Academic literature on the topic 'Intermediate term anaerobic capacity'

The effects of a 9-week aerobic interval training program on anaerobic intermittent performance were investigated. Intermittent work consisted of four repeat 30-sec maximal efforts on a cycle ergometer (Wingate test) with 3-min recovery intervals. Thirteen men trained 3 days a week on the cycle ergometer, completing 3-min work-to-rest intervals and progressing from 5 to 10 reps. Relative and absolute values of aerobic power increased significantly for the training group (p <.05). No significant change was observed for the control group (n = 11). The training group demonstrated significant increases in the four anaerobic variables of short-term peak power (SPP), short-term anaerobic capacity (SAC), intermediate-term peak power (IPP), and total work (TW), and across the four 30-sec maximal repeats for anaerobic performance (T1-T4) (p <.05). Greater percentages of increase occurred for IPP and TW, especially during Repeats 3 and 4. The control group only demonstrated a significant increase in SPP for Repeat 3. These data suggest that the type of interval training program used in the study increased aerobic power and also enhanced performance in repeated high intensity, short duration work. Key words: short-term peak power, intermediate-term peak power, total work

The ability of human skeletal muscle to provide anaerobically derived ATP during short-term, intense activity is examined. The paper emphasizes the information obtained from direct measurements of substrates, intermediates, and products of the pathways in muscle that provide anaerobically derived ATP. The capacity of muscle to provide ATP via anaerobic pathways is ~370 mmol/kg dry muscle (dm) during dynamic exercise lasting ~3 min. Anaerobic glycolysis provided ~80%, phosphocreatine (PCr) degradation ~16%, and depletion of the ATP store ~4% of the total ATP provided. When the blood flow to the working muscles is reduced or occluded, the anaerobic capacity decreases to ~300 mmol/kg dm. This reduction is due to a lower glycolytic capacity associated with an inability to remove lactate from the muscles. Directly measured maximal rates of anaerobically derived ATP provision from PCr degradation and glycolysis during intense muscular activity are each ~9–10 mmol∙kg−1 dm∙s−1. Evidence suggests that both of these pathways are activated instantaneously at the onset of maximal activity. Spring training does little to the capacity or rates of the pathways, although a 10–20% increase in glycolytic ATP provision has been reported. The only study comparing direct and indirect estimates of the anaerobic capacity in humans suggests that O2 deficit measured at the mouth accurately predicts the anaerobic capacity of a single muscle group and that O2 debt does not. There are many unresolved issues regarding the capacity of the PCr and glycogenolytic–glycolytic systems to provide ATP during short-term intense muscular activity in humans. Considerable effort is now being directed to understanding the in vivo regulation of the regulatory and flux-generating glycogenolytic enzyme, phosphorylase.Key words: glycogenosis, glycolysis, phosphocreatine, ATP, sprinting.

This study presents an evaluation of the hydrolytic activity of a continuous thermophilic anaerobic reactor in long-term operation. The hydrolytic coefficient was estimated by fitting a three-reaction model of the anaerobic digestion process with experimental data obtained from a pilot thermophilic digester operated for about 2 years. The model fitting and the cross-validation indicate that this model can represent the behavior of the system in a proper way; moreover, the results show a variation of the hydrolytic capacity of the system throughout the evaluation period. The increase in the hydrolytic coefficient is in agreement with the increase in the organic load applied to the reactor, which shows the capacity of the continuous reactor to select populations according to the input conditions of the system.

AbstractEvaluating individual aerobic exercise capacity is fundamental in sports and exercise medicine but associated with organizational and instrumental effort. Here, we extract an index related to common performance markers, the aerobic and anaerobic thresholds enabling the estimation of exercise capacity from a conventional sports watch supporting beatwise heart rate tracking. Therefore, cardiac vagal threshold (CVT) was determined in 19 male subjects performing an incremental maximum exercise test. CVT varied around the anaerobic threshold AnT with mean deviation of 7.9 ± 17.7 W. A high correspondence of the two thresholds was indicated by Bland-Altman plots with limits of agreement −27.5 W and 43.4 W. Additionally, CVT was strongly correlated AnT (rp = 0.86, p < 0.001) and reproduced this marker well (rc = 0.81). We conclude, that cardiac vagal threshold derived from compression entropy time course can be useful to assess physical fitness in an uncomplicated way.

Background:Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is an auto-inflammatory disease commonly affects people from Mediterranean basin. It is characterized by acute self-limiting inflammatory attacks of serous membranes. The disease is commonly associated with musculoskeletal symptoms of lower extremities such as arthritis, exercise induced leg pain, as well as protracted febrile myalgia. The term of anaerobic exercise capacity describes the ability of performing quick and explosive tasks such as stair climbing and brisk walking. It is well known that anaerobic exercise capacity is closely related to functional status.Objectives:To assess the relationship between anaerobic exercise capacity and lower extremity functionality in patients with FMF.Methods:Twenty-eight FMF patients (57% female) were included in the study. Median age was 33.5 (IQR 25/75: 23.3/44.3) years, median body mass index was 24.3 (IQR 25/75: 21.0/27.8) kg/m2, median time since symptom onset was 20.0 (IQR 25/75: 11.5/24.5) years, median time since diagnosis was 10.0 (IQR 25/75: 3.75/17.5) years, and median colchicine dosage was 1.5 (IQR 25/75: 1.0/1.5) mg/day. Anaerobic exercise capacity was measured with Wingate Anaerobic Test by using a cycle ergometer. Peak power (watt/kg) and average power (watt/kg) were calculated. Stair climbing, standing from a chair, and walking were assessed by using 9-step stair climb test, 10-repetition chair stand test, and 6-minute walking distance, respectively. Spearman’s rank-order correlation test was used to analyse the relationships between anaerobic exercise capacity and lower extremity functional tests.Results:The results of the anaerobic exercise capacity and lower extremity functional test scores of patients with FMF were summarized in table 1. Moderate relationships were found between both peak and average anaerobic exercise capacities and lower extremity functional status tests (Table 1, p<0.05). Six-minute walking distance has the strongest association with both peak (rho: .672, p<0.001) and average (rho: .689, p<0.001) anaerobic exercise capacity.Table 1.Anaerobic exercise capacity scores and lower extremity functionality as well as the relationships between anaerobic capacity and functional tests in patient with familial Mediterranean fever.CharacteristicsMedian (IQR 25/75)(n:28)The correlation results, rho, p valuesPeak Power(watt/kg)Average Power (watt/kg)9-step stair climb test (seconds)5.7 (5.1/6.4)-.590*-.648*p:0.001p: 0.00110-repetition chair stand test (seconds)16.6 (13.7/18.7)-.493*-.476*p:0.008p:0.0106-minute walking distance (meters)594.1 (551.1/643.3).672*.689*p<0.001p<0.001Peak power (watt/kg)5.8 (4.1/7.9)Average power (watt/kg)4.6 (3.1/5.9)IQR 25/75: Interquartile range between 25th and 75th percentiles; kg: kilograms, *Spearman’s rank-order correlation test, p<0.05.Conclusion:According to our results, anaerobic exercise capacity is related to lower extremity functional status in patients with FMF. Improving anaerobic capacity by using optimal rehabilitation programs including speed and agility exercises may help to improve anaerobic exercise capacity, and consequently lower extremity functionality in those patients.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

The start-up and optimisation of a 380 m3 UASB reactor (Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) treating wastewater from a fish-canning factory was carried out. At the beginning of the operation the Organic Loading Rate (OLR) was 1 kg COD/m3·d. Then, the load was gradually increased in steps of 50% OLR until the final capacity of the system (4 kg COD/m3·d) was achieved. Wastewater characteristics were highly dependent on the canned product (mussel, tuna, sardines, etc.). In spite of that, a stable operation working at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 2 days was maintained. Total Alkalinity (TA) always presented values higher than 3 g CaCO3/l, while the IA/TA ratio (Intermediate Alalinity/Total Alkalinity) was always maintained lower than 0.3. In order to improve granulation conditions, upward velocities from 0.5 to 0.8 m/h were applied. The highest values caused the washout of non-granulated biomass from the reactor, optimum operation being achieved at an upward velocity of 0.7 m/h.

This study wished to compare the same physiological responses of elite athletes to a typical intermediate term anaerobic capacity track running session with those of standing cycling of similar intensity and duration. Twelve well trained/elite male distance runners completed maximal running, standing cycling and strength testing sessions; and Intermediate Term Anaerobic Capacity Sessions (ITACS) in running and standing cycling; each comprising eight efforts of approximately 30 seconds duration at 90% maximal effort in each mode of activity, separated by 2 minutes rest. The experimental sessions took place from the end of November 1996 to the beginning of March 1997. The subjects were required to attend three maximal experimental sessions, which were performed on separate days and used for baseline data collection. On completing these they participated in both running and standing cycling ITACS, performed on separate days with at least 48 hours between each test protocol. There was complete randomisation of all test protocols. Descriptive statistics were determined for all the variables. Independent t-testing was used to determine if similar temperature and humidity readings were obtained during the maximal testing for each mode of activity. Paired t-testing was used to compare the differences in warmup heart rates between the maximal and ITACS, the differences in peak lactates obtained after each type of ITACS, draw comparisons between heart rate (HR) changes over time during the ITACS and determine if a difference existed between workloads for the two modes of activity. It was also used to draw a comparison between the peak BLa values and ascertain if pre-test creatine kinase (CK) levels were the same for each mode of activity. A repeated measures one way ANOVA was used to determine if workload reduced over time for each type of ITACS. A three way ANOVA with repeated measures on one factor (repetition) was performed on HR response. It was used to determine if there was a difference between the workload/recovery HR response; if workload/recovery HR values increased over the duration of each ITACS; and if the workload/recovery HR response over time was mode specific. A two way ANOVA with repeated measures on one factor (repetition) was performed on blood lactate (BLa) response. It was used to determine if there was a significant interaction between the mode of activity and time, if BLa increased over the duration of each ITACS and if there was an effect of mode on its own on the BLa response. A two way repeated measures ANOVA was used to ascertain whether there was a difference in CK levels between the two modes of activity, with Tukey's multiple comparison tests used in post hoc analyses to show the amount of difference. A linear regression analysis was performed to determine if BLa response was similar across the duration of each type of ITACS. The effects of temperature (22.3 ± 1.2 vs 21.1 ± 0.3 °C, run vs cycle, t = -0.94, n = 12, p = 0.36)) and humidity (57 ±4.2 vs 52 ± 1.7%, run versus cycle, t = -1.04, n = 12, p = 0.31) did not influence any of the results obtained during the ITACS. Nor did differing warmup intensities (as indicated by heart rate - HR) during the maximal (160 ± 5.7 vs 158 ± 3.1 beats per minute (bpm), run vs cycle, t = - 0.45, n = 9, p = 0.66) and ITACS (160 ± 3.6 vs 152 ± 3.1 bpm, run vs cycle, t = -2.81, n = 9, p = 0.02). An equal test preparation was confirmed by the warmup blood lactate (BLa) levels, which were not significantly different between the exercise modes for both the maximal (11.0 ±0.6 vs 11.8 ± 1.0 mmol-l1, run vs cycle, t = 2.26, ii n = 10, p =0.23) and ITACS (4.2 ± 0.7 vs 4.2 ± 0.6 mmol-1 ', run vs cycle, t = 0.27, n = 10, p = 0.796). A significantly higher workload was achieved during the running ITACS as compared to the standing cycling ITACS (105 ± 1.1 vs 89 ±2.9 %, run vs cycle, t = 10.45, n = 12, p<0.0005). The increase in workload/recovery HR response and their changes as each type of ITACS progressed was not mode specific [F(l,40) = 0.94, p > 0.05]. Those subjects who possessed high BLa concentrations performed less work on the cycle ergometer. There was a strong negative relationship for average workloads and BLa accumulation for the standing cycling exercise (Spearmans rho = -0.799, n = 11, p<0.005) suggesting that BLa accumulation was a limiting factor in work production. The increase in BLa levels was not mode specific F(l,20) = 1.36, p > 0.05]. The BLa response was comparatively similar because the rate of increase in BLa accumulation and peak BLa values (19.7 vs 16.9 mmol-l'1, cycle vs run, t = 2.1, n = 11, p = 0.06) were not significantly different between the modes of activity. Mode in conjunction with time affected standing cycling BLa response to a greater extent than running BLa levels [F(4.80) =3.929, p <. 0.05]. Standing cycling BLa concentrations were significantly negatively correlated with knee extension peak torque (Spearmans rho = - 0.771, n = 11, p < 0.01) and total work (Spearmans rho = - 0.802, n = 11, p < 0.01) measurements. In running they were negatively correlated with knee flexion total work measurements (Spearman rho = - 0.685, n = 11, p < 0.05) These findings suggest that BLa accumulation occurs from different muscle fibre recruitment patterns. Less work was performed in isokinetic knee extension following standing cycling as compared to running (2234 ± 68.4 vs 2462 ± 78.9 Nm, t = 2.23, n = 11, p < 0.05) suggesting that standing cycling is more fatiguing on the quadriceps than running. There was no difference in the knee flexion testing (1799 ± 89.6 vs 1785 ± 69.2, cycle vs run, t = 2.23, n = 11, p = 0.96). There was a significant difference in mean creatine kinase (CK) activity between the two modes 24 hours after completing the ITACS (450 ± 73.2 vs 320 ± 46.5 I/U, running vs cycle, F = 6.44, df = 1,17, p < 0.01). There was a significantly greater increase in CK activity and therefore muscle damage, following the running (mean increase of 190 I/U) as compared to the standing cycling session (mean increase of 44.0 I/U). In terms of reducing the risk of injury, achieving a similar cardiovascular response and achieving comparable BLa accumulation (even though mechanism/s of accumulation may be different) standing cycling appears to be is a satisfactory substitute for running during an ITACS. The results of this research strengthen the concept of utilising a simulated mode of activity as a substitute for the primary activity in order to maximise transfer effects, providing there is a careful balance between the specific training and the near specific training. The differing physiological responses between the exercise modes (ie- different muscle fibre recruitment patterns, different workload capacity, different CK measures) suggest that standing cycling cannot act as a total/comprehensive replacement for running. A training study is warranted to further investigate the findings of this research.

This chapter examines Edward Carpenter's utopian vision, and specifically his belief that the path to utopia would be blazed by what he called Uranians. Carpenter coined the term “Uranian,” or “Urning,” to describe the man-loving men and women-loving women who he believed were the advance guard in the march to utopia. According to Carpenter, Uranians constituted an “intermediate sex,” combining what he saw as the best of both genders: women's tender, loving nature and men's energy and capacity for action. Carpenter wrote a series of essays and books about intermediate sex and what he refers to as “homogenic love.” One of his major works was the 1883 poem “Towards Democracy.” This chapter first provides a background on Carpenter before discussing his utopianism, his religious and spiritual beliefs, his visit to Walt Whitman in America, and his views on homosexuality and socialism.

Essential to a community school’s success is a committed partnership among the school and school district, community organizations, and parents—a partnership that makes students’ academic success a shared responsibility and a shared goal. These partners come together to provide three key sets of supports and opportunities: (1) a strong, coherent core instructional program during the regular school day; (2) supports and services that address and seek to remove barriers to learning; and (3) enrichment opportunities during nonschool hours that build students’ motivation and capacity to succeed in school. Table 11.1 illustrates this concept through a graphic representation of supports and opportunities offered by New York community schools. After the early success of the work at Intermediate School (IS) 218 and Primary School (PS) 5 in Washington Heights, The Children’s Aid Society (CAS) received scores of requests from principals around New York City who wanted their schools to become CAS community schools. Deciding how to respond to these requests became a major issue for CAS, because our intention from the beginning was to enter into a long-term partnership with each school—which meant that the agency was committing itself to sustaining each partnership for multiple years, if not forever. The financial implications of each decision were clear: we needed to build slowly and carefully, with a view toward long-term sustainability. In our strategic plans and discussions with CAS trustees and funders, managing the growth of community schools was an explicit goal. Furthermore, we recognized that implementation of the CAS community school model must focus on adaptation, not replication. This meant that, as we added schools (at the rate of roughly one per year), we would conduct a local needs and resource assessment and make a plan that was responsive to the unique assets and needs of each school and its surrounding community. From March 1992 through June 2003, CAS worked in close partnership with the New York City public schools to develop ten community schools—five in the Washington Heights neighborhood of northern Manhattan, two in East Harlem (also in Manhattan), and three in the South Bronx.

<em>Abstract.</em>—Three phases of myogenesis have been identified in the myotomal muscles of larval teleosts. The commitment of embryonic slow and fast muscle lineages is determined prior to segmentation (embryonic myogenesis) and involves notochord and floorplate derived signaling pathways, which drive the adaxial cells to a slow muscle fate. The adaxial cells elongate to span the entire somite width and subsequently migrate through the myotome to form a superficial layer of slow muscle fibers. The remaining cells of the lateral mesoderm adopt the default fast muscle phenotype. The second phase of fiber expansion in the myotomes involves recruitment from discrete germinal zones for both slow and fast muscle fibers (stratified hyperplasia). Finally, myogenic precursor cells are activated throughout the myotome (mosaic hyperplasia). The progeny of these cells either fuse to form additional fibers on the surface of existing muscle fibers or are absorbed by fibers as they expand in diameter (hypertrophic growth). There is considerable species diversity with respect to the timing of innervation of the embryonic muscle fibers in relation to other developmental events, the degree of maturation of the muscle fibers at hatching, and the onset and relative importance of stratified and mosaic hyperplasia to growth during larval life. A subset of myogenic cells specified by their position in the anterior myotomes are thought to migrate out and populate the pectoral fin buds leading to the differentiation of the pectoral fin muscles. Little is known about the mechanism of formation of the unpaired fin muscles, which occurs after the differentiation of the myotomes and is often delayed until relatively late in larval life. During ontogeny, embryonic isoforms of the myofibrillar proteins are replaced by larval and adult isoforms, and the adult multiterminal pattern of slow muscle innervation gradually develops, reflecting changes in swimming style and performance as body size increases. The body length at which particular protein isoforms are switched on varies for each myofibrillar component and with temperature. In general, early larval stages show a greater reliance on aerobic metabolic pathways and a lower capacity for anaerobic glycolysis than later larval and juvenile stages. Temperature has a marked effect on the ultrastructure, number, and phenotype of larval muscle fibers. Recent evidence suggests that egg incubation temperature can influence myogenic cell commitment, producing long-term consequences for fiber recruitment and growth performance during subsequent stages of the life cycle. The ecological significance of the phenotypic plasticity of muscle growth and some potential applications to fisheries science are briefly discussed.

Gas generation is a safety issue for repositories for radioactive waste because of its potential impact on barrier integrity and radionuclide transport. Therefore, the amount of gas that might be produced and the generation rate has to be assessed. For a qualified prediction of the gas generation potential and rates under repository conditions for radiolysis, corrosion and microbial degradation, gas generation rates concerning real waste packages, laboratory experiments as well as natural analogues for microbial degradation have been evaluated. These data were applied to long-term modelling of gas generation at two sites. The modelling includes aerobic, anaerobic, dry and saturated phases and variations of pH depending on the degradation of cement in order to assess the range of gas generation rates. The results show very low gas generation by radiolysis. At one site, radiolytic gas generation was dominated by short-lived nuclides. The other site had a larger inventory of long-lived radionuclides, yielding higher long-term radiolytic gas generation. In contrast to previous calculations, the gas generation potential by microbial degradation was significantly lower than calculated by stoechiometry. The microbial gas generation potential is reduced by microbial degradation before closure of the site. Furthermore a saturation effect, known from natural analogues, waste dumps and experiments, was modelled, resulting in a significantly lower yield of gas. Overall, the gas generation potential and rate were dominated by corrosion processes of iron.

Most communities use curbside recycling and yard waste composting programs to reduce the amount of solid waste that needs to be disposed in a waste-to-energy (WTE) facility or landfill. Communities with well established programs have come to realize that there is a practical limit to the amount of solid waste that can be diverted using these methods. To increase waste diversion rates further, some communities have begun to target other materials. One material that is receiving increased attention is food waste. Food waste represents a significant portion of the remaining waste stream and several alternative options are available to manage this material, including composting and anaerobic digestion. In some cases, communities have already begun to implement separate residential food waste collection programs—commonly referred to as the “green bin.” In addition, several jurisdictions have already enacted regulations to promote the diversion of food waste from commercial generators such as food processors, restaurants and supermarkets. Since food waste has a relatively high moisture content, removal of this high-volume component can significantly affect the composition and characteristics of the remaining waste, most notably the heat content. It is important that current and future WTE facility owners understand the potential impacts to their WTE project should they implement a food waste diversion program. This paper evaluates the potential outcome of food waste diversion on the heating value of the remaining waste based on recent waste characterization data collected by Metro Vancouver. Metro Vancouver represents a good case study since they currently own a WTE facility and are considering constructing a second one. Metro Vancouver’s long-term solid waste management plan also includes implementing a food waste diversion program in order to increase their overall waste diversion rate from 55 to 70 percent by 2015. The potential effect of food waste diversion on the capacity of Metro Vancouver’s existing WTE facility as well as the capacity and cost of a new WTE facility is also examined.

The tubes of PWR steam generators are part of the second barrier between the nuclear fuel and the environment. The integrity in operation of the tubes is addressed with Non Destructive Examinations (NDE) and flaw allowances criteria. If a tube does not match the criteria, it is plugged. As a consequence, the steam generators tube plugging (SGTP) may increase during the maintenance outages. This increase has to be managed properly because it basically affects the heat exchange capacity of the Nuclear Steam Supply System (NSSS). This can be managed by performing long-term predictions in order to prepare in advance the possibility of steam generator replacements. But this “long-term operation” management is to be completed with an intermediate term management considering the real operating conditions of the NSSS. Intermediate term predictions, based on a simulation of the mechanisms leading to the degradation of the tubes, are annually compared with the evolution of real NDE and real SGTP. These predictions are completed with the set-up of a model, for each Reactor Coolant System (RCS), considering the relation between the average SGTP and the primary flow-rate. The predictions are used to check that the real operating conditions of each NSSS can be matched with an existing safety file.

The Radioactive Waste Disposal Facility (RWDF) Buryakovka was constructed in 1986 as part of the intervention measures after the accident at Chernobyl NPP (ChNPP). Today, the surface repository for solid low and intermediate level waste (LILW) is still being operated but its maximum capacity is nearly reached. Long-existing plans for increasing the capacity of the facility shall be implemented in the framework of the European Commission INSC Programme (Instrument for Nuclear Safety Co-operation). Within the first phase of this project, DBE TECHNOLOGY GmbH prepared a safety analysis report of the facility in its current state (SAR) and a preliminary safety analysis report (PSAR) for a future extended facility based on the planned enlargement. In addition to a detailed mathematical model, also simplified models have been developed to verify results of the former one and enhance confidence in the results. Comparison of the results show that — depending on the boundary conditions — simplifications like modeling the multi trench repository as one generic trench might have very limited influence on the overall results compared to the general uncertainties associated with respective long-term calculations. In addition to their value in regard to verification of more complex models which is important to increase confidence in the overall results, such simplified models can also offer the possibility to carry out time consuming calculations like probabilistic calculations or detailed sensitivity analysis in an economic manner.

The City of Taunton, MA (City) has undertaken a competitive procurement process to consider proposals for a private company to develop, design, permit, finance, construct and operate a Solid Waste Management Facility (SWMF), which may be sized up to 1800 tons per day (TPD), to serve both the City’s and region’s needs for long term solid waste management. A comprehensive Request for Qualifications and Proposals (RFQP) for the SWMF was issued in June 2008. The City initiated the procurement process because its current landfill is scheduled to reach capacity in 2013. The procurement process focused on conversion technologies capable of recovering materials and producing electricity or fuels, and maximizing diversion of waste from landfilling. Technologies considered included both traditional and emerging technologies; e.g., composting, co-composting, thermal gasification, aerobic and anaerobic digestion, hydrolysis and mechanical means of waste separation into useful products. Landfilling and traditional waste-to-energy technologies were not considered.

In low/intermediate-level waste (L/ILW) repositories, anaerobic corrosion of metals and degradation of organic materials produce hydrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide. Gas migration in a L/ILW repository is one of the processes evaluated in the safety assessment of deep geological disposal in low-permeability formations, in particular with respect to the development of gas pressures in the repository caverns which could negatively affect the host rock or the engineered barrier system (EBS). In order to restrict build-up of gas overpressures in the emplacement caverns, Nagra (National Cooperative for the Disposal of Radioactive Waste, Switzerland) has proposed design options aimed at increasing the gas transport capacity of the backfilled underground structures, compromising neither the low hydraulic conductivity nor the radionuclide retention capacity of the EBS (Nagra, 2008). They involve specially designed backfill and sealing materials such as high porosity mortars as backfill materials for the emplacement caverns and sand/bentonite (S/B) mixtures with a bentonite content of 20% to 30% for the seals themselves and for backfilling other underground structures. These increased gas permeability materials can supplement the gas flow that is expected to occur through the excavation damaged zone (EDZ) and avoid the creation of overpressures. Preliminary experimental studies have confirmed the gas transport capacity of the S/B mixtures and demonstrated the ability to design mixtures with specific target permeabilities for water and gas flow (Nagra, 2008). Two-phase flow modelling studies have shown that the gas transport capacity of seals is largely dependent on their permeability and length. More detailed models of sealing elements show a rather complex history of seal saturation during the early saturation phase and the later gas escape phase (Gaus et al., 2010). Note, however, that current modelling approaches are based on parameters and conceptual understanding of small-scale laboratory experiments. Two large(r) scale experiments which aim at validating and, if necessary, improving current conceptual models for the resaturation and gas invasion processes into S/B seals and the determination of up-scaled gas / water permeabilities of S/B seals (i.e. two-phase flow parameters for large-scale models) have been initiated and will be highlighted in the paper. The first one, a mock-up experiment, was set up in 2010 as part of the EU 7th FP project FORGE, aiming at demonstrating seal performance on an intermediate (decimetre scale). The second one is a large-scale experiment (metre-scale), the Gas-Permeable Seal Test (GAST), which was also initiated in 2010 at the Grimsel Test Site (GTS). For GAST, a seal will be emplaced at the GTS to demonstrate the effective functioning of gas-permeable seals on a realistic scale and with realistic boundary conditions (‘proof of concept’).

This paper presents the design criteria and the prerequisites for the development of the Radioactive Waste Treatment Plant - RWTP which will comply with L/ILW Final Repository requirements to be built near Cernavoda NPP. The RWTP will be designed to satisfy the main performance objectives in accordance to IAEA recommendation and on basis of the Repository’s Waste Acceptance Criteria resulted from the local conditions. One of the most important technological aspect is related to the selection of technologies, which implies, on the one hand, the impact on present generation respectively incineration, radwaste transfer from the SS drums to CS drums, SS drums super compaction and spent filter cartridges cutting, and on the other hand, technologies that isolate for 300 years the tritium and C-14 in the Repository with impact for the next generations. The Saligny Repository will be commissioned in 2014 and in order to accept radwastes from Cernavoda NPP it is necessary that the radwastes are suitably treated for long–term radionuclides isolation. The conditions and requirements including many uncertainties and constraints reduce the possibilities to select the suitable treatment technologies for the Waste Treatment Plant designed for the radwastes generated by Cernavoda NPP, this selection being a critical case due to the limited storage capacity of existing Radioactive Waste Storage Facility. The necessary Radioactive Waste Treatment Plant implies a detailed analysis including ethical aspects of the selected technologies.

In low/intermediate-level waste (L/ILW) repositories, anaerobic corrosion of metals and degradation of organic materials produce hydrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide. Gas accumulation and gas transport in a L/ILW repository is an important component in the safety assessment of proposed deep repositories in low-permeability formations. The dominant gas transport mechanisms are dependent on the gas overpressures as with increasing overpressure the gas transport capacity of the system increases. The dominant gas transport mechanisms occurring with increasing gas pressure within the anticipated pressure ranges are: diffusion of gas dissolved in pore water (1), two phase flow in the host rock and the excavation damaged zone (EDZ) whereby no deformation of the pore space occurs (2), gas migration within parts of the repository (if repository materials are appropriately chosen) (3) and pathway dilation (4). Under no circumstances the gas is expected to induce permanent fractures in the host rock. This paper focuses on the gas migration in parts of the repository whereby materials are chosen aimed at increasing the gas transport capacity of the backfilled underground structures without compromising the radionuclide retention capacity of the engineered barrier system (EBS). These materials with enhanced gas permeability and low water permeability can supplement the gas flow that is expected to occur through the EDZ and the host rock. The impact of the use of adapted backfill and sealing materials on the gas pressure build-up and the major gas paths were assessed using numerical two-phase flow models on the repository scale. Furthermore, both the gas and water fluxes as a function of time and gas generation rate can be evaluated by varying the physical properties of the materials and hence their transport capacity. Results showed that by introducing seals with higher gas permeability, the modelled gas flow is largely limited to the access tunnels and the excavation disturbed zone for the case of a very low permeability host rock. The bulk of the gas flows through the repository seal and the adjacent EDZ into the tunnel system. In addition to the demonstration of the gas flow in the seal and access tunnel system by numerical models, laboratory results confirm the high gas transport capacity of the sand/bentonite mixtures. In a next step a multi year demonstration scale experiment (GAST) at the Grimsel Test Site is envisioned.

Since 1984, ENRESA is responsible of the radioactive waste management and the decommissioning of nuclear installations in Spain. The major recent challenge has been the approval of the Sixth General Radioactive Waste Plan (GRWP) as “master plan” of the activities to be performed by ENRESA. Regarding the LILW programme, the El Cabril LILW disposal facility will be described highlighting the most relevant events especially focused on optimizing the existing capacity and the start-up of a purpose–built disposal area for VLLW. Concerning the HLW programme, two aspects may be distinguished in the direct management of spent fuel: temporary storage and long-term management. In this regards, a major challenge has been the decision adopted by the Spanish Government to set up a Interministerial Committee for the establishment of the criteria that must be met by the site of the Centralized Intermediate Storage (CTS) facility as the first and necessary step for the process. Also the developments of the long-term management programme will be presented in the frame of the ENRESA’s R&D programme. Finally, in the field of decommissioning they will be presented the PIMIC project at the CIEMAT centre and the activities in course for the decommissioning of Jose´ Cabrera NPP.

The revised German Atomic Act together with the Agreement between the German Government and the German Utilities of June 11, 2001 form new boundary conditions that considerably influence spent fuel strategies by stipulation of lifetime limitations to nuclear power plants and termination of reprocessing. The contractually agreed return of reprocessing residues comprises some 156 casks containing vitrified highly active waste, the so-called HAW or glass canisters, coming form irradiated nuclear fuel assemblies to be shipped from COGEMA, France and BNFL, UK to Germany presumably until 2011. Several hundred casks with compacted residues and other waste will follow. The transports are scheduled presumably beyond 2020. The central interim storage facilities in Ahaus and Gorleben, formerly intended to accumulate up to 8,000 t of heavy metal (HM) of spent fuel from German nuclear power plants, offer sufficient capacity to receive the totality of residues to be returned from reprocessing abroad. GNB has developed, tested, licensed, fabricated, loaded, transported and stored a large number of casks for spent fuel and is one of the world leaders for delivering spent fuel and high level waste casks. Long-term intermediate storage of spent fuel is carried out under dry conditions using these casks that are licensed for transport as well as for storage. Standardized high performance casks such as the types CASTOR® HAW 20/28 CG, CASTOR® V/19 and CASTOR® V/52 meet the needs of most nuclear power plants in Germany. Up to now GNS has co-ordinated the loading and transport of 27 casks loaded with 28 canisters each from COGEMA back to Germany for storage in Gorleben for up to 40 years. In all but one case the cask type CASTOR® HAW 20/28 CG has been used.

Training cadets-weightlifters at all stages has a multipurpose orientation, that is why it is important to define and plan a rational combination of the training means use. Distribution of such micro structures in the cycle of training, as the days, months of training, provides effective volume, intensity and other values of physical load distribution. The structure of training cadets-weightlifters is based on taking into account the regularities and principles of sports training as the condition for physical readiness and working capacity increase. Any power oriented sports demands components characteristics in the structure of micro cycles. We consider the methodology of the training lessons organization by the example of the micro cycle of training taking into account bioenergetic profile of cadets-weightlifters. We revealed the necessity to distribute the macro cycle to structural components as the condition for the effectiveness of different variants of the training effects distribution. Materials and methods. We analyzed the range of training lessons among cadets-weightlifters in order to create the variants of gradual training problems solution according to the kinds of training. We analyzed training programs of cadets taking into consideration the level of readiness and their bioenergetic profiles. We created the content of the training work in the micro cycle of the preparatory period for cadets-weightlifters with different bioenergetic profiles. The main material of the research includes the ratio of the training effects volume in one micro cycle taking into account cadets’ bioenergetic profile. Cadets-weightlifters from Tyumen Higher Military-Engineering Command College (military Institute) took part in the research (Tyumen, Russia). Results. We created the content of the training work by the example of one micro cycle for cadets-weightlifters taking into account bioenergetic profile. The created variant of the training loads structure includes the main means of training taking into account the kind of training. Realization orientation in five regimens of work fulfillment with the effectiveness estimation of a total load within one lesson and a week in general is estimated according to a point system. Conclusion. The created variant of a micro cycle considers kinds of training realization taking into account the percentage of the ratio. Taking into account bioenergetic profiles helps to discuss strong and weak sides of muscle activity energy supply mechanisms. We consider the ability to fulfill a long-term aerobic load among the representatives of the 1st and the 2nd bioenergetic profiles. The representatives of the 3rd and the 4th biotype are inclined to fulfill the mixed load. The representatives of the 5th biotype are characterized by higher degree of anaerobic abilities demonstration. The technology of planning the means taking into account the regimens of work realization with point system helps to increase physical working capacity and rehabilitation processes in cadets’ organisms.