Journal articles: 'Intermediate imputs'

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Purkayastha, Dipankar. "A tariff game with intermediate imports." Atlantic Economic Journal 20, no. 2 (June 1992): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02298876.

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Stijepic, Denis, and Helmut Wagner. "Impacts of intermediate trade on sector structure." Journal of International Trade & Economic Development 27, no. 1 (July 7, 2017): 102–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2017.1344725.

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Amin, Mohammad, and Asif Islam. "Imports of intermediate inputs and country size." Applied Economics Letters 21, no. 11 (April 2014): 738–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2014.887183.

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López, Ricardo A. "Imports of intermediate inputs and plant survival." Economics Letters 92, no. 1 (July 2006): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2006.01.025.

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Cardoza, Rosa E., Susan P. McCormick, Natalia Martínez-Reyes, Joaquín Rodríguez-Fernández, Mark Busman, Robert H. Proctor, and Santiago Gutiérrez. "Analysis of substrate specificity of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases involved in trichothecene toxin biosynthesis." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 108, no. 1 (January 6, 2024): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-023-12950-1.

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AbstractTrichothecenes are a structurally diverse family of toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain species of multiple fungal genera. All trichothecene analogs share a core 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene (EPT) structure but differ in presence, absence and types of substituents attached to various positions of EPT. Formation of some of the structural diversity begins early in the biosynthetic pathway such that some producing species have few trichothecene biosynthetic intermediates in common. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) play critical roles in formation of trichothecene structural diversity. Within some species, relaxed substrate specificities of P450s allow individual orthologs of the enzymes to modify multiple trichothecene biosynthetic intermediates. It is not clear, however, whether the relaxed specificity extends to biosynthetic intermediates that are not produced by the species in which the orthologs originate. To address this knowledge gap, we used a mutant complementation-heterologous expression analysis to assess whether orthologs of three trichothecene biosynthetic P450s (TRI11, TRI13 and TRI22) from Fusarium sporotrichioides, Trichoderma arundinaceum, and Paramyrothecium roridum can modify trichothecene biosynthetic intermediates that they do not encounter in the organism in which they originated. The results indicate that TRI13 and TRI22 could not modify the intermediates that they do not normally encounter, whereas TRI11 could modify an intermediate that it does not normally encounter. These findings indicate that substrate promiscuity varies among trichothecene biosynthetic P450s. One structural feature that likely impacts the ability of the P450s to use biosynthetic intermediates as substrates is the presence and absence of an oxygen atom attached to carbon atom 3 of EPT.

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GREEK, BRUCE F. "Fiber Intermediates Demand Dampened by Apparel Imports." Chemical & Engineering News 64, no. 40 (October 6, 1986): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v064n040.p011.

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Kojima, Keiichi, Takahiro Yamashita, Yasushi Imamoto, Takehiro G. Kusakabe, Motoyuki Tsuda, and Yoshinori Shichida. "Evolutionary steps involving counterion displacement in a tunicate opsin." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 23 (May 22, 2017): 6028–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701088114.

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Ci-opsin1 is a visible light-sensitive opsin present in the larval ocellus of an ascidian, Ciona intestinalis. This invertebrate opsin belongs to the vertebrate visual and nonvisual opsin groups in the opsin phylogenetic tree. Ci-opsin1 contains candidate counterions (glutamic acid residues) at positions 113 and 181; the former is a newly acquired position in the vertebrate visual opsin lineage, whereas the latter is an ancestral position widely conserved among invertebrate opsins. Here, we show that Glu113 and Glu181 in Ci-opsin1 act synergistically as counterions, which imparts molecular properties to Ci-opsin1 intermediate between those of vertebrate- and invertebrate-type opsins. Synergy between the counterions in Ci-opsin1 was demonstrated by E113Q and E181Q mutants that exhibit a pH-dependent spectral shift, whereas only the E113Q mutation in vertebrate rhodopsin yields this spectral shift. On absorbing light, Ci-opsin1 forms an equilibrium between two intermediates with protonated and deprotonated Schiff bases, namely the MI-like and MII-like intermediates, respectively. Adding G protein caused the equilibrium to shift toward the MI-like intermediate, indicating that Ci-opsin1 has a protonated Schiff base in its active state, like invertebrate-type opsins. Ci-opsin1’s G protein activation efficiency is between the efficiencies of vertebrate- and invertebrate-type opsins. Interestingly, the E113Y and E181S mutations change the molecular properties of Ci-opsin1 into those resembling invertebrate-type or bistable opsins and vertebrate ancient/vertebrate ancient-long or monostable opsins, respectively. These results strongly suggest that acquisition of counterion Glu113 changed the molecular properties of visual opsin in a vertebrate/tunicate common ancestor as a crucial step in the evolution of vertebrate visual opsins.

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Zhao, Liang, Yuhang Yang, Hongfang Zhou, Zhengle Que, and Yadi Pan. "Ethanol decomposition in supercritical water: An operating parametric experimental and kinetic study." BioResources 15, no. 4 (September 23, 2020): 8515–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.4.8515-8528.

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Ethanol is an intermediate of the supercritical water decomposition of lignocellulosic biomass or biomass-derived compounds. In this study, experiments on ethanol decomposition in supercritical water were performed at different reaction temperatures (500 °C to 600 °C), residence times (6 s to 12 s), and initial ethanol concentrations (0.05 mol·L-1 to 0.20 mol·L-1). Temperature had larger impacts on the ethanol conversion than the other factors. Higher temperatures and feedstock concentrations facilitated gas production. In addition, the higher temperature promoted the scissions of C-C and C-O bonds of ethanol. However, longer residence times did not improve the yields of H2, CO, and C2. Because the H2-to-CO2 ratio was much greater than 1, the water-gas shift reaction was not the dominant route during the ethanol conversion process. Further, the mechanism and kinetic model of ethanol supercritical water decomposition were proposed. The kinetics revealed that ethanol gasification in supercritical water was mainly dominated by ethanol dehydrogenation, the hydrogenation of intermediates, and the coke formations of CO and CH4. In addition, H2 was mainly formed via ethanol dehydrogenation and consumed via the hydrogenation of intermediates. The rate of coke formation was relatively low during ethanol decomposition.

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Khan, M. A. H., C. J. Percival, R. L. Caravan, C. A. Taatjes, and D. E. Shallcross. "Criegee intermediates and their impacts on the troposphere." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 20, no. 3 (2018): 437–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7em00585g.

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Ramírez-Alesón, Marisa, and Marta Fernández-Olmos. "Intermediate imports and innovation performance: do family firms benefit more?" European Journal of Innovation Management 23, no. 5 (November 14, 2019): 835–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejim-05-2019-0116.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of imported intermediate inputs on innovation performance, differentiating among types of innovation output (product and process innovation) and considering both family and non-family firms in the Spanish context. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses an unbalanced panel of 1963 firms in the Spanish manufacturing sector (13,155 observations; 2006–2016) that can be identified as family or non-family firms. The authors apply a recently developed methodology (conditional mixed process model) that takes into account the possible relationships among the dependent variables to a panel bivariate probit model with robust standard errors. Findings Importing intermediate inputs is an important source of process innovation for all firms, but not of product innovations. Significant differences were found between family and non-family firms in favor of the family type. Research limitations/implications This paper breaks down the family state into two categories (belonging to a family group or not) because the database does not contain information regarding the percentage of family ownership or the number of family members in the management structure. Moreover, the research is context specific. Practical implications These results will be useful for firms that are considering the value of importing intermediate inputs as a strategy to improve their process innovations, particularly for family firms. Social implications Family firms are more successful in the utilization of imported intermediate inputs to achieve greater innovation performance. If family firms are more competent in leveraging their intermediate input imports in innovation performance, it should contribute to increasing business performance. Originality/value The research on imports takes into account the different impacts of intermediate imports depending on innovation performance (product innovation vs process innovation) and the nature of the firm (family firms vs non-family firms).

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Aumont, B., S. Szopa, and S. Madronich. "Modelling the evolution of organic carbon during its gas-phase tropospheric oxidation: development of an explicit model based on a self generating approach." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 5, no. 1 (February 11, 2005): 703–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-5-703-2005.

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Abstract. Organic compounds emitted in the atmosphere are oxidized in complex reaction sequences that produce a myriad of intermediates. Although the cumulative importance of these organic intermediates is widely acknowledged, there is still a critical lack of information concerning the detailed composition of the highly functionalized secondary organics in the gas and condensed phases. The evaluation of their impacts on pollution episodes, climate, and the tropospheric oxidizing capacity requires modelling tools that track the identity and reactivity of organic carbon in the various phases down to the ultimate oxidation products, CO and CO2. However, a fully detailed representation of the atmospheric transformations of organic compounds involves a very large number of intermediate species, far in excess of the number that can be reasonably written manually. This paper describes (1) the development of a data processing tool to generate the explicit gas-phase oxidation schemes of organic compounds under tropospheric conditions and (2) the protocol used to select the reaction products and the rate constants. Results are presented using the fully explicit oxidation schemes generated for two test species: n-heptane and isoprene. Comparisons with well-established mechanisms were performed to evaluate these generated schemes. Some preliminary results describing the gradual change of organic carbon during the oxidation of a given parent compound are presented.

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Hejazi, Walid, and Andreea Ciologariu. "The Role of MNEs as Intermediates for Canadian Imports." Academy of Management Proceedings 2020, no. 1 (August 2020): 21307. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2020.21307abstract.

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Xiang, Yu, Jing Zheng, and Xunhua Tu. "The Impact of Intermediate Goods Imports on Energy Efficiency: Empirical Evidence from Chinese Cities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 20 (October 11, 2022): 13007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013007.

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Improving energy efficiency is a critical way to solve energy shortage and environmental problems and achieve the goal of “double carbon”. As China expands imports and integrates into global value chains, can import trade improve energy efficiency? This topic is extremely important for solving current energy problems and promoting sustainable economic development. Based on panel data of prefecture-level cities in China, this paper uses the Super-SBM model to measure the total factor energy efficiency of cities and investigates the impact of intermediate goods imports on energy efficiency with fixed effects models and instrumental variable method (IV). The study finds that: (1) intermediate goods imports contribute to the increase of urban energy efficiency, and the mechanism test indicates that intermediate goods imports affect energy efficiency through the technology spillover effect and intermediate goods type diversification effect. (2) According to the heterogeneity analysis, the effect of intermediate goods imports on energy efficiency is more evident in eastern China and cities with low topographic relief, medium population scale, and high absorption capability. (3) Analysis of the spatial spillover effect with the SDM model shows that importing intermediate goods promotes energy efficiency in local cities and radiates energy efficiency improvement in neighboring cities.

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Miller, Christopher A., Bridget Carragher, William A. McDade, and Robert Josephs. "The orientation of sickle hemoglobin fibers within fascicles." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 400–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100104066.

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Highly ordered bundles of deoxyhemoglobin S (HbS) fibers, termed fascicles, are intermediates in the high pH crystallization pathway of HbS. These fibers consist of 7 Wishner-Love double strands in a helical configuration. Since each double strand has a polarity, the odd number of double strands in the fiber imparts a net polarity to the structure. HbS crystals have a unit cell containing two double strands, one of each polarity, resulting in a net polarity of zero. Therefore a rearrangement of the double strands must occur to form a non-polar crystal from the polar fibers. To determine the role of fascicles as an intermediate in the crystallization pathway it is important to understand the relative orientation of fibers within fascicles. Furthermore, an understanding of fascicle structure may have implications for the design of potential sickling inhibitors, since it is bundles of fibers which cause the red cell distortion responsible for the vaso-occlusive complications characteristic of sickle cell anemia.

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Aumont, B., S. Szopa, and S. Madronich. "Modelling the evolution of organic carbon during its gas-phase tropospheric oxidation: development of an explicit model based on a self generating approach." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 5, no. 9 (September 22, 2005): 2497–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-2497-2005.

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Abstract. Organic compounds emitted in the atmosphere are oxidized in complex reaction sequences that produce a myriad of intermediates. Although the cumulative importance of these organic intermediates is widely acknowledged, there is still a critical lack of information concerning the detailed composition of the highly functionalized secondary organics in the gas and condensed phases. The evaluation of their impacts on pollution episodes, climate, and the tropospheric oxidizing capacity requires modelling tools that track the identity and reactivity of organic carbon in the various phases down to the ultimate oxidation products, CO and CO2. However, a fully detailed representation of the atmospheric transformations of organic compounds involves a very large number of intermediate species, far in excess of the number that can be reasonably written manually. This paper describes (1) the development of a data processing tool to generate the explicit gas-phase oxidation schemes of acyclic hydrocarbons and their oxidation products under tropospheric conditions and (2) the protocol used to select the reaction products and the rate constants. Results are presented using the fully explicit oxidation schemes generated for two test species: n-heptane and isoprene. Comparisons with well-established mechanisms were performed to evaluate these generated schemes. Some preliminary results describing the gradual change of organic carbon during the oxidation of a given parent compound are presented.

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Lambert, David K., and Volodymyr V. Bayda. "The Impacts of Farm Financial Structure on Production Efficiency." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 37, no. 1 (April 2005): 277–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800007252.

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Farm financial structure may affect both short- and long-run input usage, thereby affecting farm efficiency. Any inefficiencies arising from the choice of inputs can be magnified over time as credit constraints continue to affect input usage. In a panel of 54 North Dakota crop farms, efficiency and debt structure were related. Intermediate debt was found to be positively related to farm technical efficiency, and short-term debt was negatively associated with technical efficiency. Use of intermediate-term debt was positively associated with farm-scale efficiency, whereas no significant relationship was found between short- and long-term debt and scale efficiency.

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Al-Dawoody Abdulaal, Mohammad Awad, Nawroz Ramadan Khalil, Maryumah Heji Alenazi, and Mengesha Robso Wodajo. "Dynamic vs Nondynamic Assessments: Impacts on Intermediate EFL Learners’ Receptive Skills." Education Research International 2022 (March 20, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5372929.

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Listening and reading skills, which are two of the essential skills in the world of language learning, have established themselves in various academic fields. Many researchers have looked at teaching and developing these two receptive abilities, but less focus has been paid to assessing and testing them. Traditional evaluation has been used to examine learners for a long time, but new teaching methods should introduce new ways to test and assess students. This study attempted to investigate the impact of dynamic assessment (DA) vs. nondynamic assessment (NDA) on Ethiopian intermediate EFL learners’ receptive abilities, which was conceptually grounded by Vygotsky’s (1978) socio-cultural theory (SCT). To this end, 96 intermediate students from a high school participated in this study. Then, they were divided into three equal groups: two experimental groups (EG1 and EG2) and one control group (CG). After administering a pretest, the EG1 and EG2 were taught listening and reading skills through group dynamic assessment, and the control group received traditional instruction. After the treatment, a posttest was administered. The results of one-way ANCOVA revealed that dynamic assessment had significant effects on receptive skills. This study has implications for instructors, students, and material designers in light of the findings. Teachers are encouraged to use DA in their language instruction to help students improve their English language abilities.

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Brandyberry, Alan, Arun Rai, and Gregory P. White. "Intermediate Performance Impacts of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Systems: An Empirical Investigation." Decision Sciences 30, no. 4 (September 1999): 993–1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.1999.tb00916.x.

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López, Ricardo A., and Niru Yadav. "Imports of Intermediate Inputs and Spillover Effects: Evidence from Chilean Plants." Journal of Development Studies 46, no. 8 (September 2010): 1385–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220380903428423.

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Xiaojuan, Hu, and Su Yan. "The Impact of Tariff Policies on Imports of China’s Intermediate Goods." Journal of Economic Policy Reform 10, no. 4 (December 2007): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17487870701556385.

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Caselli, Mauro. "Do all imports matter for productivity? Intermediate inputs vs capital goods." Economia Politica 35, no. 2 (July 24, 2017): 285–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40888-017-0071-5.

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Ibarra, Carlos A. "A note on intermediate imports and the BPCG model in Mexico." Economic Change and Restructuring 44, no. 4 (April 8, 2011): 357–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10644-011-9105-0.

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Gobbi, M., G. Mastinu, L. Munoz, and A. Pandolfi. "Numerical–experimental analysis of metal bars undergoing intermediate strain rate impacts." Computational Mechanics 43, no. 2 (August 27, 2008): 191–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00466-008-0279-x.

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Liu, Qing, and Larry D. Qiu. "Intermediate input imports and innovations: Evidence from Chinese firms' patent filings." Journal of International Economics 103 (November 2016): 166–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2016.09.009.

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Roy, Suryadipta. "Intermediate Input Imports, Domestic Input Use and Firm-level Outcomes: Evidence from Survey Data." Foreign Trade Review 55, no. 3 (May 21, 2020): 320–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732520920467.

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Imported intermediate inputs, that is, parts and materials sourced from abroad and used to make products either consumed domestically or in producing exported goods are a growing force in world trade. We test for the relative effect of imported intermediate inputs and domestic inputs in promoting foreign exports and various forms of domestic sales, using firm-level survey data. Imported intermediate inputs are found to be associated with higher overall sales, foreign exports and larger sales to multinational companies domiciled in the home country. On the other hand, domestic inputs are not found to have statistically significant positive effect on any firm-level outcomes. Since exporting firms are usually more productive than domestic firms, the results point towards the salience of outsourcing inputs in supporting firm productivity and the importance of policymaking in facilitating trade in intermediate inputs across countries. JEL: F10, F12, F23

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Aghanim, N., Y. Akrami, M. Ashdown, J. Aumont, C. Baccigalupi, M. Ballardini, A. J. Banday, et al. "Planck intermediate results." Astronomy & Astrophysics 607 (November 2017): A95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629504.

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The six parameters of the standard ΛCDM model have best-fit values derived from the Planck temperature power spectrum that are shifted somewhat from the best-fit values derived from WMAP data. These shifts are driven by features in the Planck temperature power spectrum at angular scales that had never before been measured to cosmic-variance level precision. We have investigated these shifts to determine whether they are within the range of expectation and to understand their origin in the data. Taking our parameter set to be the optical depth of the reionized intergalactic medium τ, the baryon density ωb, the matter density ωm, the angular size of the sound horizon θ∗, the spectral index of the primordial power spectrum, ns, and Ase− 2τ (where As is the amplitude of the primordial power spectrum), we have examined the change in best-fit values between a WMAP-like large angular-scale data set (with multipole moment ℓ < 800 in the Planck temperature power spectrum) and an all angular-scale data set (ℓ < 2500Planck temperature power spectrum), each with a prior on τ of 0.07 ± 0.02. We find that the shifts, in units of the 1σ expected dispersion for each parameter, are { Δτ,ΔAse− 2τ,Δns,Δωm,Δωb,Δθ∗ } = { −1.7,−2.2,1.2,−2.0,1.1,0.9 }, with a χ2 value of 8.0. We find that this χ2 value is exceeded in 15% of our simulated data sets, and that a parameter deviates by more than 2.2σ in 9% of simulated data sets, meaning that the shifts are not unusually large. Comparing ℓ < 800 instead to ℓ> 800, or splitting at a different multipole, yields similar results. We examined the ℓ < 800 model residuals in the ℓ> 800 power spectrum data and find that the features there that drive these shifts are a set of oscillations across a broad range of angular scales. Although they partly appear similar to the effects of enhanced gravitational lensing, the shifts in ΛCDM parameters that arise in response to these features correspond to model spectrum changes that are predominantly due to non-lensing effects; the only exception is τ, which, at fixed Ase− 2τ, affects the ℓ> 800 temperature power spectrum solely through the associated change in As and the impact of that on the lensing potential power spectrum. We also ask, “what is it about the power spectrum at ℓ < 800 that leads to somewhat different best-fit parameters than come from the full ℓ range?” We find that if we discard the data at ℓ < 30, where there is a roughly 2σ downward fluctuation in power relative to the model that best fits the full ℓ range, the ℓ < 800 best-fit parameters shift significantly towards the ℓ < 2500 best-fit parameters. In contrast, including ℓ < 30, this previously noted “low-ℓ deficit” drives ns up and impacts parameters correlated with ns, such as ωm and H0. As expected, the ℓ < 30 data have a much greater impact on the ℓ < 800 best fit than on the ℓ < 2500 best fit. So although the shifts are not very significant, we find that they can be understood through the combined effects of an oscillatory-like set of high-ℓ residuals and the deficit in low-ℓ power, excursions consistent with sample variance that happen to map onto changes in cosmological parameters. Finally, we examine agreement between PlanckTT data and two other CMB data sets, namely the Planck lensing reconstruction and the TT power spectrum measured by the South Pole Telescope, again finding a lack of convincing evidence of any significant deviations in parameters, suggesting that current CMB data sets give an internally consistent picture of the ΛCDM model.

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Wan, Lu, Yuling Mao, Yizhong Fu, and Xiya Wan. "The impact of intermediate product imports on industrial pollution emissions: Evidence from 30 industries in China." PLOS ONE 18, no. 10 (October 4, 2023): e0292347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0292347.

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Open and sustainable development is the theme that underpins a country’s high-quality economic development. This study uses GMM regression, mediation effect test to conduct empirical tests based on the panel data of China’s industrial sectors from 2003 to 2015 to analyze the internal mechanism of the impact of intermediate product imports on China’s industrial pollution emissions. The results show that (1) Intermediate product imports can significantly promote the emission reduction of industrial wastes, including wastewater, waste gas and solid waste. (2) Considering the differences in the level of pollution intensity, this paper classified the sample and found the impact is heterogeneous that for the heavily, moderately, lightly polluted industries, intermediate product imports have different negative impacts on their pollution emissions. (3) Intermediate products imports reduce industrial pollution emissions through import competition effect, variety effect and technology spillover effect, and all of them play a partial mediating role.

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Astley, Carolyn M., Isuru Ranasinghe, David Brieger, Chris J. Ellis, Julie Redfern, Tom Briffa, Bernadette Aliprandi-Costa, et al. "Expertise and infrastructure capacity impacts acute coronary syndrome outcomes." Australian Health Review 42, no. 3 (2018): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah16244.

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Objective Effective translation of evidence to practice may depend on systems of care characteristics within the health service. The present study evaluated associations between hospital expertise and infrastructure capacity and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) care as part of the SNAPSHOT ACS registry. Methods A survey collected hospital systems and process data and our analysis developed a score to assess hospital infrastructure and expertise capacity. Patient-level data from a registry of 4387 suspected ACS patients enrolled over a 2-week period were used and associations with guideline care and in-hospital and 6-, 12- and 18-month outcomes were measured. Results Of 375 participating hospitals, 348 (92.8%) were included in the analysis. Higher expertise was associated with increased coronary angiograms (440/1329; 33.1%), 580/1656 (35.0%) and 609/1402 (43.4%) for low, intermediate and high expertise capacity respectively; P < 0.001) and the prescription of guideline therapies observed a tendency for an association with (531/1329 (40.0%), 733/1656 (44.3%) and 603/1402 (43.0%) for low, intermediate and high expertise capacity respectively; P = 0.056), but not rehabilitation (474/1329 (35.7%), 603/1656 (36.4%) and 535/1402 (38.2%) for low, intermediate and high expertise capacity respectively; P = 0.377). Higher expertise capacity was associated with a lower incidence of major adverse events (152/1329 (11.4%), 142/1656 (8.6%) and 149/149 (10.6%) for low, intermediate and high expertise capacity respectively; P = 0.026), as well as adjusted mortality within 18 months (low vs intermediate expertise capacity: odds ratio (OR) 0.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.58–1.08, P = 0.153; intermediate vs high expertise capacity: OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.48–0.86, P = 0.003). Conclusions Both higher-level expertise in decision making and infrastructure capacity are associated with improved evidence translation and survival over 18 months of an ACS event and have clear healthcare design and policy implications. What is known about the topic? There are comprehensive guidelines for treating ACS patients, but Australia and New Zealand registry data reveal substantial gaps in delivery of best practice care across metropolitan, regional, rural and remote health services, raising questions of equity of access and outcome. Greater mortality and morbidity gains can be achieved by increasing the application of current evidence-based therapies than by developing new therapy innovations. Health service system characteristics may be barriers or enablers to the delivery of best practice care and need to be identified and evaluated for correlations with performance indicators and outcomes in order to improve health service design. What does this paper add? This study measures two system characteristics, namely expertise and infrastructure, evaluating the relationship with ACS guideline application and clinical outcomes in a large and diverse cohort of Australian and New Zealand hospitals. The study identifies decision-making expertise and infrastructure capacity, to a lesser degree, as enabling characteristics to help improve patient outcomes. What are the implications for practitioners? In the design of health services to improve access and equity, expertise must be preserved. However, it is difficult to have experienced personnel at the bedside no matter where the health service, and engineering innovative systems and processes of care to facilitate delivery of expertise should be considered.

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Davis Goode, J., Anuska Narayanan, David L. Phillips, Justin L. Hart, Scott J. Torreano, and Daniel C. Dey. "Intermediate-severity disturbance impacts in a mixedwood forest: A multi-scale analysis." Forest Ecology and Management 526 (December 2022): 120582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120582.

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Xu, Jiayun, and Qilin Mao. "On the relationship between intermediate input imports and export quality in China." Economics of Transition 26, no. 3 (April 17, 2018): 429–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecot.12155.

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Salikhova, Olena. "British dependence on German imports. Responses to the challenges of the World War I." Ìstorìâ narodnogo gospodarstva ta ekonomìčnoï dumki Ukraïni 2021, no. 54 (December 1, 2021): 37–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ingedu2021.54.037.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has become a litmus test for both the resilience of economic systems and the ability of governments to ensure the national economies’ efficiency and security in an emergency. In 2020, EU political leaders recognized the dependency of health care and pharmaceutical production on imports of medicines (drugs), active pharmaceutical ingredients and intermediate goods from China. This is rather a next historical cycle of the situation that occurred 100 years ago – something worthy of attention when looking for answers to modern challenges. In 1914, the UK, as well as some other industrialized countries of Europe and the United States, was shocked to learn about being dangerously dependent on German imports, including synthetic drugs and chemical intermediates. The State, universities and companies joined forces to reduce the vulnerability of the industry and to address external threats. The purpose of the study is to draw on legislation, historical documents and publications in specialized publications to describe the state of the British pharmaceutical industry at the beginning of the World War I; to identify the causes of its dependence on imports; to summarize the policies adopted in response to the new challenges and assess their impact on industry and the economy as a whole. Based on the British experience, a historical and economic rationale was made for the relationship between public assistance mechanisms (in terms of building human resources and intensifying research for industry, providing public financial assistance to industrial enterprises and protecting key industries from imports) and accelerated modernization and development of a self-sustaining pharmaceutical industry. The author systematized policy measures and argued that their implementation had strengthened British companies, reduced dependence on imports, and increased the production of medicines and their components, based on national innovation.

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Yang, Mijia, Pizhong Qiao, David I. McLean, and Bijan Khaleghi. "Effects of overheight truck impacts on intermediate diaphragms in prestressed concrete bridge girders." PCI Journal 55, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 58–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15554/pcij.01012010.58.78.

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Huntingford, C., B. B. B. Booth, S. Sitch, N. Gedney, J. A. Lowe, S. K. Liddicoat, L. M. Mercado, et al. "IMOGEN: an intermediate complexity model to evaluate terrestrial impacts of a changing climate." Geoscientific Model Development 3, no. 2 (November 29, 2010): 679–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-3-679-2010.

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Abstract. We present a computationally efficient modelling system, IMOGEN, designed to undertake global and regional assessment of climate change impacts on the physical and biogeochemical behaviour of the land surface. A pattern-scaling approach to climate change drives a gridded land surface and vegetation model MOSES/TRIFFID. The structure allows extrapolation of General Circulation Model (GCM) simulations to different future pathways of greenhouse gases, including rapid first-order assessments of how the land surface and associated biogeochemical cycles might change. Evaluation of how new terrestrial process understanding influences such predictions can also be made with relative ease.

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Huntingford, C., B. B. B. Booth, S. Sitch, N. Gedney, J. A. Lowe, S. K. Liddicoat, L. M. Mercado, et al. "IMOGEN: an intermediate complexity model to evaluate terrestrial impacts of a changing climate." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 3, no. 3 (August 4, 2010): 1161–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-3-1161-2010.

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Abstract. We present a computationally efficient modelling system, IMOGEN, designed to undertake global and regional assessment of climate change impacts on the physical and biogeochemical behaviour of the land surface. A pattern-scaling approach to climate change drives a gridded land surface and vegetation model MOSES/TRIFFID. The structure allows extrapolation of General Circulation Model (GCM) simulations to different future pathways of greenhouse gases, including rapid first-order assessments of how the land surface and associated biogeochemical cycles might change. Evaluation of how new terrestrial process understanding influences such predictions can also be made with relative ease.

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Ekanayake, E. M. B. P., G. T. Cirella, and Yi Xie. "Impacts of community forestry on forest condition: Evidence from Sri Lanka’s intermediate zone." PLOS ONE 15, no. 9 (September 30, 2020): e0239405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239405.

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Mullen, John K., and James Panning. "Foreign Sourcing of Intermediate Inputs: Impacts on Unskilled Labor in US Manufacturing Industries." Eastern Economic Journal 35, no. 2 (March 31, 2009): 160–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/eej.2008.9.

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Ebrahimi, Mohammad Reza, Hooshang Khoshsima, and Esmail Zare-Behtash. "The Impacts of Emotional Intelligence Enhancement on Iranian Intermediate EFL learners Writing Skill." International Journal of Instruction 11, no. 1 (January 3, 2018): 437–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12973/iji.2018.11130a.

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Whitson, B. A., A. Pope-Harman, P. Lee, A. Kilic, C. B. Sai-Sudhakar, S. Kirkby, R. S. Higgins, J. D. Tobias, and D. Hayes. "Body Mass Index Impacts Short, Intermediate, and Long-Term Survival in Lung Transplantation." Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation 34, no. 4 (April 2015): S16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2015.01.030.

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Nelson, Taylor A. F., Michael R. Hollerbach, and Simon B. Blakey. "Allylic C–H functionalization via group 9 π-allyl intermediates." Dalton Transactions 49, no. 40 (2020): 13928–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0dt02313b.

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Liu, Xiao-Jun, Ying-Ying Tian, Hong-Qiang Cui, and Hui-Jun Fan. "The influence of NHCs on C–Si and C–C reductive elimination: a computational study of the selectivity of Ni-catalyzed C–H activation of arenes with vinylsilanes." Chemical Communications 54, no. 57 (2018): 7912–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc04456b.

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HELLIN, J., M. R. BELLON, L. BADSTUE, J. DIXON, and R. LA ROVERE. "INCREASING THE IMPACTS OF PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH." Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 1 (January 2008): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479707005935.

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SUMMARYFarmer participation in agricultural research can improve the efficiency and impact of the research. This functional component of participatory research includes the identification of traits that guide crop breeders' work. Participatory research can also lead to farmer empowerment, although when carried out by research organizations, direct empowerment is often limited to relatively few farmers. Farmer empowerment is, therefore, best carried out by development organizations whose longer-term interaction with farmers is likely to ensure that greater numbers of farmers benefit. Hence, research organizations ought to focus on the functional components of participatory research along with the empowerment of intermediate/partner organizations rather than the direct empowerment of large numbers of farmers.

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Tashmim, Linia, William C. Porter, Qianjie Chen, Becky Alexander, Charles H. Fite, Christopher D. Holmes, Jeffrey R. Pierce, Betty Croft, and Sakiko Ishino. "Contribution of expanded marine sulfur chemistry to the seasonal variability of dimethyl sulfide oxidation products and size-resolved sulfate aerosol." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 24, no. 6 (March 19, 2024): 3379–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3379-2024.

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Abstract. Marine emissions of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and the subsequent formation of its oxidation products methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) are well-known natural precursors of atmospheric aerosols, contributing to particle mass and cloud formation over ocean and coastal regions. Despite a long-recognized and well-studied role in the marine troposphere, DMS oxidation chemistry remains a work in progress within many current air quality and climate models, with recent advances exploring heterogeneous chemistry and uncovering previously unknown intermediate species. With the identification of additional DMS oxidation pathways and intermediate species that influence the eventual fate of DMS, it is important to understand the impact of these pathways on the overall sulfate aerosol budget and aerosol size distribution. In this work, we update and evaluate the DMS oxidation mechanism of the chemical transport model GEOS-Chem by implementing expanded DMS oxidation pathways in the model. These updates include gas- and aqueous-phase reactions, the formation of the intermediates dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and methanesulfinic acid (MSIA), and cloud loss and aerosol uptake of the recently quantified intermediate hydroperoxymethyl thioformate (HPMTF). We find that this updated mechanism collectively decreases the global mean surface-layer gas-phase sulfur dioxide (SO2) mixing ratio by 40 % and enhances the sulfate aerosol (SO42-) mixing ratio by 17 %. We further perform sensitivity analyses exploring the contribution of cloud loss and aerosol uptake of HPMTF to the overall sulfur budget. Comparing modeled concentrations to available observations, we find improved biases relative to previous studies. To quantify the impacts of these chemistry updates on global particle size distributions and the mass concentration, we use the TwO-Moment Aerosol Sectional (TOMAS) aerosol microphysics module coupled to GEOS-Chem and find that changes in particle formation and growth affect the size distribution of aerosol. With this new DMS-oxidation scheme, the global annual mean surface-layer number concentration of particles with diameters smaller than 80 nm decreases by 16.8 %, with cloud loss processes related to HPMTF being mostly responsible for this reduction. However, the global annual mean number of particles larger than 80 nm (corresponding to particles capable of acting as cloud condensation nuclei, CCN) increases by 3.8 %, suggesting that the new scheme promotes seasonal particle growth to these sizes.

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Yen, Phuong Hoang, and Thi Hoài Thanh. "EFL Intermediate Students’ Attitudes towards the Impacts of Teaching Morphological Knowledge on the Degree of Lexical Complexity and the Quality of Academic Essays." European Journal of Language and Culture Studies 2, no. 5 (September 7, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejlang.2023.2.5.109.

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Writing is usually considered the most challenging skill for the majority of students in the Vietnamese context. Several previous studies revealed that the instruction of morphological knowledge has positive impacts on expanding students’ vocabulary and indirectly improves the quality of academic writing. This current study was implemented in order to investigate EFL intermediate students’ attitudes towards the impacts of teaching morphological knowledge on the degree of lexical complexity and the quality of academic essays in the context of an English language center in the Mekong Delta. This 14-week experimental research employed the use of pre-questionnaire and post-questionnaire, with the participation of two groups of EFL intermediate students who were studying at a similar level and progress. The results indicated that EFL intermediate students in the experimental group had positive attitudes towards the impacts of teaching morphological knowledge on the degree of lexical complexity and the quality of their academic essays throughout the research period, whereas no positive changes regarding attitudes could be found within the ones in the control group. From that, several recommendations and pedagogical implications were drawn with the attempt to contribute to the innovation of teaching vocabulary and teaching writing in the context of secondary schools and high schools in the Mekong Delta.

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Huang, Wenmao, Jingzhun Liu, Shimin Le, Mingxi Yao, Yi Shi, and Jie Yan. "In situ single-molecule investigations of the impacts of biochemical perturbations on conformational intermediates of monomeric α-synuclein." APL Bioengineering 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0188714.

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α-Synuclein aggregation is a common trait in synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease. Being an unstructured protein, α-synuclein exists in several distinct conformational intermediates, contributing to both its function and pathogenesis. However, the regulation of these monomer conformations by biochemical factors and potential drugs has remained elusive. In this study, we devised an in situ single-molecule manipulation approach to pinpoint kinetically stable conformational intermediates of monomeric α-synuclein and explore the effects of various biochemical factors and drugs. We uncovered a partially folded conformation located in the non-amyloid-β component (NAC) region of monomeric α-synuclein, which is regulated by a preNAC region. This conformational intermediate is sensitive to biochemical perturbations and small-molecule drugs that influencing α-synuclein's aggregation tendency. Our findings reveal that this partially folded intermediate may play a role in α-synuclein aggregation, offering fresh perspectives for potential treatments aimed at the initial stage of higher-order α-synuclein aggregation. The single-molecule approach developed here can be broadly applied to the study of disease-related intrinsically disordered proteins.

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Zhu, Heliang, Lele Wan, Hanyuan Zhang, Ling Liu, Huilu Jiang, and Ziqi Liu. "Does Trade Policy Uncertainty Affect Firms' Imported Intermediates?" Advances in Management and Applied Economics, February 22, 2024, 51–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.47260/amae/1433.

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Abstract In recent years, the rise of trade protectionism and the intensifying trend of deglobalization worldwide have led to an annual increase in trade policy uncertainty faced by Chinese companies in international trade. This uncertainty may impact the import of intermediate goods by these companies. The import of intermediate goods is closely related to various aspects of a company's operations, such as productivity, mark-up rates, and innovation. Therefore, examining the impact and mechanisms of trade policy uncertainty on the import of intermediate goods by companies is of significant importance. This paper uses data from the 2001-2009 China Industrial Enterprise Database, China Customs Import and Export Database, and the World Bank's WITS database to calculate the trade policy uncertainty index for Chinese companies and test theoretical hypotheses. Empirical results show that when trade policy uncertainty increases, there is a decrease in both the amount and range of intermediate goods imported by companies, while the growth rate of intermediate goods import value increases. The mediating effect indicates that trade policy uncertainty affects companies' intermediate goods procurement strategies by reducing their production and business scale. Additionally, heterogeneity analysis finds that trade policy uncertainty has different impacts on companies with various intermediate goods import strategies. Keywords: Trade Policy Uncertainty, Import, Intermediates, Business Scale.

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Amin, Mohammad, and Asif M. Islam. "Imports of Intermediate Inputs and Country Size." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2279939.

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Stijepic, Denis, and Helmut Wagner. "Impacts of Intermediate Trade on Structural Change." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2134961.

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Ren, Wanwan, Tianhan Lin, and Yuqian Hao. "Digital intermediate product imports and firms’export quality: evidence from China." Digital Economy and Sustainable Development 2, no. 1 (April 8, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s44265-024-00030-9.

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AbstractBased on the ‘Statistical Classification of Digital Economy and Its Core Industries (2021)’ published by the National Bureau of Statistics of China, this paper proposes a more accurate method to identify digital intermediate products by matching China Industrial Classification code with Harmonized System code, and investigates the connection between digital intermediate product imports and firms’ export quality using China’s firm-level data from 2000 to 2013. Our estimations show that digital intermediate product imports can significantly promote the quality of firms’ export products through both the productivity channel and the quality production capacity channel, and the conclusion still holds after a series of endogeneity tests and robustness tests. Moreover, considering the heterogeneity effect of digital intermediate product imports with different characteristics, we find that high-quality and diversified digital intermediate product imports will strengthen the quality upgrading effect of firms’ export products, while the effect of improving the technical content is not significant. This paper provides a new path for firms, especially those in developing countries, to upgrade export quality.

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Culman, Steve, Priscila Pinto, Jennie Pugliese, Timothy Crews, Lee DeHaan, Jake Jungers, Jamie Larsen, et al. "Forage harvest management impacts “Kernza” intermediate wheatgrass productivity across North America." Agronomy Journal, June 6, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/agj2.21402.

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Requena, Francisco, Guadalupe Serrano, and Raúl Mínguez. "The enhancing effect of imports of intermediate inputs on firms' exports." World Economy, July 12, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/twec.13467.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Intermediate imputs'

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