Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Intergenerational education transmission'

Nesta dissertação avaliamos a transmissão intergeracional de capital humano no Brasil, separando o efeito da escolaridade de mãe e pai sobre a defasagem idade-série de filhos e filhas na escola. A partir de dados das PNADs de 1988 e 1996, estimativas através do método de Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários indicam presença de fortes não-linearidades nessas relações e efeitos diferentes para meninos e meninas. Utilizando séries históricas de escolas e professores por Unidade da Federação do IBGE como fonte de identificação do efeito causal de escolaridade dos pais sobre o desempenho dos filhos, o método de Mínimos Quadrados em Dois Estágios com variáveis instrumentais aponta efeitos significantes tanto de escolaridade da mãe quanto do pai, mas não permite distingui-los adequadamente.
In this work we study the intergenerational transmission of human capital in Brazil. We evaluate the effect of both mother and father`s education, measured as years of schooling, on their children`s school performance. Using data from 1988 and 1996 PNADs we find strong non-linearities in our OLS estimates, as well as different effects on boys and girls. We then isolate pure causal effect of parent´s schooling on their offpring´s by using historical series of schools and theachers as instruments for parent´s education in our 2SLS-IV strategy. The results show strong evidence of a direct causal effect of parent´s schooling on their children´s, though our strategy is unable to separate mother´s and father´s effects properly

Historically speaking, many of the social skills necessary to prepare young people for their transition into adulthood occurred through informal tacit learning systems. While an observed practice, scholarly analyses of the role of narrative as an educational tool in the social practices of multigenerations of cultural sharing females is nonexisitent in academic literature. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the role of narrative in the intergenerational transmission of life learning among Jamaican females from a basket weaving community. Narrative inquiry was the research method used to capture the lived experiences of Jamaican females from a basket weaving community. The conceptual framework for this study was narrative learning (storytelling) along with an adult development life cycle model and informal adult learning theories. The sample population included females age 18 to 69 years old from a Jamaican basket weaving community. Data collection involved informal and semi-structured face-to-face interviews. Reflexivity and peer review guided the data analysis process. An interpretative content analysis included open, axial, and descriptive coding. The results of this study confirmed that intergenerational relationships still exist and flourish among Jamaican females in a basket weaving community. Findings from this study can be used to improve female mentoring relationships, implement intergenerational partnerships between individuals and community-based organizations, and contribute toward social change for disenfranchised women and girls through the expansion of nontraditional adult and Other Education programs.

This essay studies the intergenerational transmission of education in four European countries, Norway, Portugal, Spain and Sweden. Ordinal variables are used to distinguish between low, middle and high education for both the respondent and the respondent´s parents. The main findings are that Portugal has the highest intergenerational transmission of education from parents to children. Spain is on a second place, Norway on a third and on a last place, Sweden. Another finding is that the respondent´s that are 50-60 years old have a significantly higher risk of being low educated and a lower chance of being highly educated in comparison to the respondent´s that are 30-40 years old. Having a highly educated parent increases the chance of being highly educated and decreases the risk of being low educated in comparison to having a low educated parent. Having a low educated parent decreases the chance of being highly educated and increases the risk of being low educated in comparison to having a highly educated parent.

This study focuses on intergenerational transmission of socioeconomic resources in multiple dimensions and decomposes the influence of parents’ education, social class, and income in relation to the same outcomes for children as well as the unique impact of mothers and fathers on sons and daughters. In order to minimize measurement error in parental characteristics and life course bias for children, high quality Swedish administrative register data (spanning over 40 years) is utilized. A sibling correlation approach is employed to establish the net influence of each parental resource, both in general and by parents’ and children’s gender. The results show that intergenerational inequality is subject to resource specificity. First, same resource transmission implies that the same parental resource as the child outcome matter most in transmission of advantage. In this sense, educational elites foster educational elites, while economic advantage favor children’s own economic status. Second, the intermediate and overlapping socioeconomic field resource, parental social class, explains most of children´s outcomes in education and income suggesting that there is a same field transmission. Parental resources explain little variation in its field opposite (i.e. parental education on child income and parental income on child education). Finally, whether or not intergenerational inequality is subject to gender specificity is ambiguous, it ranges from negligible to substantial contributions. Mothers’ and fathers’ resources do matter independently over all outcomes, where especially fathers’ income dominate and drives the total influence of parental income. However, the result for the same gender transmission is mixed. The conclusion is that gender and, especially, resource specificity cannot be neglected without biasing results, confusing time trends, and underestimating the true rate of intergenerational inequality. Intergenerational processes of inequality will be misrepresented in a unidimensional conceptualization of socioeconomic transmission, which will also affect both theoretical understanding and the prospects of policy intervention.

This study examined the relationship between intentional father involvement and intergenerational transmission of Christian faith (ITCF) among Evangelical Presbyterian families in South Korea. Although God has assigned fathers as the leaders of the family who should assume the primary responsibility for their children’s spiritual formation, many Korean evangelical fathers have overlooked their responsibility. In the meantime, the number of Korean youth who identified as Christians has been decreasing. While there are many studies that have examined parental or maternal influence on faith transmission, not enough empirical studies focused on the role of fathers on ITCF. Moreover, there was sparse, if any, literature that dealt with the relationship between intentional father involvement and ITCF among Korean families.

Based on review the of theoretical, empirical, and theological literature, this study selected and examined the relationships among four major variables: fathers’ religiosity, fathers’ attitude on their role as a father, intentional father involvement with their children, and family faith activities. In addition to the major variables, some demographic variables were also analyzed to better understand the sample and to compare with the preceding literature.

The target population was Korean Evangelical Presbyterian fathers in South Korea, residing with their children from kindergarteners to middle schoolers (approximate ages from 4 to 14). In this study, a total of 388 fathers from 33 Evangelical Korean Presbyterian churches participated by answering via personal mobile devices an online survey questionnaire (Survey Monkey ^®) that measured intentional father involvement (Inventory of Father Involvement), fathering attitude (Theistic Sanctification of Parenting Scale), religiosity (Religious Commitment Inventory-10), family faith activities (Faith Activities In The Home Scale), as well as some demographic background data. The collected data were analyzed through the Spearman’s Rank Order correlations, Mann-Whitney’s U test, and Kruskal-Wallis H test.

The results of this study showed that Korean Evangelical Presbyterian fathers’ intentional involvement in childrearing is associated with intergenerational faith transmission as measured by the frequency of family faith activities at home. The significant results of this study can be summarized as follows: (a) Korean Evangelical Presbyterian fathers highly valued their religious faith and their role as a father, and moderately participated in childrearing, yet they did not actively practice family faith activities; (b) Korean Evangelical fathers’ personal religiosity, attitude on their role as a father, intentional paternal involvement with their children, and family faith activities were significantly correlated; and (c) fathers’ graduate level of education, their church offices as pastors/evangelists, and their experience of parenting class attendance were correlated with family faith activities.

Based on the results of this study, several implications were suggested in order to encourage families and church leaders to help fathers more actively participate in the process of faith transmission. Also, some limitations, and future research recommendations based on the limitations were suggested.

Using data from the nationally representative longitudinal survey of Australian children, this thesis contributes to the emerging body of literature on intergenerational transmission in health and human capital by presenting the causal estimates on the impacts of maternal and paternal health on children's health, cognitive and non-cognitive development in their early lives. The results have highlighted that failing to control for the child-parent unobservable characteristics may result in an over-estimation of the detrimental impact of poor parental health and health shocks on child development. The results also indicate detrimental effects of poor parental health on selected cognitive and non-cognitive skills of children.

Cette thèse s'intéresse à l'ampleur et aux déterminants de la mobilité socio-économique intergénérationnelle. Nous nous intéressons d'abord à la transmission des revenus de pères en fils en Allemagne, en traitant soigneusement la question des biais d'estimation. Cependant, cette approche ne tient pas compte de tous les facteurs du milieu socio-économique d'un individu affectant sa réussite future. Nous considérons ensuite des corrélations au sein de fratries, comme indicateur plus large de toutes les influences familiales, d'abord en France, pour l'éducation, la profession et les revenus. Nous réalisons également une étude comparative des corrélations de revenus entre frères en France et en Suède, afin d'évaluer l'impact sur l'estimation de l'absence d'information sur les revenus permanents et de l'utilisation alternative de mesures prédites. Enfin, nous abordons la question des mécanismes sous-jacents à la transmission des inégalités. Nous explorons ainsi la possibilité d'utiliser les événements de mai 1968 en France comme expérience naturelle pour identifier et mesurer le lien causal entre éducation des parents et des enfants
This thesis investigates the extent and determinants of the intergenerational socioeconomic mobility. We first investigate the earnings transmission from fathers to sons in Germany, carefully addressing the question of biases in the estimation. However, this approach fails at taking account of all factors from the socioeconomic background of an individual affecting future success in life. We then consider sibling correlations as a broader indicator of all family influences, first in France, for education, profession and earnings. We also conduct a comparative study of the brother earnings correlation in France and Sweden to assess the impact on the estimation of the lack of information about permanent earnings and the use of predicted measures instead. Finally, we address the question of the mechanisms underlying the transmission of inequality. We thus explore the possibility to use the events of May 1968 in France as a natural experiment to identify and measure the causal link between parental and children's education

Magister Educationis - MEd
This study endeavoured to gauge the impact of globalization on the intergenerational diffusion of oral literature and its pedagogic role in Namibia. The study also sought to highlight the contribution of oral literature and its pedagogic value in addressing the aims and objectives of the Namibian education system in regard to the training of learners to acquire the skills, knowledge, attitudes and values needed for them to become effective and valuable members of society. The theoretical framework that underpins the study, the functionalist approach, foregrounds the functional values of social systems and structures. Oral heritage is seen as having various societal functions, pre-eminently that of moulding, educating and shaping young people to be functional members of the society (Finnegan, 1970). The aims of this study were pursued through a case study of two educational contexts in the Zambezi (formerly Caprivi) region of north-east Namibia. The inquiry in the formal educational setting was done in four schools, while that into the non-formal educational setting took place in four rural villages. The latter were crucial in the study in that they were home to research subjects who possessed valuable insights into the pedagogic role of oral literature as a form of community based education. The four schools were purposefully selected for offering Silozi, a lingua franca in Zambezi region, as a first language subject

This thesis consists of four empirical essays. The first essay evaluates the impact on crime of a large scale experimental scheme in which all state monopoly alcohol stores in selected Swedish counties kept open on Saturdays. We show that the experiment significantly raised both alcohol sales and crime. The effect is confined to Saturdays and tentative evidence indicates a displacement of crime from weekdays to Saturdays. The experiment had no significant impact on crime over the entire week. The second essay examines the effect of income inequality on health for newly arrived refugees. The results reveal no statistically significant effect of income inequality on the risk of being hospitalized. This finding holds for most population subgroups and when separating between different types of diagnoses. The conclusions do not change when we consider long-term exposure to inequality. Our estimates are precise enough to rule out large effects of income inequality on health. The third essay examines the effect of relative income differences on criminal behavior. There is a positive effect on the propensity to commit property crime. The effect is small and mainly driven by past offenders, low educated and young individuals. I only find weak evidence that relative income differences increases the likelihood to commit violent crime. The empirical analysis further reveals that differences in gross labor earnings are more strongly related to crime than disparities in disposable income. The fourth essay describes the patterns of intergenerational transmission of education among immigrant mothers and their daughters. The results show that the persistence is slightly lower among immigrants compared to natives, and that the relationship is weaker among those who start out disadvantaged. I find large variations across different immigrant groups, but these differences are partly explained by the fact that groups belong to different parts of the educational distribution.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This study proposes a research on classical theory of equal opportunities. The expression information related to educational opportunities and income. For this purpose, are used four different databases associated with some empirical strategies. Thus, this study was divided into three stages: i) in the first, it appears the intergenerational transmission level of education in several economies. In addition, measures to indirect influence of environmental factors on individual effort expended. Moreover, clears up what the effect of a socio-economic growth in the test result; ii) in the second stage, we highlight the role of social and economic characteristics in educational performance. In particular, it appears the indirect influence of parental education on individual results. And finally, in the last step, it investigates the option called luck has deterministic influence on individual results. The results show different patterns of intergenerational transmission of education. In short, shall discharge to low levels of educational transmission in South American countries. On the other hand, there is a significant effect of the circumstances of the individual employee effort and a strong involvement of social and economic characteristics in educational performance. Finally, there was a substantial portion of luck option in determining the income, but also an important contribution of unobservable characteristics in individual economic results.
Este estudo propõe uma investigação sobre a clássica teoria de igualdade de oportunidades. Consideram-se informações referentes às oportunidades educacionais e de renda. Para tanto, utilizam-se quatro bases de dados distintas associadas a algumas estratégias empíricas. Diante disso, este estudo foi dividido em três etapas: i) na primeira, verifica-se o nível de transmissão intergeracional da educação em diversas economias. Adicionalmente, mensura-se a influência indireta de fatores circunstanciais sobre o esforço individual despendido. Além do mais, apura-se qual o efeito de um incremento socioeconômico no resultado do teste; ii) na segunda etapa, destaca-se o papel das características sociais e econômicas no desempenho educacional. Em especial, verifica-se a influência indireta da educação parental sobre o resultado individual. E, por fim, na última etapa, investiga-se se a denominada sorte opção tem influência determinística no resultado individual. Os resultados encontrados apontam diferentes padrões de transmissão intergeracional da educação. Em síntese, apuram-se baixos níveis de transmissão educacional nos países sul-americanos. Por outro lado, observa-se um efeito significativo das circunstâncias sobre o esforço individual empregado e uma forte participação das características sociais e econômicas no desempenho educacional. Por último, constatou-se uma parcela substancial da sorte opção na determinação da renda, como também, uma importante contribuição das características não observáveis no resultado econômico individual.

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Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
Children socialization development is influenced by their parents through parental style and practices. Parents can assume the function of promoting agents of study behavior of their children through parental practices. Results of training programs directed to parents as study supervisors show that they have difficulties to behave more accordingly to supervision practices which the literature accepts as more adequate. An explicative hypothesis for that is that parents learned to supervise their children according to the conditions and models their parents used with them. This possibility can be illustrative of a situation of intergenerational transmission of parental practices relating to studying situation. Articulating with concepts of the Behavior Analysis, this research objective was to investigate which are the possible relations between the conditions created for the development of parents´ study repertory and the conditions created by parents to the development of their children study repertory. Participants of this research where representatives of three generations maternal grandmother, mother and child studying at the fundamental grades of public schools, of five families. Grandmothers were aged between 53 and 69 and had scholar degree between none and third grade of supplementary high school; mothers were aged between 33 and 41 and had scholar degree between second grade of fundamental school and post-graduation at a specialization level; children were aged between 9 and 13 and had scholar degree between third grade/fourth year and sixth grade/seventh year of fundamental school. Data were accessed through semi-structured interviews, taken individually and separately with each participant, at their residences or workplaces. The interviews were recorded, when agreed, or written down, when not agreed. All of the participants signed TCLEs. The research was approved by the Ethic Committee of UFSCar. The method of data analysis consisted in categorizing the collected information, grouping them into variables which influence studying (local of study, time of study, supervisor´s responses to mistakes and hits, etc.). Using the synthesis of the reports of the dyad mother-child related to the conditions focusing the child and of the reports of the dyad grandmother-mother related to past study conditions focusing the mother when she was a student, comparative frameworks were built, indicating which variables or variable values were similar or different between the three generations and, when it was possible, which kind of similarity. Finally, frameworks were built with synthesis of identifyed aspects, indicating intergenerational continuities and discontinuities to each family. Results showed that for Family 1, about the dyad grandmother-mother there was continuity for six variable values and discontinuity for four, about the dyad motherchild there was continuity for thirteen values and discontinuity for two; for Family 2, about the dyad grandmother-mother there was continuity for one variable value and no discontinuity, about the dyad mother-child there was continuity for six values and discontinuity for two; for Family 3, about the dyad grandmother-mother there was no continuity for one value and no discontinuity, about the dyad motherchild there was continuity for eleven values and discontinuity for eight; for Family 4, about the dyad grandmother-mother there was continuity for four variable values and discontinuity for one, about the dyad mother-child there was continuity for eight values and discontinuity for three. ; for Family 5, about the dyad grandmother mother there was continuity for five values and discontinuity for another five, about the dyad mother child there was continuity for eight values and discontinuity for seven. It was vereified a strong tendency of intergenerational continuity of responses, behaviors and conditions related to the study, accordingly to the initial hypothesis. Through the data it was possible to discuss which aspects of children study parents observe, value and consequence. Results can subside future training programs directed to parents as favoring of their children study behaviors.
Pais influenciam o desenvolvimento da socialização seus filhos por meio do estilo e práticas parentais. Em relação às práticas parentais, pais exercem a função de agentes promotores de comportamento de estudo de seus filhos. Resultados de programas de treinamento para pais atuarem como supervisores indicaram haver dificuldades destes emitirem comportamentos mais condizentes com o que a literatura aponta como práticas adequadas de supervisão. Uma hipótese explicativa para isso é que pais aprenderam a supervisionar seus filhos de acordo com as condições e modelos que seus pais utilizaram com eles. Essa possibilidade ilustraria uma situação de transmissão intergeracional de práticas parentais relativas à situação de estudo. Em articulação com conceitos da Análise do Comportamento, essa pesquisa teve o objetivo de investigar quais as possíveis relações existentes entre as condições criadas para o desenvolvimento de repertórios de estudos de pais e as condições criadas por esses pais para o desenvolvimento de repertório de estudo para seus filhos. Participaram da pesquisa membros de três gerações avó materna, mãe e criança estudante do ensino fundamental de escola pública, de cinco famílias. As avós tinham entre 53 e 69 anos, tendo como grau de escolaridade de nenhum ao terceiro colegial supletivo; as mães tinham entre 33 e 41 anos, tendo como grau de escolaridade da 2a série do ensino fundamental à pós-graduação nível especialização; as crianças, sendo três do sexo feminino e duas do sexo masculino, tinham entre 9 e 13 anos, variando o grau de escolaridade entre a 3a série/4o ano e 6a série/7o ano. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas semi estruturadas, realizadas individualmente e separadamente com cada participante, em suas residências ou local de trabalho. As entrevistas foram gravadas, quando consentido, caso contrário, as respostas foram anotadas. Todos os participantes assinaram Termos de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da UFSCar. O método de análise de dados consistiu em categorizar as informações coletadas, agrupa-las em variáveis que influenciam o estudar (local de estudo, horário de estudo, ações do supervisor diante de erros e acertos, entre outras). A partir dos relatos sintetizados da díade mãe - criança relacionadas às condições de estudo tendo a criança como foco e dos relatos sintetizados da díade avó - mãe relacionadas às condições de estudo passadas, tendo a mãe como foco quando esta era estudante, foram produzidos quadros comparativos com indicação de quais variáveis ou valores de variáveis eram similares ou diferentes entre as três gerações e, quando possível, qual a forma de similaridade. Por fim foram produzidos quadros sínteses dos aspectos identificados, indicando possíveis continuidades e descontinuidades intergeracionais para cada família. Os resultados indicaram que para a Família 1, na díade Avó Mãe houve continuidade para seis valores de variáveis e descontinuidade para quatro, na díade Mãe Filha, houve continuidade para treze valores e descontinuidade para dois; para a Família 2, na díade Avó Mãe houve continuidade para um valor de variável e não houve indicação de descontinuidade, na díade Mãe Filha, houve continuidade para seis valores e descontinuidade para dois; para a Família 3, na díade Avó Mãe houve continuidade para um valor de variável e não houve indicação de descontinuidade, na díade Mãe Filho, houve continuidade para onze valores e descontinuidade para oito; para a Família 4, na díade Avó Mãe houve continuidade para quatro valores de variáveis e descontinuidade para um, na díade Mãe Filha, houve continuidade para oito valores e descontinuidade para três; para a Família 5, foram observadas cinco continuidades e descontinuidades na díade avó mãe, e oito continuidades e sete descontinuidades na díade mãe criança. Assim, foi verificada uma forte tendência de continuidades intergeracionais de respostas, comportamentos e condições relacionadas ao estudo, corroborando a hipótese inicial. Foi possível discutir por meio dos dados também quais aspectos do estudar de seus filhos pais observam, valorizam e consequenciam. Os resultados do trabalho podem subsidiar futuros programas de treinamento para pais, como agentes favorecedores de comportamento de estudo de seus filhos.

La presente tesi di dottorato è articolata in tre capitoli a se stanti che riguardano l’ambito dell’economia applicata e dell’economia dello sviluppo. Il primo capitolo analizza l’impatto intergenerazionale di shock idiosincratici alla situazione lavorativa dei genitori sull'istruzione secondaria dei figli, utilizzando un’indagine longitudinale condotta in Bosnia Erzegovina. Il secondo capitolo tratta delle potenziali conseguenze di lungo termine della guerra civile sulla partecipazione politica. In particolare, l’analisi utilizza le statistiche ufficiali disponibili relative alle elezioni in Bosnia Erzegovina e mostra che nelle municipalità più intensamente colpite dal conflitto, misurato in termini di perdite civili, l’affluenza elettorale e il capitale sociale sono minori. Il terzo capitolo contribuisce alla letteratura sulla “auto-selezione” in termini di salute della popolazione Indiana migrante presente in Inghilterra. L'analisi fornisce evidenza empirica delle differenze in termini di statura ed altri indicatori di salute delle prime e seconde generazioni di migranti in relazione alla popolazione nativa del paese di destinazione, e a quella del paese di origine.
This dissertation is a collection of three self-contained essays in applied and development economics. In the first chapter I evaluate whether educational investments of adolescent offspring are vulnerable to idiosyncratic shocks to parental employment. Specifically, I estimate the short-term impact of parental job loss on children’s enrollment in post-compulsory schooling, introducing a focus on paternal and maternal unemployment, and analysing differential gender specific effects. I further discuss the potential channels of inter-generational transmission with a specific focus on the role played by female labor supply in contexts of developing economies. Using panel data estimation techniques based on four waves of longitudinal household data from Bosnia and Herzegovina, the results show that maternal involuntary employment shocks affects school enrollment of daughters aged 15-18. In the second chapter I analyze the consequences of exposure to civil conflict on voters’ turnout and social participation. Our source of variation in violence exposure is given by war-related civilian fatalities recorded at the municipality level. In a “difference in differences” estimation framework, our results show that the intensity of civil conflict reduces turnout in the medium and long run, up to twenty years after the end of the war. War exposure is also associated with lower generalised trust and worse measures of social participation. The third chapter evaluates height performances of first and second generation migrants of Indian origins in England, with respect to adults and children in India, and the native population at destination. We provide evidence of migrants’ “self selection” on health, and we show that the circumstances in which individuals are born and raised can contribute to the definition of body size, in addition to the genetic channel and to the traits transmitted by maternal characteristics through gestation.

16 familles libanaises (père, mère, et jeune), ont été l’objet d’une étude rétrospective, non aléatoire, afin d’explorer les notions de transmission et de dynamique identitaires, en relation avec les diverses éducations familiales. Les critères d’inclusion furent la cohésion familiale, et le niveau d’instruction des jeunes, supérieur ou égal au Baccalauréat. Les familles étaient choisies selon les principales communautés structurales d’une société pluricommunautaire, à savoir la société libanaise (et plus particulièrement, les communautés confessionnelles, géographiques, et socioéconomiques).L’analyse compréhensive et interprétative des données collectées, suivit une méthodologie de type qualitatif, selon la méthode de théorisation ancrée : 1) établissement de repères interprétatifs initiaux ; 2) co-construction de sens ; 3) analyse inductive / déductive ; 4) catégorisation en cours d’analyse de diverses conceptualisations ; 5) modélisation de ces catégories conceptualisantes en deux étapes (bidimensionnelle, et tridimensionnelle), et dont le résultat fut une modélisation théorique de l’identité individuelle ; 6) usage de cette modélisation afin de proposer une approche originale des transmissions identitaires et des dynamiques identitaires et interculturelles ; et 7) ultimement de dégager une théorisation sur « le cristal interculturel imparfait » (C.I.I.), et sur ses éventuelles et potentielles, applications et implications, en particulier, sur le plan éducatif. Le principal repère interprétatif initial personnel fut dégagé du terme arabe « oumour » : une représentation en termes temporels de l’Existence. Les principales conceptualisations que cette étude permit de catégoriser, sont : 1) la distinction entre trois formes d’appartenance : les identités existentielles, l’identité essentielle liée au sexe (gender), et l’identité nécessaire liée au « oumour » ; 2) la structure tripartite des appartenances existentielles, du fait de la double influence qu’y exercent la famille et la société ; 3) l’individualisation d’un troisième cercle intermédiaire d’appartenance, entre les cercles, privé, et public, qui est le cercle de la « assabiyya » ; 4) le caractère incomplet de chacun des trois cercles d’appartenances ; et 5) le concept de « dynamique identitaire nécessaire » (D.I.N.), qui est la somme indissociable de deux mouvements identitaires nécessaires. Quant à la théorisation du ʺcristal interculturel imparfaitʺ, celle-ci correspond à une simplification, dans un but didactique, de notre compréhension de la structuration de l’identité individuelle, de sa transmission, et de sa dynamique. Elle s’appuie sur deux notions fondamentales : 1) les souscomposantes identitaires, ou particules élémentaires de ce cristal imparfait ; et 2) D.I.N. de l’être, qui dynamise le tout, à travers des processus internes de rationalisation et de relativisation. L’approche interculturelle tient une place de choix, dans cette théorisation, eu égard la compréhension de la transmission et de la dynamique, identitaires. Si bien que l’altérité, se présente comme étant la relation élémentaire de cette structuration. Et dont l’approche use de façon combinée, interactive et obligatoire de trois logiques distinctes : 1) la logique intersubjective et existentielle ; 2) la logique subjective et essentielle ; et 3) la logique nécessaire, quant au sens que donne l’être à son existence, et qui est liée à son « oumour » (à sa D.I.N.)
16 Lebanese families (father, mother and youth) have been the subject of a retrospective, non-randomized study, to explore notions of identity transmission and dynamics, in relation to the various family educations. Inclusion criteria were family cohesion and the level of youth instruction level, greater than or equal to High School. Families were selected according to the main structural communities in a multi communitarian society, namely the Lebanese society (specifically: confessional, geographic, and socioeconomic communities). The comprehensive and interpretative analysis of data collected, followed a qualitative methodology, according to the grounded theory method: 1) establishment of initial interpretive markers; 2) co-construction of meaning; 3) inductive / deductive analysis; 4) categorization, while analysis is in progress, of various conceptualizations; 5) modeling of these conceptualizing categories in two stages (two-dimensional and three dimensional), the result of which was a theoretical modeling of individual identity; 6) use of this model to propose an original approach o identity transmissions, and identity and intercultural dynamics; and 7) ultimately to reach a theorization about the “intercultural imperfect crystal”, (I.I.C.), and about its eventual and potential applications and implications, especially in terms of education. The main initial interpretive and personal landmark, was that of the Arabic word of “oumour”: a representation, in temporal terms, of Existence. The main conceptualizations that this study made it possible to categorize, were: 1) the distinction between three forms of belonging: the existential identities, the essential gender-related identity, and the necessary “oumour”-related identity; 2) the tripartite structure of existential belongings, due to the double influence carried on by the family and the society; 3) the individualization of a third intermediate circle of belonging, between the private and public, circles, which is the circle of “assabiyya”; 4) the incompleteness of each of the three circles of belonging; and 5) the concept of “necessary identity dynamics” (N.I.D.), which is the sum of two inseparable necessary identity movements. As for the theorization of the “intercultural imperfect crystal”, this corresponds to a simplification, for didactic purposes, of our understanding of the structuring of individual identity, of its transmission, and of its dynamics. It is based on two fundamental concepts: 1) identity subcomponents, or elementary particles of this imperfect crystal; and 2) the N.I.D. of the being, that “dynamizes” the whole, through internal processes of rationalization and “relativization”. The intercultural approach is prominent in this theory, on regard of the understanding of the identity transmission and dynamics.That’s why otherness is presented as the elementary relationship of this structure. And whose approach is characterized by its combined, interactive and mandatory use of three distinct logics: 1) the inter-subjective and existential logic; 2) the subjective and essential logic; and 3) the necessary logic, as to the meaning, that the individual gives to his being, and which is related to his “oumour” (his N.I.D.)

Parental involvement practices in education have traditionally referred to overt forms of involvement such as attending school meetings, parent teacher conferences, and volunteering at the school. Research suggests that Latinx parents do not utilize these approaches as much as they do subtler practices. These practices are manifested in parents’ communication with their children, their parenting styles, and the academic expectations they place on their children. The current study intended to recognize the parental practices used by Latinx parents that contribute to educational attainment and combat fixed beliefs regarding their lack of involvement in their children’s education. The data collection was completed via Qualtrics panel and funded by the CEHS Graduate Student Research Award grant. The final sample consisted of 252 Latinx parents (age 18 or older) nationwide who had a child or children in kindergarten through sixth grades. Respondents reported being more involved in their children’s education than their parents. Each parenting variable was significantly associated with respondents’ academic outcomes with the exception of parental pressure. Results suggest intergenerational transmission of parenting practices regardless of acculturation level and support for a nuanced examination of predictors of academic achievement for Latinxs. Results also reflect vi Latinx parents’ involvement in their children’s education in meaningful ways. Parents’ level of acculturation played a role in the relationship between their self-reports and what they recalled about how they were parented. Specifically, the relationship between self-report and retrospective report of authoritarian parenting and parental pressure was strongest for respondents at the highest levels of Latinx acculturation and lowest at the lowest levels of Latinx acculturation. Overall, Latinx respondents appear to be following their parents’ parenting practices regardless of their level of acculturation, and these practices predict Latinxs’ educational attainment. Understanding how Latinx parents involve themselves in their children’s education debunks the myth that they are not involved and opens pathways to collaboration and support between these parents and the U.S. education system

Cette thèse se penche sur plusieurs canaux de transmission intergénérationnelle des inégalités afin d'évaluer la capacité des politiques publiques à accroître la mobilité sociale. A partir d'un panel européen, les deux premiers chapitres mesurent et comparent différents indicateurs de la mobilité sociale intergénérationnelle par pays. La comparaison des résultats d'un pays à l'autre met en lumière la plus grande efficacité des politiques publiques, et en particulier des politiques d'éducation, menées dans les pays nordiques. Les deux derniers chapitres concernent la ségrégation résidentielle, dont la littérature économique a montré qu'elle accentuait la transmission des inégalités. Les déterminants de la ségrégation urbaine en Ile-de-France sont identifiés afin d'évaluer l'effet potentiel de certaines politiques de logement, en particulier de celles visant à promouvoir l'accès à la propriété
This thesis focuses on several of channels of the intergenerational transmission of inequalities, so as to evaluate the efficiency of public policies in increasing social mobility. From a European panel, the first two chapters measure and compare different mobility indices by country. The cross-country comparison sheds the light on the higher efficiency of the public policies –in particular education policies – implemented in Nordic countries. The last two chapters concern residential segregation, which is shown to accentuate the transmission of inequalities in the economic literature. The determinants of the urban segregation in the Paris region (Ile-de-France) are disentangled in order to evaluate the potential effect of some housing policies, in particular those which aim at promoting homeownership

Paper one: The attitudes and reasoning of abusive behaviour in adolescents who have been exposed to domestic abuse Exposure to domestic abuse in childhood can go on to negatively affect every aspect of that individual’s life. During adolescence, the impact of exposure to domestic abuse may go beyond the borders of the family and the individual, and affect the development of intimate relationships. This study explores the attitudes and reasoning of eleven young people who have been exposed to domestic abuse and are displaying perpetrator behaviours. Results reveal a complex interaction between experiences and skill deficits at a crucial time of identity formation, resulting in the formation and maintenance of destructive attitudes and contradictory reasoning about abusive behaviour. The direct implications of this study, suggestions for further research, and for Educational Psychology Services are discussed. Paper two: An evaluation of an intervention for adolescents who have been exposed to domestic abuse and are displaying perpetrator behaviours Where domestic violence occurs, children and young people are likely to have been exposed to such abuse. Evidence suggests that this is likely to have a detrimental impact on them. There is an acute gap in provision for such individuals, despite evidence suggesting a link between exposure to domestic abuse in childhood, and involvement in abusive dating relationships in late adolescence and adulthood. There has been little research testing the effectiveness of intervention programmes which aim to reduce this risk. In this study a before and after design was used to evaluate a cognitive-behavioural intervention programme for young people who have been exposed to domestic abuse and are displaying abusive behaviours. This evaluation was based on the views of the young people on this programme. Results indicate that certain elements of the programme were more successful in achieving the programme aims. Considerations for the development of further programmes which target this client group are discussed.

India is one of the fastest growing economies in the world presenting at the same time significant levels of inequality, in particular in terms of education. Arguably, one of the main issues regarding India´s potential economic development and growth is the lack of skilled labour force. This thesis tackles this constraint in growth by studying how education is transmitted between generations in India. Census data from 1983 to 2009 is utilised to provide empirical evidence to both intergenerational education transmission, as well as to potential mechanisms behind the estimated transmission. Empirical evidence provides three results. Firstly, intergenerational mobility in India has increased, due to an increase in the educational attainment of children of low-educated parents. Secondly, the gender gap is closing in terms of mobility. Thirdly, positive association between increasing mobility and economic performance and education policy.
A Índia é uma das economias com mais rápido crescimento económico do mundo, apresentando, ao mesmo tempo, significantes níveis de desigualdade. Uma das principais particularidades à cerca do potencial de desenvolvimento económico e crescimento da Índia é a falta de força de trabalho qualificada. Esta tese aborda a restrição no crescimento económico através da análise da transmissão de educação entre gerações na Índia. Neste trabalho, são utilizados dados de censos entre 1983 e 2009 de modo a obter evidência empírica sobre a transmissão da educação intergeracional, bem como sobre possíveis mecanismos na origem da mobilidade estimada. As provas empíricas permitem inferir 3 conclusões. Em primeiro lugar, o aumento na mobilidade intergeracional na Índia deveu-se a um aumento no nível educacional de crianças filhas de pais com reduzido nível educacional. Em segundo, as diferenças de mobilidade entre géneros vão diminuindo ao longo dos anos até ao seu desaparecimento. E, finalmente, em terceiro lugar, demonstrou-se uma associação entre o aumento da mobilidade e o desempenho económico e a política educacional.

Broadly, this dissertation study is an investigation of how mothers’ educational histories shape their parenting philosophies and behaviors and, through these intergenerational relationships, their children’s achievement during the transition to elementary school. Such an investigation is motivated by the life course paradigm as well as social capital theory and developmental research linking mothers’ and children’s educational trajectories through various parenting behaviors and strategies. Expanding upon this research base and the above stated research aim, the concept of diverging destinies highlights the importance of considering a specific set of life course pathways that are closely related to mothers’ educational attainment and their children’s achievement: employment and marriage. Thus, integrating mother’s employment and marriage into this dissertation study’s conceptual and analytic model, a second aim is to investigate how mothers’ education shapes the significance of women’s work and marital histories for their parenting and children’s academic trajectories. Findings from this dissertation provide support for the assertion that mothers’ and children’s academic pathways are linked through parenting. Findings also yield evidence for how mothers’ education augments the impact of marriage and employment on parenting and children’s achievement. Answering these questions has significance for sociological theory on the intergenerational transmission of advantage.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2008.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-11, Section: A, page: 4274. Adviser: Anna Maria Escobar. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 269-279) Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.

In this thesis, return to health is also estimated. We examine the effects of height on hourly wage, monthly earnings, working hours, and education level. Our results show that height has different causal impacts on women and men. Women benefit from height: taller women earn more, work less, and have more leisure time. However, taller men are more likely to land a job and work longer, largely because they are better endowed. Moreover, the positive effect of height on hourly wage for women is larger than that for men. In general, the findings have contributed new evidence to existing literature that estimates the return to health.
This thesis mainly investigates the intergenerational transmission of socioeconomic status. Specifically, it estimates the effects of family income and parental education on the health status and educational attainment of the next generation using unique twins data collected from urban China. By using twins strategy, we can largely control for unobservables, which may cause biases in estimations. Our results show that the positive correlations of family income and maternal education with child health are largely due to unobserved endowment and family background. However, family income and paternal education do have a positive effect on child education. Overall, our findings suggest that increasing family income and parental schooling do not help in improving child health. However, to reduce the educational gap of the next generation, redistributing income would prove beneficial. The design of government policies is dependent on the policy targets.
Xiong, Yanyan.
Advisers: Hongbin Li; Junsen Zhang.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: A, page: 2176.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references.
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest dissertations and theses, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
School code: 1307.

This thesis includes three empirical chapters, which are self-contained but all related to education inequality in China. Chapter 2 aims to examine the causal effect (nurture effect) of parental education on children's education. Parents and their children share many common characteristics which are often unobserved -- this causes the omitted-variable bias. To eliminate this bias, this chapter uses school interruption during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (CR) as an instrument. The Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) significantly interrupted one generation's education, but has had no direct effect on the next generation. It naturally provides a valid instrument. The empirical results suggest that in urban China, an one year decrease in parent's schooling because of school interruption during the CR leads to a 0.27-0.38 year decrease in the child's schooling; if a parent did not obtain a university degree because of school interruption during the CR, the child is 35-53 percent less likely to obtain a university degree. The results also suggest that maternal education has a greater influence on children's education than paternal education. Overall, for the particular group whose parental education was changed by the CR, this chapter confirms a significant and sizable nurture effect. Chapter 3 estimates the causal effect of private tutoring on Chinese and mathematics test scores of primary school students in urban China. Because the unobserved determinants of schooling achievement often influence private tutoring expenditure, OLS cannot provide a consistent estimate. This chapter adopts a heteroskedasticity based identification strategy proposed by Lewbel (2012) to handle this problem. The estimation results show that, on average, private tutoring expenditure has a small but statistically significant effect on the mathematics test scores of primary school students, but has no statistically significant effect on the Chinese test scores. A 1000 yuan (about 55% of a standard deviation) increase in private tutoring expenditure raises the primary school students' mathematics test scores by 0.80-0.87 percentage point (about 11% of a standard deviation). The instrumental variable quantile regression combined with the Lewbel method suggests that private tutoring is more likely to improve student achievement at the bottom end of test score distribution. When moving upward to the top end, the effect becomes smaller and even negative, despite not being significant. Chapter 4 measures and analyzes the rural-urban schooling achievement gap in primary education in China. Using the RUMiC 2010 data, this chapter finds that the test scores of urban children are on average about 5.7 percentage points higher than that of rural children. This is approximately equivalent to 54-56% and 65-72% of the standard deviations of urban and rural children's test scores, respectively. The regression analysis and Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis suggest that urban children outperform their rural counterparts mainly because of their better socio-economic background (e.g. parental education and family income per capita), better school quality and higher government budgetary spending on education per student in cities.

This study was designed to identify what, if any, communications occurred between working-class mothers, who had experience as sole supporters of families, and their adolescent daughters to socialize the daughters to the role of education in the daughters' lives. Additionally, this study was designed to determine whether there was an intergenerational transmission of educational values between working-class mothers and their daughters, and to determine if mothers are their daughters' first educational role models or mentors. The participants were a homogeneous sampling of seven Caucasian working-class mother and daughter pairs from two rural western Massachusetts mill towns. After an initial questionnaire which helped to identify prospective participants, semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with the pairs and a topical guide was used to gather comparable data from all participants. Thematic analysis was conducted to analyze the data. Participants in this study provided insights into both multigenerational and intergenerational messages transmitted across generations and the mechanisms by which those messages were transmitted. They also provided insights into how messages from their working-class work ethic both shaped and contradicted their aspirations for success. The intersection of social class and the mothers' experiences as sole supporters revealed specific messages about working-class values and what it meant for the participants to be successful or not. The mothers in this study used these messages to purposefully push their daughters toward success, which they believed began with a four-year college degree. Finally, this study revealed that these working-class mothers were their daughters' first educational role models and mentors. However, due to gaps in procedural knowledge and the mothers' passivity in assisting daughters in obtaining information that would help them prepare for college, there became a point where most mothers became ineffective mentors, thus highlighting the need for positive role models and mentors, for both mothers and daughters. Additionally, several unarticulated contradictions emerged between the messages and with regard to the participants' desire for success. The paper concludes with a discussion about implications for future research and practice.

The thesis deals with the current situation of minority languages in Peru, focusing on language shift as a sociolinguistic phenomenon, which is seen as a transition from the use of one language to another language. The first part conceives the topic from a broader perspective and points out certain weaknesses in the subject. Some Peruvian minority languages, ie the native languages of the Amazon region, have not been adequately documented, individual languages have not been given sufficient attention by linguists, and therefore we encounter inconsistent terminology, classifications and varying estimates of the number of the languages. Many of the languages are in danger of extinction because they are replaced in everyday use by Spanish. The thesis analyzes the individual extralinguistic and other factors that have contributed to accelerating the language shift, and on the basis of empiric data obtained during field research in 2013, describes the progress of the shift in selected communities in the languages Bora and Huitoto murui. The third part introduces the sociolinguistic profile of the settlements Pucaurquillo and Ancon Colonia, which were the center of the research. The main part of the thesis analyzes the topic "behaviour towards language", focused on the intergenerational transmission of...

Depuis plusieurs décennies, des études empiriques réalisées sur plusieurs pays développés ou en émergence ont montré que la baisse de la taille de la famille favorise l’investissement dans l’éducation des enfants, expliquant qu’un nombre élevé d’enfants a un effet d’amenuisement des ressources familiales. Les retombées positives de la baisse de la fécondité sur l’éducation sont largement étudiées et connues. En dépit des résultats controversés des premières études portant sur les pays de l’Afrique de l’Ouest, les récentes études empiriques tendent à confirmer l’effet positif de la baisse de la taille de la famille dans le contexte africain, du moins en milieu urbain. Par contre, jusqu’à présent, très peu d’études semblent intéressées à analyser la répartition de ces retombées entre les enfants, et encore moins à comprendre comment ces dernières affecteraient la structure des inégalités éducatives existantes. Notre étude s’intéresse à explorer la potentielle dimension démographique des inégalités socioéconomiques, notamment les inégalités éducatives dans le contexte de la baisse de la fécondité. Elle vise à apporter des évidences empiriques sur le lien entre la réduction de la taille de la famille et les inégalités éducatives au sein des ménages dans le contexte d’Ouagadougou, Capitale du Burkina Faso, qui connait depuis quelques décennies la chute de la fécondité. Elle analyse aussi l’effet de cette réduction sur la transmission intergénérationnelle des désavantages éducatifs. Pour ce faire, nous proposons un cadre conceptuel pour comprendre les mécanismes par lesquels la relation entre la réduction de la taille de la famille et les inégalités éducatives se tisse. Ce cadre conceptuel s’appuie sur une recension des écrits de divers auteurs à ce sujet. Par la suite, nous procédons à des analyses empiriques permettant de tester ces liens en utilisant les données du projet Demtrend collectées. Les résultats empiriques sont présentés sous forme d’articles scientifiques. Les conclusions du premier article indiquent que la relation entre le nombre d’enfants de la famille et l’éducation varie selon le contexte socioéconomique. En effet, pour les générations qui ont grandi dans un contexte socioéconomique colonial et postcolonial, où le mode de production était essentiellement agricole et l’éducation formelle n’était pas encore valorisée sur le marché du travail, la relation est très faible et positive. Par contre, pour les récentes générations, nous avons observé que la relation devient négative et fortement significative. De plus, les résultats de cet article suggèrent aussi que la famille d’origine des femmes a une incidence significative sur leur comportement de fécondité. Les femmes dont la mère avait un niveau de scolarité élevé (et étaient de statut socioéconomique aisé) ont moins d’enfants comparativement à celles dont leurs parents avaient un faible niveau de scolarité (et pauvres). En retour, leurs enfants sont aussi les plus éduqués. Ce qui sous-tend à un éventuel effet de levier de la réduction de la taille de la famille dans le processus de transmission intergénérationnelle des désavantages éducatifs. Le second article fait une comparaison entre les ménages de grande taille et ceux de petite taille en matière d’inégalités éducatives entre les enfants au sein des ménages familiaux, en considérant le sexe, l’ordre de naissance et les termes d’interaction entre ces deux variables. Les résultats de cet article montrent que généralement les enfants des familles de petite taille sont plus scolarisés et atteignent un niveau d’éducation plus élevé que ceux des grandes familles. Toutefois, les filles ainées des petites familles s’avèrent moins éduquées que leurs pairs. Ce déficit persiste après avoir considéré seulement les ménages familiaux monogames ou encore après le contrôle de la composition de la fratrie. L’émancipation des femmes sur le marché du travail résultant de la réduction de la taille de la famille et la faible contribution des pères dans les activités domestiques expliqueraient en partie cette situation. Malheureusement, nous n’avons pas pu contrôler l’activité économique des mères dans les analyses. Finalement, dans le cadre du troisième et dernier article, nous avons examiné l’effet d’avoir été confié par le passé sur les inégalités éducatives au sein de la fratrie, en comparant ceux qui ont été confiés aux autres membres de leur fratrie qui n’ont jamais été confiés. Dans cet article, nous avons considéré l’aspect hétérogène du confiage en le différenciant selon le sexe, la relation de la mère avec le chef du ménage d’accueil et l’âge auquel l’enfant a été confié. Les résultats montrent qu’avoir été confié dans le passé influence négativement le parcours scolaire des enfants. Cependant, cet effet négatif reste fort et significatif que pour les filles qui ont été confiées après leurs 10 ans d’âge. Un profil qui correspond à la demande de main-d’œuvre en milieu urbain pour l’accomplissement des tâches domestiques, surtout dans le contexte de la baisse de la taille de la famille et l’émancipation des femmes sur le marché du travail.
The relationship between the family size decline and children human’s capital investment has been well-studied for several decades. In most developed and emergent countries, several studies showed that the reduction in family size seems to increase the investment in the children’s education, arguing the dilution effect of each additional child on family resources. More recently, empirical studies shows this reduction tends also to improve substantially schooling levels in Sub-Saharan Countries, mostly in urban areas. Nevertheless, little is known about the distribution of these potential benefits neither how that may affect existing educational inequalities, particularly in the context of urban sub-Saharan Africa. Our study focuses on exploring the demographic dimension of educational inequalities in the context of Ouagadougou, Capital of Burkina Faso, where the fertility transition is actually ongoing. More precisely, this study seeks to understand the effect of reduction in family size on intra-family inequalities in education and secondly, on the reproduction of educational inequalities over time and generations. For that purpose, we developed on one hand a conceptual framework to understand the mechanism by which reduction in family could influence on education inequalities. Secondly, we have undertaken empirical analysis to test our hypotheses. The empirical results are presented in three scientific papers, which based on data from the Demographic Surveillance System and Health and Dentrend project. Findings from the first paper suggest that the relationship between the family size and education has shifted over time, according to the socioeconomic context. Indeed, the generations that are grown in a socioeconomic context where formal education was not valued in the labor market and the economic contributions of children were substantial as farm laborer, the relationship was very low, positive, and not statistically significant. By contrast, for recent generations, we observed that the relationship is negative and highly significant. In addition, the results of this paper also suggest that the family of origin impacts on the women’s reproductive behavior. Those whose original family was not poor and well-educated have smaller families. In turn, their children are also more educated. That suggests a potential leverage effect of the reduction in family size on the intergenerational transmission of socioeconomic disadvantages, particularly in terms of education. The second paper takes a look at intra-family inequalities in education in Ouagadougou. Do all the children in a family benefit equitably from the improved conditions brought about by limiting their number? The results suggest that generally smaller families allow more investment in children’s education. Nonetheless, oldest girls are less educated than their peers. The deficit remains even after considering only monogamous family households or after controlling the composition of the sibling. The absence of the mothers at home eased by the reduction in family size and the men’s failure to share household chores could explain this situation. Unfortunately, we were unable to control for economic activity of mothers. Finally, in the last paper, we evaluated the net impact of having been fostered in the past on the education of young adolescents (16-20 years old), comparing those who have been fostered to their sibling who has never been fostered. In this article, contrary to previous studies, we have considered the heterogeneous aspect of fostering by differentiating by sex, the mother's relationship with the host household and the age at the time of fostering. The results show a negative impact of child fostering on education, even after controlling for the endogeneity problem. However, this negative effect is greater on girls. The life’s conditions of fostered girls in host household could explain this differential effect. Finally, in the third and final article, we examined the effect of having been entrusted the education of children, comparing those who have been entrusted to other members of their siblings who have never been entrusted. In this article, contrary to previous studies, we have considered the heterogeneous aspect of fostering by differentiating by sex, the mother's relationship with the host and the ages at which the child has been entrusted. The results show that having been given in the past adversely affects the schooling of children. However, after considering some interacting variables, this negative effect remains strong and significant only for adolescent girls. These girls seem to fit the profile of additional hands for household chores, which are needed due the demographic deficits consequent to the reduction in family size in urban areas.