Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Interferometry diagnostics'

I present several new methods for the characterisation of ultrashort pulses using interferometry. A generalisation of the concatenation algorithm for spectral shearing interferometry enables interferograms taken at multiple shears to be combined. This improves the precision of the reconstructed phase in the presence of detector noise, and enables the relative phase between disjoint spectral components to be obtained without decreasing the spectral resolution. The algorithm is applied to experimental data from two different implementations of spectral shearing interferometry for ultrashort optical pulses. In one, the shears are acquired sequentially, and in the other they are acquired simultaneously. I develop a form of spatio-temporal ultrashort pulse characterisation which performs both spatial and spectral shearing interferometry simultaneously. It requires a similar geometrical setup to common implementations of spectral phase interferometry for direct electric-field reconstruction, but provides complete amplitude and phase characterisation in time and one spatial dimension. I develop the theory of lateral shearing interferometry for spectrally resolved wavefront sensing of extended ultraviolet and soft x-ray pulses generated using high-harmonic generation. A comprehensive set of wavefront measurements of harmonics 13-25 in Krypton show good agreement with theory, validating the technique. I propose and numerically demonstrate quantum-path interferometry mediated by a weak control field for high harmonic generation. This is a general technique for measuring the amplitude and relative phases of each contributing quantum path. The control field perturbatively modulates the phase of each path. The differing sensitivity of each path to the parameters of the control field allows their contributions to be distinguished from one another.

Le Propulseur à Effet Hall est un moteur sans grille, dans lequel un champ magnétique radial confine les électrons d'un plasma formé entre deux cylindres coaxiaux diélectriques. La chute de la conductivité électronique qui en résulte permet l'établissement d'un champ électrique axial pour extraire les ions. La relativement faible poussée (100 mN) et la forte impulsion spécifique (vitesse des ions éjectés de 20 km/s) rendent le propulseur bien adapté aux tâches de maintien sur orbite des satellites ou de petits transferts d'orbite. L'étude porte sur la modélisation des phénomènes physiques dans le propulseur associée à une étude expérimentale, plus limitée, et destinée à valider ou compléter les modèles. La modélisation est basée sur une description des phénomènes de transport des particules (électrons, ions, neutres) en champs électrique et magnétique croisés. Un modèle développé au CPAT a été complété et utilisé pour chercher les conditions optimales de fonctionnement, en particulier l'étude de la configuration magnétique des moteurs à Effet Hall existants. De plus, nous avons développé un modèle pour étudier de nouveaux concepts de moteurs à Effet Hall, en particulier un moteur à Effet Hall à Double Etage, dans lequel on cherche à contrôler séparément la génération du plasma et l'accélération des ions. La partie expérimentale a consisté à utiliser des techniques de diagnostics plasma (interférométrie de Fabry-Pérot) permettant de mesurer la distribution du champ électrique dans le système, résultant de la présence du plasma et des tensions appliquées aux électrodes. Les mesures ont été effectuées sur le moyen d'essai PIVOINE installé à Orléans. La confrontation systématique des résultats expérimentaux et de simulation a permis de mieux définir les possibilités et les limites du modèle et d'en améliorer ses capacités prédictives
Hall Effect Thrusters (HETs) are gridless ion engines where a magnetic field barrier is used to impede the electron motion toward the anode and generate a large electric field that provides collisionless ion acceleration. The thrust is about 100 mN and the specific impulse of HETs is in the range 1600-2000 s (i. E. The velocity of ejected xenon ions is on the order of 16-20 km/s). The thrust and the specific impulse of standard Single Stage HETs are well adapted to the missions of orbit correction and station keeping. The goal here is to model the physical phenomena occurring in such a thruster, and, in correlation with experimental studies, to validate and/or improve the assumptions of the model. The model describes the transport of the electrons, ions, and neutrals in crossed electric and magnetic fields. The model developed at CPAT was extended and used to identify conditions for optimal operation of the thruster, with particular attention to the influence of the magnetic field distribution on the thruster operation. In addition, we developed a model to study new thuster concepts such as a Double Stage Hall Effect Thruster, where ionization and acceleration are accomplished in two stages. The experimental study involved using specific plasma diagnostics (Fabry-Perot Interferometry) in order to measure the electric field distribution in the thruster. Measurements were made at the PIVOINE test facility in Orléans. Systematic comparisons between experimental results and simulations allowed us to define more clearly the limits of the model and to improve its predictive ability

Microwave interferometry (MI) is a Doppler based diagnostic tool used to measure the detonation velocity of explosives, which has applications to explosive safety. The geometry used in existing MI experiments is cylindrical explosives pellets layered in a cylindrical case. It is of interest to Lawrence Livermore National Labs to measure additional geometries that may be overmoded, meaning that the geometries propagate higher-order transverse electromagnetic waves. The goal of my project is to measure and analyze the input reflection from a novel structure and to find a good frequency to use in an experiment using this structure. Two methods of determining a good frequency are applied to the phase of the input reflection. The first method is R2, used to measure the linearity of input reflection phase. The second is a zero-crossing method that measures how periodic the input reflection phase is. Frequencies with R2 values higher than .995 may be usable for an experiment in the novel structure.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 139-147).
The two-color interferometer diagnostic on Alcator C-Mod has been upgraded to measure line-integrated electron density fluctuations for turbulence and transport studies. Heterodyne signals from ten vertical-viewing CO2 laser chords are demodulated relative to a local oscillator using high bandwidth analog in-phase/quadrature electronics, replacing lower bandwidth digital fringe counting electronics. The raw outputs of the high bandwidth electronics, which are proportional to the sine and cosine of the interferometric phase shift, are digitized at up to 10 MHz, which is sufficient for fluctuation analysis. Extraction of the measured phase from the sine and cosine signals is now performed entirely in software, providing the line-integrated electron density at high bandwidth. The interferometer design, calibration, and measurement uncertainty is presented. Measurement uncertainties due to nonlinearities in the analog electronics are found to be comparable to the uncertainties of the previous system. The interferometer can now resolve line-integrated electron density fluctuations with major-radial wavenumbers below ... . The new fluctuation measurement capability is used to partially verify the calibration and low-kR wavenumber response of phase-contrast imaging, to aid in gyrokinetic transport model validation research. Agreement between the two diagnostics is demonstrated for broadband fluctuations and the low-kR component of the quasi-coherent mode, improving confidence in the calibration of the phase-contrast imaging system. Both diagnostics observe a series of fluctuations during quasi-steady periods of minority heated I-mode plasmas with strong off-axis electron heating. The observed fluctuations are localized to the plasma core using Doppler shift analysis and data from edge fluctuation diagnostics. Transport analysis shows that the fluctuations do not correlate with enhanced thermal transport, and gyrokinetic linear stability analysis shows that the plasma is stable to drift wave turbulence, ruling out the possibility that the observed fluctuations are destabilized drift wave turbulence.
by Cale Phillip Kasten.
S.M.

In the present study, the microwave interferogram is digitized and analyzed using computer software developed to facilitate the extraction of velocity information from the microwave Doppler interference signals by applying digital signal processing techniques.
The waveguide or detonation tube of the present microwave interferometer consisted of a copper tube 38.4 mm in diameter, 3.5 m long, with a thin wire stretched along the center axis acting as a center conductor for the coaxial configuration. The system was tested at microwave frequencies of 6.70GHz and 9.21GHz by performing a number of detonation experiments in explosive gaseous mixtures of C$ sb2$H$ sb2$ + 2.5O$ sb2$ and C$ sb3$H$ sb8$ + 5O$ sb2$, at low initial pressures (6torr to 80torr). Average velocity measurements obtained by the microwave method generally agreed with independent photodetector measurements to within 2%.
In this study, the present technique has been used to explore unstable detonations near the limit. This demonstrates that the improved microwave Doppler interferometer is particularly well suited for unstable detonations where the large scale velocity fluctuations must be monitored continuously. It may be concluded that the present coaxial configuration microwave Doppler interferometry technique shows promise as a useful diagnostic tool for studying unstable detonations. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University
In the field of drug discovery and disease diagnostics, protein microarrays have generated much enthusiasm for their high-throughput monitoring of biomarkers; however, this technology has yet to translate from research laboratories to commercialization. The hindrance is the considerable uncertainty and skepticism regarding data obtained. The disparity in results from different laboratories performing identical tests is attributed to a lack of assay quality control. Unlike DNA microarrays, protein microarrays have a higher level of bioreceptor immobilization variability and non-specific binding because of the more complex molecular structure and broader physiochemical properties. Traditional assay detection modalities, such as fluorescence microscopy and surface plasmon resonance, are unable to overcome both of these sources of variation. This dissertation describes the hardware and software design and biological validation of three complementary platforms that overcome bioreceptor variability and non-specific binding for diagnostics. In order to quantify the bioreceptor quality, a label-free, nondestructive, low cost, and high-throughput interferometric sensor has been developed as a quality control tool. The quality control tool was combined with a wide-field fluorescence imaging system to improve fluorescence experimental repeatability. Lastly, a novel high-throughput and label-free platform for quality control and specific protein microarray detection is described. This platform overcomes the additional complexities and time required with labeled assays by discriminating between specific and nonspecific detection by including sizing of individual binding events. Protein microarrays may one day emerge as routine clinical laboratory tests; however, it is important that the proper quality control procedures are in place to minimize erroneous results. These platforms provide reliable and repeatable protein microarray measurements for new advancements in disease diagnostics with the potential for drug discovery.

La mesure de l’émittance transverse du faisceau est fondamentale pour tous les accélérateurs, et en particulier pour les collisionneurs, son évaluation precise étant essentielle pour maximiser la luminosité et ainsi la performance des faisceaux de collision.Le rayonnement synchrotron (SR) est un outil polyvalent pour le diagnostic non-destructif de faisceau, exploité au CERN pour mesurer la taille des faisceaux de protons des deux machines du complexe dont l’énergie est la plus élevée, le SPS et le LHC où l’intensité du faisceau ne permet plus les techniques invasives.Le travail de thèse documenté dans ce rapport s’est concentré sur la conception, le développement, la caractérisation et l’optimisation des moniteurs de taille de faisceau basés sur le SR. Cette étude est fondée sur un ensemble de calculs théoriques, de simulation numériques et d’expériences conduite au sein des laboratoires et accélérateurs du CERN. Un outil de simulation puissant a été développé, combinant des logiciels classiques de simulation de SR et de propagation optique, permettant ainsi la caractérisation complète d’un moniteur SR de la source jusqu’au détecteur.La source SR a pu être entièrement caractérisée par cette technique, puis les résultats validés par observation directe et par la calibration à basse énergie basée sur les mesures effectuées avec les wire-scanners (WS), qui sont la référence en terme de mesure de taille de faisceau, ou telles que la comparaison directe avec la taille des faisceaux obtenue par déconvolution de la luminosité instantanée du LHC.Avec l’augmentation de l’énergie dans le LHC (7TeV), le faisceau verra sa taille diminuer jusqu’à atteindre la limite de la technique d’imagerie du SR. Ainsi, plusieurs solutions ont été investiguées afin d’améliorer la performance du système: la sélection d’une des deux polarisations du SR, la réduction des effets liés à la profondeur de champ par l’utilisation de fentes optiques et l’utilisation d’une longueur d’onde réduite à 250 nm.En parallèle à l’effort de réduction de la diffraction optique, le miroir d’extraction du SR qui s’était avéré être la source principale des aberrations du système a été entièrement reconçu. En effet, la détérioration du miroir a été causée par son couplage EM avec les champs du faisceau, ce qui a conduit à une surchauffe du coating et à sa dégradation. Une nouvelle géométrie de miroir et de son support permettant une douce transition en termes de couplage d’impédance longitudinale dans le beam pipe a été définie et caractérisée par la technique dite du “streched wire”. Egalement, comme méthode alternative à l’imagerie directe, un nouveau moniteur basé sur la technique d’interférométrie à deux fentes du SR, non limité par la diffraction, a également été développé. Le principe de cette méthode est basé sur la relation directe entre la visibilité des franges d’interférence et la taille de faisceau.Comme l’emittance du faisceau est la donnée d’intérêt pour la performance du LHC, il est aussi important de caractériser avec précision l’optique du LHC à la source du SR. Dans ce but, la méthode “K-modulation” a été utilisée pour la première fois au LHC en IR4. Les β ont été mesurés à l’emplacement de tous les quadrupoles et ont été évalués via deux algorithmes de propagation différents au BSRT et au WS
Measuring the beam transverse emittance is fundamental in every accelerator, in particular for colliders, where its precise determination is essential to maximize the luminosity and thus the performance of the colliding beams. Synchrotron Radiation (SR) is a versatile tool for non-destructive beam diagnostics, since its characteristics are closely related to those of the source beam. At CERN, being the only available diagnostics at high beam intensity and energy, SR monitors are exploited as the proton beam size monitor of the two higher energy machines, the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The thesis work documented in this report focused on the design, development, characterization and optimization of these beam size monitors. Such studies were based on a comprehensive set of theoretical calculations, numerical simulations and experiments.A powerful simulation tool has been developed combining conventional softwares for SR simulation and optics design, thus allowing the description of an SR monitor from its source up to the detector. The simulations were confirmed by direct observations, and a detailed performance studies of the operational SR imaging monitor in the LHC, where different techniques for experimentally validating the system were applied, such as cross-calibrations with the wire scanners at low intensity (that are considered as a reference) and direct comparison with beam sizes de-convoluted from the LHC luminosity measurements.In 2015, the beam sizes to be measured with the further increase of the LHC beam energy to 7 TeV will decrease down to ∼190 μm. In these conditions, the SR imaging technique was found at its limits of applicability since the error on the beam size determination is proportional to the ratio of the system resolution and the measured beam size. Therefore, various solutions were probed to improve the system’s performance such as the choice of one light polarization, the reduction of depth of field effect and the reduction of the imaging wavelength down to 250 nm.In parallel to reducing the diffraction contribution to the resolution broadening, the extraction mirror, found as the main sources of aberrations in the system was redesigned. Its failure was caused by the EM coupling with the beam’s fields that led to overheating and deterioration of the coating. A new system’s geometry featuring a smoother transition in the beam pipe was qualified in terms of longitudinal coupling impedance via the stretched wire technique. A comparison with the older system was carried out and resulted in a reduction of the total power dissipated in the extraction system by at least a factor of four.A new, non-diffraction limited, SR-based monitor based on double slit interferometry was designed as well as an alternative method to the direct imaging. Its principle is based on the direct relation between the interferogram fringes visibility and the beam size.Since the beam emittance is the physical quantity of interest in the performance analysis of the LHC, determining the optical functions at the SR monitors is as relevant as measuring the beam size. The “K-modulation” method for the optical function determination was applied for the first time in the LHC IR4, where most of the profile monitors sit. The βs at the quadrupoles were measured and via two different propagation algorithms the βs at the BSRT and the WS were obtained reducing significantly the uncertainty at the monitors location

Die Wechselwirkung intensiver Laserstrahlung mit Festkörperoberflächen ruft oberhalb einer bestimmten Leistungsdichte eine Materialablation hervor und führt schließlich zur Herausbildung sogenannter laserinduzierter Plasmen. In diesem Zusammenhang wird in der Literatur über nichtlinear-optische Phänomene wie Selbstfokussierung und -Kanalisierung der Laserstrahlung, sowie Ausbildung beschleunigter Plasmafragmente berichtet. Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der Form und der Dynamik solcher laserinduzierten Plasmen an verschiedenen metallischen Targets (Al, Cu, W, Ta) in verschiedenen Umgebungen (Luft, Vakuum, Argon) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Vor-pulskonfigurationen des Laserstrahles. Es ist festzustellen, daß sich nach der Einwirkung eines Vorpulses der Energie 10¹²...10¹³ W/cm² auf das metallische Target in Luft und Argon eine Stoßwelle ausbildet, die im Falle von Luft zu einem Plasmakanal der Elektronendichte um 10²º 1/cm³, im Falle von Argon zu mehreren pulsierenden Kanälen führt. In der Arbeitsregime des Lasers mit einigen Vorpulsen wird in Luft und Argon die Herausbildung einer entsprechenden Anzahl von Stoßwellen im Plasma beobachtet. Als Ergebnis der Einwirkung des nachfolgenden Hauptpulses auf die entstandene Stoßwellenstruktur formiert sich ein Plasmakanal. Infolge der komplexen hydrodynamischen Wechselwirkung zwischen dem Hauptpuls und den Stoßwellen, sowie der Einwirkung starker Magnetfelder, erfolgt ein Auswurf von Plasmafragmenten entgegengesetzt dem Vektor der einfallenden Laserstrahlung. Die Fragestellung nach Abhängigkeit der Anzahl der Plasmafragmente von der Anzahl der Stoßwellen und der Pulsenergie des Lasers wird in dieser Arbeit verfolgt. Im Vakuum rufen die Vorpulse dagegen lediglich eine flache Plasmawolke hervor, in der sich als Ergebnis der Einwirkung des Hauptlaserimpulses wiederum eine Stoßwelle bildet. Weiter wird die Herausbildung von Plasmakanälen beobachtet, die in einem stumpfen Winkel zum Vektor des einfallenden Laserausstrahles geneigt sind. Mittels röntgenspektroskopischer Untersuchungen werden für die Plasmakanäle Elektronentemperaturen bis zu 2.7 keV ermittelt, was als Nachweis einer Vorbedingung zur Schaffung eines Röntgenlasers auf der Basis der vorliegenden Effekte gelten kann.

Heat release rate disturbances are the sources of additional thermal stresses, direct and indirect combustion noise and undesirable vibrations. In extreme cases, these perturbations may even cause destructive combustion instabilities. These quantities are difficult to measure in practical burners. The objective of this work is to develop two alternative diagnostics to measure heat release rate fluctuations in unsteady flames. These techniques are validated in generic configurations for perfectly premixed laminar flames. The first method is an acoustic technique, which is based on the measurement of the travel time of ultrasonic waves through the flames. Fluctuations of the sound propagation time transmission through unsteady flames are used to estimate perturbations in the burned gases width along the acoustic path. This information is then used to reconstruct heat release rate fluctuations. This technique is validated in the cases of unstable laminar premixed flames driven by buoyancy forces and for flames submitted to harmonic flow velocity modulations. Analytical expressions are derived linking fluctuations in heat release rate and disturbances of the sound travel time. Measurements made with this acoustic technique are compared with optical detections based on the flame chemiluminescence and with predictions from an analytical model. Good agreements are obtained between these different methods validating the proposed technique. The second method envisaged is an optical technique based on a Laser Interferometric Vibrometer used to measure integrated density perturbations along the optical path of a laser beam. It is shown that density disturbances along this path result mainly from heat release rate fluctuations when the flames are confined. A link is established to reconstruct heat release rate disturbances from the signal of the interferometer. The technique is validated in the case of pulsated laminar premixed flames. Measurements are compared to line-of-sight integrated chemiluminescence emission measurements. A good agreement is obtained for harmonic flow modulations at different forcing frequencies and perturbation levels for flames operating at different flow conditions. This work validates the principle of this alternative technique for detecting heat release rate perturbations.

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A three dimensional analysis of the intensity distribution of backward optical transition radiation has been performed. The effects of variations in electron energy and beam divergence and on material properties such as dielectric permittivities and the resultant coherence length upon the angular distribution and polarization of optical transition radiation has been investigated. A surprising observation important to the use of optical transition radiation as a diagnostic tool for high energy electron beams is the behavior of the perpendicular component of the intensity. In contrast to low energies where the parallel component dominates, at electron energies above 200 MeV, the perpendicular component dominates. This requires the use of a polarization filter to diagnose particle beam properties at high energies.
http://archive.org/details/threedimensional00long
Lieutenant, United States Navy

Cell mass is an important indicator of cell health and status. A diverse set of techniques have been developed to precisely measure the masses of single cells, with varying degrees of technical complexity and throughput. Here, the development of a non-invasive, label-free optical technique, termed Live-Cell Interferometry (LCI), is described. Several applications are presented, including an evaluation of LCI’s utility for assessing drug response heterogeneity in patient-derived melanoma lines and the measurement of CD3+ T cell kinetics during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The characterization of mast cells during degranulation, the measurement of viral reactivation kinetics in Kaposi’s Sarcoma, and drug response studies in patient-derived xenograft models of triple-negative breast cancer are also discussed. Taken together, data from these studies highlight LCI’s versatility as a tool for clinical, translational, and basic research applications.

Le cancer de la peau est un enjeu majeur de santé publique. Il représente le type de cancer ayant le plus fort taux de prévalence et le nombre de cas semble être en constante augmentation. Aujourd'hui, la méthode de référence pour le diagnostic du cancer cutané nécessite un échantillon de tissu suspect, appelé biopsie, prélevé après un simple examen visuel de la peau du patient. Par conséquent, près de 60 % des biopsies se révèlent être bénignes et environ 20 % des cancers de la peau ne sont pas détectés.Les travaux de recherche présentés dans ce manuscrit de thèse portent sur le développement d'un dispositif de tomographie par cohérence optique confocale en ligne (LC-OCT) capable de produire des images d'une qualité similaire aux coupes histologiques de manière non invasive et in vivo. Le prototype conçu fonctionne à une longueur d'onde centrale autour de 800 nm avec une largeur spectrale d'environ 150 nm. Il a été appliqué à l'imagerie in vivo de la peau avec une résolution spatiale quasi-isotrope d'environ 1 µm et une profondeur de pénétration de 400 µm. Ce dispositif pourrait alors être utilisé pour améliorer l'efficacité du processus de diagnostic du cancer de la peau en limitant le nombre de cas non détectés ainsi que le nombre de biopsies inutiles.Nous présentons ensuite un dispositif de LC-OCT fonctionnant dans deux bandes spectrales centrées autour de 770 nm et 1250 nm. La première bande produit des images à haute résolution (1.3 µm x 1.2 µm, latéral x axial) tandis que la seconde offre une profondeur de pénétration accrue (700 µm). En fusionnant les images produites dans les deux bandes il a été possible de produire des images avec une bonne résolution en superficie tout en ayant une profondeur de pénétration étendue. De plus, acquérir des images d'un échantillon dans deux bandes spectrales différentes permet dans une certaine mesure d'obtenir des informations sur les propriétés spectrales de l'échantillon.Finalement, nous présentons une preuve de concept d'un dispositif de LC-OCT couplé avec un microscope Raman ainsi que quelques exemples d'application. La microscopie Raman est une modalité spectroscopique qui permet d'identifier des molécules et ainsi de mesurer "l'empreinte digitale" d'un échantillon. Cette modalité pourrait alors fournir des informations complémentaires aux images morphologiques acquises par LC-OCT à propos de la composition biomoléculaire de l'échantillon
Skin cancer is a major public health issue. Among all types of cancer, skin cancer has the highest prevalence rate and the number of cases seems to be steadily increasing. Currently, the gold standard of skin cancer diagnosis requires a sample of suspicious tissue, called a biopsy, removed after a simple visual inspection of the patient's skin. Consequently, almost 60 % of biopsies result in benign diagnoses, and approximately 20 % of all skin cancers are missed.The research presented in this thesis revolves around the development of a line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT) device capable of producing non-invasive in vivo images similar in quality to histological cuts. The designed prototype operates at a center wavelength around 800 nm with a spectral width of approximately 150 nm. It has been applied to in vivo skin imaging with an almost isotropic spatial resolution of about 1 µm and a depth penetration reaching 400 µm. This device could thus be used to improve the efficiency of skin cancer diagnosis by limiting the number of undiagnosed cases and the number of unnecessary biopsies.We then present a LC-OCT device system operating in two spectral bands centered around 770 nm and 1250 nm. The first band produces high resolution images (1.3 µm x 1.2 µm, lateral x axial) while the second provides enhanced penetration depth (700 µm). By merging the images acquired in the two bands it has been possible to produce images with both high resolution and high penetration. Moreover, acquiring images of a sample in two different spectral bands can give, to a certain extent, information on the spectral properties of the sample.Lastly, we present a proof-of-concept LC-OCT prototype coupled together with a Raman microscope, as well as some application examples. Raman microscopy is a spectroscopic method capable of identifying molecules present in a sample and thus measuring the "fingerprint" of a sample. This modality could then provide complementary information to the morphological images provided by LC-OCT about the biomolecular composition of the sample

This work deals with the interaction of intense 100 ps laser pulses with double-layer foil targets, consisting of one dielectric (Mylar) layer and one metallic layer. The diagnostics of the evolving plasmas is done by the means of shorttime interferometry, time-resolved X-ray spectroscopy, and methods of ion dosimetry in polymer nuclear track detectors (CR-39)
Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Wechselwirkung intensiver 100-ps-Laserpulse eines Nd:YAG-Lasersystems mit Zweischicht-Folientargets, die aus einer dielektrischen Schicht (Mylar) und einer metallischen Schicht bestehen. Die entstehenden Plasmen werden mittels Kurzzeitinterferometrie und zeitaufgelöster Röntgenspektroskopie sowie mit Methoden der Ionendosimetrie in Polymer-Kernspurätzdetektoren (CR-39) untersucht

This thesis focuses on the issues related to the thermal diagnostics aboard the space mission LISA Pathfinder (LPF). LPF is a technological mission devoted to put to test critical subsystems for the LISA mission. LISA will be the first space born gravitational wave (GW) observatory with the main objective of detecting GWs. GWs are ripples of the space-time geometry caused by acceleration of masses in an asymmetric way. Their detection requires put test masses (TMs) in an almost perfect inertial frame (or free fall).

Non-inertial forces perturbing the TMs must be less than 6 fN/sqrt(Hz) in the frequency range of 0.1 mHz to 0.1 Hz and the noise in the measurement between the TMs (separated by 5 Gm) must be of 40 pm/sqrt(Hz) in the same band. To reduce the risks of a direct launch of LISA, ESA has decided to first launch LPF to put all the LISA technologies to test.
The payload of LPF, the LISA Technology Package (LTP), contains two TMs placed in two cylinders inside a single spacecraft (SC) and an interferometric system that measures the relative distance between them. The SC isolates the TMs from the external disturbances but internal stray forces will still perturb the TMs. Their levels must be bounded not to challenge the free fall accuracy. One of these disturbances is temperature fluctuations and the aspects related to their measurement are the leitmotif of this thesis.

In chapter 1 we have presented how temperature fluctuations couple into the key subsystems of the LTP to degrade their performance. The foreseen effects are radiation pressure, radiometer effect, temperature coefficient of optical components, etc. Onground estimations conclude that the temperature stability in the LTP must be less than 100 microK/sqrt(Hz) in the frequency range of 1 mHz to 30 mHz (LTP band). Since temperature fluctuations are an important issue in LPF and in LISA, a thermal diagnostic subsystem is needed aboard both missions.

The task of the thermal diagnostics in the LTP is twofold: on the one hand, temperature fluctuations in different subsystems must be measured with noise levels of 10 microK/sqrt(Hz) in the LTP band. On the other hand, a set of heaters will generate heat pulses that in conjunction with temperature measurements will be used to estimate the actual coupling between temperature and systems performance. These actions will provide information on the behaviour of the system and will permit to identify the fraction of noise in the system coming from temperature issues. The main function of LPF, as precursor mission of LISA, is the understanding of all the noise sources in the system. This will provide clues to the final leap from LPF sensitivity to LISA one.

The main investigations carried out during this thesis can be split into three main categories: (i) the design and validation of the LTP temperature measurement subsystem (TMS); (ii) the extension of the system to the LISA requirements; and (iii) the analysis of the in-flight thermal experiments in the LTP. The thesis is organised as follows: in chapter 2 we describe the designed electronics and the temperature sensors chosen. Aspects related to the coupling of the TMS with other subsystems nearby are discussed in chapter 3. Chapter 4 focuses on the design of the testbed needed for the validation of the TMS. Two different testbeds are described: one for the LTP measurement bandwidth (MBW) and another one for the LISA MBW, 0.1 mHz. In chapter 5 we present the results of the test campaigns: the prototype, the engineering model and the flight model systems were put to test. The results of the investigations in the LISA band are also shown. Chapter 6 contains investigations in view of LISA requirements to reduce excess noise at very low frequency and to reduce the floor noise of the measurement. Chapter 7 focuses on the thermal experiment on-board LPF: a set of thermal excitations are proposed to extract information of the thermal behaviour of the key subsystems of the LTP.

Cette thèse décrit le design, la simulation et la fabrication d’une matrice 4x4 de micro-miroirs actionnée verticalement et munie d’un capteur de position. Le micro-scanneur vertical a pour vocation à être intégré au sein d’un micro-interféromètre de Mirau de type matriciel, réalisé àbase de composants micro-optiques fabriqués grâce à des méthodes collectives. Le mouvement du micro-scanneur, développé dans cette thèse, génère un signal de référence utilisé pour l’implémentation de l’interférométrie à modulation de phase dans un système de tomographie par cohérence optique (OCT). Dans un premier temps, la thèse introduit le besoin d’un système d’imagerie adapté pour la détection précoce des cancers de la peau et établit les spécifications optiques requises par cette application. A partir de ces spécifications, le design du système OCT basé sur le micro-interféromètre de Mirau est présenté. En parallèle, l’état de l’art des technologies de micro-actionnement est décrit et un actionnement électrostatique à base de peignes interdigités est choisi pour actionner et lire la position de la matrice de micro-miroirs. En effet ce type d’actionnement bénéficie d’une bonne compatibilité avec le design du micro-interféromètre de Mirau. Dans un second temps, le cœur de la thèse expose le développement du micro-scanneur vertical, c.à.d le design et les simulations ainsi que la fabrication et la caractérisation
This thesis describes the design, simulation and fabrication of a vertically actuated 4x4 array ofmicromirrors with embedded position sensing function. The vertical microscanner is meant to beintegrated within an array-type Mirau microinterferometer realized with optical microcomponentsfabricated using collective techniques. The microscanner, developed in this thesis, provides areference signal that is used for the implementation of phase modulation interferometery in an opticalcoherence tomography (OCT) system. This thesis first introduces the need for adapted imagingsystems for the early diagnosis of skin cancer and establishes the optical specifications requiredby this specific application. Based on these specifications, the design of the OCT system based onthe Mirau microinterferometer is presented. In parallel, the state of the art of the microactuationtechnologies is discussed and comb drive electrostatic actuation is chosen, for its compatibilitywith the design of the Mirau microinterferometer, to actuate and sense the position of the array ofmicromirrors. Then, the core of the thesis deals with the development of the vertical microscanner,i.e. its design and simulations, its fabrication and its characterization

Dans le contexte d’une population vieillissante il est primordial de développer des outils de diagnostic cliniques précis, fiables, peu coûteux et faciles à mettre en place. Durant cette thèse j’ai en particulier cherché à réaliser une cartographie dynamique des vaisseaux sanguins dans le but de permettre de détecter à la fois des cancers et des maladies cardiovasculaires, deux des maladies les plus mortelles. Pour avoir un diagnostic efficace on se doit d’imager en profondeur avec une résolution spatiale et temporelle la meilleure possible. Dans le chapitre 0 j’explique les enjeux de l’imagerie médicale sur la micro-vascularisation en analysant les avantages et inconvénients de plusieurs types d’imageries médicales. Dans le chapitre 1 je développe en détail l’imagerie photo-acoustique, qui s’est avérée être la plus appropriée à notre application. Elle a l’avantage d’avoir un contraste optique et une résolution acoustique. J’utilise en particulier la photo-acoustique fréquentielle qui est peu onéreuse et peu encombrante, donc facilement intégrable dans le monde hospitalier par rapport à une imagerie photo-acoustique « classique ». Je valide cette partie sur des résultats expérimentaux in-vivo sur des oreilles de souris. Dans le chapitre 2 j’ai cherché à détecter le signal photo-acoustique de façon optique qui a pour avantage d’être sans contact donc sans souci d’encombrement entre « excitation optique » et « détection acoustique ». Je développe le traitement du signal nécessaire pour détecter une onde acoustique, i.e. des vibrations, à l’aide d’un interféromètre. Puis je présente dans le chapitre 3 un interféromètre particulier développé au laboratoire : le Laser Optical Feedback Imaging (LOFI). Il permet de s’affranchir du bruit du détecteur donc il permet de détecter des vibrations de petites amplitudes même sur des surfaces peu réfléchissantes comme la peau et cela même à faible puissance par respect des normes médicales. Dans le chapitre 4 je valide la détection du signal photo-acoustique avec notre détection optique. Enfin dans le chapitre 5 je montre à travers des simulations une technique d’imagerie innovante plein champ qui permettrait de détecter plus rapidement un signal photo-acoustique riche spectralement
In the context of an aging population, it is essential to develop clinical diagnostic tools that are accurate, reliable, inexpensive and easy to implement. During this thesis I particularly sought to perform a dynamic mapping of blood vessels in order to detect both cancers and cardiovascular diseases, two of the most deadly diseases. In order to have an effective diagnosis, it is necessary to image in depth with the best possible spatial and temporal resolution. In chapter 0 I explain the challenges of medical imaging on micro-vascularization by analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of several types of medical imaging. In chapter 1 I develop in detail the photo-acoustic imaging, which proved to be the most appropriate for our application. It has the advantage of optical contrast and acoustic resolution. In particular, I use frequency photo-acoustics, which is inexpensive and space-saving, and can therefore be easily integrated in the hospital world compared to "traditional" photo-acoustic imaging. I validate this part on in-vivo experimental results on mouse ears. In chapter 2 I tried to detect the photo-acoustic signal in an optical way which has the advantage of being contactless and therefore without any problem of clutter between "optical excitation" and "acoustic detection". I develop the signal processing necessary to detect an acoustic wave, i.e. vibrations, using an interferometer. Then I present in chapter 3 a particular interferometer developed in the laboratory: the Laser Optical Feedback Imaging (LOFI). This interferometer allows to be limited to photon noise even with a low intensity thus it makes it possible to detect vibrations of small amplitudes even on surfaces with a low reflecting index like the skin in accordance with medical standards. In chapter 4 I validate the detection of the photo-acoustic signal with our optical detection. Finally in chapter 5 I show with simulations an innovative full field imaging technique that would allow faster detection of a spectrally rich photo-acoustic signal

Les structures immergées telles que des hydroliennes génèrent des écoulements turbulents pouvant fortement perturber les fonds marins. La compréhension de l’impact de la présence de ces structures nécessite de comprendre la dynamique tridimensionnelle des tourbillons qu’elles génèrent. Les méthodes optiques, par leur aspect non intrusif, permettent d’analyser de telles dynamiques. L’imagerie interférométrique en défaut de mise au point est une technique développée à l’originepour la mesure de taille de particules sphériques transparentes telles que des gouttes ou des bulles. Nous proposons ici l’extension de cette technique à la mesure simultanée de particules irrégulières et sphériques. Un premier montage expérimental a permis de valider la méthode pour la mesure de taille et de position tridimensionnelle de grains de sable et de bulles d’air dans l’eau. Un second dispositif a été réalisé sur un canal à houle de plus grandes dimensions, permettant d’introduire les notions de suivi tridimensionnel de particules irrégulières et d’analyse de variation de leur orientation. Un troisième montage composé de deux dispositifs d’imagerie interférométrique selon deux angles d’observations est utilisé pour la reconnaissance de forme de différentes familles de particules irrégulières. Grâce à des comparaisons avec des simulations, les dimensions et l’orientation de ces particules sont déterminées. Ce type de montage devrait être adapté à la caractérisation de cristaux de glace dont divers types de formes sont connus. Ces travaux ouvrent des perspectives pour l’extension de la technique aux mesures de vitesses de particules dans des écoulements hostiles, combinées avec la reconnaissance de forme et la détermination de la rotation de particules
Submerged structures such as tidal turbines generate turbulent flows that can strongly disrupt the seabed. Understanding the impact of the presence of these structures requires understanding the three-dimensional dynamics of the vortices they generate. Optical methods, by their non-intrusive aspect, make it possible to analyze these dynamics. Interferometric Particle Imaging is a technique originally developed for the measurement of transparent spherical particles such as droplets orbubbles. We offer here an extension of this technique for the simultaneous characterization of irregular and spherical particles in a flow. A first experimental set-up has confirmed the validity of the method for the size and three-dimensional position measurement of grains of sand and air bubbles in water. A second device was used on a wave flume of bigger dimensions, introducing the notions of three-dimensional tracking of irregular particles and the analysis of the variation of their orientation.A third device made of two Interferometric Particle Imaging set-ups at two angles of observation is described for the shape recognition of different families of irregular particles. Through comparisons with simulations, dimensions and orientations of these particles are determined. This kind of device should be suitable for the characterization of ice crystals for which various shapes are known. The prospects that such results provide include the extension of the technique to the particle velocitymeasurement in hostile conditions, combined with the shape recognition and the determination of rotation of particles

Ce manuscrit de thèse de doctorat présente la conception et la réalisation d’un système d’imageriepour le diagnostic précoce des pathologies de la peau. Un diagnostic précoce permet de réduire lesactes chirurgicaux inutiles. Il est important de mettre en avant que seulement 20% des pathologiesfaisant office d’une opération chirurgicale, sont malignes. De plus, les pronostics de l’année 2015avançaient trois millions de nouveaux cas de cancer de la peau diagnostiqués aux ´ Etats-Unis. Basésur la tomographie par cohérence optique à balayage en longueur d’onde et une configuration pleinchamp et multi-canaux, le système d’imagerie médicale est capable d’imager en volume les couchesinternes de la peau et donc de fournir un diagnostic médical pour le professionnel de santé. Pourune fabrication en série du système portatif, les composants optiques sont micro-fabriqués sur dessubstrats et assemblés verticalement. Ces micro-composants optiques requièrent une caractérisationspécifique. Pour cela, deux systèmes ont ainsi été développés pour estimer leurs performancesoptiques. Ce travail a été réalisé dans le cadre du projet Européen VIAMOS (Vertically IntegratedArray-type Mirau-based OCT System)
The manuscript concerns the optical design and the development of a non-invasive new imagingsystem for the early diagnosis of skin pathologies. Indeed, an early diagnosis can make the differencebetween malignant and benign skin lesion in order to minimize unnecessary surgical procedure.Furthermore, prognosis for the year 2015 was that more than three millions new skin cancer caseswill be diagnosed in the United States. Based on the swept source optical coherence tomographytechnique in full-field and multiple channels configuration, the imaging system is able to perform avolumetric image of the subsurface of the skin, and thus can help in taking a better medical decision.Furthermore, for a batch-fabrication of the hand-held device, micro-optical components were made atwafer-level and vertically assembled using multi-wafer bonding. This miniaturized system requiresspecific characterization. Thus, two systems were also developed for imaging quality evaluation ofmicro-optical elements. This work has been supported by the VIAMOS (Vertically Integrated ArraytypeMirau-based OCT System) European project

碩士
國立成功大學
物理學系碩博士班
97
In this paper, we develop a microwave interferometry system for plasma diagnostics.. First, we discuss the EM wave propagation in magnetized plasma. The dispersion relation of EM wave will be changed by the angle between the magnetic field and EM wave propagation direction, so we can use it to measure and calculate the plasma density. Because our magnetized plasma system is still not operative, we instead measure the dielectric constant of Teflon to test and verify our interferometry system. We also use the network analyzer to confirm the accuracy of interferometry. Finally, we consider the future work of the microwave interferometry for plasma diagnostics.

碩士
國立成功大學
太空天文與電漿科學研究所
99
In the thesis, we develop a microwave interferometer system to measure the line-integrated plasma density. At first, we discuss the EM wave propagation in magnetized plasmas by using the plasma wave theory. The EM wave dispersion relation depends on the direction of the wave electric field with respect to the external magnetic field. We can use the dispersion relation to obtain the relation between the phase delay of the probe wave and the line-integrated plasma density. The interferometry system measures the phase delay and is a non-contact instrument for the plasma density measurement in magnetized plasmas. The EM wave is divided into two paths: the probe wave passes through the plasma and the other wave serves as the reference signal. We use mixers to combine the two signals and obtain the phase difference to calculate the plasma line-integrated density. The plasma line-integrated density is on the order of 1015?1017 m-2 in the magnetic mirror plasma device at the Plasma and Space Science Center (PSSC) at the National Cheng Kung University (NCKU). Finally, we discuss what can be improved in the future.

This thesis investigates the performance and improves a double color interferometer setup, absolutely calibrates a line radiation Balmer H-alpha measurement setup, and uses measurements from both setups to estimate the particle confinement time of a plasma. The double colour interferometer at the magnetic confinement plasma device EXTRAP T2R measures the line integrated electron density of the plasma. Electron density is an important parameter in fusion plasma diagnostics but the interferometer at EXTRAP T2R have had several problems. The interferometer setup was changed as follows: A piezo phase shifter was added, the beam expander was adjusted with the help of thermal image plates, and the electronics setup was rewired to remove interferences. The setup for Balmer H-alpha line radiation measurements was calibrated and characterized. The particle confinement time was estimated using Abel inversion to produce radial profiles of electron density, electron temperature and H-alpha irradiance. The interferometer upgrades did not solve all the problems, but the electron density measurements are now reliable up to around 10 – 20 ms. Since the interferometer only has one channel the electron density profile could not be determined reliably. However, the particle confinement time was estimated for two possible electron density profiles and the results agree with previous studies.
Fusionsvetenskap strävar efter att producera en ny, effektiv energikälla. I och med den ökande energikonsumtionen får fusionsvetenskap en allt viktigare roll i samhället. Kärnfusion har stor potential som energikälla, men att utvinna dess energi kommer med lika stora tekniska utmaningar. I det här projektet tacklas en av dessa utmaningar; att mäta elektrontätheten och joniseringshastigheten i ett plasma. Detta utfördes på EXTRAP T2R, ett magnetiskt inneslutningssystem för plasma på Alfvén laboratoriet, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, Stockholm. Projektet behandlar två olika mätinstrument: En interferometer som mäter elektrontätheten i plasmat och en H-alphaexperimentuppställning som mäter joniseringshastigheten i plasmat. Interferometern har uppgraderats och justerats för att ge mer tillförlitliga mätningar. Den behöver förbättras ytterligare men kan ger nu tillförlitliga täthetsmätningar i början av plasma-skott. H$\alpha$-experimentuppställningen har karakteriserats och kalibrerats. Genom att mäta elektrontätheten och joniseringshastigheten kan partikelinneslutningstiden uppskattas. Partikelinneslutningstiden är den genomsnittliga tiden innan en partikel lämnar plasmat via en av många processer. Denna uppskattning baserades på två möjliga täthetsprofiler i plasmat eftersom en fullständig mätning skulle kräva flera interferometrar. Trots detta så stämmer uppskattningen väl överens med tidigare studier.

Since 2004, table-top laser-plasma accelerators (LPAs) driven by ˜30fs terwatt laser pulses have produced colimated, nearly mono-energetic eletron bunches with energy up to 1 GeV in laboratories around the world. Large-scale computer simulations show that LPAs can scale to higher energy while retaining high beam quality, but will require laser pulses of higher energy and longer duration than current LPAs. The group of Prof. Mike Downer, in collaboration with the Texas Petawatt (TPW) laser team headed by Prof. Todd Ditmire, is setting up an experiment that uses the TPW laser (1.1 PW, 150 fs) to drive the world’s first multi-GeV LPA. This thesis provides a general overview of the TPW-LPA project, including several diagnostic systems for the beam, plasma and laser pulse. Special attention is given to three of the diagnostic systems: (1)A transverse interferometry diagnostic of the plasma density profile created by the TPW laser pulse; (2)A Thomson scattering diagnostic of the self-guided path of the TPW laser pulse through the plasma; (3)An optical transition radiation diagnostic of the accelerated electron bunch exiting the plasma. In each case, basic principles, theoretical background, calculation and simulation results, and preliminary experimental results will be presented.
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The redistribution of incident light into scattered fields ultimately limits the ability to image into biological media. However, these scattered fields also contain information about the structure and distribution of protein complexes, organelles, cells and whole tissues that can be used to assess the health of tissue or to enhance imaging contrast by excluding confounding signals. The interpretation of scattered fields depends on a detailed understanding of the scattering process as well as sophisticated measurement systems. In this work, the development of new instruments based on low coherence interferometry (LCI) is presented in order to perform precise, depth-resolved measurements of scattered fields. Combined with LCI, the application of new light scattering models based on both analytic and numerical methods is presented in order to interpret scattered field measurements in terms of scatterer geometry and tissue health.

The first portion of this work discusses the application of a new light scattering model to the measurement recorded with an existing technique, Angle Resolved Low Coherence Interferometry (a/LCI). In the a/LCI technique, biological samples are interrogated with collimated light and the energy per scattering angle at each depth in the volume is recorded interferometrically. A light scattering model is then used to invert the scattering measurements and measure the geometry of cell nuclei. A new light scattering model is presented that can recover information about the size, refractive index, and for the first time, shape of cell nuclei. This model is validated and then applied to the study of cell biology in a series of experiments measuring cell swelling, cell deformation, and finally detecting the onset of apoptosis.

The second portion of this work introduces an improved version of a/LCI based on two dimension angle resolved measurement (2D a/LCI) and Fourier domain low coherence interferometry (FD-LCI). Several systems are presenting for high speed and polarization-resolved measurements of scattered fields. An improved light scattering model based on fully polarization and solid angle resolved measurements is presented, and then efficiently implemented using distributed computing techniques. The combined system is validated with phantoms and is shown to be able to uniquely determine the size and shape of scattering particles using a single measurement.

The third portion of this work develops the use of angle-resolved interferometry for imaging through highly scattering media by exploiting the tendency of scatterers to forward scatter light. A new interferometers is developed that can image through very large numbers of scattering events with acceptable resolution. A computational model capable of reproducing experimental measurements is developed and used to understand the performance of the technique.

The final portion of the work develops a method for processing 2D angle resolved measurements using optical autocorrelation. In this method, measurements over a range of angles are fused into a single depth scan that incorporates the component of scattered light only from certain spatial scales. The utility of the technique is demonstrated using a gene knockout model of retinal degeneration in mice. Optical autocorrelation is shown to be a potentially useful biomarker of tissue disease.

Dissertation

Fluid suspended biological particles (bioparticles) flowing through a non-uniform electric field are actuated by the induced dielectrophoretic (DEP) force, known to be dependent upon the bioparticles’ dielectric phenotypes. In this work: a 10-1000 kHz DEP actuation potential applied to a co-planar microelectrode array (MEA) induces a DEP force, altering passing bioparticle trajectories as monitored using: (1) an optical assay, in which the lateral bioparticle velocities are estimated from digital video; and (2) a capacitive cytometer, in which a 1.478 GHz capacitance sensor measures the MEA capacitance perturbations induced by passing bioparticles, which is sensitive to the bioparticles’ elevations. The experimentally observed and simulated lateral velocity profiles of actuated polystyrene microspheres (PSS) and viable and heat shocked Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells verify that the bioparticles’ dielectric phenotypes can be inferred from the resultant trajectories due to the balance between the DEP force and the viscous fluid drag force.