Academic literature on the topic 'Interior gas sensors'
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Journal articles on the topic "Interior gas sensors"
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Itoh, Toshio, Yutaro Koyama, Woosuck Shin, Takafumi Akamatsu, Akihiro Tsuruta, Yoshitake Masuda, and Kazuhisa Uchiyama. "Selective Detection of Target Volatile Organic Compounds in Contaminated Air Using Sensor Array with Machine Learning: Aging Notes and Mold Smells in Simulated Automobile Interior Contaminant Gases." Sensors 20, no. 9 (May 8, 2020): 2687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20092687.
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We investigated the selective detection of target volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are age-related body odors (namely, 2-nonenal, pelargonic acid, and diacetyl) and a fungal odor (namely, acetic acid) in the presence of interference VOCs from car interiors (namely, n-decane, and butyl acetate). We used eight semiconductive gas sensors as a sensor array; analyzing their signals using machine learning; principal-component analysis (PCA), and linear-discriminant analysis (LDA) as dimensionality-reduction methods; k-nearest-neighbor (kNN) classification to evaluate the accuracy of target-gas determination; and random forest and ReliefF feature selections to choose appropriate sensors from our sensor array. PCA and LDA scores from the sensor responses to each target gas with contaminant gases were generally within the area of each target gas; hence; discrimination between each target gas was nearly achieved. Random forest and ReliefF efficiently reduced the required number of sensors, and kNN verified the quality of target-gas discrimination by each sensor set.
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Xin, Jun, Wen Tong Yang, Bo Yang Zhao, and Guo Ping An. "Design of Interior Off-Line Temperature Detector for the Ultrahigh Pressure Vessel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 229-231 (November 2012): 1206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.229-231.1206.
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The gas temperature in vessel will be significantly increased according to the aeration speed and pressure during the aeration or deflation for the ultrahigh pressure vessel. Due to the restriction of air tightness and structure for the ultrahigh pressure vessel, it is difficult to measure the gas temperature by adopting the traditional measurement method without change of the vessel structure. In this paper, a new type interior off-line temperature detector is designed to measure the gas temperature in vessel. The power, temperature sensors, processor, memory and human-computer communication module is linear arranged in the circuit board, which ensure that the temperature detector can be putted inside the ultrahigh pressure vessel through the vessel inlet of diameter Ø25mm. The experiment results show that the gas temperature in vessel can be effectively measured by adopting the interior off-line temperature detector without change of the vessel structure.
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Liu, Xi, Thomas F. Jaramillo, Andrei Kolmakov, Sung-Hyeon Baeck, Martin Moskovits, Galen D. Stucky, and Eric W. McFarland. "Synthesis of Au nanoclusters supported upon a TiO2 nanotube array." Journal of Materials Research 20, no. 5 (May 2005): 1093–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2005.0170.
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Gold nanoclusters were successfully deposited in the interior of TiO2 nanotubes fabricated as ordered arrays. This approach is a useful fabrication platform for miniature planar fuel cells, gas sensors, and heterogeneous catalysts. A pressure impregnation process was used to inject the titania and Au precursors into mesoporous alumina. After thermal treatment, Au nanoclusters were well-dispersed on the interior walls of nanotubular TiO2. The TiO2 nanotubes were shown by x-ray diffraction to be entirely anatase. Transmission electron microscopy imaging confirmed that 80% of the Au particles were 4.1 nm ± 2.0 nm in diameter. This material exhibited catalytic CO oxidation activity at low temperatures.
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Englund, D. R., and R. G. Seasholtz. "Advanced High-Temperature Instrumentation for Hot Section Research Applications." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 111, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240204.
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Programs to develop research instrumentation for use in turbine engine hot sections are described. These programs were initiated to provide improved measurement capability as support for a multidisciplinary effort to establish technology leading to improved hot section durability. Specific measurement systems described here include heat flux sensors, a dynamic gas temperature measuring system, laser anemometry for hot section applications, an optical system for viewing the interior of a combustor during operation, thin film sensors for surface temperature and strain measurements, and high-temperature strain measuring systems. The paper will describe the state of development of these sensors and measuring systems and, in some cases, will show examples of measurements made with this instrumentation. The paper covers work done at the NASA Lewis Research Center and at various contract and grant facilities.
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Jadhav, Vishal, Anirudh Deodhar, Ashit Gupta, and Venkataramana Runkana. "Physics Informed Neural Network for Health Monitoring of an Air Preheater." PHM Society European Conference 7, no. 1 (June 29, 2022): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.36001/phme.2022.v7i1.3343.
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Air Preheater (APH) is a regenerative heat exchanger employed in thermal power plants to save fuel by improving their thermal efficiency. Monitoring the health of APH vis-a-vis its fouling is critical because fouling often results in forced outages of the power plant, incurring huge revenue losses. APH fouling is a complex thermo-chemical phenomenon governed by flue gas composition, operating temperatures, fuel type and ambient conditions. Absence of sensors within the APH make it difficult to estimate the level of fouling and its progression even for an experienced operator. Attempts to estimate APH fouling in real-time via modeling are scarce. Here we present a physics-informed neural network (PINN) that tracks the health of an APH by real-time estimation of fouling conditions within the APH as a function of real-time sensor measurements. To account for multi-fluid operation in a multi-sector design of APH, the domain is decomposed into several sub-domains. PINN is applied to each sub-domain and the overall solution is ensured by applying continuity conditions at the sub-domain interfaces. The model predicts the interior temperatures and fouling zones within the APH using external sensor measurements such as air temperature and gas composition. The model predictions are consistent with physics and yet computationally efficient in run-time. The model does not need sensor data but can be improved further by accommodating available sensor data. The real-time predictions by the model improve operator’s visibility in fouling. The predictions can be used further for estimating the remaining useful cycle life of the APH, thereby avoiding forced outages. The model can easily be integrated with the digital twin of an APH for its predictive maintenance.
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Pol, Ricardo, Raúl Rodríguez, Luis Santiago Quindós, and Ismael Fuente. "Measurement and Mitigation of Radon Concentration in a Traditional Dwelling in Galicia, Spain." Atmosphere 13, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13010014.
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Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas which tends to build up within structures. It is therefore necessary to include techniques to mitigate radon concentration when undertaking refurbishment. The goal of this study is to assess the effectiveness of a mitigation technique based on pressurizing the interior of a building, by testing a prototype of the mitigating device, developed by Siglo 21 Consultores and the LaRUC of the University of Cantabria, under real conditions, to determine its effectiveness during refurbishment. The methodology involved installing the proposed solution in a traditional country dwelling in an area characterized by high radon concentration, on the coast of Galicia, Spain. In order to measure the effectiveness of the solution, continuous measurement sensors, set in an ionization chamber, and properly calibrated by the LaRUC laboratory, were installed. The results obtained show that pressurizing the living quarters brings about an effective reduction in the radon concentration, with a relatively simple building solution. This solution, which is compatible with the principle of minimum intervention, is seen to be especially appropriate when work is undertaken in structures recognized as heritage.
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Ross, Molly, T.-Ying Lin, Daniel Gould, Sanjoy Das, and Hitesh Bindra. "Projecting the Thermal Response in a HTGR-Type System during Conduction Cooldown Using Graph-Laplacian Based Machine Learning." Energies 15, no. 11 (May 25, 2022): 3895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15113895.
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Accurate prediction of an off-normal event in a nuclear reactor is dependent upon the availability of sensory data, reactor core physical condition, and understanding of the underlying phenomenon. This work presents a method to project the data from some discrete sensory locations to the overall reactor domain during conduction cooldown scenarios similar to High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactors (HTGRs). The existing models for conductive cooldown in a heterogeneous multi-body system, such as an assembly of prismatic blocks or pebble beds relies on knowledge of the thermal contact conductance, requiring significant knowledge of local thermal contacts and heat transport possibilities across those contacts. With a priori knowledge of bulk geometry features and some discrete sensors, a machine learning approach was devised. The presented work uses an experimental facility to mimic conduction cooldown with an assembly of 68 cylindrical rods initially heated to 1200 K. High-fidelity temperature data were collected using an infrared (IR) camera to provide training data to the model and validate the predicted temperature data. The machine learning approach used here first converts the macroscopic bulk geometry information into Graph-Laplacian, and then uses the eigenvectors of the Graph-Laplacian to develop Kernel functions. Support vector regression (SVR) was implemented on the obtained Kernels and used to predict the thermal response in a packed rod assembly during a conduction cooldown experiment. The usage of SVR modeling differs from most models today because of its representation of thermal coupling between rods in the core. When trained with thermographic data, the average normalized error is less than 2% over 400 s, during which temperatures of the assembly have dropped by more than 500 K. The rod temperature prediction performance was significantly better for rods in the interior of the assembly compared to those near the exterior, likely due to the model simplification of the surroundings.
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Nugraha, Maulana G., Harwin Saptoadi, Muslikhin Hidayat, Bengt Andersson, and Ronnie Andersson. "Particulate Matter Reduction in Residual Biomass Combustion." Energies 14, no. 11 (June 7, 2021): 3341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113341.
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Counteracting emissions of particulate matter (PM) is an increasingly important goal in sustainable biomass combustion. This work includes a novel approach to investigate the PM emissions, originating from residual biomass combustion, at different combustion conditions in a lab-scale grate-fired furnace and includes in situ PM measurements by using on-line sensors. The interior furnace design allows installation of baffles to suppress the emissions by controlling the residence time. Moreover, the two-thermocouple method is used to measure the true gas temperature, and an on-line spatially resolved PM measurement method is developed to study the evolution of the PM concentration throughout the furnace for different experimental conditions thereby allowing accurate in-situ measurement of the PM reactivity. Experimental results and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses are utilized in the current work to develop a kinetic model for reduction of particulate matter emissions in biomass combustion. The discrete particle model (DPM) is utilized in CFD analysis to improve the understanding of the particle temperature and residence time distribution which are difficult to quantify experimentally. By combining the experimental measurements of real soot formed during biomass combustion and information from the CFD analyses, a predictive kinetic model for PM10 reduction in biomass combustion is successfully developed.
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Cerqueira, Joaci Dos Santos, Helder Neves de Albuquerque, Mário Luiz Farias Cavalcanti, and Francisco De Assis Salviano de Sousa. "Use of portable environmental sensors in the monitoring of the thermoelectric power plants operation." Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciências Ambientais 11, no. 6 (July 6, 2020): 178–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.6008/cbpc2179-6858.2020.006.0016.
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Thermoelectric power plants can directly cause environmental impacts with respect to emissions of atmospheric gases caused by combustion for operation, being the main agents: unburned hydrocarbons, carbon oxides, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds and material particulate. Thus, this research aimed to measure and compare the instantaneous levels of the chemical compounds CO2, CO, SO2, noise, air temperature, relative humidity, dew point temperature, wind speed and luminescence in two peri-urban areas of the surrounding a thermoelectric power plant in the interior of Paraíba, Brazil. To this end, data were collected using environmental sensors (a Garmin Gpsmap 62sc GPS camera 5mp; a Canon powershot SX60HS 16.1MP LCD 3.0 semi-professional digital camera, 65x optical zoom; an ITMCO2-600 meter for measuring CO2 and CO; one ITMP-600 multifunctional meter for AVG/MAX/MIN/DIF measurement, temperature measurement, humidity measurement, sound level measurement, luminescence measurement and wind speed measurement; and a GasAlert Extreme SO2 Gas detector to measure concentrations of sulfur in the environment), from October 2015 to March 2017, during daytime, between 7:00am to 9:00am, with weekly frequency, with instantaneous sampling measurements being collected at the collection points, near the thermoelectric power plant (Area 1) and close to the BR/104 highway (Area 2). The results showed that the records through the environmental sensors were not significant among the areas surveyed regarding the values of CO, CO2, SO2, air temperature, relative humidity, dew point temperature and luminescence. Regarding the wind speed, the two areas showed little variation. The noise levels in Area 1, on the other hand, during the operation of the thermoelectric power plant in its fullness, there was an increase above the permitted level, according to current Brazilian regulations, causing damage to the health of the inhabitants of its surroundings, in addition to harming the fauna of the surrounding area. around, mainly, the birds that are driven away by the noise, and, consequently, reducing the diversity of the avifauna surrounding the Thermoelectric. Thus, the use of environmental sensors to monitor the air quality of this area is very important, thus serving as a comparative support for future studies, as well as establishing the genesis for an environmental database in this metropolitan region of Campina Grande/PB, Brazil.
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Ma, Ruijing, Liqin Xiang, Xiaopeng Zhao, and Jianbo Yin. "Progress in Preparation of Sea Urchin-like Micro-/Nanoparticles." Materials 15, no. 8 (April 13, 2022): 2846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15082846.
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Urchin-like microparticles/nanoparticles assembled from radial nanorods have a good appearance and high specific surface area, providing more exposed active sites and shortening the diffusion path of photoexcited carriers from the interior to the surface. The interfacial interaction and physical and chemical properties of the materials can be improved by the interfacial porous network induced by interlacing nano-branches. In addition, multiple reflections of the layered microstructure can absorb more incident light and improve the photocatalytic performance. Therefore, the synthesis and functionalization of three-dimensional urchin-like nanostructures with controllable size, shape, and hierarchy have attracted extensive attention. This review aims to provide an overview to summarize the structures, mechanism, and application of urchin-like microparticles/nanoparticles derived from diverse synthesis methods and decoration types. Firstly, the synthesis methods of solid urchin-like micro-/nanoparticles are listed, with emphasis on the hydrothermal/solvothermal method and the reaction mechanism of several typical examples. Subsequently, the preparation method of composite urchin-like micro-/nanoparticles is described from the perspective of coating and doping. Then, the research progress of urchin-like hollow microspheres is reviewed from the perspective of the step-by-step method and synchronous method, and the formation mechanism of forming urchin-like hollow microspheres is discussed. Finally, the application progress of sea urchin-like particles in the fields of photocatalysis, electrochemistry, electromagnetic wave absorption, electrorheological, and gas sensors is summarized.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Interior gas sensors"
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Müller, Jan. "Kondenzační technika a odvody spalin." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226844.
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This thesis is developed as a proposal for heating for a primary school and kindergarten in the region of Brno-countryside. For the insulated building, a combination of heating and air-conditioning is proposed. The concept is designed so that the air-conditioning preheats the exterior air and the heating system warms the incoming air to a comfortable temperature. For the required thermal performance, sources of heat (for gas and pellets) and a layout solution for the boiler room is designed. Drainage of combustion products is proposed for both solutions. The project solution is per the extent of the construction permit. The theoretical part is linked with the practical part through the condensation boilers, their function and division, and drainage of combustion products. The experiment for the given topic was conducted on the drainage of combustion products. The pressure loss of the reverse knob was determined in relation to the flow rate of air in the condensation boilers as this loss is essential in assessing the drainage of combustion products.
Conference papers on the topic "Interior gas sensors"
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Freese, Douglas, Gang Shao, and Chengying Xu. "Polymer-Derived Ceramic Sensors for Temperature Measurement in Harsh Environment." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-96031.
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Development of an ultra-high temperature sensor advocates numerous applications in a variety of diverse fields. Combustion turbine engine advancements are predominately the benefactors of high temperature measurement capabilities; founded upon the principle of higher combustion reaction efficiency. The interior combustion chamber of a gas turbine is an extremely hostile environment for any typical material, especially a measurement component. Implementing the conductive properties and high temperature stability of a polymer derived ceramic (PDC) offers a solution to this predicament. Complementing the virtuous mechanical properties of the unique ceramic is micro-machinability and tunable electric characteristics established from the precursor compounds. The thermo-electric qualities of the PDC prepare formulation of a relationship between the changing temperatures of the research environment with respect to the internal resistance of the ceramic. An elected measurement system will actively monitor a PDC sensory circuit as well as reference thermocouple temperature. Series of response experiments were performed to characterize the functionality of the sensor within the high temperature environment.
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Tsai, Hanchung, Yung Y. Liu, Mark Nutt, and James Shuler. "Advanced Surveillance Technologies for Used Fuel Long-Term Storage and Transportation." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59032.
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Utilities worldwide are using dry-cask storage systems to handle the ever-increasing number of discharged fuel assemblies from nuclear power plants. In the United States and possibly elsewhere, this trend will continue until an acceptable disposal path is established. The recent Fukushima nuclear power plant accident, specifically the events with the storage pools, may accelerate the drive to relocate more of the used fuel assemblies from pools into dry casks. Many of the newer cask systems incorporate dual-purpose (storage and transport) or multiple-purpose (storage, transport, and disposal) canister technologies. With the prospect looming for very long term storage — possibly over multiple decades — and deferred transport, condition- and performance-based aging management of cask structures and components is now a necessity that requires immediate attention. From the standpoint of consequences, one of the greatest concerns is the rupture of a substantial number of fuel rods that would affect fuel retrievability. Used fuel cladding may become susceptible to rupture due to radial-hydride-induced embrittlement caused by water-side corrosion during the reactor operation and subsequent drying/transfer process, through early stage of storage in a dry cask, especially for high burnup fuels. Radio frequency identification (RFID) is an automated data capture and remote-sensing technology ideally suited for monitoring sensitive assets on a long-term, continuous basis. One such system, called ARG-US, has been developed by Argonne National Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy’s Packaging Certification Program for tracking and monitoring drums containing sensitive nuclear and radioactive materials. The ARG-US RFID system is versatile and can be readily adapted for dry-cask monitoring applications. The current built-in sensor suite consists of seal, temperature, humidity, shock, and radiation sensors. With the universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter interface in the tag, other sensors can be easily added as needed. The system can promptly generate alarms when any of the sensor thresholds are violated. For performance and compliance records, the ARGUS RFID tags incorporate nonvolatile memories for storing sensory data and history events. Over the very long term, to affirmatively monitor the condition of the cask interior (particularly the integrity of cover gas and fuel-rod cladding), development of enabling technologies for such monitoring would be required. These new technologies may include radiation-hardened sensors, in-canister energy harvesting, and wireless means of transmitting the sensor data out of the canister/cask.
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Emerson, Benjamin, David Wu, Leonard Angello, and David R. Noble. "Gas Turbine Monitoring Solutions Assessment and Roadmaps." In ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-83085.
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Abstract Over the past decade, monitoring capabilities have been growing and expanding to meet the ever-demanding reliability and performance needs within the power generation industry. Even with these increases, many failure events are not adequately captured with existing monitoring and sensor packages, especially for gas turbine engines. In general, gas turbines utilize pressure, temperature, and vibration sensors with several calculated points due in range from costly sensors to impractical to nearly physically impossible. This paper will serve as an interim update for this investigation of current monitoring strategies to determine limitations and outline steps to better capture asset health. The gas turbine will be divided into three (3) sections for the purpose of categorizing sensor capabilities: compressor, combustor, turbine/rotor. Each section of the gas turbine will include an outline for current, typical measurements. Information will also be shared on new and/or in-development sensors that could be utilized to enhance gas turbine monitoring. Lastly, key monitoring needs will be identified for focus of on-going work to determine possible solutions for gaps in monitoring capabilities and/or methodologies to better capture gas turbine health status. Based on this information, monitoring solution roadmaps are presented, which identify key instrumentation and developments required to characterize the issue, and enhanced modeling methods for solutions.
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DeGennaro, Cory, Lincan Yan, and David Yantek. "Fresh Air Flow Required to Maintain Safe Carbon Dioxide Levels and Provide a Breathable Air Environment in a Refuge Alternative." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-68680.
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Abstract Federal mining regulations in the United States mandate that underground coal mines install refuge alternatives (RA) for miners to seek refuge after an inescapable disaster. RAs are required to isolate and protect occupants from hazardous conditions and to provide a life-sustaining, breathable air environment for a minimum of 96 hours. According to federal RA regulations, an RA’s oxygen levels (%O2) must be maintained between 18.5%–23% with carbon dioxide levels (%CO2) less than 1%. Once an RA is occupied, due to human breathing, the %O2 can decrease, and %CO2 levels can increase quickly. One method of providing an RA with a breathable air environment is to use a borehole air supply (BAS) to provide fresh air from the surface, purge existing harmful gases, and prevent harmful gas build-up. RA regulations require air supplies to provide air at 12.5 cubic feet per minute (cfm) per person. To investigate the minimum fresh air flow (FAF) rate needed to maintain interior %O2 and %CO2 within the mandated ranges, researchers conducted testing in a modified shipping container that represented the volume of an RA. During these tests, propane (C3H8) combustion and additional CO2 supplied from cylinders were used to match human O2 consumption and CO2 generation. The FAF rate supplied to the shipping container was varied to determine the minimum FAF rate required for the %CO2 inside the shipping container to stabilize below 1%. The test results showed that the minimum FAF rate was between 1.76–2.12 cfm per person. Therefore, the mandated per-person FAF rate provides a 6x–7x safety factor. Test results also showed that the %O2 range requirement was satisfied for the entire range of tested FAF rates from 1.76–12.5 cfm per person. In this paper, researchers from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) provide a repeatable test method that can be used to evaluate the FAF rate versus interior gas concentrations (%CO2 and %O2) for various occupancy levels to ensure a breathable air environment within a refuge alternative. This paper also discusses federal RA regulations and previous NIOSH research. Additionally, this paper provides an experimental concept and set-up description, including the C3H8 combustion and supplemental CO2 delivery with gas flow rates used to simulate human breathing, data collection sensors, laboratory modifications, and safety measures. Lastly, the paper discusses test results, including the amount of time taken to reach hazardous interior %CO2 and %O2, as well as %O2 and %CO2 resulting from several FAF rates that have been used to validate a predictive model. This test method could be adopted to evaluate breathable air environments in refuge alternatives and confined enclosures in various industries.
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Lim, Meng Hee, and M. Salman Leong. "Improved Blade Fault Diagnosis Using Discrete Blade Passing Energy Packet and Rotor Dynamics Wavelet Analysis." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22218.
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Blade fault represents one of the most frequent causes of gas turbine failures. Although various measurement methods (i.e. pressure, strain gauges, and blade tip measurements) have been found to be effective in diagnosing blade faults, it is often difficult to deploy these methods under field conditions due to the requirement of mounting sensors in the interior of a running gas turbine. Vibration spectra analysis is inevitably still represents the most widely used method for blade fault diagnosis under field conditions. However, this method is known to be only effective in detecting severe blade fault conditions (i.e. terminal rubbing); whilst, minor and transient blade faults (i.e. geometry alterations, reduction in blade tip clearance, and Foreign Object Damage (FOD) event) are often left undetected. This makes vibration spectra analysis an unreliable tool for total blade fault diagnosis in the field. This study was thus conducted to investigate methods that can improve the sensitivity and reliability of vibration analysis for blade faults diagnosis. Two novel vibration analysis methods were formulated, namely the Rotor Dynamic Wavelet Map (RDWM) and Blade Passing Energy Packet (BPEP). Experimental results showed that the time-frequency display of RDWM could provide a clearer picture of the rotor dynamic characteristics of a rotor system compared to vibration spectra. RDWM also provides a better visualization of the blade condition in the rotor and enables discrimination of various blade fault conditions (i.e. creep rub and eccentricity rub). Meanwhile, the BPEP method which breaks the overall Blade Passing Frequency (BPF) component into instantaneous and discrete energy packets of running blades in the rotor system, enables a more sensitive detection of rotor eccentricity conditions and provides early warning for impending blade rubbing which is often undetectable in the vibration spectra.
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Kalman, Eva-Lotta, Fredrik Winquist, Ingemar Lundström, Mona Grönberg, and Anders Löfvendahl. "A Semiconductor Gas Sensor Array for the Detection of Gas Emissions from Interior Trim Materials in Automobiles." In International Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/980995.
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Yang, Xuesen, Xiaofeng Guo, and Wei Dong. "On-Line Component Map Adaptive Procedure Based on Sensor Data." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-16242.
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Abstract A key challenge in the gas turbine community is to adapt the engine model by matching measured data with simulation data. This study presents a procedure aiming to calibrate a certain type of gas turbine for power generation. To reproduce degradation, disturbance is injected into the healthy components maps at different time. Subsequently, six correction factors along with measured data and unmeasured parameters are coupled together using cooperative working equations and optimized based on primal-dual interior point method. When performing the adaptive procedure, Jacobian and hessian matrices are calculated using finite difference since the component maps have external, mapped, functions implemented as lookup-tables, and mode-switching statements. To improve the accuracy of first-order and second-order partial derivatives, the finite difference is enhanced by Richardson extrapolation method. The search scope of correction factors and unmeasured parameters are determined by the whole working conditions. Meanwhile, an adaptive update method of initial solution is proposed to make sure the convergence of the optimization procedure as quickly as possible. Finally, the proposed method is further applied to the on-line adaptation in case of performance degradation. The influence of measurement noise on optimization is also studied. It is demonstrated that the procedure is capable of refining the component maps progressively, which is significant for the model-based gas path diagnostics and prognostics.
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Liu, Y. Y., H. C. Tsai, and M. Nutt. "Monitoring Helium Integrity in Welded Canisters." In ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2015-45947.
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Monitoring the interior of a welded canister containing spent (or used) nuclear fuel for its functional and structural integrity is exceptionally challenging because of the intense levels of heat and radiation and the difficulties of transmitting the sensor signals out through the sealed stainless-steel canister wall. Yet, confirmation of canister integrity is crucial for the aging management of the dry cask storage systems (DCSSs) for extended long-term storage and subsequent transportation of used fuel. A canister breach can lead to serious consequences — release of radioactive contaminants; oxidation of fuel cladding, which could compromise fuel rod integrity and criticality safety; and generation of potentially explosive hydrogen gas. The development of the Remote Area Modular Monitoring (RAMM) technology and 3D simulation of thermal performance of a vertical dry storage cask are reported in this paper, as is a preliminary plan for field-testing and evaluation of multiple prototype RAMM units on selected dry storage casks at an Independent Spent Fuel Storage Installation (ISFSI) site.
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Liu, Jiechao, Paramsothy Jayakumar, Jeffrey L. Stein, and Tulga Ersal. "A Multi-Stage Optimization Formulation for MPC-Based Obstacle Avoidance in Autonomous Vehicles Using a LIDAR Sensor." In ASME 2014 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2014-6269.
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The dynamics of an autonomous unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) that is at least the size of a passenger vehicle are critical to consider during obstacle avoidance maneuvers to ensure vehicle safety. Methods developed so far do not take vehicle dynamics and sensor limitations into account simultaneously and systematically to guarantee the vehicle’s dynamical safety during avoidance maneuvers. To address this gap, this paper presents a model predictive control (MPC) based obstacle avoidance algorithm for high-speed, large-size UGVs that perceives the environment only through the information provided by a sensor, takes into account the sensing and control delays and the dynamic limitations of the vehicle, and provides smooth and continuous optimal solutions in terms of minimizing travel time. Specifically, information about the environment is obtained using an on-board Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) sensor. Ensuring the vehicle’s dynamical safety is translated into avoiding single tire lift-off. The obstacle avoidance problem is formulated as a multi-stage optimal control problem with a unique optimal solution. To solve the optimal control problem, it is transcribed into a nonlinear programming (NLP) problem using a pseudo-spectral method, and solved using the interior-point method. Sensing and control delays are explicitly taken into consideration in the formulation. Simulation results show that the algorithm is capable of generating smooth control commands to avoid obstacles while guaranteeing dynamical safety.
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Barat, Junnyaruin, Arie Muchalis Utta, Shaturrvetan Karpaya, Lilihani Binti Maluan, and Sharon Ellen Lidwin. "Holistic Analysis, Diagnostics and Operating Philosophy for Wellhead Leak Issue for Gas Producer, Offshore Malaysia." In Offshore Technology Conference Asia. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31553-ms.
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Abstract Since the beginning of production, well NA2 and NA3 wells had issues with wellhead integrity due to thermal growth and wellhead tilting. Seepage was observed from wellhead and based on gas chromatography test, the seepage is Synthetic Based Mud (SBM), possibly from B and C annulus (intermediate and surface casing). For well NA3, seepage was observed coming out from the connection of Casing Head and Drive Pipe Housing House (DPHH) while for Well A2, seepage was found between DPHH and conductor. The issues arise from the failed elastomer seals found at the connections of leak of each well suspected due to well growth/shrink and tilting which caused the wear and tear of the seals. The seepage of both wells was rectified by injecting the failed elastomer seals with pressure activated sealant to the P-seal and grease to the elastomer. Both wells managed to produce at the capped production rate without seepage as of today. Another main issue at Field N is the leaking of metal-to-metal seal at Xmas Tree which led to production deferment. Due to the failed barrier at surface, interim philosophy was established to operate the field and rectification plan was implemented to ensure the well is producing safely at the calculated risk. This paper describes the analysis and diagnosis, operating philosophy outline by operator which led to the well safely producing at the desired rate: (1) Standing Instruction (SI) for Well Production Ramp Up and Down based on trending of production and temperature to ensure wellhead growth and tilting will not affecting the integrity of sealant, (2) Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and Wellhead Growth Study to develop operating limit and maximum allowable growth, correlated with well production and temperature, (3) logging and survey for well leak detection and echometer survey, (4) Wellhead Seal Injection for corrective maintenance upon seepage observed, (5) manual measurement of growth and tilting and utilizing laser sensor for automation, (6) External Slip Lock Brace Support (ESBS) Installation to mitigate abnormal relative growth and (7) risk assessment for well integrity. The holistic approach in diagnostic, monitoring and operating philosophy enabled the well to be ramped up to higher production despite the threat of losing the gas production. PCSB also avoided the utilization of rig to rectify the well which resulted in cost avoidance for the company.
Reports on the topic "Interior gas sensors"
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McKinnon, Mark, Craig Weinschenk, and Daniel Madrzykowski. Modeling Gas Burner Fires in Ranch and Colonial Style Structures. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/mwje4818.
Full textAbstract:
The test scenarios ranged from fires in the structures with no exterior ventilation to room fires with flow paths that connected the fires with remote intake and exhaust vents. In the ranch, two replicate fires were conducted for each room of origin and each ventilation condition. Rooms of fire origin included the living room, bedroom, and kitchen. In the colonial, the focus was on varying the flow paths to examine the change in fire behavior and the resulting damage. No replicates were conducted in the colonial. After each fire scene was documented, the interior finish and furnishings were replaced in affected areas of the structure. Instrumentation was installed to measure gas temperature, gas pressure, and gas movement within the structures. In addition, oxygen sensors were installed to determine when a sufficient level of oxygen was available for flaming combustion. Standard video and firefighting IR cameras were also installed inside of the structures to capture information about the fire dynamics of the experiments. Video cameras were also positioned outside of the structures to monitor the flow of smoke, flames, and air at the exterior vents. Each of the fires were started from a small flaming source. The fires were allowed to develop until they self-extinguished due to a lack of oxygen or until the fire had transitioned through flashover. The times that fires burned post-flashover varied based on the damage occurring within the structure. The goal was have patterns remaining on the ceiling, walls, and floors post-test. In total, thirteen experiments were conducted in the ranch structure and eight experiments were conducted in the colonial structure. All experiments were conducted at UL's Large Fire Laboratory in Northbrook, IL. Increasing the ventilation available to the fire, in both the ranch and the colonial, resulted in additional burn time, additional fire growth, and a larger area of fire damage within the structures. These changes are consistent with fire dynamics based assessments and were repeatable. Fire patterns within the room of origin led to the area of origin when the ventilation of the structure was considered. Fire patterns generated pre-flashover, persisted post-flashover if the ventilation points were remote from the area of origin.