Academic literature on the topic 'Interlinea (Firm)'

Sample screening can be an effective tool for understanding the fire problem of upholstered furniture. A study of the contribution of the com ponents of furniture construction to the heat release will permit the selection of materials which will be more likely to pass full scale tests. Component con tribution is complicated by fabric treatments and the use of interliners. Unless the interaction of these components during the crucial fire propagation phase is understood, no direction for improvement can be obtained from either full or small scale testing. By identifying the relevant interactions the selection of upholstery materials can be made more judiciously. The heat release of selected foam/interliner/fabric combinations, using the Ohio State Heat Release Calorimeter, shows that the heat release contribution of various upholstery components can be identified. For foams covered with fabric, interliners generally improve the performance of those foams which pass California TB 117 while detracting from the performance of those which pass California TB 133 (with no covering). For certain fabrics which melt, the heat release at low flux is independent of the type of foam, or even the presence of foam, when a glass cloth interliner is used. Fabric backings are shown to con tribute to fire propagation, particularly when no interliners are used. Because the heat release increases when the fabric is back-coated, thermal decomposi tion of the underlying foam is increased with an interliner.

The study is an attempt to examine the determinants and impact of export propensity and export intensity for firm-level performance in India. The factors determining export propensity are political stability, corruption, and competition from the informal sector while the determinants of export intensity in the present study are identified as a skill of the labour force, the technological capability of a firm, and foreign ownership of technology in a firm in India. A two-stage Heckman selection model has been advanced to investigate the linkage between the export performance of Indian firms with the home institutional environment and firm competencies. Firm-level data of approximately 8,000 Indian firms are used as available from the World Bank’s Enterprise Surveys (WBES) database. The results indicate that political stability and competition effect export propensity of Indian firms while export intensity is impacted by access to technology and employing skilled labour. The study has important theoretical implications in terms of understanding the exporting behaviour of firms. It indicates that the decision of firms to export and their export performance are interlinked. It is affirmed that export intensity is dependent on firm-specific competencies while institutions indirectly influence the decision of firms to export. The policy measures of Skill India and Make in India strongly favour increased access to the skilled labour force and strengthening the domestic industry which may lead to an increase in the export intensity of Indian firms. The recent institutional measures adopted favour a stable environment of doing business as well as providing firms opportunities to focus and leverage their competencies in the best possible manner. The current nascent steps of policy reforms need to be aggressively implemented for enhanced export capabilities of Indian firms

Using Internet-based technologies to establish network connectivity between firms can create conduit for propagation of threat vectors. Sharing data and information assets with other firms may give rise to external seats of loss exposure. Together, these practices complicate the IT security risk in business relationship: misaligned incentive for IT security investment and free rider behavior arise. Naïve pursuit to enter into business relationships using Internet-based technologies can prove myopic because the IT security risk profile of the resultant B2B network may be untenable. This research exhibits the impact of sharing and linking of information and network assets on IT security risk in modern business relationship with the help of a 2-firm symmetric B2B. This work demonstrates why managers should consider expanding their business relationship to include IT security initiatives as well, especially when they employ Internet-based technologies to interlink their networks.

An analytical investigation of the heat transfer characteristics for evaporating thin liquid films in V-shaped microgrooves with nonuniform input heat flux was conducted. This investigation assumed that the capillary pressure difference caused by the receding of the meniscus is responsible for the axial liquid flow along the groove, and that the disjoining pressure difference along the groove side wall provided the driving force for the flow up the groove wall. The combined heat transfer mechanisms of both liquid conduction and interfacial vaporization were used to describe the local interracial mass flux in the interline region. Based on this approach, a local heat transfer coefficient was defined. The local and average heat transfer coefficients were both found to be sensitive to the characteristic thermal resistance ratio. In addition, when the film superheat was constant, the primary factor affecting the length of the evaporating interline region was found to be the heat flux supplied to the bottom plate, and for high heat flux conditions, the highest heat transfer coefficient did not necessarily exist at the axial dryout point. The expression developed for the evaporating film profile was shown to assume an exponential form if the heat flux distributed on the active interline region was assumed to be uniform.

PurposeThis paper describes and discusses company spin-ins and spin-outs as a means to understand company growth in a dynamic context. The following question is asked: How can growth be understood in spin-ins and spin-outs of innovative firms? The paper suggests return on capabilities as a measure to understand growth in an open innovation context.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical part of the paper consists of a single case study. Data was captured through interviews and secondary data sources.FindingsThe paper points to that resources alone do not explain strategic decisions by a company and how spin-ins and spin-outs result from the need for capabilities, changes in business foci and temporary solutions to deal with overcapacities or lack of alternatives.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to research by discussing contemporary issues in strategy and innovation and relating them to the resource-based view and the growth of the firm. Spin-outs, and acquisitions and divestitures as interlinked events have rarely been focused on in the literature, while they remain frequent phenomena in practice.

We analyse commercially operated rangelands as coupled systems of people and nature. The biophysical components include: (i) the reduction and recovery of potential primary production, reflected as changes in grass production per unit of rainfall; (ii) changes in woody plants dependent on the grazing and fire regimes; and (iii) livestock and wool dynamics influenced by season, condition of the rangeland and numbers of wild and feral animals. The social components include the managers, who vary with regard to a range of cognitive abilities and lifestyle choices, and the regulators who vary in regard to policy goals. We compare agent–based and optimization models of a rangeland system. The agent–based model leads to recognition that policies select for certain management practices by creating a template that governs the trajectories of the behaviour of individuals, learning, and overall system dynamics. Conservative regulations reduce short–term loss in production but also restrict learning. A free–market environment leads to severe degradation but the surviving pastoralists perform well under subsequent variable conditions. The challenge for policy makers is to balance the needs for learning and for preventing excessive degradation. A genetic algorithm model optimizing for net discounted income and based on a population of management solutions (stocking rate, how much to suppress fire, etc.) indicates that robust solutions lead to a loss of about 40% compared with solutions where the sequence of rainfall was known in advance: this is a similar figure to that obtained from the agent–based model. We conclude that, on the basis of Levin's three criteria, rangelands with their livestock and human managers do constitute complex adaptive systems. If this is so, then command–and–control approaches to rangeland policy and management are bound to fail.

Innovation is the key driver of economic prosperity. It is the product of an ecosystem of at least five interlinked building blocks: social networks and dynamic labor markets, shared assets that lower costs for innovative companies, flexible business models, financial models to support innovation, and appropriate government policies. National innovation systems transform periodically and public policy significantly influences their evolution. Since 1945, the United States has had two dominant systems of innovation. The first relied on vertically integrated firms such as AT&T or DuPont. More recently a second system, the Silicon Valley model of venture capital dominated. A comparison of the U.S. system with that of Korea shows how other countries have adapted the U.S. innovation system to their circumstances.

Cinema of Crisis: Film and Contemporary Europe explores the politics and aesthetics of filmmaking across a continent in flux. This urgent and necessary collection brings together scholars from Spain to Estonia, Hungary to Britain, in order to trace European filmmakers’ diverse responses to the interlinked upheavals and emergencies of the past three decades. Covering topics such as the collapse of the eastern bloc; deindustrialisation; the 2008 crash and the eurozone debt crisis; austerity and neoliberalism, as well as 'Fortress Europe' and the 'refugee crisis', this book investigates a range of audiovisual forms, including documentaries, the work of arthouse auteurs, and videos posted on Youtube. It engages in highly topical debates in political and aesthetic spheres, and explores key interfaces between the two.

This book accurately depicts Native American approaches to land and spirituality through an interdisciplinary examination of Indian philosophy, history, and literature. Indian approaches to land and spirituality are neither simple nor monolithic, making them hard to grasp for outsiders. A fuller, more accurate understanding of these concepts enables comprehension of the unique ways land and spirit have interlinked Native American communities across centuries of civilization, and reveals insights about our current pressing environmental concerns and American history. In Land and Spirit in Native America, author Joy Porter argues that American colonization has been a determining factor in how we perceive Indian spirituality and Indian relationships to nature. Having an appreciation for these traditional values regarding ritual, memory, time, kinship, and the essential reciprocity between all things allows us to rethink aspects of history and culture. This understanding also makes Indian film, philosophy, literature, and art accessible.

Imagining the Mulatta: Blackness in U.S. and Brazilian Media demonstrates how mixed-race women of African and European descent are harnessed in popular media as a tool to uphold white supremacy and discipline people of African descent to uphold state policies of antiblackness. Uncovering the racialized and gendered paradigms of U.S. and Brazilian media, the book uses case studies of texts from a broad range of popular culture media—film, telenovelas, television shows, music videos, magazines, newspapers, and Olympic ceremonies—to elucidate how the U.S. mulatta and Brazilian mulata figures operates within and across the United States and Brazil as a response to racial anxieties and notions of white superiority. These shared concepts of race, gender, and sexuality crystallize in the mulatta/mulata figure as representative of interlinked racial projects in Brazil and the United States. Focusing on popular culture and political events of the 2000s, the book demonstrates how the mulatta and mulata figures facilitated multicultural and postracial discourses. Exploring representations, definitions, and meanings of blackness in the context of the Americas, the book traverses the cultural conditions of racializations in the United States alongside Brazil to unveil the workings of pervasive racial and gender inequalities.

Modern financial systems rely on robust infrastructures to support efficient and resilient markets. Trading venues, clearing houses, securities depositories, and trade repositories are the building blocks of the financial market architecture. Financial market infrastructures (FMIs) have been central in the post-crisis reform of global and domestic financial markets, and lawmakers have closely regulated FMIs in the aftermath of the financial crisis. This book systematically analyses the current regulatory landscape of FMIs across trading and post-trading in the securities and derivatives markets. The complexity of the legal regime for FMIs lies in the piecemeal approach used by lawmakers in regulating them: multiple regulations and an impressive number of implementing measures build the current apparatus of rules governing these firms and the services they provide. The book fills a void in the literature on FMIs, specifically trading venues and post-trading services in financial instruments. It seeks to promote an integrated understanding of FMIs that takes into account the issues and conflict inherent in the market structure and dynamics. By focusing on the legal and regulatory environment established in the European Union and the United States of America, the book addresses major and globally relevant jurisdictions, whose market structures and more critical market players have become ever more interlinked in recent years.

Economy and mankind are inextricably interlinked. Just as the economy or the production of material wealth is unimaginable without a man, so human existence and development are impossible without the wealth created in the economy. Shortly, both the goal and the means of achieving and realization of the economy are still the human resources. People have long ago noticed that it was the economy that created livelihoods, and the delays in their production led to the catastrophic events such as hunger, poverty, civil wars, social upheavals, revolutions, moral degeneration, and more. Therefore, the special interest of people in understanding the regulatory framework of the functioning of the economy has existed and exists in all historical epochs [A. Sisvadze. Economic theory. Part One. 2006y. p. 22]. The system of economic disciplines studies economy or economic activities of a society. All of them are based on science, which is currently called economic theory in the post-socialist space (the science of economics, the principles of economics or modern economics), and in most countries of the world - predominantly in the Greek-Latin manner - economics. The title of the present book is also Modern Economics. Economics (economic theory) is the science that studies the efficient use of limited resources to produce and distribute goods and services in order to satisfy as much as possible the unlimited needs and demands of the society. More simply, economics is the science of choice and how society manages its limited resources. Moreover, it should be emphasized that economics (economic theory) studies only the distribution, exchange and consumption of the economic wealth (food, beverages, clothing, housing, machine tools, computers, services, etc.), the production of which is possible and limited. And the wealth that exists indefinitely: no economic relations are formed in the production and distribution of solar energy, air, and the like. This current book is the second complete updated edition of the challenges of the modern global economy in the context of the coronary crisis, taking into account some of the priority directions of the country's development. Its purpose is to help students and interested readers gain a thorough knowledge of economics and show them how this knowledge can be applied pragmatically (professionally) in professional activities or in everyday life. To achieve this goal, this textbook, which consists of two parts and tests, discusses in simple and clear language issues such as: the essence of economics as a science, reasons for origin, purpose, tasks, usefulness and functions; Basic principles, problems and peculiarities of economics in different economic systems; Needs and demand, the essence of economic resources, types and limitations; Interaction, mobility, interchangeability and efficient use of economic resources. The essence and types of wealth; The essence, types and models of the economic system; The interaction of households and firms in the market of resources and products; Market mechanism and its elements - demand, supply and price; Demand and supply elasticity; Production costs and the ways to reduce them; Forms of the market - perfect and incomplete competition markets and their peculiarities; Markets for Production Factors and factor incomes; The essence of macroeconomics, causes and importance of origin; The essence and calculation of key macroeconomic indicators (gross national product, gross domestic product, net national product, national income, etc.); Macroeconomic stability and instability, unemployment, inflation and anti-inflationary policies; State regulation of the economy and economic policy; Monetary and fiscal policy; Income and standard of living; Economic Growth; The Corona Pandemic as a Defect and Effect of Globalization; National Economic Problems and New Opportunities for Development in the conditions of the Coronary Crisis; The Socio-economic problems of moral obsolescence in digital technologies; Education and creativity are the main solution way to overcome the economic crisis caused by the coronavirus; Positive and negative effects of tourism in Georgia; Formation of the middle class as a contributing factor to the development of tourism in Georgia; Corporate culture in Georgian travel companies, etc. The axiomatic truth is that economics is the union of people in constant interaction. Given that the behavior of the economy reflects the behavior of the people who make up the economy, after clarifying the essence of the economy, we move on to the analysis of the four principles of individual decision-making. Furtermore, the book describes how people make independent decisions. The key to making an individual decision is that people have to choose from alternative options, that the value of any action is measured by the value of what must be given or what must be given up to get something, that the rational, smart people make decisions based on the comparison of the marginal costs and marginal returns (benefits), and that people behave accordingly to stimuli. Afterwards, the need for human interaction is then analyzed and substantiated. If a person is isolated, he will have to take care of his own food, clothes, shoes, his own house and so on. In the case of such a closed economy and universalization of labor, firstly, its productivity will be low and, secondly, it will be able to consume only what it produces. It is clear that human productivity will be higher and more profitable as a result of labor specialization and the opportunity to trade with others. Indeed, trade allows each person to specialize, to engage in the activities that are most successful, be it agriculture, sewing or construction, and to buy more diverse goods and services from others at a relatively lower price. The key to such human interactions is that trade is mutually beneficial; That markets are usually the good means of coordination between people and that the government can improve the results of market functioning if the market reveals weakness or the results of market functioning are not fair. Moroever, it also shows how the economy works as a whole. In particular, it is argued that productivity is a key determinant of living standards, that an increase in the money supply is a major source of inflation, and that one of the main impediments to avoiding inflation is the existence of an alternative between inflation and unemployment in the short term, that the inflation decrease causes the temporary decline in unemployement and vice versa. The Understanding creatively of all above mentioned issues, we think, will help the reader to develop market economy-appropriate thinking and rational economic-commercial-financial behaviors, to be more competitive in the domestic and international labor markets, and thus to ensure both their own prosperity and the functioning of the country's economy. How he/she copes with the tasks, it is up to the individual reader to decide. At the same time, we will receive all the smart useful advices with a sense of gratitude and will take it into account in the further work. We also would like to thank the editor and reviewers of the books. Finally, there are many things changing, so it is very important to realize that the XXI century has come: 1. The century of the new economy; 2. Age of Knowledge; 3. Age of Information and economic activities are changing in term of innovations. 1. Why is the 21st century the century of the new economy? Because for this period the economic resources, especially non-productive, non-recoverable ones (oil, natural gas, coal, etc.) are becoming increasingly limited. According to the World Energy Council, there are currently 43 years of gas and oil reserves left in the world (see “New Commersant 2007 # 2, p. 16). Under such conditions, sustainable growth of real gross domestic product (GDP) and maximum satisfaction of uncertain needs should be achieved not through the use of more land, labor and capital (extensification), but through more efficient use of available resources (intensification) or innovative economy. And economics, as it was said, is the science of finding the ways about the more effective usage of the limited resources. At the same time, with the sustainable growth and development of the economy, the present needs must be met in a way that does not deprive future generations of the opportunity to meet their needs; 2. Why is the 21st century the age of knowledge? Because in a modern economy, it is not land (natural resources), labor and capital that is crucial, but knowledge. Modern production, its factors and products are not time-consuming and capital-intensive, but science-intensive, knowledge-intensive. The good example of this is a Japanese enterprise (firm) where the production process is going on but people are almost invisible, also, the result of such production (Japanese product) is a miniature or a sample of how to get the maximum result at the lowest cost; 3. Why is the 21st century the age of information? Because the efficient functioning of the modern economy, the effective organization of the material and personal factors of production largely depend on the right governance decision. The right governance decision requires prompt and accurate information. Gone are the days when the main means of transport was a sailing ship, the main form of data processing was pencil and paper, and the main means of transmitting information was sending letters through a postman on horseback. By the modern transport infrastructure (highways, railways, ships, regular domestic and international flights, oil and gas pipelines, etc.), the movement of goods, services and labor resoucres has been significantly accelerated, while through the modern means of communication (mobile phone, internet, other) the information is spreading rapidly globally, which seems to have "shrunk" the world and made it a single large country. The Authors of the book: Ushangi Samadashvili, Doctor of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University - Introduction, Chapters - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11,12, 15,16, 17.1,18 , Tests, Revaz Shengelia, Doctor of Economics, Professor of Georgian Technical University, Chapters_7, 8, 13. 14, 17.2, 17.4; Zhuzhuna Tsiklauri - Doctor of Economics, Professor of Georgian Technical University - Chapters 13.6, 13.7,17.2, 17.3, 18. We also thank the editor and reviewers of the book.

Abstract This chapter reconstructs a hexaemeral theory of light from a combined reading of the sources. Through the causal interlink of fire and light, hexaemeral light is theorized as the purest kind of fire. The chapter explores the language and physical properties of fire that explain luminosity: the light ray, its liminal corporeality, its radiancy and causticity, its propagation in space, its velocity, and its interaction with the medium. The investigation proceeds on to the nature of light itself and the relation of its causal principle to its effects. Sensible and intelligible light are logically and hermeneutically distinguished even though they remain ontologically and hermeneutically interlinked. Hexaemeral exegesis, if successfully performed, enables the reader to emerge from the sensible experience of light to the intelligible grasp of its formative logos.

Value chain analysis (VCA) aids the strategist in understanding a firm’s potential sources of competitive advantage by decomposing the firm’s business processes into strategically important activities. Viewing the firm as an aggregate of interlinked value-adding activities and placing them in the context of a broader value chain helps to understand each activity’s impact on both cost and revenue potential. As such, VCA can be used to help the firm achieve an optimal allocation of resources. This chapter discusses the underlying theory, core idea, depiction, process, insight or value created, and risks and limitations of VCA. The chapter also continues the illustration of Netflix and applies the steps of value chain analysis to this case.

This chapter discusses three interlinked approaches to explain, not Twin Peaks: The Return per se, but a personal relationship with David Lynch’s show. None of these three approaches or perspectives accounts for every single challenging aspect. However, as they are connected via the concept of nostalgia, this chapter is a brief illustration of the value an auto-ethnographic approach could have for analytical purposes in film and media studies.

O presente trabalho parte do pressuposto que os nossos alunos de língua inglesa, mesmo em nível avançado, cometem muitos erros em suas escritas. Algumas pesquisas vêm surgindo, no campo do ensino, a fim de comprovarem que os erros causados por esses alunos adultos em nível avançado são, em sua maioria, provenientes da própria aprendizagem da L2, a exemplo de Dulay (1982), Ellis (2003), Richards (1970, 1995) e Figueiredo (2007). Porém, temos visto que é possível encontrar em escritas erros que parecem ser provenientes da interferência da L1. Diante disso, essa pesquisa tem como finalidade analisar se a interferência da L1 também ocorre nos níveis avançados, ou seja, se essa ocorrência de erros, chamados de interlinguais, independe do nível de proficiência linguística do aluno. Apresentaremos um panorama das principais teorias de aprendizagem, desde o behaviorismo até o sociointeracionismo, no qual citamos teóricos como Ellis (2003), Pinker (2004), Littlewood (2006), Beaugrande (1997), Tomasello (2003) e Krashen (1987). Faremos uma análise sobre como os erros são vistos pelas teorias e analisaremos o corpus à luz das duas perspectivas relacionadas a erros: a Análise de Erros e a Análise Contrastiva, tomando por base teóricos como Ellis (2003), Richards (1995), Silva (2000), Santos (2005), Slama-Cazacu (1979), bem como discutiremos como a escrita é vista pelas teorias de aprendizagem, tendo como respaldo Kato (1986). O corpus desta pesquisa é composto de duas composições escritas por alunos de uma escola de línguas em Campina Grande, PB. Os resultados obtidos após a análise das redações, confirmam nossa hipótese de que mesmo em nível avançado, a L1 interfere nas escritas dos alunos, além da própria L2.

This chapter examines the notion of Nordic otherness in the film work of Ingrid Bergman. Otherness here refers to the construction of Bergman as an outsider in films in Hollywood, Italy and, at the end of her career, back in Swedish cinema again. This difference can be understood as one that seemed both strange yet compelling, and is part of a long history of Hollywood casting Europeans as compelling others. From her works in Hollywood (1939–49) to her Italian period with Roberto Rossellini (1950–6), to her last film and her return to Swedish film in Ingmar Bergman’s Autumn Sonata (Höstsonaten, Sweden/West Germany, 1978), the present study characterizes Bergman’s body of work through interlinked themes: the role as a Swedish/European other; the working woman (i.e. a woman in the workforce), both in terms of the promotion of her career and many of the roles themselves that are subject to forms of constraint (from marriage to martyrdom). The chapter traces her transnational career and reclaims Bergman as an actress with a great deal of agency over her career.

The chapter aims to explore how some successful global firms organize and manage their supply chain activities at a global level. Three interlink areas of international supply chains including global production, global sourcing, and global distribution within three separate case-studies; Samsung's global production, UK Airbus's global sourcing, and Tesco's global distribution are examined in the chapter. The overall results highlight the importance of a holistic approach to international supply chain management. Findings from Samsung's smart phone production network and Tesco's global distribution suggest that firms are able to be successful when they exploit specific opportunities wherever they are located in the world. Whilst Samsung have been successful with keeping in-house production, Airbus are doing well with outsourcing. The Airbus case highlights the importance of risk management in global supply chains. All three cases demonstrate examples of benefits and challenges posed by knowledge sharing with partners in the supply chain.

The chapter aims to explore how some successful global firms organize and manage their supply chain activities at a global level. Three interlink areas of international supply chains including global production, global sourcing, and global distribution within three separate case-studies; Samsung's global production, UK Airbus's global sourcing, and Tesco's global distribution are examined in the chapter. The overall results highlight the importance of a holistic approach to international supply chain management. Findings from Samsung's smart phone production network and Tesco's global distribution suggest that firms are able to be successful when they exploit specific opportunities wherever they are located in the world. Whilst Samsung have been successful with keeping in-house production, Airbus are doing well with outsourcing. The Airbus case highlights the importance of risk management in global supply chains. All three cases demonstrate examples of benefits and challenges posed by knowledge sharing with partners in the supply chain.

This article explores the intricate interlinks between war, propaganda, military and cinema in the context of the Indonesian New Order militaristic regime (1966-1998) characterized by the military intervention in civilian affairs. The New Order war films not only carved out a heroic image of the Indonesian military, it also created a spectacle for a strong nationalistic sentiment regarding the military in comparison to civilians and politicians. Through the narrative modality and visual depiction of armed struggles for independence, many war films embodied an abstract idea of nationalism. While the depiction of armed struggles for independence in such a dramatic way is accorded to the spectacular nature of film, it also substantially renders the civilian struggles for independence through political negotiations (perundingan) insignificant.

Abstract This chapter investigates the exegetical significance of the ancient physics of light. First, it shows how the pagan philosophers attacked the Christian doctrine of creation ex nihilo as deficient because of the concomitant displacement of materiality from the list of causal principles. It then examines how Origen vindicated the role of mechanical causation for Christian metaphysics and how Basil and Gregory gave to the Origenian programme exegetical contours by fleshing out the akolouthia and skopos of the scriptural text. The Cappadocian brothers were able to translate ancient physics into biblical hermeneutics by deriving a coherent theory of change from the hexaemeral narrative. In hexaemeral physics, fire and light are ontologically and semantically interlinked. This causal link is the key to the premodern physics of light.

The surface evaporation of the extended meniscus liquid film in the micro channel driven by the capillary force is of the key process in a lot of heat sink and thermal management equipments. The physio-mathematical model was established considering the variation of the apparent contact angle to describe the configuration of the total extended thin film region, including that of equilibrium, interline and intrinsic meniscus regions. In additions, the minimum energy principle was employed to determine the range of thin film interline region. The results indicate that the range of thin film interline region is quite small in the total extended film region, nevertheless the variation of its surface temperature is much obvious, implying that the resulted Maragoni effect can cause great “pump” force to drive the film flow, which may be the main contribution of the interline region to the total extended thin film evaporation. The variations of evaporating rate, and also the resulted mean velocity of liquid film in the thin film interline region under different wall temperature and apparent contact angle were revealed, which showed that there existed the local maximum value of evaporating rate in this region by the coupled influences of the decreased film thickness and variation of the interface temperature.

Thin liquid film profile is important for heat transfer in microscale space. The asymptotic analytical solutions for thin liquid film profile in a capillary tube are obtained by the perturbation method. The variation of the film thickness, the contact angle of the vapor-liquid interface and its axial curvature depend on the effects of the disjoinng pressure and the capillary pressure. The thin liquid film profile will change significantly near the interline region. The obtained solutions are convenient and applicable for problems of thin liquid film in a capillary tube.

An analytical model describing thin film evaporation is developed that includes the effects of surface tension, frictional shear stress, wetting characteristics and disjoining pressure. The effects of thermal conductivity of working fluids and operating temperature on the evaporating thin film region are also studied. The results indicate that when the thermal conductivity of the working fluid increases, a high heat flux can be removed from the evaporating thin film region. The operating temperature affects the thin film evaporation. The higher the operating temperature, the more heat flux can be removed from the region. The information of thin film evaporation presented in the paper results in a better understanding of heat transfer mechanism occurring in micro heat pipes.

In the present study, heat transfer in a falling film micro groove evaporator has been simulated by an analytical model. The flow and thermal fields were divided in two regions, i.e. macroscopic flow inside the groove and the microscopic flow where intensive evaporation takes place at the thin film interline region. For the micro region model, pressure in the liquid film was expressed as a sum of surface tension and disjoining pressure effects. The film thickness profile was obtained by solving the 4th order differential equation by Runge-Kutta method. Then, this micro region model was combined with the macro region model. Macro region model solves one dimensional bulk flow inside the groove with gravitational effect taken into account. Constant curvature of the liquid vapor surface was assumed for the macro flow. It is shown that the gravitational force is essential for providing the liquid to wide range of heat transfer area. Thus, diverging branch evaporator is investigated. It is demonstrated that this concept has large potentiality for improving the performance of the micro groove falling film evaporator.

An experimental investigation on a highly efficient heat pipe heat sink was investigated, in which the interline region was optimized using sintered particles. The effects of condenser size, sintered particles, and forced air flow on the heat transfer performance were investigated experimentally. The experimental results indicated that the thin film evaporation could significantly increase the evaporating heat transfer coefficient and remove heat fluxes up to 800 kW/m2. In addition, a theoretical model capable of predicting the temperature drop occurring in the device was developed. The predicted performance was in good agreement with the experimental data. The resulting model can be used to assist in the design of high heat flux, heat pipe heat sinks for applications to both ground based and spacecraft applications.

Measurements of sequential Ground Reaction Force (GRF) can provide quite useful information for monitoring of gait abnormalities during activities in daily life. Measuring sequential GRF in conventional approach using force plates is difficult due to the limited number of force plates. Therefore, we developed a fully untethered GRF sensing system having the low height (12 mm) and the capability of sensing simultaneously shear and normal GRF. The biaxial force sensing shoe showed the excellent repeatability (0.6 %) under long-term periodic loading condition for two hours. Comparison experiments with commercially available film type force sensors, FSR (Interlink) and Flexiforce (Tekscan), were performed under walking condition for twenty minutes. Owing to the high repeatability of the proposed system, variabilities of swing time and stance time of user were investigated with two subjects, a healthy subject and a foot-drop patient. We suggested three diagnostic measures in consideration of conventional approaches — variability for gait symmetry, center of pressure distribution for balance, and ratio of shear and normal GRFs for foot pronation.

In this study, the physics of microscale heat transfer events at the wall-fluid interface during the growth of a moving bubble in a microchannel is analyzed. The study is enabled through development of a novel device that utilizes 53 microscale platinum resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) embedded in a composite substrate made of a high thermal conductivity material coated by a thin layer of a low thermal conductivity material. This sensors arrangement enables resolving the thermal field at the bubble-wall interface with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolutions of 40–65 μm and 50 μs, respectively. To prevent random bubble inception, a 300 nm in diameter cavity is fabricated using a focused ion beam (FIB) at the center of a pulsed function microheater. A detailed analysis of the surface heat transfer events and their relations to time scale of formation and dimensions of bubbles are conducted to decipher the underlying physics of the flow boiling process. Experimental results show that four mechanisms of heat transfer are active as a bubble grows and flows through the channel. These mechanisms of heat transfer are 1) microlayer evaporation, 2) interline evaporation, 3) transient conduction, and 4) micro-convection. The results suggest that the average surface heat flux enhances as the bubble grows in size resulting in expansion of the surface area over which the thin film evaporation mechanism is active. Above a certain bubble size, the average surface heat flux declines due to the formation of a dry region at the bubble-wall interface. Hence, the results indicate that there is an optimal bubble length at which the average surface heat flux is maximum.