattarai, Parashuram Sharma, Sonam Yoser, Karma Singye, and Jigme Tenzin. "SIMULATION AND MODELING OF INTEGRATED RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES (HYDRO, SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY)." Journal of Applied Engineering, Technology and Management 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.54417/jaetm.v1i1.25.
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Renewable energy sources are likely to become prominent in the future due to less environmental impact and energy cost escalation. However, due to its intermittent essence, it encourages us to integrate various renewable energy resources to improve the reliability and quality of power supply to the consumer. Henceforth, this paper emphasizes the integration of various renewable energy sources (RES) such as - photovoltaic (PV), wind energy (WE) and hydro-electric grid (HEG) systems through software simulation. The purpose of this research was to compare the end user power quality and reliability between isolated mode and integrated mode operation of the power system through the result analysis in MATLAB simulation. In this qualitative study, the required data on wind and solar of a particular place, Samdrup Jongkhar (Bhutan) were collected in the form of satellite recorded data (NASA and SolarGIS). The result from this study highlights the nature of energy output from isolated-mode operated power plants and integrated power plant systems. From the result analysis, it has been shown that the quality and reliability of energy output from an integrated power system is much higher as compared to the isolated-mode operated power plant.
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Singh, Pawan, and Baseem Khan. "Smart Microgrid Energy Management Using a Novel Artificial Shark Optimization." Complexity 2017 (2017): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2158926.
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At present, renewable energy sources (RESs) integration using microgrid (MG) technology is of great importance for demand side management. Optimization of MG provides enhanced generation from RES at minimum operation cost. The microgrid optimization problem involves a large number of variables and constraints; therefore, it is complex in nature and various existing algorithms are unable to handle them efficiently. This paper proposed an artificial shark optimization (ASO) method to remove the limitation of existing algorithms for solving the economical operation problem of MG. The ASO algorithm is motivated by the sound sensing capability of sharks, which they use for hunting. Further, the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources is managed by utilizing battery energy storage (BES). BES has several benefits. However, all these benefits are limited to a certain fixed area due to the stationary nature of the BES system. The latest technologies, such as electric vehicle technologies (EVTs), provide all benefits of BES along with mobility to support the variable system demands. Therefore, in this work, EVTs incorporated grid connected smart microgrid (SMG) system is introduced. Additionally, a comparative study is provided, which shows that the ASO performs relatively better than the existing techniques.
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Tan, Shengmin, Xu Wang, and Chuanwen Jiang. "Optimal Scheduling of Hydro–PV–Wind Hybrid System Considering CHP and BESS Coordination." Applied Sciences 9, no. 5 (March 2, 2019): 892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9050892.
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Coordination of a hydropower, combined heat and power (CHP), and battery energy storage system (BESS) with multiple renewable energy sources (RES) can effectively reduce the adverse effects of large-scale renewable energy integration in power systems. This paper proposes a concept of a renewable-based hybrid energy system and puts forward an optimal scheduling model of this system, taking into account the cost of operation and risk. An optimization method is proposed based on Latin hypercube sampling, scene reduction, and piecewise linearization. Firstly, a large number of samples were generated with the Latin hypercube sampling method according to the uncertainties, including the renewable resources availability, the load demand, and the risk aversion coefficients, and the generated samples were reduced with a scene reduction method. Secondly, the piecewise linearization method was applied to convert nonlinear constraints into linear to obtain the best results of each scene. Finally, the performance of the proposed model and method was evaluated based on case studies with real-life data. Results showed that the renewable-based hybrid system can not only reduce the intermittent and volatility of renewable resources but also ensure the smooth of tie-line power as much as possible. The proposed model and method are universal, feasible, and effective.
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Barelli, Linda, Dario Pelosi, Dana Alexandra Ciupageanu, Panfilo Andrea Ottaviano, Michela Longo, and Dario Zaninelli. "HESS in a Wind Turbine Generator: Assessment of Electric Performances at Point of Common Coupling with the Grid." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 12 (December 10, 2021): 1413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9121413.
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Among Renewable Energy Sources (RES), wind energy is emerging as one of the largest installed renewable-power-generating capacities. The technological maturity of wind turbines, together with the large marine wind resource, is currently boosting the development of offshore wind turbines, which can reduce the visual and noise impacts and produce more power due to higher wind speeds. Nevertheless, the increasing penetration of wind energy, as well as other renewable sources, is still a great concern due to their fluctuating and intermittent behavior. Therefore, in order to cover the mismatch between power generation and load demand, the stochastic nature of renewables has to be mitigated. Among proposed solutions, the integration of energy storage systems in wind power plants is one of the most effective. In this paper, a Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) is integrated into an offshore wind turbine generator with the aim of demonstrating the benefits in terms of fluctuation reduction of the active power and voltage waveform frequency, specifically at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC). A MATLAB®/SimPowerSystems model composed of an offshore wind turbine interfaced with the grid through a full-scale back-to-back converter and a flywheel-battery-based HESS connected to the converter DC-link has been developed and compared with the case of storage absence. Simulations were carried out in reference to the wind turbine’s stress conditions and were selected—according to our previous work—in terms of the wind power step. Specifically, the main outcomes of this paper show that HESS integration allows for a reduction in the active power variation, when the wind power step is applied, to about 3% and 4.8%, respectively, for the simulated scenarios, in relation to more than 30% and 42% obtained for the no-storage case. Furthermore, HESS is able to reduce the transient time of the frequency of the three-phase voltage waveform at the PCC by more than 89% for both the investigated cases. Hence, this research demonstrates how HESS, coupled with renewable power plants, can strongly enhance grid safety and stability issues in order to meet the stringent requirements relating to the massive RES penetration expected in the coming years.
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Mendonça de Paiva, Gabriel, Sergio Pires Pimentel, Bernardo Pinheiro Alvarenga, Enes Gonçalves Marra, Marco Mussetta, and Sonia Leva. "Multiple Site Intraday Solar Irradiance Forecasting by Machine Learning Algorithms: MGGP and MLP Neural Networks." Energies 13, no. 11 (June 11, 2020): 3005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13113005.
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The forecasting of solar irradiance in photovoltaic power generation is an important tool for the integration of intermittent renewable energy sources (RES) in electrical utility grids. This study evaluates two machine learning (ML) algorithms for intraday solar irradiance forecasting: multigene genetic programming (MGGP) and the multilayer perceptron (MLP) artificial neural network (ANN). MGGP is an evolutionary algorithm white-box method and is a novel approach in the field. Persistence, MGGP and MLP were compared to forecast irradiance at six locations, within horizons from 15 to 120 min, in order to compare these methods based on a wide range of reliable results. The assessment of exogenous inputs indicates that the use of additional weather variables improves irradiance forecastability, resulting in improvements of 5.68% for mean absolute error (MAE) and 3.41% for root mean square error (RMSE). It was also verified that iterative predictions improve MGGP accuracy. The obtained results show that location, forecast horizon and error metric definition affect model accuracy dominance. Both Haurwitz and Ineichen clear sky models have been implemented, and the results denoted a low influence of these models in the prediction accuracy of multivariate ML forecasting. In a broad perspective, MGGP presented more accurate and robust results in single prediction cases, providing faster solutions, while ANN presented more accurate results for ensemble forecasting, although it presented higher complexity and requires additional computational effort.
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Cruz, Marco, Desta Fitiwi, Sérgio Santos, Sílvio Mariano, and João Catalão. "Prospects of a Meshed Electrical Distribution System Featuring Large-Scale Variable Renewable Power." Energies 11, no. 12 (December 4, 2018): 3399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11123399.
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Electrical distribution system operators (DSOs) are facing an increasing number of challenges, largely as a result of the growing integration of distributed energy resources (DERs), such as photovoltaic (PV) and wind power. Amid global climate change and other energy-related concerns, the transformation of electrical distribution systems (EDSs) will most likely go ahead by modernizing distribution grids so that more DERs can be accommodated. Therefore, new operational strategies that aim to increase the flexibility of EDSs must be thought of and developed. This action is indispensable so that EDSs can seamlessly accommodate large amounts of intermittent renewable power. One plausible strategy that is worth considering is operating distribution systems in a meshed topology. The aim of this work is, therefore, related to the prospects of gradually adopting such a strategy. The analysis includes the additional level of flexibility that can be provided by operating distribution grids in a meshed manner, and the utilization level of variable renewable power. The distribution operational problem is formulated as a mixed integer linear programming approach in a stochastic framework. Numerical results reveal the multi-faceted benefits of operating distribution grids in a meshed manner. Such an operation scheme adds considerable flexibility to the system and leads to a more efficient utilization of variable renewable energy source (RES)-based distributed generation.
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Nguyen-Duc, Tuyen, Linh Hoang-Tuan, Hung Ta-Xuan, Long Do-Van, and Hirotaka Takano. "A Mixed-Integer Programming Approach for Unit Commitment in Micro-Grid with Incentive-Based Demand Response and Battery Energy Storage System." Energies 15, no. 19 (September 29, 2022): 7192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197192.
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In the context of the increasing penetration of intermittent renewable energy resources (RES), one of the significant challenges facing traditional bulk power systems and microgrids is the scheduling generation units problem. Many studies have focused on solving the energy management problem for microgrids integrating RES. To address the intermittency caused by RES, flexible components such as battery energy storage systems (BESS) or demand response (DR) are considered. To clarify the problem of integrating these flexible components, a mixed-integer programming (MIP) approach for the unit commitment (UC) problem for microgrids with BESS and DR is proposed in this paper. An incentive-based demand response model as a negative power source and a detailed model for the vanadium redox battery (VRB) are introduced to improve the efficiency and reliability of microgrids. The objective optimization function, including the costs of generation, emissions, and maintenance, is minimized considering the uncertainty of the load and renewable energy sources. The obtained simulation results are compared with the genetic algorithm (GA) method as the basis for verification in different case studies. The obtained results have clarified the effect of using the BESS model and DR program on system operation.
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Stamatakis, Emmanuel, Ewald Perwög, Ermis Garyfallos, Mercedes Sanz Millán, Emmanuel Zoulias, and Nikolaos Chalkiadakis. "Hydrogen in Grid Balancing: The European Market Potential for Pressurized Alkaline Electrolyzers." Energies 15, no. 2 (January 17, 2022): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15020637.
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To limit the global temperature change to no more than 2 °C by reducing global emissions, the European Union (EU) set up a goal of a 20% improvement on energy efficiency, a 20% cut of greenhouse gas emissions, and a 20% share of energy from renewable sources by 2020 (10% share of renewable energy (RE), specifically in the transport sector). By 2030, the goal is a 27% improvement in energy efficiency, a 40% cut of greenhouse gas emissions, and a 27% share of RE. However, the integration of RE in energy system faces multiple challenges. The geographical distribution of energy supply changes significantly the availability of the primary energy source (wind, solar, water) and is the determining factor, rather than where the consumers are. This leads to an increasing demand to match supply and demand for power. Especially intermittent RE like wind and solar power face the issue of energy production unrelated to demand (issue of excess energy production beyond demand and/or grid capacity) and forecast errors leading to an increasing demand for grid services like balancing power. Megawatt electrolyzer units (beyond 3 MW) can provide a technical solution to convert large amounts of excess electricity into hydrogen for industrial applications, substitute for natural gas, or the decarbonization of the mobility sector. The demonstration of successful MW electrolyzer operation providing grid services under dynamic conditions as request by the grid can broaden the opportunities of new business models that demonstrate the profitability of an electrolyzer in these market conditions. The aim of this work is the demonstration of a technical solution utilizing Pressurized Alkaline Electrolyzer (PAE) technology for providing grid balancing services and harvesting Renewable Energy Sources (RES) under realistic circumstances. In order to identify any differences between local market and grid requirements, the work focused on a demonstration site located in Austria, deemed as a viable business case for the operation of a large-scale electrolyzer. The site is adapted to specific local conditions commonly found throughout Europe. To achieve this, this study uses a market-based solution that aims at providing value-adding services and cash inflows, stemming from the grid balancing services it provides. Moreover, the work assesses the viability of various business cases by analyzing (qualitatively and quantitatively) additional business models (in terms of business opportunities/energy source, potential grid service provision, and hydrogen demand) and analyzing the value and size of the markets developing recommendations for relevant stakeholder to decrease market barriers.
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Delfanti, Maurizio, Davide Falabretti, Marco Merlo, and Gabriele Monfredini. "Distributed Generation Integration in the Electric Grid: Energy Storage System for Frequency Control." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/198427.
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During the last few years generation from renewable energy sources (RESs) has grown considerably in European electrical networks. Transmission system operators are greatly concerned about the impact of RESs on the operational security and efficiency of their networks and more in general of the ENTSO-E interconnected system. Grid codes are to be revised in order to harmonise the rules regarding the connection of RES power plants. A main issue concerns frequency control: frequency is greatly affected by RESs intermittency and its deviations must be limited as much as possible in order to guarantee a suitable level of power quality. To improve frequency stability, in the future, Grid codes could extend frequency control requirements also to RES units, whereas today they are applied only to conventional power plants. Energy storage systems can be a possible solution to increase the flexibility and performance of RES power plants: they allow generators to modulate their power injections without wasting renewable energy. In this paper, the authors studied the suitability of extending frequency control to RES units integrating them with energy storage systems. In particular, the paper focuses on the impact of frequency control on the storage lifetime by analysing the power charge/discharge in response to real frequency oscillations.
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Topalović, Zejneba, Reinhard Haas, Amela Ajanović, and Marlene Sayer. "Prospects of electricity storage." Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability 8 (2023): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rees/2022016.
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With the expansion of renewables in the electricity markets, research on electricity storage economics is needed for a better understanding of the utilization of these systems and for improving the performance of intermittent variable generation. Collected up-to-date research of electricity storage systems published in a wide range of articles with high impact factors gives a comprehensive review of the current studies regarding all relevant parameters for storage utilization in the electricity markets. Valuable research of technical characteristics from the literature is broadened with the electricity storage analyses from an economic point-of-view. Analysis of selected technologies, considering different perspectives such as their profitability, technical maturity, and environmental aspect, is a valuable addition to the previous research on electricity storage systems. Comparing conducted analysis with the selected literature, electricity storage technologies are analyzed concerning their viability in the electricity markets. Given the current outlook of the electricity market, the main problems for storage's wider integration are still energy storage costs. These can be overcome with different applications of energy storage systems, integration of new market players, or a combination of storage technologies along with the implementation of new energy policies for storage.
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Abayateye, Julius, Silvia Corigliano, Marco Merlo, and Dan Zimmerle. "BESS Primary Frequency Control Strategies for the West Africa Power Pool." Energies 15, no. 3 (January 28, 2022): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030990.
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In recent years, power systems have been moving from conventional power plants toward the integration of renewable energy sources (RES). This trend is taking shape in many developing economies, including in the West Africa Power Pool (WAPP). The integration of RES, however, stresses grid security and stability due to the variability and intermittency of the underlying renewable sources. Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) have been identified as a possible solution to address the frequency control challenges in the WAPP Interconnected Transmission System (WAPPITS) in order to help to accommodate high levels of RES. This paper analyzes the application and effectiveness of BESS in providing primary frequency control reserves in the WAPPITS. The analyses are based on numerical simulations that were performed using an open-loop model based on historic frequency measurements from the WAPPITS. The simplified model provided a first-order analysis of the frequency control and state of charge (SOC) restoration logic for BESS installations. This study indicates that a droop-based control strategy that is able to react only to the symmetrical and fast frequency oscillations in the network could be appropriate for regulating BESS in the system. Moreover, it demonstrates that the deployment of BESS alone does not solve frequency control problems and a deep revision of the frequency control service is required, mainly involving traditional power plants.
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Fridgen, Gilbert, Marc-Fabian Körner, Steffen Walters, and Martin Weibelzahl. "Not All Doom and Gloom: How Energy-Intensive and Temporally Flexible Data Center Applications May Actually Promote Renewable Energy Sources." Business & Information Systems Engineering 63, no. 3 (March 9, 2021): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12599-021-00686-z.
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AbstractTo achieve a sustainable energy system, a further increase in electricity generation from renewable energy sources (RES) is imperative. However, the development and implementation of RES entail various challenges, e.g., dealing with grid stability issues due to RES’ intermittency. Correspondingly, increasingly volatile and even negative electricity prices question the economic viability of RES-plants. To address these challenges, this paper analyzes how the integration of an RES-plant and a computationally intensive, energy-consuming data center (DC) can promote investments in RES-plants. An optimization model is developed that calculates the net present value (NPV) of an integrated energy system (IES) comprising an RES-plant and a DC, where the DC may directly consume electricity from the RES-plant. To gain applicable knowledge, this paper evaluates the developed model by means of two use-cases with real-world data, namely AWS computing instances for training Machine Learning algorithms and Bitcoin mining as relevant DC applications. The results illustrate that for both cases the NPV of the IES compared to a stand-alone RES-plant increases, which may lead to a promotion of RES-plants. The evaluation also finds that the IES may be able to provide significant energy flexibility that can be used to stabilize the electricity grid. Finally, the IES may also help to reduce the carbon-footprint of new energy-intensive DC applications by directly consuming electricity from RES-plants.
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Zhao, Yinfeng, Shutang You, Mirka Mandich, Lin Zhu, Chengwen Zhang, Hongyu Li, Yu Su, et al. "Deep Learning-Based Adaptive Remedial Action Scheme with Security Margin for Renewable-Dominated Power Grids." Energies 14, no. 20 (October 12, 2021): 6563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14206563.
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The Remedial Action Scheme (RAS) is designed to take corrective actions after detecting predetermined conditions to maintain system transient stability in large interconnected power grids. However, since RAS is usually designed based on a few selected typical operating conditions, it is not optimal in operating conditions that are not considered in the offline design, especially under frequently and dramatically varying operating conditions due to the increasing integration of intermittent renewables. The deep learning-based RAS is proposed to enhance the adaptivity of RAS to varying operating conditions. During the training, a customized loss function is developed to penalize the negative loss and suggest corrective actions with a security margin to avoid triggering under-frequency and over-frequency relays. Simulation results of the reduced United States Western Interconnection system model demonstrate that the proposed deep learning–based RAS can provide optimal corrective actions for unseen operating conditions while maintaining a sufficient security margin.
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Xie, Jiaping, Yu Xia, Ling Liang, Weisi Zhang, and Minghong Shi. "Pricing strategy for renewable energy source electricity in the competitive hybrid electricity market." Industrial Management & Data Systems 118, no. 5 (June 11, 2018): 1071–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imds-08-2017-0341.
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Purpose To promote the development of renewable energy, the Chinese Government adopts the policy of Feed-in Tariff and subsidy. However, the high purchase price and the intermittence limit the development of renewable energy source electricity (RES-E). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the pricing strategy for system operators to stimulate the development of the RES-E industry under the scenario of uncertain supply and demand. Design/methodology/approach The authors establish a two-echelon supply chain investment model led by a power grid operator considering the uncertainties in both demand and supply, and study the impact of the power purchase price designed by a system operator using Stackelberg’s model. Findings There is an optimal capacity for RES-E generators, that is, independent of the market demand. Besides, the optimal order of grid operators is independent of the uncertain RES-E supply and the purchase price of fossil fuel. By properly setting the purchase prices, the system operator can stimulate the capacity investment in renewable energy. Finally, increasing the punishment in power shortage can stimulate the capacity investment in RES-E under certain conditions. Practical implications The result of this paper can mitigate the phenomenon of power abandonment in the RES-E industry and promote the grid integration of RES-E. Originality/value Both uncertain demand and supply are considered in this paper. A heuristic algorithm is provided to compute the optimal purchase price combination.
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Zhang, Yan, Jie Meng, Bo Guo, and Tao Zhang. "An Improved Dispatch Strategy of a Grid-Connected Hybrid Energy System with High Penetration Level of Renewable Energy." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/602063.
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As more and more renewable energy sources (RES) integrated into the conventional distribution system, how to make the current electric grid more reliable and efficient is becoming an important topic the world must face. In order to achieve these goals, grid-connected hybrid energy systems (HES) which contain battery energy storage systems (BESS) and many other advanced technologies have been developed and applied. Many benefits of BESS, such as high density of energy and power, have fast response in energy time-shift, frequency regulation, and so on. This paper focuses on the fluctuation alleviation and power quality improvement of grid-connected HES with high penetration level of RES. A multistage dispatch strategy of BESS for HES is proposed in this paper to mitigate the randomness and intermittence of the power flowed in HES because of high penetration level of RES integration. Four other conventional strategies are also discussed for evaluating the performance of the method proposed in this paper. Detailed cases and corresponding discussions are implemented, and the results show that the method proposed in this paper is more effective and robust than the other conventional strategies.
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Naeem, Aqsa, Naveed Ul Hassan, Chau Yuen, and S. Muyeen. "Maximizing the Economic Benefits of a Grid-Tied Microgrid Using Solar-Wind Complementarity." Energies 12, no. 3 (January 27, 2019): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030395.
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The increasing use of intermittent, renewable energy sources (RESs) for electricity generation in microgrids (MGs) requires efficient strategies for reliable and economic operation. Complementarity between RESs provides good prospects for integrating several local energy sources and reducing the costs of MG setup and operations. This paper presents a framework for maximizing the economic benefits of a grid-tied MG by exploiting the spatial and temporal complementarity between solar and wind energies (solar-wind complementarity). The proposed framework considers the cost of energy production from different RESs and the cost of bi-directional energy exchange with the main grid. For a given RES mix, a minimum system power loss (SPL) threshold can also be determined. However, at this SPL threshold, MG energy exchange cost is not always minimized. The framework determines the optimized SPL value (above the threshold) at which MG energy exchange cost gets minimized. Through this framework, MG operator can decide appropriate RES mix and can achieve various tradeoffs according to the energy production cost, solar-wind complementarity of the site and its required economic objectives.
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Boulmrharj, Sofia, Youssef NaitMalek, Abdellatif Elmouatamid, Mohamed Bakhouya, Radouane Ouladsine, Khalid Zine-Dine, Mohammed Khaidar, and Mostapha Siniti. "Battery Characterization and Dimensioning Approaches for Micro-Grid Systems." Energies 12, no. 7 (April 4, 2019): 1305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12071305.
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Micro-Grid (MG) systems have been extensively studied and deployed to lower the power consumption while reducing the greenhouse gas emissions. Although, the challenge with Renewable Energy Sources (RES) is their uncertain and intermittent nature, things that led the researchers to think about integrating storage devices, especially batteries, into MG systems. The main aim is to store the excess of produced energy for further usage when not enough energy is available. Nevertheless, batteries modeling and characterization is mandatory to identify their parameters and study their performance within MG systems. Moreover, in order to continuously supply electricity to the building, it is required to figure out the optimum size of energy production systems and storage devices. This paper introduces a methodology for MG modeling and performance evaluation. Its main contribution is twofold, i) battery’s parameters identification, and ii) modeling and dimensioning method for both standalone and MG systems. An instrumentation platform, composed of recent sensing and actuating equipment, for MG energy management and battery characterization is developed. Simulation and experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
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Yoo, Yeong, Yousef Al-Shawesh, and Alain Tchagang. "Coordinated Control Strategy and Validation of Vehicle-to-Grid for Frequency Control." Energies 14, no. 9 (April 28, 2021): 2530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092530.
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The increased penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) and electric vehicles (EVs) is resulting in significant challenges to the stability, reliability, and resiliency of the electrical grid due to the intermittency nature of RES and uncertainty of charging demands of EVs. There is a potential for significant economic returns to use vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology for peak load reduction and frequency control. To verify the effectiveness of the V2G-based frequency control in a microgrid, modeling and simulations of single- and multi-vehicle-based primary and secondary frequency controls were conducted to utilize the integrated components at the Canadian Centre for Housing Technology (CCHT)-V2G testing facility by using MATLAB/Simulink. A single-vehicle-based model was validated by comparing empirical testing and simulations of primary and secondary frequency controls. The validated conceptual model was then applied for dynamic phasor simulations of multi-vehicle-based frequency control with a proposed coordinated control algorithm for improving frequency stability and facilitating renewables integration with V2G-capable EVs in a microgrid. This proposed model includes a decentralized coordinated control of the state of charge (SOC) and charging schedule for five aggregated EVs with different departure times and SOC management profiles preferred by EV drivers. The simulation results showed that the fleet of 5 EVs in V2B/V2G could effectively reduce frequency deviation in a microgrid.
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Larsen, Simon Peter Aslak Kondrup, and Kirsten Gram-Hanssen. "When Space Heating Becomes Digitalized: Investigating Competencies for Controlling Smart Home Technology in the Energy-Efficient Home." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (July 27, 2020): 6031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156031.
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In the near future, renewable energy sources (RES) will make up an increasing share of energy production in the district heating grid, implying that utilities must enable energy flexibility in order to compensate for the intermittent nature of RES. Current initiatives rely on smart approaches, encouraging a flexible energy demand by integrating various demand-side-management technologies. While praised for their ‘smart’ capabilities, smart home technologies have also been criticized for not meeting their potential in terms of savings and flexibility. This paper examines space-heating practices in everyday life in 16 Danish households. The study relies on qualitative in-depth interviews and ‘show and tell’ tours within these homes. Results show how space-heating practices are reconfigured by embodied knowledge related to respectively space-heating and use of smart technology. This implies that occupants’ adaption to smart home technology is reconfigured by their previous experiences as well as the meanings they ascribed to their practices. By showing the different ways in which occupants ‘get to know’ smart home technology, results highlight forms of embodied knowledge which occupants habitually draw on when they heat their homes. Occupants learn and carry competences for conducting space heating throughout life, and interventions aimed at enabling a flexible energy demand need to consider this. As smart home technology is integrated in homes, interventions should consider embodied knowledge as part of occupants’ competences for controlling smart home technology, as this will impact the reconfiguration of (new) space heating practices.
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Sami, Muhammad Salman, Muhammad Abrar, Rizwan Akram, Muhammad Majid Hussain, Mian Hammad Nazir, Muhammad Saad Khan, and Safdar Raza. "Energy Management of Microgrids for Smart Cities: A Review." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 20, 2021): 5976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185976.
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Electric power reliability is one of the most important factors in the social and economic evolution of a smart city, whereas the key factors to make a city smart are smart energy sources and intelligent electricity networks. The development of cost-effective microgrids with the added functionality of energy storage and backup generation plans has resulted from the combined impact of high energy demands from consumers and environmental concerns, which push for minimizing the energy imbalance, reducing energy losses and CO2 emissions, and improving the overall security and reliability of a power system. It is now possible to tackle the problem of growing consumer load by utilizing the recent developments in modern types of renewable energy resources (RES) and current technology. These energy alternatives do not emit greenhouse gases (GHG) like fossil fuels do, and so help to mitigate climate change. They also have in socioeconomic advantages due to long-term sustainability. Variability and intermittency are the main drawbacks of renewable energy resources (RES), which affect the consistency of electric supply. Thus, utilizing multiple optimization approaches, the energy management system determines the optimum solution for renewable energy resources (RES) and transfers it to the microgrid. Microgrids maintain the continuity of power delivery, according to the energy management system settings. In a microgrid, an energy management system (EMS) is used to decrease the system’s expenses and adverse consequences. As a result, a variety of strategies and approaches are employed in the development of an efficient energy management system. This article is intended to provide a comprehensive overview of a range of technologies and techniques, and their solutions, for managing the drawbacks of renewable energy supplies, such as variability and load fluctuations, while still matching energy demands for their integration in the microgrids of smart cities.
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Buchanan, Cailin, and Nirala Singh. "A Kinetic Performance-Informed Technoeconomic Assessment-Life Cycle Assessment Model of Ce and V Redox Flow Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 3 (July 7, 2022): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-013471mtgabs.
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The EIA projects that 60% of cumulative capacity additions in the U.S. by 2050 will be renewable electric generating technologies.1 The use of intermittent renewable energy in the U.S. electricity grid requires energy storage. NREL predicts that for a scenario in which 80% of electricity in the U.S. comes from renewable energy by 2050, 120 GW of energy storage would be needed,2 yet as of 2020, the U.S. has only 24 GW of storage capacity.3 Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are a useful technology for ensuring the smooth integration of renewable energy into the U.S. electricity grid because of their long lifecycles and discharge times. RFBs are currently too expensive for market deployment, however, with the all vanadium RFB (VRFB) costing double the DOE target.4,5 One way to improve the cost effectiveness of RFBs is to explore chemistries that increase the voltage window. The replacement of the VO2+/ VO2 + chemistry at the positive electrode of a VRFB with the Ce3+/Ce4+ chemistry would result in an increased theoretical voltage, but it is unclear how the kinetic, ohmic, and mass transport overvoltages would change. Additionally, studies of the environmental burdens of life cycle phases of Ce RFBs are limited. To advance the most cost effective and least environmentally harmful RFB, in this study, we develop a combined Technoeconomic Assessment-Life Cycle Assessment (TEA-LCA) model that is informed by our performance measurements to compare the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) and levelized greenhouse gas (LGHG) emissions of VRFBs and Ce-V RFBs. The TEA-LCA model allows the user to select from a list of positive and negative electrode redox chemistries, solvents, electrode materials, and electricity grid generation profiles to calculate the LCOE and LGHG emissions of the battery for the delivery of 1 kWh of energy. A solver function optimizes the current density that minimizes either LCOE or LGHGs. The TEA-LCA model uses a bottom-up approach, in which energy- and power-dependent capital costs and environmental burdens are calculated by converting the amount of material to a kWh basis. Cost estimates are sourced from vendors and GHG emissions are pulled from the GREET database and literature. The amount of active species required to deliver 1 kWh of electricity at a specified discharge time is calculated using the redox couple properties, including redox potential, exchange current density, and limiting currents. These performance parameters are based on measurements collected in lab. The use phase burdens are calculated using the roundtrip efficiency of the battery and the price and GHGs associated with the electricity grid generation mix. End-of-life costs consist of the economic and environmental burdens of recycling and disposing of the battery material and are collected from vendors and GREET. The TEA-LCA model answers important questions related to the optimal operating conditions of an RFB. In addition to comparing the economic and environmental performances of the VRFB and Ce-V RFB, it demonstrates how different electricity grid mixes influence total cost and emissions and highlights the difference in optimal operating current density if cost or GHG emissions are prioritized, e.g., lower current density results in fewer emissions but higher cost in carbon-intensive electricity grid profiles. Preliminary results using literature values show that the Ce-V RFB has an LCOE that is 45% lower than the VRFB LCOE, with capital costs dominating. We will present the finalized LCOE for the VRFB and Ce-V RFB, as well as LGHGs, as a function of discharge time and electricity grid mix. Sensitivity analyses of the input parameters found that for both RFBs, the discount rate, discharge faradaic efficiency, and lifetime of battery had the most influence on LCOE, with a 20% decrease in discharge faradaic efficiency resulting in a 16% increase in LCOE for the VRFB. The results of this TEA-LCA model show that the use of cerium is a viable option for reducing the cost of RFBs to advance their use in renewable energy storage grid applications. Additionally, this model is generalizable to other batteries and electrochemical systems, such as CO2 conversion. Thus, the development of this TEA-LCA model represents not only an advancement to the field of redox flow batteries but also the wider field of electrochemistry. U.S. EIA. Annual Energy Outlook. (2021). Mai, T. et al. Renewable Electricity Futures Study. NREL. (2012). CSS University of Michigan. U. S. Grid Energy Storage Factsheet. (2021). Mongird, K. et al. 2020 Grid Energy Storage Technology Cost and Performance Assessment. (2020). Weber, A. Z. et al. J. Appl. Electrochem. 41, 1137–1164 (2011). Smith, G. F. & Getz, C. A. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 10, 191–195 (1938).
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Upadhyaya, Punit, Gemma Mudd, Kristen Hurov, Johanna Lahdenranta, Elizabeth Repash, Julia Kristensson, Kevin McDonnell, Philip Brandish, Phil Jeffrey, and Nicholas Keen. "888 An integrative approach to optimize a synthetic EphA2/CD137 agonist: balancing potency, physiochemical properties, and pharmacokinetics to achieve robust anti-tumor activity." Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer 9, Suppl 2 (November 2021): A931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2021-sitc2021.888.
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BackgroundCD137 (4-1BB) is a resurging target in immunotherapy after the first generation of monoclonal antibodies were limited by hepatotoxicity1 or lack of efficacy.2 A new generation of CD137 agonists are now in clinical development but they exclusively utilize large molecules derived from recombinant technology and are associated with long circulating terminal half-lives.3–6 Unlike checkpoint inhibition where complete saturation of the receptors drives the reversal of immunosuppression, intermittent target engagement that reflects the physiological context of T cell co-stimulation may be more appropriate for a CD137 agonist.7 Bicyclic peptides or Bicycles are a class of small (MW~2kDa), highly constrained peptides characterized by formation of two loops cyclized around a symmetric scaffold. To develop a differentiated tumor antigen dependent CD137 agonist for treating EphA2 expressing solid tumors, we integrated structure activity relationship (SAR) data from biochemical binding studies and in-vitro and in-vivo models to understand the relationship between exposure, target engagement and preclinical efficacy.MethodsOver 150 different EphA2/CD137 tumor-targeted immune cell agonists (Bicycle TICAs) were synthesized by linking Bicycle® binders to EphA2 to those binding CD137.8 The molecules were assessed in vitro using a CD137 reporter assay and by measuring cytokine production from primary human PBMC in tumor cell co-cultures. The pharmacokinetics were evaluated in rodents using Phoenix WinNonlin. The in vivo activity was determined in syngeneic mouse tumor models by measuring tumor growth kinetics and using tumor immune cell and transcriptional profiling by IHC and NanoString.ResultsEvaluation of the Bicycle TICAs in co-culture assays with EphA2-expressing tumor cell lines and Jurkat reporter cells overexpressing CD137 or human PBMCs demonstrated that constructs bearing two CD137 binding Bicycles to one EphA2 binding Bicycle (1:2 format) were more potent than the 1:1 format.8 Several Bicycle TICAs with amino acid substitutions to the EphA2 binding Bicycle maintained sub-nanomolar potency in-vitro and exhibited a plasma terminal half-life (t1/2) in rodents ranging from 0.4 and 4.0 h. Modifications that conferred aqueous solubility of greater than 10 mg/mL were considered suitable for further development. Treatment of MC38 tumors in immunocompetent mice with this series of molecules demonstrated that low MW Bicycle TICAs with sub-nanomolar potency and a t½ of ~1 h in mouse maintained target coverages necessary to produce robust modulation of the tumor immune microenvironment and tumor regression.ConclusionsA differentiated EphA2-dependent CD137 agonist was developed that exploits intermittent rather than continuous exposure for robust anti-tumor activity.ReferencesSegal NH, Logan TF, Hodi FS, et al. Results from an integrated safety analysis of urelumab, an agonist anti-CD137 monoclonal antibody. Clin Cancer Res 2017;23(8):1929–1936.Segal NH, Aiwu RH, Toshihiko D, et al. Phase I study of single-agent utomilumab (PF-05082566), a 4-1BB/CD137 agonist, in patients with advanced cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018;24(8):1816–1823.Chester C, Sanmamed MF, Wang J, Melero I. Immunotherapy targeting 4-1BB: mechanistic rationale, clinical results, and future strategies. Blood 2018;131(1):49–57.Hinner MJ, Aiba RSB, Jaquin TJ, et al. Tumor-localized costimulatory T-cell engagement by the 4-1BB/HER2 bispecific antibody-anticalin fusion PRS-343. Clin Cancer Res 2019;25(19):5878–5889.Claus C, Ferrara, C, Xu W, et al. Tumor-targeted 4-1BB agonists for combination with T cell bispecific antibodies as off-the-shelf therapy. Sci Transl Med 2019;11(496):eaav5989.Eskiocak U, Guzman W, Wolf B, et al. Differentiated agonistic antibody targeting CD137 eradicates large tumors without hepatotoxicity. JCI Insight 2020;5(5):e133647.Mayes PA, Hance KW, Hoos A. The promise and challenges of immune agonist antibody development in cancer. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2018;17:509–27.Upadhyaya P, Lahdenranta J, Hurov K, et al. Anticancer immunity induced by a synthetic tumor-targeted CD137 agonist. J Immunother Cancer 2021;9:e001762.
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Fogliatto, Silvia, Aldo Ferrero, and Francesco Vidotto. "How Can Weedy Rice Stand against Abiotic Stresses? A Review." Agronomy 10, no. 9 (August 29, 2020): 1284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091284.
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Weedy rice is one of the most common weeds in rice cultivation in many rice areas throughout the world and it is able to cause significant yield reductions. Weedy rice is characterized by a high biological diversity that permits different populations to be identified on the basis of their morphological and physiological traits. This variability contributes to its success in different environments and allows different abiotic stresses, which are intensified by climate change, to be faced. Taller plants, enhanced tillering, seed shattering and the presence of red pericarp, variable hull coloration and awn morphology, linked to a deeper seed dormancy, are some of the traits that help weedy rice to spread in changing environments. The higher phenotypic plasticity and genetic variability of weedy rice make it more able to cope with temperature variations, intermittent water availability, soil salinity, drought conditions and increased CO2 concentrations than cultivated rice. As these abiotic stresses will become more frequent in the future, weedy rice competitiveness may be higher, with a spread of infestations. Thus, the control of weedy rice should be based on an integration of different preventive and agronomic techniques, a sensible use of herbicides and the use of suitable rice varieties.
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Avvari, Ravi Kumar, and Vinod Kumar D. M. "Multi-Objective Optimal Power Flow including Wind and Solar Generation Uncertainty Using New Hybrid Evolutionary Algorithm with Efficient Constraint Handling Method." International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2022 (July 2, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7091937.
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A new hybrid decomposition-based multiobjective evolutionary algorithm is proposed for optimal power flow (OPF) including wind and solar generation uncertainty. This study recommends a novel constraint-handling method, which adaptively adds the penalty function and eliminates the parameter dependency on penalty function evaluation. The summation-based sorting and improved diversified selection methods are utilized to enhance the diversity of multiobjective optimization algorithms. The OPF problem is modeled as a multiobjective optimization problem with four objectives such as minimizing (i) total fuel cost (TC) including the cost of renewable energy source (RES), (ii) total emission (TE), (iii) active power loss (APL), and (iv) voltage magnitude deviation (VMD). The impact of RESs such as wind and solar energy sources on integration is considered in optimal power flow cost analysis. The costs of RESs are considered in the OPF problem to minimize the overall cost so that the impact of intermittence and uncertainty of renewable sources is studied in terms of cost and operation wise. The uncertainty of wind and solar energy sources is described using probability distribution functions (PDFs) such as Weibull and lognormal distributions. The efficiency of the algorithm is tested on IEEE 30-, IEEE 57-, and IEEE 118-bus systems for all possible conditions of renewable sources using Monte Carlo simulations.
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Salimbeni, Andrea, Mario Porru, Luca Massidda, and Alfonso Damiano. "A Forecasting-Based Control Algorithm for Improving Energy Managment in High Concentrator Photovoltaic Power Plant Integrated with Energy Storage Systems." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 9, 2020): 4697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184697.
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The High Concentrator Photovoltaic (HCPV) technology, due to its high efficiency, is considered one of the most promising solutions for the exploitation of sun-irradiation-based Renewable Energy Sources (RES). Nevertheless, the HCPV production is strictly connected to the Direct Normal Irradiation (DNI) making this photovoltaic technology more sensible to cloudiness than traditional ones. In order to mitigate the power intermittence and improve production programmability, the integration between Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) and HCPV, resorting to forecasting algorithms, has been investigated. Specifically, a local weather forecasting algorithm has been used for estimating the daily time evolution of DNI, air Temperature (T), Wind Speed (WS), and Air Mass (AM). These data are subsequently processed by means of an accurate HCPV model for the estimation of one day-ahead daily power production profile. The processing of HCPV forecasted generation by means of a properly tuned filter-based algorithm allows one day-ahead the definition of power profiles of ESS and power plant respectively, considering also the ESS constraints and the characteristic of the implemented real-time control algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed forecasting model and control algorithm is verified through a simulation study referring to the solar power plant constituted by HCPV and ESS installed in Ottana, Italy. The results highlight that the application of the proposed approach lessens the power fluctuation effect caused by HCPV generation preserving the batteries at the same time. The feasibility and advantages of the proposed approach are finally presented.
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Badin, Gualtiero, and Daniela I. V. Domeisen. "Nonlinear stratospheric variability: multifractal de-trended fluctuation analysis and singularity spectra." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 472, no. 2191 (July 2016): 20150864. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2015.0864.
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Characterizing the stratosphere as a turbulent system, temporal fluctuations often show different correlations for different time scales as well as intermittent behaviour that cannot be captured by a single scaling exponent. In this study, the different scaling laws in the long-term stratospheric variability are studied using multifractal de-trended fluctuation analysis (MF-DFA). The analysis is performed comparing four re-analysis products and different realizations of an idealized numerical model, isolating the role of topographic forcing and seasonal variability, as well as the absence of climate teleconnections and small-scale forcing. The Northern Hemisphere (NH) shows a transition of scaling exponents for time scales shorter than about 1 year, for which the variability is multifractal and scales in time with a power law corresponding to a red spectrum, to longer time scales, for which the variability is monofractal and scales in time with a power law corresponding to white noise. Southern Hemisphere (SH) variability also shows a transition at annual scales. The SH also shows a narrower dynamical range in multifractality than the NH, as seen in the generalized Hurst exponent and in the singularity spectra. The numerical integrations show that the models are able to reproduce the low-frequency variability but are not able to fully capture the shorter term variability of the stratosphere.
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Sforzini, Matteo, Gianluigi Nicita, Lorenzo Pastore, Gianluigi Lo Basso, and Livio de Santoli. "How residential CHPs could be integrated in renewable energy communities’ incentive schemes." E3S Web of Conferences 312 (2021): 09003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131209003.
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The present work aims to investigate the integration into renewable energy communities (REC) schemes of micro and mini- Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants. In detail, it has been evaluated the minimum self-consumption (SC) share needed to even out the revenues coming from the energy efficiency certificates (EECs). In order to establish a SC based tariff for CHP plants a correlation between SC share and the tariff value has been assessed for different commercial plants. A 70% of SC share has been set as a minimum target, which is related to incentive rates of 53 and 39.5 €/MWh, for mini and micro-CHPs, respectively. These values are about 65% lower than the current tariffs set by ARERA (Italian Regulatory Authority for Energy, Networks and Environment) to reward the renewable energy SC. A real building and two CHP plants have been considered as reference case studies. A dynamic simulation has been carried out in order to analyse the proposed incentive scheme in a real application. Starting from a 3-D BIM model, the energy flows have been calculated over one year period. Finally, it has been demonstrated how a SC based tariff can significantly reduce the share of injected electricity into the grid, also promoting the thermal carrier sharing. In so doing, the renewable energy sources intermittency can be easily mitigated and balanced, avoiding additional burdens on public expenditure.
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Arumugam, Paritha, and Punam Malik. "Genetic Therapy for Beta-Thalassemia: From the Bench to the Bedside." Hematology 2010, no. 1 (December 4, 2010): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/asheducation-2010.1.445.
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AbstractBeta-thalassemia is a genetic disorder with mutations in the β-globin gene that reduce or abolish β-globin protein production. Patients with β-thalassemia major (Cooley's anemia) become severely anemic by 6 to 18 months of age, and are transfusion dependent for life, while those with thalassemia intermedia, a less-severe form of thalassemia, are intermittently or rarely transfused. An allogeneically matched bone marrow transplant is curative, although it is restricted to those with matched donors. Gene therapy holds the promise of “fixing” one's own bone marrow cells by transferring the normal β-globin or γ-globin gene into hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to permanently produce normal red blood cells. Requirements for effective gene transfer for the treatment of β-thalassemia are regulated, erythroid-specific, consistent, and high-level β-globin or γ-globin expression. Gamma retroviral vectors have had great success with immune-deficiency disorders, but due to vector-associated limitations, they have limited utility in hemoglobinopathies. Lentivirus vectors, on the other hand, have now been shown in several studies to correct mouse and animal models of thalassemia. The immediate challenges of the field as it moves toward clinical trials are to optimize gene transfer and engraftment of a high proportion of genetically modified HSCs and to minimize the adverse consequences that can result from random integration of vectors into the genome by improving current vector design or developing novel vectors. This article discusses the current state of the art in gene therapy for β-thalassemia and some of the challenges it faces in human trials.
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Shaheen, Mohamed A. M., Zia Ullah, Mohammed H. Qais, Hany M. Hasanien, Kian J. Chua, Marcos Tostado-Véliz, Rania A. Turky, Francisco Jurado, and Mohamed R. Elkadeem. "Solution of Probabilistic Optimal Power Flow Incorporating Renewable Energy Uncertainty Using a Novel Circle Search Algorithm." Energies 15, no. 21 (November 7, 2022): 8303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15218303.
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Integrating renewable energy sources (RESs) into modern electric power systems offers various techno-economic benefits. However, the inconsistent power profile of RES influences the power flow of the entire distribution network, so it is crucial to optimize the power flow in order to achieve stable and reliable operation. Therefore, this paper proposes a newly developed circle search algorithm (CSA) for the optimal solution of the probabilistic optimal power flow (OPF). Our research began with the development and evaluation of the proposed CSA. Firstly, we solved the OPF problem to achieve minimum generation fuel costs; this used the classical OPF. Then, the newly developed CSA method was used to deal with the probabilistic power flow problem effectively. The impact of the intermittency of solar and wind energy sources on the total generation costs was investigated. Variations in the system’s demands are also considered in the probabilistic OPF problem scenarios. The proposed method was verified by applying it to the IEEE 57-bus and the 118-bus test systems. This study’s main contributions are to test the newly developed CSA on the OPF problem to consider stochastic models of the RESs, providing probabilistic modes to represent the RESs. The robustness and efficiency of the proposed CSA in solving the probabilistic OPF problem are evaluated by comparing it with other methods, such as Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and the hybrid machine learning and transient search algorithm (ML-TSO) under the same parameters. The comparative results showed that the proposed CSA is robust and applicable; as evidence, an observable decrease was obtained in the costs of the conventional generators’ operation, due to the penetration of renewable energy sources into the studied networks.
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Smith, Angela R., Gary J. Schiller, Gregory M. Vercellotti, Janet L. Kwiatkowski, Lakshmanan Krishnamurti, Erica B. Esrick, David A. Williams, Weston P. Miller, Adrian Woolfson, and Mark C. Walters. "Preliminary Results of a Phase 1/2 Clinical Study of Zinc Finger Nuclease-Mediated Editing of BCL11A in Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cells for Transfusion-Dependent Beta Thalassemia." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 3544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-125743.
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Introduction: Persistently high fetal hemoglobin (HbF) expression can ameliorate severe transfusion-dependent beta thalassemia (TDT). BCL11A, a master regulator of the fetal-to-adult hemoglobin switch, is a rational gene-editing target in beta globinopathies. In pre-clinical studies with human hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), zinc finger nuclease (ZFN)-mediated disruption of the GATA-binding region of the intronic erythroid-specific enhancer (BCL11A ESE) increased endogenous HbF production in erythroid cells while allowing healthy, multi-lineage hematopoiesis. Though allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) can be curative in TDT, its application is partly limited by donor availability. Autologous transplantation using ex vivo gene-modified HSCs (HSCGT) can circumvent this, and lentiviral vector-mediated beta globin gene addition studies have shown efficacy in TDT. However, the long-term safety of random lentiviral genomic integration in HSCs is uncertain. ST-400 is an investigational cell therapy comprised of autologous CD34+ cells that have undergone high-precision, ZFN-mediated ex vivo editing at BCL11A ESE. The aim of this study is to induce HbF expression in edited erythroid cells. We hypothesized that HSCGT with ST-400 is safe and effective in TDT. Methods: The Thales trial (NCT03432364) is a Phase I/II study of the safety, tolerability and efficacy of ST-400 in adult patients with TDT, defined as undergoing ≥8 annual packed red blood cell transfusion episodes for at least 2 consecutive years before enrollment. After routine leukapheresis following mobilization with G-CSF and plerixafor, autologous collections are enriched for CD34+ cells and transfected with mRNA encoding ZFNs with binding sites flanking the GATA-binding region of BCL11A ESE. ST-400 product is infused following myeloablative busulfan conditioning. The trial will enroll 6 patients who are monitored for safety and efficacy for 3 years post-infusion. Results: Three patients have completed ST-400 manufacturing, and two have been infused. Patient 1 (β0/β0 genotype) received an ST-400 dose of 6.1 x 106 cells/kg. The patient experienced a serious adverse event (SAE) of hypersensitivity during ST-400 infusion considered to be related to the product cryoprotectant, DMSO, that resolved by the end of infusion. The patient had prompt hematopoietic reconstitution (ANC recovery day +14; platelet recovery day +24), with increasing HbF fraction that contributed to stable total hemoglobin. After being free from PRBC transfusions for 6 weeks, the patient has since required intermittent PRBC transfusions. At last follow-up, on-target DNA insertions-deletions (indels) at BCL11A ESE were present in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and HbF levels remain elevated at 6 months post-infusion. Patient 2 (homozygous for the severe β+ IVS-I-5 G>C mutation) received an ST-400 dose of 4.5 x 106 cells/kg. There was prompt hematopoietic reconstitution (ANC recovery day +15; platelet recovery day +29) with on-target indels detected in PBMCs at last follow-up, and rising HbF levels observed through 90 days post-infusion. Longer follow-up will be required to assess the clinical significance of these early results. Patient 3 (β0/β+ genotype including the severe IVS-II-654 C>T mutation) has completed ST-400 manufacturing. Besides the SAE reported for Patient 1, no other SAEs related to ST-400 have been reported and other AEs have been consistent with myeloablation. No clonal hematopoiesis has been observed. Conclusions: ST-400 is an ex vivo, ZFN-edited autologous HSC product for increased erythroid HbF expression in TDT. Two infused patients had rapid hematopoietic reconstitution following myeloablative conditioning, and both have elevated HbF levels following HSCGT. These data are preliminary, and additional patients and longer follow-up will be required to understand the safety and efficacy of this therapy. Disclosures Smith: Amgen: Research Funding; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding. Schiller:Agios: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Eli Lilly and Company: Research Funding; FujiFilm: Research Funding; Genzyme: Research Funding; Gilead: Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding; J&J: Research Funding; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria, Research Funding; Karyopharm: Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding; Onconova: Research Funding; Pfizer Pharmaceuticals: Equity Ownership, Research Funding; Sangamo Therapeutics: Research Funding; Amgen: Other, Research Funding; Daiichi Sankyo: Research Funding; Constellation Pharmaceutical: Research Funding; Celgene: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Bristol Myer Squibb: Research Funding; Biomed Valley Discoveries: Research Funding; Astellas: Research Funding. Vercellotti:Mitobridge, an Astellas Company: Consultancy, Research Funding. Kwiatkowski:bluebird bio, Inc.: Consultancy, Research Funding; Agios: Consultancy; Terumo: Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding; Apopharma: Research Funding; Imara: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy. Williams:bluebird bio: Patents & Royalties: License of certain IP relevant to hemoglobinopathies to bluebird bio. Potential for future royalty/milestone income., Research Funding; Orchard Therapeutics: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Co-founder, Patents & Royalties: Potential for future royalty/milestone income, X-SCID., Research Funding; Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Alerion Biosciences: Other: Co-founder. Miller:Sangamo Therapeutics: Employment, Equity Ownership. Woolfson:Sangamo Therapeutics: Employment, Equity Ownership. Walters:Editas Medicine: Consultancy; TruCode: Consultancy; AllCells, Inc: Consultancy. OffLabel Disclosure: busulfan: used for myeloablation prior to infusing the investigational autologous HSPC product (ST-400) plerixafor: used with G-CSF to enhance mobilization of autologous HSPC for collection via leukapheresis. Autologous HSPC then undergo ex vivo manufacturing to generate the investigational product (ST-400)
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"Comprehensive Examination on Solar -Wind Energy Systems Grid Integration and Emerging Power Quality challenges." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 8, no. 6S3 (November 22, 2019): 733–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.f1135.0986s319.
Full textAbstract:
Sources of energy for conventional power generation are limited and depleting ceaselessly owing to rising demand of power because of the social modernization, rising industrial growth, quick rate of infrastructure development and also technological innovation. Several developed countries have started the employment of renewable energy sources considerably to attenuate the greenhouse gases effects within the atmosphere and harmful emission. The rising demand of the power without any harmful and damaging issue, forces the eye of researchers towards renewable sources (like wind and solar) of energy. Therefore, it's minimum impact on the atmosphere. Renewable Energy sources are becoming the key contributors in the present society due to the increasing cost of oil products and decrease in the price of RES. By using natural resources energy sources like Solar and wind are providing green energy. Renewable Energy penetration is increasing worldwide day by day. Renewable power generation will introduce noticeable power quality challenges when integrated to power grid. From the aspect of RES, renewable energy generation is intermittent and non-dispatchable because of varied nature of RES. The most common PQ challenges on RE integration are frequency and voltage fluctuations in the power system caused by noncontrollable atmospheric condition and Harmonics that are introduced because of power electronic converters used in RE power generation. This paper presents an intensive literature review, conducted on emerging PQ issues owing to Solar and Wind energy systems integration and existing mitigation methods.
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"Micro Grid Operational Issues And Challenges In Smart Grid Scenario While Heterogeneous Micro Level Generations Are Predominant." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 8, no. 11 (September 10, 2019): 908–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.k1554.0981119.
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Micro Grid operations are more dependent on and vulnerable to intermittent renewable energy sources (RES) integration along with other emerging trends like Plug in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) and advanced Energy Storage Systems (ESSs). With the advent of Smart Grid technologies, the micro grid operations are becoming more realistic and promising without much delays and inaccuracies in control actions. In this paper, we mainly focused on Micro Grid Energy Management System (EMS), synchronization, V and f control. A comprehensive review has been carried out to list out the current issues and challenges in a Smart Grid technology aided Micro Grid. The major issues in Micro Grid are mainly concerned with integration of intermittent distribution generation and while running in island mode of operation, the issues like V and f correction are more critical. Micro grid community helps in power sharing and stability cooperation among all micro grids, but at the same it should be capable of identifying when to isolate in case of any micro grid blackout. The role of power electronic converters in controlling the grid parameters while interfacing DGs are discussed through available literature
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ORAL, Okan, Murat İNCE, Batin Latif AYLAK, and Mehmet Hakan ÖZDEMİR. "Dört Farklı Metasezgisel Algoritma Kullanılarak Rüzgâr Hızı Olasılık Dağılımı Parametrelerinin Tahmini." El-Cezeri Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi, September 7, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31202/ecjse.1135209.
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The inclusion of energy produced from renewable energy sources (RES) such as solar and wind energy into existing energy systems is important to reduce carbon emissions, air pollution and climate change, and to ensure sustainable development. However, the integration of RES into the energy system is quite difficult due to their highly uncertain and intermittent nature. In this study, considering three different probability density functions in total, the scale and shape parameters of the Weibull probability density function (PDF), the scale parameter of the Rayleigh PDF, and the scale and shape parameters of the Gamma PDF were estimated for the wind speed data obtained from urban stations located in Istanbul by using the four different metaheuristic algorithms, namely Genetic Algorithm (GA), Differential Evolution (DE), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithms. Calculating the mean absolute error (MAE), root mean squared error (RMSE), and R2 values for each PDF at each station, the PDF that characterizes the wind speed probability distribution the best was identified.
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Kumar, G. V. Brahmendra, and K. Palanisamy. "Energy management of renewable energy-based microgrid system with HESS for various operation modes." Frontiers in Energy Research 10 (October 28, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2022.995034.
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This paper proposes a ramp-rate control approach for a grid-connected MG with a hybrid energy storage system. Distributed energy sources (DERs), such as solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind, combined with energy storage (ES) and controllable loads, are critical to a power grid that can handle the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources. Therefore, the complexity of the system is increasing as researchers move towards a more renewable based power grid. An energy management system (EMS) for microgrids must consider the power available in RESs as well as the storage capacity of energy storage devices (ESSs). Modern MGs include a wide range of converters for a variety of applications, including distributed generation interconnection, grid integration, energy storage management systems, and demand management, among others. So, the ramp-rate control smooths fluctuations in photovoltaic power, which increases system reliability. In the proposed system, 80 V DC is used to supply high and low power DC loads. The suggested system can extract the maximum amount of energy from RESs, maintain efficient ESS management, and achieves quick DC-link voltage regulation with settling time of 230 ms throughout all operating modes. These conditions are met by the energy management system, which gives the MG with operational capability and ensures its reliability. The MG with proposed features and EMS was validated using the MATLAB/Simulink environment, and results were obtained using the Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) experimental test bench. The proposed small-scale RES-based MG can be used to develop and test algorithms for a wide range of MG applications.
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Koytsoumpa, Efthymia Ioanna, Christian Bergins, Torsten Buddenberg, Song Wu, Ómar Sigurbjörnsson, K. C. Tran, and Emmanouil Kakaras. "The Challenge of Energy Storage in Europe: Focus on Power to Fuel." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 138, no. 4 (February 22, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4032544.
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Abstract The energy sector in the European market has been changing significantly over the last years. European Union (EU) energy strategy includes the EU low-carbon roadmap milestone, which indicates for 2020, a 20% reduction in carbon emissions, and a 20% EU-wide share for renewables, and by 2030 a 40% reduction in carbon emissions and 30% EU-wide share for renewables. The increased renewable energy sources (RES) penetration and their intermittent energy production have led to the emerging need for energy storage technologies. Especially in the European energy market, large-scale energy balancing with sustainable technologies with product flexibility and cost-effective operation are being investigated. The carbon capture and utilization (CCU) concept, as a means for low-carbon sustainable industries, is integrated in the energy storage technologies. The present paper addresses the integration of power to fuel concept in the energy storage sector with simultaneous emission reduction. Grid management, the scale, and the efficient operation of electrolyzers are the basis for the implementation of Power to Fuel technology. The use of surplus and/or low-cost electricity via water electrolysis to commute captured CO2 from industrial plants to versatile energy carriers such as methane and methanol is being investigated in the present paper. Shadow operation of fossil fuel power plants under minimum load conditions leads to optimized energy dispatch of the power plants and provides product flexibility in terms of electricity, grid services, and chemical production. The produced fuels can be used in highly efficient and well-established power systems and further used in the transportation sector or for covering heat demands. The energy efficiency of the different processes is presented and a comparison is made in terms of cost effective energy storage solutions via the simultaneous grid management optimization, the reduction of carbon dioxide, and the production of valuable chemicals. The cross-sectorial concept of the Power to Fuel is presented for Steel and Power industry for the case of methane and methanol production. A review of the U.S. and European markets is made for the application of Power to Fuel.
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Maheshwari, Ankur, and Yog Raj Sood. "Solution approach for optimal power flow considering wind turbine and environmental emissions." Wind Engineering, July 23, 2021, 0309524X2110351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309524x211035152.
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The power grid is changing expeditiously with the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources (RES). Optimal utilization of RES reduces the burden on the primary grid and makes the grid more resilient. Traditional optimal power flow (OPF) is a complex problem in power management systems, and the complexity further increases with the integration of RES due to their intermittency. This paper presents the complete formulation of the OPF model incorporating wind turbines (WT) and environmental emissions for proper scheduling, planning, and efficient operation of thermal generating units (TGU) using the Ant Lion Optimization (ALO) algorithm. The formulation of the OPF problem comprises forecasted active power generation of WT, depending on the real-time measurement and probabilistic wind speed models. The results are analyzed from the perspective of operating cost, voltage profile, and transmission power losses in the system. The OPF approach and the solution methodology are tested on the IEEE 30 and IEEE 57-bus systems. The effectiveness of the proposed ALO algorithm is evaluated against well-established algorithms like Particle Swarm Optimization and Teaching-learning-based optimization. The comparison emphasizes the effectiveness of the ALO approach for solving various OPF problems with complex and non-smooth objective functions.
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"Optimal Placement and Sizing of Multiple DG in Microgrid Systems." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8, no. 4 (November 30, 2019): 6230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.d5145.118419.
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Micro grid (MG) has become popular due to its ability to disconnect from utility grid during disturbance and operate autonomously. MG typically consists of three main parts, which are Distributed Energy Resource (DER), Energy Storage System (ESS) and load. MG has several benefits and one of them is to enhance the power system reliability and flexibility by balancing the supply and demand. The scarcity of fossil fuel and environmental concern has contributed to the growth of Renewable Energy Source (RES), which is one of the main elements in MG. However, the RES integration into MG has led to multiple uncertainties due to their inherent intermittency. Therefore, optimal strategies are essential to be employed in MG to manage and control the dynamic uncertainty introduced by the renewable-based DER and variable loads. In this paper, a comprehensive review is presented on the optimal allocation of the multiple DER in MG. various optimization methods are also investigated to solve the problems in MG. Furthermore, advantages and drawbacks of each optimization method are also reported.
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Strielkowski, Wadim, Marek Dvořák, Patrik Rovný, Elena Tarkhanova, and Natalia Baburina. "5G Wireless Networks in the Future Renewable Energy Systems." Frontiers in Energy Research 9 (October 12, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2021.714803.
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This paper focuses on the strategies that employ the fifth generation (5G) wireless networks in the optimal management of demand-side response in the future energy systems with the high penetration of renewable energy sources (RES). It also provides a comparison between advantages and challenges of 5G networks in demand-response renewable energy grids. Large-scale renewable energy integration always leads to a mismatch between generation and load demand in the short run due to the intermittency. It is often envisioned that 5G wireless networks that were recently launched and would most likely be fully deployed worldwide by 2035 would bring many technological and economic benefits for a plethora of the future high-renewables grids featuring electric transport and heating as well as prosumers generating renewable energy and trading it back to the grid (for example, in the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) framework) and among themselves using peer-to-peer (P2P) networks. Our paper offers a comprehensive analysis of 5G architecture with the perspectives of optimal management of demand-side response in the smart grids of the future. We show that the effective deployment of faster and more reliable wireless networks would allow faster data transfers and processing, including peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trade market, Internet of Vehicles (IoV) market, or faster smart metering, and thence open the path for the full-fledged Internet of Energy (IoE). Moreover, we show that 5G wireless networks might become in the future sustainable energy systems paving the road to even more advanced technologies and the new generations of networks. In addition, we demonstrate that for the effective management of energy demand-side response with a high share of renewables, certain forms of governments funding and incentives might be needed. These are required to strengthen the support of RES and helping to shift to the green economy.