Relevant bibliographies by topics / Intermediate electronic band

Academic literature on the topic 'Intermediate electronic band'

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Published: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Intermediate electronic band"

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Martí, Antonio, and Antonio Luque. "Intermediate Band Solar Cells." Advances in Science and Technology 74 (October 2010): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.74.143.

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Intermediate band (IB) solar cells aim to exploit in solar cells the energy of below bandgap energy photons. They are based in a material that, in addition to the conventional conduction and valence bands, has an electronic band (named intermediate band) located inside the bandgap and separated from the conduction and valence band by a null density of states. The theoretical limiting efficiency of these cells (63.2 % at maximum concentration) is equivalent to a triple junction solar cell but requiring a single material instead. Several approaches are being followed worldwide to take to practice this concept that can be divided into two categories: quantum dots and bulk materials. This paper reviews the main experimental results obtained under both approaches.
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Chen, Ping, Hua Zhang, Pingying Tang, and Binbin Li. "A hybrid density functional design of intermediate band semiconductor for photovoltaic application based on group IV elements (Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb)-doped CdIn2S4." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 13 (April 7, 2022): 135702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0082631.

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The CdIn2S4 semiconductor is considered a potential host for the implementation of intermediate band solar cells due to its ideal bandgap value and excellent photoelectric property. In this paper, the electronic structures of group IV elements (Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb)-doped CdIn2S4 have been investigated by using hybrid density functional calculations. In the case of Ge, Sn, and Pb doping, an isolated and partially occupied intermediated band with delocalized characteristics could be created in the bandgap of the host. The results of the projected density of states reveal that the intermediated band is derived from the hybridization between the S-3 p and dopant- ns states. Thanks to the assistance of the impurity band, the optical absorption ability of the intermediate band semiconductor is greatly enhanced. Based on the detailed balance theory, the theoretical efficiencies of intermediate band solar cells made by Ge- and Pb-doped CdIn2S4 are estimated to be 45.0% and 49.2%, respectively, which are superior to the Shockley and Queisser limit (40.7%) of a single junction photovoltaic device. Moreover, the experimental synthesis of these impurity semiconductors is relatively feasible because substitutional doping at the octahedral position is energetically favorable. These findings would be helpful to the development of a high-efficiency intermediate band solar cell.
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Pattar, Madiwalesh, and Gaurav Anand. "Novel module architecture for wideband multichannel multi band down conversion with built in Local oscillators." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2250, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2250/1/012011.

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Abstract Wide band down converters employed in the field of electronic warfare (EW) process multiple channels simultaneously and in each channel RF signal is split and processed in multi bands. In each channel, RF signal ranging from L to C Band is split into three bands as L, S & C Bands. L Band is directly processed S & C Bands are down converted to identical Intermediate frequency (IF) in UHF to L Band using two different local oscillators (LOs) generated internally. Local Oscillator with low Phase Noise did not introduce jitter on RF input. Module architecture described here is for four channels, extendable to multiple channels.
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Wang, Qiao-Yi, and Judy Rorison. "Modelling of quantum dot intermediate band solar cells: effect of intermediate band linewidth broadening." IET Optoelectronics 8, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-opt.2013.0068.

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Luque, A., A. Marti, and L. Cuadra. "Impact-ionization-assisted intermediate band solar cell." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 50, no. 2 (February 2003): 447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ted.2003.809024.

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Tablero, C., P. Palacios, J. J. Fernández, and P. Wahnón. "Properties of intermediate band materials." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 87, no. 1-4 (May 2005): 323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2004.06.016.

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Kanoun, Mohammed Benali, Adil Alshoaibi, and Souraya Goumri-Said. "Hybrid Density Functional Investigation of Cu Doping Impact on the Electronic Structures and Optical Characteristics of TiO2 for Improved Visible Light Absorption." Materials 15, no. 16 (August 17, 2022): 5645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15165645.

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We report a theoretical investigation of the influence of Cu doping into TiO2 with various concentrations on crystal structure, stability, electronic structures and optical absorption coefficient using density functional theory via the hybrid formalism based on Heyd Scuseria Ernzerhof. Our findings show that oxygen-rich environments are better for fabricating Cu-doped materials and that the energy of formation for Cu doping at the Ti site is lower than for Cu doping at the O site under these environments. It is found that Cu doping introduces intermediate bands into TiO2, narrowing the band gap. Optical absorption curves show that the Cu-doped TiO2 can successfully harvest visible light. The presence of widely intermediate bands above the valence-band edge could explain the increase in the visible light absorption range. However, the intensity of visible light absorption rises with the increase in doping concentration.
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Ionova, G. V., Yu N. Kosteubov, and A. V. Nikolaev. "Charge ordering in intermediate-band crystals." physica status solidi (b) 134, no. 1 (March 1, 1986): 239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2221340128.

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López, N., A. Martí, A. Luque, C. Stanley, C. Farmer, and P. Diaz. "Experimental Analysis of the Operation of Quantum Dot Intermediate Band Solar Cells." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 129, no. 3 (October 4, 2006): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2735344.

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With a 63.2% theoretical efficiency limit, the intermediate band solar cell (IBSC) is a new photovoltaic device proposed to overcome the 40.7% efficiency limit of conventional single gap solar cells. Quantum dot technology can be used to take the IBSC concept into practice. In this respect, the results of experiments carried out recently to characterize IBSC solar cells containing different numbers of InAs quantum dot layers as well as the theoretical models used to describe and analyze the related experimental data are summarized here. Electroluminescence and quantum efficiency measurements confirm that the main operating conditions for IBSCs are complied with in structures with a low number of QD layers. These conditions include the production of photocurrent from absorption of below band gap energy photons and the formation of distinctive quasi-Fermi levels associated with each electronic band (i.e., the conduction, valence, and intermediate bands).
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Delamarre, Amaury, Daniel Suchet, Nicolas Cavassilas, Yoshitaka Okada, Masakazu Sugiyama, and Jean-Francois Guillemoles. "An Electronic Ratchet Is Required in Nanostructured Intermediate-Band Solar Cells." IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 8, no. 6 (November 2018): 1553–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2018.2866186.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Intermediate electronic band"

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Cozzarini, Luca. "Nanomaterials based on II-VI Semiconductors." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/7359.

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2010/2011
This thesis describes: (i) synthesis and characterization of colloidal nanocrystals of II-VI semiconductor compounds; (II) development of two novel materials using such nanocrystals as “building blocks”: (IIa) a nanocrystals/polymer composite, to be used as phosphor in LED-based lighting devices; (IIb) an inorganic, nano-structured multiphase material, showing a promising geometry as an electronic intermediate band material. Different typologies of nanocrystals (single-phase, alloyed or core-shells) were successfully synthesized using air-stable, safe reagents. Their optical properties (absorption spectrum, fluorescence wavelength and fluorescence quantum yield) were mapped as function of different parameters. Good results in engineering optical properties were achieved by: (a) changing size and/or composition in single-phase nanocrystals; (b) tuning shell composition and thickness and/or mutually diffusing one material into the other in multi-phase nanocrystals. The influence of different surface ligands on optical properties and on solubility in different media was also studied. Nanocrystal/polymer composite lenses were obtained from nanocrystals with desired fluorescence wavelength and quantum yield, mixed in an appropriate solvent with polymer pellets. The mixture was drop casted or tape casted on a solid substrate, obtaining solid, transparent lenses after solvent evaporation. A nano-structured, all-inorganic material (composed of semiconducor nanocrystals embedded into a wider bandgap semiconductor) was obtained through self-assembly and densification of colloidal core-shells nanocrystals. The realization of this composite supracrystal was achieved via a multi-step process: (i) colloidal synthesis of core-shell nanocrystals; (ii) surface ligands exchange; (iii) assembly; (iv) heat treatment. Evolution of the optical properties during heat treatment suggests that it is possible to sinter the shell material without altering the internal nano-heterostructure, if temperature and time of the treatment are controlled properly.
In questa tesi sono descritti: (I) la sintesi colloidale e la caratterizzazione di nanocristalli di semiconduttori II-VI; (II) lo sviluppo, utilizzando i suddetti nanocristalli quali “unità da costruzione”, di due materiali innovativi: (IIa) un composito nanocristalli/polimero, da usare come fosforo in dispositivi per illuminazione basati su LED; (IIb) un materiale inorganico nano-strutturato multifase, con una geometria promettente quale materiale a banda elettronica intermedia. Differenti semiconduttori II-VI sono stati sintetizzati in forma di nanocristalli (monofasici, in forma di lega o in struttura di tipo “core-shell”) usando reagenti sicuri e stabili in atmosfera. Le loro proprietà ottiche (spettro di assorbimento, lunghezza d’onda di fluorescenze e resa quantica di fluorescenza) sono state mappate in funzione di numerosi parametri. Sono stati raggiunti ottimi risultati nel controllo delle proprietà ottiche sia in nanocristalli a fase singola (modificandone le dimensioni o la composizione chimica) che in nanocristalli multifase (regolandone la composizione e lo spessore della “shell”, nonché mutualmente diffondendo un materiale nell’altro). È stata anche studiata l’influenza di differenti leganti superficiali sulle proprietà ottiche e sulla solubilità dei nanocristalli in differenti solventi. Lenti composite di nanocristalli/polimero sono state ottenute a partire da nanocristalli aventi la lunghezza d’onda e la resa quantica di fluorescenza desiderate, mescolandoli con pellet di polimero in solventi appropriati. La miscela è stata depositata su un supporto, tramite drop casting o tape casting, ottenendo lenti solide trasparenti dopo l’evaporazione del solvente. Un materiale inorganico nano strutturato (costituito da nanocristalli di semiconduttore racchiusi all’interno di un secondo materiale semiconduttore a bandgap maggiore) è stato ottenuto tramite l’autoassemblaggio e la densificazione di nanocristalli core-shell sintetizzati con procedure di chimica colloidale. La realizzazione di suddetto sovra-cristallo si è svolta in più fasi: (i) sintesi colloidale; (ii) sostituzione dei leganti superficiali; (iii) assemblaggio; (iv) trattamento termico. I risultati derivanti dallo studio dell’evoluzione delle proprietà ottiche durante il trattamento termico suggeriscono che sia possibile sinterizzare il materiale della shell senza alterare la nano-eterostruttura interna, se la temperatura e il tempo del trattamento sono scelti opportunamente.
XXIV Ciclo
1983
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Schonberger, Joel Raymond. "Fourth-order Q-enhanced band-pass filter tuning algorithm implementation and considerations." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/4997.

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Master of Science
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
William B. Kuhn
Q‐enhanced filtering technologies have been heavily researched, but have not yet been adopted into commercial designs due to tuning complexity, and performance issues such as noise figure and dynamic range. A multi‐pole Q‐enhanced band‐pass filter operating at 450 MHz with tunable bandwidth is developed in this thesis. A noise figure of 14 dB and dynamic range of 140 dB/Hz have been measured, making the filter suitable for operating in the IF subsystem of a radio receiver. The design utilizes off‐chip resonators, created using surface mount components or embedded passives in LTCC processes, to have a reasonably high base‐Q. The equivalent parallel loss resistance of the finite‐Q inductor and connected circuitry at resonance is partially offset by negative resistances, implemented with tunable on‐chip transconductors, as required to reach the needed Q for the targeted bandwidth. Each pole of the filter has binary weighted negative resistance cells for Q‐enhancement and binary weighted capacitances for frequency tuning. Binary weighted capacitive coupling cells allow the filter to achieve the level of coupling appropriate to the targeted bandwidth. To maintain the filter bandwidth, center frequency, and gain over environmental changes a realtime tuning algorithm is needed. A low complexity tuning algorithm has been implemented and found to accurately maintain the bandwidth, center frequency, and gain when operating at bandwidths of 10 or 20 MHz. Flatness of the pass‐band is also maintained, to within 0.5 dB across a temperature range of 25‐55 degrees C. In addition to the implementation of the tuning algorithm, the thesis provides a solution for pass‐band asymmetries spawned from the use of finite‐Q resonators and associated control circuitry.
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"Structural and Optical Properties of III-V Semiconductor Materials for Photovoltaics and Power Electronic Applications." Doctoral diss., 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.62663.

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abstract: This dissertation focuses on the structural and optical properties of III-V semiconductor materials. Transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy are used to study at the nanometer scale, the structural properties of defects, interfaces, and surfaces. A correlation with optical properties has been performed using cathodoluminescence. The dissertation consists of four parts. The first part focuses on InAs quantum dots (QDs) embedded in a GaInP matrix for applications into intermediate band solar cells. The CuPt ordering of the group-III elements in Ga0.5In0.5P has been found to vary during growth of InAs QDs capped with GaAs. The degree of ordering depends on the deposition time of the QDs and on the thickness of the capping layer. The results indicate that disordered GaInP occurs in the presence of excess indium at the growth front. The second part focuses on the effects of low-angle off-axis GaN substrate orientation and growth rates on the surface morphology of Mg-doped GaN epilayers. Mg doping produces periodic steps and a tendency to cover pinholes associated with threading dislocations. With increasing miscut angle, the steps are observed to increase in height from single to double basal planes, with the coexistence of surfaces with different inclinations. The structural properties are correlated with the electronic properties of GaN epilayers, indicating step bunching reduces the p-type doping efficiency. It is also found that the slower growth rates can enhance step-flow growth and suppress step bunching. The third part focuses on the effects of inductively-coupled plasma etching on GaN epilayers. The results show that ion energy rather than ion density plays the key role in the etching process, in terms of structural and optical properties of the GaN films. Cathodoluminescence depth-profiling indicates that the band-edge emission of etched GaN is significantly quenched. The fourth part focuses on growth of Mg-doped GaN on trench patterns. Anisotropic growth and nonuniform acceptor incorporation in p-GaN films have been observed. The results indicate that growth along the sidewall has a faster growth rate and therefore a lower acceptor incorporation efficiency, compared to the region grown on the basal plane.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Materials Science and Engineering 2020
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Taubitz, Christian. "Investigation of the magnetic and electronic structure of Fe in molecules and chalcogenide systems." Doctoral thesis, 2010. https://repositorium.ub.uni-osnabrueck.de/handle/urn:nbn:de:gbv:700-201006096312.

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In this work the electronic and magnetic structure of the crystals Sr2FeMoO6, Fe0.5Cu0.5Cr2S4, LuFe2O4 and the molecules FeStar, Mo72Fe30, W72Fe30 are investigated by means of X-ray spectroscopic techniques. These advanced materials exhibit very interesting properties like magnetoresistance or multiferroic behaviour. In case of the molecules they also could be used as spin model systems. A long standing issue concerning the investigation of these materials are contradicting results found for the magnetic and electronic state of the iron (Fe) ions present in these compounds. Therefore this work focuses on the Fe state of these materials in order to elucidate reasons for these problems. Thereby the experimental results are compared to multiplet simulations.
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Book chapters on the topic "Intermediate electronic band"

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Nasu, Keiichiro. "S Pairing by Double Excitation of Triplet in Two Band System with Intermediate Electron Correlations." In Interacting Electrons in Reduced Dimensions, 377–82. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0565-1_41.

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Emo, Martin. "Hybrid Acoustic and Electronic Band Collaboration with Visual Artists (Intermediate)." In The Music Technology Cookbook, 181–86. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197523889.003.0029.

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This chapter outlines a project involving a performance of a hybrid band (electronic and traditional band instruments) in collaboration with visual arts students. For music educators, authentic performance opportunities are essential for student growth as musicians. This performance project has two aspects: first, it combines traditional acoustic band instruments with computer-based electronic instruments; second, it includes a collaboration with visual arts students. The project can accommodate students with varying levels of experience playing music as well as diverse instrumentation and musical styles. By engaging with interdisciplinary performance, students can appreciate and experience the interconnectedness of different styles and genres of art.
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Brooker, Geoffrey. "Electrons in a square lattice." In Essays in Physics, 352–62. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198857242.003.0028.

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“Electrons in a square lattice” describes how a two-dimensional square lattice gives a helpful case intermediate between one dimension and the complication of three dimensions. The “empty lattice” divides up k-space into Brillouin zones in anticipation of a periodic potential whose period is given but whose magnitude is at this stage zero. A wooden model uses height to represent energy. Rearranging the model's pieces into the reduced-zone scheme displays how electrons can have surprising energy–wavevector relations, including overlapping bands, anisotropic effective masses, and indirect band gaps.
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Scerri, Eric R. "Realism, Reduction, and the “Intermediate Position”." In Of Minds and Molecules. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195128345.003.0010.

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The editors of this volume have asked me to write something about reduction because I have been focusing on this issue in my research for some time. Rather than rehashing any previously published ideas, I want to consider a new aspect of this question—or at least one that is new to me. I will draw liberally on the work of my thesis grandfather, the chemist, Fritz Paneth. I use the term somewhat unusually, because Paneth was not the person who advised my own advisor Heinz Post but was, in fact, his natural father, from whom Heinz presumably developed an interest in the philosophical aspects of science. I will touch on such areas as realism, including naive realism, the nature of the periodic system, metaphysical aspects of chemistry, and, as suggested by the editors, the reduction of chemistry. Of course, nobody likes to be referred to as a naive anything, and not surprisingly, some chemists are quick to react if it is suggested that they tend to adopt a naively realistic attitude in their work. Nevertheless, I think it is true that chemists are often realists, naive or otherwise, and this may not be such a bad thing, as I will try to explain. The question hinges on the extent to which such realistic views are maintained and in what context they may or may not be appropriate. Broadly speaking, chemists are frequently accused of unwarranted realism by physicists for taking chemical models too literally. Whereas no chemist nowadays believes that tiny springs connect the atoms in a molecule, such denials of models are less prevalent when it conies to hybridization, electronic configurations, and atomic orbitals. Chemistry professors may well begin by declaring that these are approximate concepts, but they frequently fail to emphasize that, from the point of view of physics, they are strictly incorrect or, philosophically speaking, are nonreferring terms.
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Carr, Mahil. "Framework for Mobile Payment Systems in India." In Mobile and Ubiquitous Commerce, 237–54. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-366-1.ch013.

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This chapter introduces concepts, frameworks and possible models for introducing mobile payments in India. The introductory section defines mobile payments, outlines its characteristics and identifies the stakeholders. Ideally, mobile payments have to be simple and usable, universal, interoperable, secure, private, affordable and be available within the country wide as well as globally. There are various stakeholders in this context: the customer, the merchant, banks, mobile network operators, software and technology service providers, mobile device manufacturers and the government. The technology considerations are addressed in a technological landscape with a wide variety of possibilities for implementing mobile payments. Implementations can be based on different access channels to the mobile device such as SMS, USSD or WAP/GPRS. The relative advantages and disadvantages each of these channels for mobile payments are discussed. Generic architectures that employ these technologies are modeled. The mobile phone carrying debit or card information (Track 2) within the device can act as a payment instrument. It can be used to extend the present day card based payment systems. This requires an independent entity called as a Trusted Service Manager (TSM) who provides the necessary hardware and software for handling transactions. The TSM is an intermediary between the financial institutions (banks) and the mobile network operators (telecommunications industry). Essentially the TSM accepts the information from the customer owning a mobile and it routes the financial transaction to the bank or an inter-bank clearing and settlement system (using an electronic interface—a financial switch) or to a payment systems operator (in the case that the customer is using a credit card). Possible models for one TSM in the country or having several independent TSMs are outlined. The TSMs may commu nicate with the financial system using the ISO 8583 messaging standards. Finally, technical standards and security issues are addressed. A symmetric encryption scheme (based on Triple DES or AES) can offer confidentiality of mobile payment transactions. However, for assuring integrity, authentication and non-repudiation a PKI scheme is required. Cost wise a PKI enabled scheme would be more than twice as costly as a symmetric scheme due to overheads in digital certificate transmission. Low value transactions may use the symmetric encryption standards whereas high value transactions can be done using asymmetric encryption standards.
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Conference papers on the topic "Intermediate electronic band"

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Tomic, S., N. M. Harrison, and T. S. Jones. "Electronic structure of QD arrays: Application to intermediate-band solar cells." In 2007 International Conference on Numerical Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nusod.2007.4349034.

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Delamarre, Amaury, Daniel Suchet, Masakazu Sugiyama, Nicolas Cavassilas, Yoshitaka Okada, and Jean-François Guillemoles. "Non-ideal nanostructured intermediate band solar cells with an electronic ratchet." In Physics, Simulation, and Photonic Engineering of Photovoltaic Devices VII, edited by Alexandre Freundlich, Masakazu Sugiyama, and Laurent Lombez. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2287716.

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Kurome, Akihito, Ryosuke Morigaki, Satofumi Souma, and Matsuto Ogawa. "Analysis of electronic structure in quantum dot arrays for intermediate band solar cells." In 2011 International Meeting for Future of Electron Devices, Kansai (IMFEDK). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imfedk.2011.5944871.

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Takahashi, Hiroki, Hideki Minari, and Nobuya Mori. "Atomic disorder effects on electronic states in InAs/GaAs intermediate-band solar cells." In 2012 IEEE International Meeting for Future of Electron Devices, Kansai (IMFEDK). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imfedk.2012.6218607.

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Islam, Afiqul, Anik Das, Nazmul Sarkar, M. A. Matin, and N. Amin. "Numerical Analysis of PbSe/GaAs Quantum Dot Intermediate Band Solar Cell (QDIBSC)." In 2018 International Conference on Computer, Communication, Chemical, Material and Electronic Engineering (IC4ME2). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ic4me2.2018.8465665.

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Tarasov, P. S., and A. Yu Yuhlin. "ULTRA WIDEBAND DECIMETER AND CENTIMETER WAVELENGTH MIXER WITH CLOSE FREQUENCY RANGES OF THE INPUT INFORMATION SIGNAL AND THE INTERMEDIATE FREQUENCY SIGNAL." In EXCHANGE OF EXPERIENCE IN THE FIELD OF CREATION OF ULTRA BAND RADIO ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS. Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Omsk State Technical University», 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25206/978-5-8149-3074-3-192-199.

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Kung, A. H., R. H. Page, R. J. Larkin, Y. R. Shen, Y. T. Lee, and N. A. Gershenfeld. "XUV resonant multiphoton ionization of H2." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1985.tuc4.

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We have applied XUV-UV two-photon resonant multiphoton ionization (REMPI) to the detection of H2, an important homonuclear diatomic that is infrared inactive and has its electronic bands in the VUV and XUV spectral regions. The Lyman ( B 1 Σ u + ) band and the Werner (C1Π u ) band are used as the resonant intermediate state in this study. The Werner band is found to be superior because ionization produces predominantly H 2 + whereas the Lyman band also produces H+ ions with variable intensities. By using the v' = 0 state of the Werner band as the intermediate, we achieved a sensitivity of 1.1 × 106 molecules/cc/quantum state. This is 2 orders of magnitude better than any techniques previously reported for H2. The ion signal is shown to be proportional to the ground state absorption when ionization from the excited state is saturated. This saturation reduces the MPI process to a linear process and simplifies calibration in the application of this technique to quantum-state-specific detection of H2. This technique will also be useful as a sensitive detector of other homonuclear diatomics such as F2, Cl2, and N2, which are of great general interest in chemistry, combustion, and semiconductor fabrication.
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Chandra, A., Y. Huang, Z. Q. Jiang, and K. X. Hu. "A Model of Crack Nucleation in Layered Electronic Assemblies Under Thermal Cycling." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-0926.

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Abstract A model for crack nucleation in layered electronic assemblies under thermal cycling is developed in this paper. The present model includes three scales: (i) at the microscale or the mechanism level, the damage mechanisms such as diffusive void growth or fatigue cracks, determine the damage growth rate; (2) at an intermediate mesoscale, the localized damage bands are modeled as variable stiffness springs connecting undamaged materials; and (iii) at the macroscale or the continuum level, the localized damage band growing in an otherwise undamaged material is modeled as an array of dislocations. The three scales are then combined together to incorporate damage mechanisms into continuum analysis. Traditional fracture mechanics provides a crack propagation model based on pre-existing cracks. The present work provides an approach for predicting crack nucleation. The proposed model is then utilized to investigate crack nucleations in three-layered electronic assemblies under thermal cycling. The damage is observed to accumulate rapidly in the weakest regions of the band. Estimates are obtained for critical time or critical number of cycles at which a macroscopic crack will nucleate in these assemblies under thermal cycling. This critical number of cycles is found to be insensitive to the size of the damage cluster, but decreases rapidly as the local excess damage increases.
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Silva, C., and P. F. Barbara. "Photophysics and Photochemistry of the Solvated Electron in Higher Alcohols and Saturation Experiments on the Hydrated Electron." In International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/up.1996.sab.3.

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We report the first direct femtosecond infrared pump-probe experiments in higher alcohols on the s→p transition of the equilibrated solvated electron e S (itself, a transient species). We employ a three laser pulse sequence (previously used for the hydrated electron),1,2 where a UV synthesis pulse generates excess electrons and, after a few nanosecond delay, an NIR pump pulse promotes the equilibrated ground-state electron to the excited p-state, with a tunable probe pulse monitoring subsequent spectral dynamics. Representative pump-probe absorption transients of solvated electrons in water and various alcohols are shown (Fig. 1-2). Transients obtained probing on the blue edge of the ground state absorption band (600 – 740 nm) show a fast, instrument-limited reduction in optical density (bleach) followed by a bleach recovery that occurs on two timescales, having both a fast, sub-picosecond component and a longer, > 1 ps component. Transients probing on the red edge of the ground state absorption band (950 nm) show a transient increase in optical density. Finally, transients probing in the intermediate spectral region (860 nm) show complicated non-monotonic behavior. The recovery of the initial bleach “overshoots” to yield a transient increased absorption, which decays on a picosecond timescale. The non-monotonic behavior of these transients indicates that other processes besides electronic relaxation, namely solvation dynamics, play a role in the observed spectral dynamics. These data contain information on the p-state to s-state internal conversion mechanism as well as the energy disposal and relaxation dynamics of the solvent molecules that are coupled to the electron. It is important to distinguish the three laser pulse experiment from the complimentary two-pulse approach of previous femtosecond experimental work on the solvated electron which involved an ultraviolet (UV) pump pulse to produce photoelectrons in the conduction band and a probe pulse to monitor the spectral dynamics due to trapping and subsequent relaxation.
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10

YAMAGISHI, Susumu. "Measurement of fluorescence of formaldehyde in atmospheric pressure flame." In Laser Applications to Chemical and Environmental Analysis. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/lacea.1998.lwa.6.

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Formaldehyde (H2CO) is one of the key intermediate species in the initial state of combustion and is also a harmful exhaust constituent, especially in alcohol combustion. A detailed understanding of the reaction system of H2CO can be obtained by comparison between measured and calculated density profiles. LIF is often used for in-situ measurement of flame but the estimation of quenching effects under atmospheric pressure is difficult (1). The electronic band spectrum of H2CO has been discussed in many papers (1,2), but most spectral experiments were performed under low pressure at room temperature. Also the red shaded branch of 350nm band which is important for the YAG THG has been seldom used for measurement.
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