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You, Fang, Xu Yan, Jun Zhang, and Wei Cui. "Design Factors of Shared Situation Awareness Interface in Human–Machine Co-Driving." Information 13, no. 9 (September 16, 2022): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info13090437.
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Automated vehicles can perceive their environment and control themselves, but how to effectively transfer the information perceived by the vehicles to human drivers through interfaces, or share the awareness of the situation, is a problem to be solved in human–machine co-driving. The four elements of the shared situation awareness (SSA) interface, namely human–machine state, context, current task status, and plan, were analyzed and proposed through an abstraction hierarchy design method to guide the output of the corresponding interface design elements. The four elements were introduced to visualize the interface elements and design the interface prototype in the scenario of “a vehicle overtaking with a dangerous intention from the left rear”, and the design schemes were experimentally evaluated. The results showed that the design with the four elements of an SSA interface could effectively improve the usability of the human–machine interface, increase the levels of human drivers’ situational awareness and prediction of dangerous intentions, and boost trust in the automatic systems, thereby providing ideas for the design of human–machine collaborative interfaces that enhance shared situational awareness in similar scenarios.
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Jauk, Werner. "Interfaces – a Musical Situation." Musicological Annual 43, no. 1 (December 1, 2007): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/mz.43.1.43-51.
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An interface may be considered being a (social) situation where information is transferred effecting and affecting both, the communicator and the recipient. There is evidence, that musical performance could be argued to be a paradigm of this situation. As musical performance is part of a communication-process formalized in music an interface is part of a communication-process formalized in a non-mechanistic virtual reality. Musical perfomance as well as interfaces are based on expressive bahavior – by giving access to they “construct” music and virtual realities. These hypotheses are argued on the basis of experimental data of communication-processes as well as theories of music and media-art.
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Burns, Catherine, Greg Jamieson, Gyrd Skraaning, Nathan Lau, and Jordanna Kwok. "Supporting Situation Awareness Through Ecological Interface Design." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, no. 4 (October 2007): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705100413.
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A full-scope simulation study with licensed nuclear power plant operators was conducted to evaluate whether displays designed using Ecological Interface Design (EID) could support improved Situation Awareness over traditional displays. EID demonstrated performance advantages over traditional displays in beyond-design basis scenarios where operators were unable to rely on procedures. The same effects were not seen in within-design basis scenarios where procedures were available. This suggests that EID has the potential to improve SA in unanticipated situations, but that ecological interfaces should be supported with task-based displays in procedure-driven situations.
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Mormul, Mathias, Pascal Hirmer, Matthias Wieland, and Bernhard Mitschang. "Situation model as interface between situation recognition and situation-aware applications." Computer Science - Research and Development 32, no. 3-4 (November 11, 2016): 331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00450-016-0335-2.
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Lu, Jin, Jun Ma, and Zaiyan Gong. "Design of Human-Machine Interaction Interface for Autonomous Vehicles Based on Multidimensional Perceptual Context." Scientific Programming 2021 (November 25, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5859800.
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The objective of the study is to provide guidance for automobile human-computer interface design through the research, practice, and evaluation of intelligent driving automobile human-computer interfaces. In this study, the methods of intelligent vehicle automatic cruise control function, theoretical models of the situation analysis, and a three-level information architecture are proposed and designed. During the study, interface space layout is combined with the interactive interface design. The results obtained on the basis of the proposed three levels of perception and prediction of situation awareness are combined with typical application scenarios. The information on AR-HUD and W-HUD in anterior cingulate cortex (or ACC) function is analyzed. The feasibility of the theory is verified through the design practice of information architecture design, key prototype, and typical effect diagram. The human-computer interaction interface based on situational awareness can effectively clarify the display content and process of information and improve the usability of the interface.
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Oliveira, Natália, Fábio Rodrigues, Jessica Souza, Leonardo Botega, and Regina Araújo. "Interface de Usuários para o Enriquecimento da Consciência Situacional em Sistemas de Gerenciamento de Emergência." Journal on Advances in Theoretical and Applied Informatics 1, no. 1 (October 6, 2015): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26729/jadi.v1i1.1054.
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Situational Awareness (SAW) is a concept widely used in areas that require critical decision making, such as in the field of emergency management. SAW is related to the level of perception and understanding that an individual has about real events occurring in complex scenarios, which must be managed by critical systems. Such critical systems require specialized user interfaces (UI) to give operators a dynamic understanding of what is happening in the environment. A challenging issue in the design of SAW-oriented interfaces is to determine how the human-computer interface process can be constructed for SAW enrichment, considering environments with heterogeneous data sources, limitations in data quality, and ever-changing situations. The problem increases when information is subject to uncertainties, which may compromise the situation analysis process. In addition, humans make decisions based on their own understanding of the event, which allied with experience and knowledge can be valuable assets to be used to process situational information about emergencies for the acquisition of SAW. The objective of this work is to demonstrate how to include a SAI-oriented UI in the process of evaluating emergency situations and to present the development of a UI that promotes the management of situational information of emergencies to promote the acquisition of SAW. The results present a specified routine for employing specialized UIs in SAW as part of a situation assessment process, which supports a strong integration between the human operator and other phases of the process, such as quality assessment, data fusion and information visualization , As well as a prototype interface that meets the process. A case study with a critical scenario of a theft event is also presented to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach
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RICE, CURT. "Gaps and repairs at the phonology–morphology interface." Journal of Linguistics 43, no. 1 (February 27, 2007): 197–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226706004488.
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The paper discusses phonologically motivated gaps in inflectional paradigms. A model is offered in which the appearance of gaps is based on a tension between markedness constraints, faithfulness constraints, and constraints which require the expression of morphological categories. After presenting the model, additional implications are analyzed. Situations in which the same problem has different solutions in different morphological contexts are predicted insofar as constraints requiring the expression of different categories can vary in their ranking relative to some faithfulness constraint. Hence, the same phonotactic problem can yield a gap in one situation and a repair in another. This prediction is illustrated and further details of the prediction are explored, including the identification of a situation requiring a more restrictive version of the model. This is achieved by drawing on Smith's (2001) proposal that faithfulness constraints can be indexed to lexical categories to model this situation.
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Lindemann, Patrick, Tae-Young Lee, and Gerhard Rigoll. "Catch My Drift: Elevating Situation Awareness for Highly Automated Driving with an Explanatory Windshield Display User Interface." Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 2, no. 4 (October 11, 2018): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mti2040071.
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Broad access to automated cars (ACs) that can reliably and unconditionally drive in all environments is still some years away. Urban areas pose a particular challenge to ACs, since even perfectly reliable systems may be forced to execute sudden reactive driving maneuvers in hard-to-predict hazardous situations. This may negatively surprise the driver, possibly causing discomfort, anxiety or loss of trust, which might be a risk for the acceptance of the technology in general. To counter this, we suggest an explanatory windshield display interface with augmented reality (AR) elements to support driver situation awareness (SA). It provides the driver with information about the car’s perceptive capabilities and driving decisions. We created a prototype in a human-centered approach and implemented the interface in a mixed-reality driving simulation. We conducted a user study to assess its influence on driver SA. We collected objective SA scores and self-ratings, both of which yielded a significant improvement with our interface in good (medium effect) and in bad (large effect) visibility conditions. We conclude that explanatory AR interfaces could be a viable measure against unwarranted driver discomfort and loss of trust in critical urban situations by elevating SA.
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Galiautdinov, Rinat. "Brain Machine Interface." International Journal of Applied Research in Bioinformatics 10, no. 1 (January 2020): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijarb.2020010102.
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The main purpose of the article is to provide the solution which allows the muscles to work in a situation when neural connection is corrupted either due to illness or injury, which usually causes paralysis. The research is on the interpretation of the brain signals based on the analysis of neurotransmitters and the transformation of this analysis into the electric signals effecting on the muscle in the situation when neural circuit between a sensor/inter neuron and a motor neuron is broken. This method would allow paralyzed people to move their limbs and potentially to walk.
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Soyluçiçek, Seza. "The situation and importance of game interface design education in Turkey and a lesson proposal." Global Journal of Arts Education 7, no. 4 (December 29, 2017): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjae.v7i4.2894.
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Digital gaming industry has been an entertainment area that, since the mid 20th century, has come into prominence and distinguished itself in the game industry. Digital games have come a long way and reached large numbers of users since the time they got into the market. As for the digital game industry, the education of game design, along with the game production, is given high importance especially in USA and Europe. In these countries, game interface design with regards to programming and aesthetically designing is given place in the bachelor and master’s degree education. It can be said that, in Turkey, the number of researches in this field, lessons and game companies has been increasing in recent years. However, it’s clear that as a country, we have to come into prominence more in the international game field. As the necessity of developing more appealing, qualified and unique game interfaces is known, game companies are to act responsibly during the game interface design process. In terms of the creation of scenes, characters, environments, animations and the usage of the game engines, more professional tools and techniques are used and more original game designs are pursued nowadays. With regard to this, it’s clear that the need for qualified graphic designers to design aesthetically successful game interfaces has been increasing and will continue to. It’s seen that game design lessons have started to be given at bachelor and master’s degree programs at Universities in Turkey. Yet, the lessons are mostly on game programming at departments such as computer engineering. Game interface design lessons, on the other hand, are given at certain universities. In this study, the proposal of a game interface design lesson that can take place in the curriculum of Visual Communication Design or Graphic Departments of Fine Arts Faculties at Universities in Turkey is examined.
Keywords: Game interface design education, graphic design education, game design, curricula.
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Kim, Soyeon, René van Egmond, and Riender Happee. "Effects of User Interfaces on Take-Over Performance: A Review of the Empirical Evidence." Information 12, no. 4 (April 10, 2021): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info12040162.
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In automated driving, the user interface plays an essential role in guiding transitions between automated and manual driving. This literature review identified 25 studies that explicitly studied the effectiveness of user interfaces in automated driving. Our main selection criterion was how the user interface (UI) affected take-over performance in higher automation levels allowing drivers to take their eyes off the road (SAE3 and SAE4). We categorized user interface (UI) factors from an automated vehicle-related information perspective. Short take-over times are consistently associated with take-over requests (TORs) initiated by the auditory modality with high urgency levels. On the other hand, take-over requests directly displayed on non-driving-related task devices and augmented reality do not affect take-over time. Additional explanations of take-over situation, surrounding and vehicle information while driving, and take-over guiding information were found to improve situational awareness. Hence, we conclude that advanced user interfaces can enhance the safety and acceptance of automated driving. Most studies showed positive effects of advanced UI, but a number of studies showed no significant benefits, and a few studies showed negative effects of advanced UI, which may be associated with information overload. The occurrence of positive and negative results of similar UI concepts in different studies highlights the need for systematic UI testing across driving conditions and driver characteristics. Our findings propose future UI studies of automated vehicle focusing on trust calibration and enhancing situation awareness in various scenarios.
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Gregorio, Marianna Di, Marco Romano, Monica Sebillo, Giuliana Vitiello, and Angela Vozella. "Improving Human Ground Control Performance in Unmanned Aerial Systems." Future Internet 13, no. 8 (July 22, 2021): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi13080188.
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The use of Unmanned Aerial Systems, commonly called drones, is growing enormously today. Applications that can benefit from the use of fleets of drones and a related human–machine interface are emerging to ensure better performance and reliability. In particular, a fleet of drones can become a valuable tool for monitoring a wide area and transmitting relevant information to the ground control station. We present a human–machine interface for a Ground Control Station used to remotely operate a fleet of drones, in a collaborative setting, by a team of multiple operators. In such a collaborative setting, a major interface design challenge has been to maximize the Team Situation Awareness, shifting the focus from the individual operator to the entire group decision-makers. We were especially interested in testing the hypothesis that shared displays may improve the team situation awareness and hence the overall performance. The experimental study we present shows that there is no difference in performance between shared and non-shared displays. However, in trials when unexpected events occurred, teams using shared displays-maintained good performance whereas in teams using non-shared displays performance reduced. In particular, in case of unexpected situations, operators are able to safely bring more drones home, maintaining a higher level of team situational awareness.
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Seo, Jiwoo, Se Hui Ryu, Ki-Hyung Hong, Seok Jeong Yeon, Soojung Chae, and Heeyeon Lee. "Development of a Hierarchy of Augmentative and Alternative Communication Resources and Situation Switching User Interface for Location and Situation-Based AAC." Korean Society of Augumentative and Alternnative Communication 12, no. 1 (June 30, 2024): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14818/aac.2024.6.12.1.1.
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Background and Objectives: For people who have difficulties in language, locationbased Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) mobile applications recommend AAC symbols based on their location to assist communication in daily life. Using AAC symbols available at a specific location with smart devices having small screens requires additional actions like swiping, which can be burden for [This research was supported by a grant of the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (grant number : HJ21C0007). This research extends the poster presentation of ‘An AAC Board Hierarchy and User Interface for Communication Situation Switching in Location-Based AAC’ in ‘The 3rd East Asian Regional Conference on Augmentative and Alternative Communication: AAC Beyond Pandemic’ of Korean Society of Augmentative and Alternative Communication (KSAAC). Correspondence to Ki-Hyung Hong, Ph.D., Department of Service Design Engineering, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul, Korea, e-mail: khhong@sungshin.ac.kr, tel: + 82 2 920 7525] AAC users. This study aims to make it easier for AAC users to explore symbols and improve efficiency of facilitation by reusing AAC resources. Method: We define AAC situation boards as collections of AAC symbols specifically needed for certain communication situations. Group AAC boards, on the other hand, are collections of AAC symbols that belong to the same categories. We designed a hierarchy to allow these situation and group AAC boards to be included as sub-boards in general and location AAC boards. We also developed a user interface that allows facilitators to manage AAC resources based on the hierarchy. The interface makes it easy for AAC users to select appropriate AAC symbols for the current situation through a situation-based symbol circulation and switching method. Result & Conclusion: We enhanced and expanded location and situation-based AAC mobile applications by utilizing a hierarchy of AAC resources and integrating a user interface for efficient management and utilization of these resources. To assess its usability, we conducted a user evaluation involving 44 facilitators. The results of the evaluation indicate that the location and situation-based AAC mobile application, with its ability to switch situations based on the AAC resource hierarchy, received high ratings in terms of satisfaction, convenience, and stability.
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Stougaard Pedersen, Birgitte, Maria Engberg, Iben Have, Ayoe Quist Henkel, Sarah Mygind, and Helle Bundgaard Svendsen. "To Move, to Touch, to Listen: Multisensory Aspects of the Digital Reading Condition." Poetics Today 42, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 281–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03335372-8883262.
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Abstract The article discusses modes of reading that emerge from reading situations that involve literary digital interfaces and digital audiobooks. Building on analyses of sensorial characteristics of the act of reading a digital audiobook and a literary digital app, respectively, the article presents and defines the concept of multisensory reading. This concept emphasizes the literary work's material and performative features, as well as the experienced reading situation. The authors explore how the digital literary interface changes reading situations and argue that new reading habits create a need to renegotiate what it means to read in a digital age. In particular, sensory aspects can be understood as integrally involved in what they term the digital reading condition.
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VERSCHUEREN, M., F. N. VAN DE VOSSE, and H. E. H. MEIJER. "Diffuse-interface modelling of thermocapillary flow instabilities in a Hele-Shaw cell." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 434 (May 10, 2001): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112001003561.
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In this paper we present the results of a diffuse-interface model for thermocapillary or Marangoni flow in a Hele-Shaw cell. We use a Galerkin-type spectral element discretization, based on Gauss–Lobatto quadrature, for numerical implementation of the governing equations resulting from the diffuse-interface model. The results are compared to classical results for a linear and circular fixed interface. It is found that the diffuse-interface solution converges to the classical solution in the sharp-interface limit. The results are sufficiently accurate if the interfacial thickness is only small compared to the size of the thermocapillary boundary layer, even if the interfacial thickness used is much larger than the real interfacial thickness. We also consider freely movable interfaces with a temperature gradient perpendicular to the interface. It will be shown that this situation can lead to a destabilizing Marangoni convection.
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Pan, Xinyun, Edwin Kofi Nyefrer Donkor, and Chunfa Sha. "Analysis of interface usability evaluation using digital measurement tools." E3S Web of Conferences 236 (2021): 05096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123605096.
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Based on the articles on interface usability collected by CNKI and Web of Science (WOS), the current research status, trends, and recommendations on interface usability were analyzed in terms of the number of articles published, literature sources, institutions, authors, and keywords by combining the CNKI and WOS bibliometric analysis tools and CiteSpace information visualization software. Using digital technology methods such as bibliometric analysis, data visualisation and knowledge mapping analysis, the following conclusions were drawn. Research on interface usability mainly focuses on usability testing and interface optimization. At present, the research methods of interface usability are relatively mature, and the evaluation direction of interface usability tends to combine the eye movement experiments, the subjective and objective evaluation of users. The use of digital tools to study the current situation, hotspots and trends in interface usability can provide advice and assistance in the design of relevant interfaces.
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Edlund, Carl, Sam Hume, and Michael Lewis. "Ecological Design for a Network Scheduling Interface." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 39, no. 9 (October 1995): 501–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129503900913.
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A motivation in the design of Ecological Interfaces for process control is to augment the strengths of the human operator with the strengths of the automation in the computer system. This is especially important when building interfaces for managing the use of Wide Area Networks (WANs) in enterprise computing. This domain requires network operators to be able to control the allocation of resources and to monitor the occurrence of structural and functional failures. The relationship between the network architecture, infrastructure, traffic characteristics, and pricing scheme is dynamic and highly inter-related. A “Tetris-like”, bin-packing interface is designed based on principles drawn from an ecological user model and a situation theoretic representation of the problem space and the user's task. The effectiveness of this display is based on a number of ecological features whose design is automatically generated through the determination and selection of the interface context.
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Yang, PhD, MSc, BSc, FBCS, CITP, Lili, Raj Prasanna, PhD candidate, and Malcolm King, PhD, MA, FIMA, CMath. "Situation awareness oriented user interface design for fire emergency response." Journal of Emergency Management 7, no. 2 (March 1, 2009): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2009.0005.
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Emergency response management demands certain characteristics of the individuals involved. They need to act decisively on often little or incomplete information within tight time schedules, or, sometimes, with too much data from which it is difficult to extract key information. Procuring the right information at the right time, in the right format, and to get it to the right people is a challenge in any emergency response management system design; especially, as poor designs can lead to response systems that are not used, are ineffective, and in some cases dangerous to the emergency personnel. This article explores how situation awareness (SA) oriented design can be used for on-site emergency response system development. The end-user requirements are identified through extensive interviews with fire fighters and observations of fire emergency response training simulations. These requirements are calculated against the identified responsibilities of the core members in the first responder hierarchy. The on-site dynamic information which could be presented to emergency personnel is examined through the use of three SA levels to meet the various requirements of the first response party. Finally, an interface prototype of an information system for fire and rescue services is presented to illustrate the methods proposed in the article. Although our focus was on structural fire and fire fighters, the interface design for an onsite emergency response system proposed here is applicable for other emergency response situations as well, due to standard operating procedures.
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Lee, Yejin, Pier Paolo Capestrani, Kwang-Tae Jung, and Hyun-Chul Lee. "Gender Characteristics of Situation Judgment Task using Visual Interface Screen." Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea 42, no. 4 (August 31, 2023): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5143/jesk.2023.42.4.323.
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Park, Daehee, Wan Chul Yoon, and Uichin Lee. "Cognitive States Matter: Design Guidelines for Driving Situation Awareness in Smart Vehicles." Sensors 20, no. 10 (May 24, 2020): 2978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20102978.
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Situation awareness (SA) is crucial for safe driving. It is all about perception, comprehension of current situations and projection of the future status. It is demanding for drivers to constantly maintain SA by checking for potential hazards while performing the primary driving tasks. As vehicles in the future will be equipped with more sensors, it is likely that an SA aiding system will present complex situational information to drivers. Although drivers have difficulty to process a variety of complex situational information due to limited cognitive capabilities and perceive the information differently depending upon their cognitive states, the well-known SA design principles by Endsley only provide general guidelines. The principles lack detailed guidelines for dealing with limited human cognitive capabilities. Cognitive capability is a mental capability including planning, complex idea comprehension, and learning from experience. A cognitive state can be regarded as a condition of being (e.g., the state of being aware of the situation). In this paper, we investigate the key cognitive attributes related to SA in driving contexts (i.e., attention focus, mental model, workload, and memory). Endsley proposed that those key cognitive attributes are the main factors that influence SA. In those with higher levels of attributes, we found eight cognitive states which mainly influence a human driver in achieving SA. These are the focused attention state, inattentional blindness state, unfamiliar situation state, familiar situation state, insufficient mental resource state, sufficient mental resource state, high time pressure state, and low time pressure state. We then propose cognitive state aware SA design guidelines that can help designers to effectively convey situation information to drivers. As a case study, we demonstrated the usefulness of our cognitive state aware SA design guidelines by conducting controlled experiments where an existing SA interface is compared with a new SA interface designed following the key guidelines. We used the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT) and Decision-Making Questionnaire (DMQ) to measure the SA and decision-making style scores, respectively. Our results show that the new guidelines allowed participants to achieve significantly higher SA and exhibit better decision making performance.
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Wong, Clifford K., and John Lyman. "Distributed Situation Assessment under Varying Environmental Conditions." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 31, no. 12 (September 1987): 1360–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128703101213.
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This paper describes a study that is currently examining distributed problem solving performance in a simulated, dynamic battlefield situation assessment task, using computers as the interface between problem solvers and the simulated environment. There are four objectives of this study. First, identify any possible heuristics or strategies used by the group members in dealing with the problem. Second, observe how distributed situation assessment performance varies with environmentally imposed demands. Third, study human communication in both stressed and unstressed situations. Finally, examine how specific group communication protocols employed under different environmental conditions influence situation assessment performance. Thus, the overall objective of the study is to help identify and characterize human problem solving performance and human-machine performance characteristics that emerge when a computer intermediary resource is made an integral part of a distributed problem solving situation.
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Sever, Filip. "Assessment of the Building Situation Tool Adoption Among Firefighters." International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction 19, no. 1 (February 10, 2023): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijthi.317749.
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Technology is a standard tool that first responders use in their assessment and planning during disasters. Despite the considerable number of hardware and software solutions adopted, first responders still often rely on paper plans when examining indoor disasters. The purpose of this research is to investigate the technical competencies of firefighters and test the building situation tool (BUST) to replace the paper plans. A mixed method approach was used to assess the technology self-efficacy and gather insight into perceived usefulness, ease of use, and the user experience from the firefighters (N=20). The findings show a sufficient level of competency, and that first time users prefer guided instructions, clarity in the user interface, controls, and options to customize the user interface. The findings have practical implications for the future development of BUST and its adoption to the workflow of firefighters.
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Alber, Hans-Dieter, and Peicheng Zhu. "Solutions to a model for interface motion by interface diffusion." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Section A Mathematics 138, no. 5 (October 2008): 923–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308210507000170.
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Existence of weak solutions is proved for a phase field model describing an interface in an elastically deformable solid, which moves by diffusion of atoms along the interface. The volume of the different regions separated by the interface is conserved, since no exchange of atoms across the interface occurs. The diffusion is driven only by reduction of the bulk free energy. The evolution of the order parameter in this model is governed by a degenerate parabolic fourth-order equation. If a regularizing parameter in this equation tends to zero, then solutions tend to solutions of a sharp interface model for interface diffusion. The existence proof is valid only for a 1½-dimensional situation.
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Cheng, Zimu, and Jiashan Lyu. "Research on the Optimization and Evaluation of Excavator Human-Machine Interface Layout Based on Situation Awareness." Art and Society 2, no. 2 (April 2023): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.56397/as.2023.04.06.
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In order to solve the problem of a large number of types and complex layouts of control devices on the operator interface of mining excavators, and a large variety and number of control elements on the control panel, the layout optimization design is carried out by applying the theoretical model of situational awareness and the influencing factors to the layout design of the human-machine interface. The modularity of the interface and the hierarchy of the original components are divided, and the importance evaluation indicators established according to situational awareness are weighted according to the entropy weighting method, and then the results are combined with the VIKOR method to analyse the importance of the interface components and the control panel module respectively before the interface is optimised and designed. The results show that the application of situational awareness theory to HMI design can play an important role in enhancing the level of situational awareness of operators and meeting their needs.
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Bortfeld, R., and M. Kemper. "Geometrical ray theory: Line foci and point foci in the anterior surface of seismic systems (second‐order approximation of the traveltimes)." GEOPHYSICS 56, no. 6 (June 1991): 806–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443098.
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We discuss focus phenomena that may occur with seismic surveys. There are situations where all rays from a source are concentrated upon a single receiver location; this location is a point focus. There are also situations where all rays from a source are concentrated upon receiver locations distributed along a line; this situation is a line focus. In either case, the signal amplitude may be anamalously high at the focus and anamalously low at other places, making the data difficult to interpret. The point foci are subdivided into three types: the reflection points of the rays from the source to the unique receiver location can fall together; or they can be distributed along a line in the reflecting interface; or they can be distributed over the whole reflecting interface. The line foci are in two types: the reflection points of the rays from the source to any (fixed) receiver location on the line focus can fall together, or along a line in the reflecting interface.
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Wu, Zhuo-Xun, and Ji-Sung Song. "A Study on the Design of AR-HUD(Head-up display) Interface Based on Situation Awareness." korea soc pub des 13 (June 30, 2024): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.54545/kspd.2024.06.56.
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With the development of intelligentization of the vehicle industry, cars are no longer just means of transportation, and various sensors and virtual entertainment systems have begun to be applied for autonomous vehicles and smart cars. Rise of in-vehicle information required by the new intelligent interaction method for information processing theory, this study has see car - human interaction interface based on AR technology introducing, driving experience and can improve the driving safety is studied interface design. To this end, literature research, case comparative analysis, and surveys were conducted, and comparative analysis was conducted on Tesla HUD and Huawei AR-HUD. In addition, through in-depth investigation of contextual user demands, it analyzed existing problems and proposed optimization of AR-HUD interface design based on situational awareness from three aspects of function, interaction and vision. Study driver's driving experience, improve driving stability, AR - propulsion, smart and personalization of HUD interface design intelligent vehicles and vehicles of the self-driving car and future improvement and theoretical foundation for design of an interface by providing drivers contributing to meet demand.
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Wu, Ko-Chiu, and Tsai-Ying Hsieh. "Affective choosing of clustering and categorization representations in e-book interfaces." Aslib Journal of Information Management 68, no. 3 (May 16, 2016): 265–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajim-12-2015-0191.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate user experiences with a touch-wall interface featuring both clustering and categorization representations of available e-books in a public library to understand human information interactions under work-focused and recreational contexts. Design/methodology/approach – Researchers collected questionnaires from 251 New Taipei City Library visitors who used the touch-wall interface to search for new titles. The authors applied structural equation modelling to examine relationships among hedonic/utilitarian needs, clustering and categorization representations, perceived ease of use (EU) and the extent to which users experienced anxiety and uncertainty (AU) while interacting with the interface. Findings – Utilitarian users who have an explicit idea of what they intend to find tend to prefer the categorization interface. A hedonic-oriented user tends to prefer clustering interfaces. Users reported EU regardless of which interface they engaged with. Results revealed that use of the clustering interface had a negative correlation with AU. Users that seek to satisfy utilitarian needs tended to emphasize the importance of perceived EU, whilst pleasure-seeking users were a little more tolerant of anxiety or uncertainty. Originality/value – The Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) encourages library visitors to borrow digital books through the implementation of an information visualization system. This situation poses an opportunity to validate uses and gratification theory. People with hedonic/utilitarian needs displayed different risk-control attitudes and affected uncertainty using the interface. Knowledge about user interaction with such interfaces is vital when launching the development of a new OPAC.
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Świątek-Barylska, Ilona, and Katarzyna Januszkiewicz. "The Work–Life Interface in a Situation of Forced Employee Flexibility." Zarządzanie Zasobami Ludzkimi 138-139, no. 1-2 (May 15, 2021): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8790.
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The COVID–19 experience has clearly shown that flexibility in the context of work is not uniform. Modifying one work parameter affects another. Companies considering staying remote should analyze the broader context of this change. In the article, the focus is on the cross–contamination of spheres of life in a situation of forced flexibility, in which employees had had to reorganize their ways of working almost overnight. By adopting a phenomenological approach, on the basis of qualitative research conducted using the Individual In–depth Interview (IDI) method during the lockdown period (March–April 2020), an attempt was made to develop a semantic and operational description of the coexistence of professional and private life subject to these specific conditions, assuming that they act as an accelerator for phenomena and processes related to the flexibility of organizational behavior. Based on the criterion of separateness of spheres of life and an individual’s activity in their management, four types of Work–Life Interfaces were distinguished as a consequence of the analysis of empirical material.
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Rakhra, Aadesh K., and Danny D. Mann. "Design and Evaluation of Individual Elements of the Interface for an Agricultural Machine." Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 24, no. 1 (2018): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/jash.12410.
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Abstract. If a user-centered approach is not used to design information displays, the quantity and quality of information presented to the user may not match the needs of the user, or it may exceed the capability of the human operator for processing and using that information. The result may be an excessive mental workload and reduced situation awareness of the operator, which can negatively affect the machine performance and operational outcomes. The increasing use of technology in agricultural machines may expose the human operator to excessive and undesirable information if the operator’s information needs and information processing capabilities are ignored. In this study, a user-centered approach was used to design specific interface elements for an agricultural air seeder. Designs of the interface elements were evaluated in a laboratory environment by developing high-fidelity prototypes. Evaluations of the user interface elements yielded significant improvement in situation awareness (up to 11%; overall mean difference = 5.0 (4.8%), 95% CI (6.4728, 3.5939), p < 0.0001). Mental workload was reduced by up to 19.7% (overall mean difference = -5.2 (-7.9%), n = 30, a = 0.05). Study participants rated the overall performance of the newly designed user-centered interface elements higher in comparison to the previous designs (overall mean difference = 27.3 (189.8%), 99% CI (35.150, 19.384), p < 0.0001). Keywords: Agricultural machines, Interface design principles, Situation awareness, User-centered design, User interface design, User experience.
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You, Hoydoo, and Zoltán Nagy. "Applications of Synchrotron Surface X-Ray Scattering Studies of Electrochemical Interfaces." MRS Bulletin 24, no. 1 (January 1999): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s088376940005171x.
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Aqueous-solution/solid interfaces are ubiquitous in modern manufacturing environments as well as in our living environment, and studies of such interfaces are an active area of science and engineering research. An important area is the study of liquid/solid interfaces under active electrochemical control, which has many immediate technological implications, for example, corrosion/passivation of metals and energy storage in batteries and ultracapacitors. The central phenomenon of electrochemistry is the charge transfer at the interface, and the region of interest is usually wider than a single atomic layer, ranging from a monolayer to thousands of angstroms, extending into both phases.Despite the technological and environmental importance of liquid/solid interfaces, the atomic level understanding of such interfaces had been very much hampered by the absence of nondestructive, in situ experimental techniques. The situation has changed somewhat in recent decades with the development of the largely ex situ ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) surface science, modern spectroscopic techniques, and modern surface microscopy.However in situ experiments of electrochemical interfaces are difficult, stemming from the special nature of these interfaces. These are so-called buried interfaces in which the solid electrode surface is covered by a relatively thick liquid layer. For this reason, the probe we use in the structural investigation must satisfy simultaneously two conditions: (1) the technique must be surface/interface sensitive, and (2) absorption of the probe in the liquid phase must be sufficiently small for penetration to and from the interface of interest without significant intensity loss.
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Vodička, Roman. "An Influence of Cyclic Loading on Behaviour of a Hysteretic Interface Damage Model." Key Engineering Materials 827 (December 2019): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.827.275.
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A computational interface damage model which takes into account crack initiation andgrowth along connections between parts of a multi-domain structure is proposed and is exposed tosituations where cyclic loading and its effects on the structure are noticeable, though the inertial effects are not considered. Modelling of damage takes into account various aspects of damage propagation and invoking of an interface crack. First, the degradation function of the interface layer controls the stressseparation relation on damage evolution. Second, the instant of triggering and cessation of damage propagation may in situations of cyclic loads depend on the actual state of the structure, influencing thus its endurance limit. Finally, the hysteretic character of damage provides together with loadingunloading conditions a fatigue-like character, where the crack appears for smaller magnitude of the cyclic load than for pure uploading. The numerical solution and a short parametric study is provided for a simplified situation of single damageable interface spring.
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Kundys, Serhii, Bohdan Havano, and Mykola Morozov. "Software System for Monitoring the Situation in the Settlement." Advances in Cyber-Physical Systems 7, no. 1 (June 27, 2022): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/acps2022.01.038.
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The goal of the work is to develop the software system of monitoring of a situation in the settlement. It consists of the user interface which is presented as a mobile application and the server. This paper describes the process of developing a client-server software system in stages using the latest technologies which will be relevant and easy to maintain in the future. The technologies used in the development process, the systems and modules which were integrated into the project, the main approaches to software development, as well as an explanation of why this particular stack of technologies was preferred for the implementation of this software system have been described. To make sure that developed mobile application meets common optimization requirements it has been tested for resources usage.
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van den Broek, H., and J. van der Waa. "Intelligent Operator Support Concepts for Shore Control Centres." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2311, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2311/1/012032.
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Abstract This paper introduces three intelligent operator support functions to allow multiple operators to effectively and efficiently supervise multiple autonomous operations. The many-to-many concept assumes a stage in human-automation collaboration design where supervision of maritime autonomous surface ships is not permanently required anymore. Only in extreme and very rare situations the human may need to intervene. One of the challenges is balancing the task assignments and support functions over the operators to ensure the cognitive task load matches the operator’s mental capacity. For this purpose we introduce and described a dynamic task allocation algorithm. Also, human attention is limited and operators therefore must constantly shift attention resulting in moment-to-moment fluctuations in situation awareness. To overcome these reductions in situation awareness, operators must reassess the environment to recover situation awareness. We introduce the concept of continuous risk assessment to initiate the process of situation awareness recovery. Furthermore, the many-to-many ratio between supervising operators and autonomous ships implies that operators will not be able to supervise all ships in parallel. This makes current supervisory control interfaces less suitable. Instead we opt to apply the idea of progressive disclosure in the operator’s interface and interactions. The work described in this paper is directed towards developing an intelligent operator support system with which the operator support functions will be demonstrated as part of a Robotic Container Handling System, an innovation of the European MOSES research project.
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Meinhardt, Luca-Maxim, Maximilian Rück, Julian Zähnle, Maryam Elhaidary, Mark Colley, Michael Rietzler, and Enrico Rukzio. "Hey, What's Going On?" Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 8, no. 2 (May 13, 2024): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3659618.
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Highly Automated Vehicles offer a new level of independence to people who are blind or visually impaired. However, due to their limited vision, gaining knowledge of the surrounding traffic can be challenging. To address this issue, we conducted an interactive, participatory workshop (N=4) to develop an auditory interface and OnBoard- a tactile interface with expandable elements - to convey traffic information to visually impaired people. In a user study with N=14 participants, we explored usability, situation awareness, predictability, and engagement with OnBoard and the auditory interface. Our qualitative and quantitative results show that tactile cues, similar to auditory cues, are able to convey traffic information to users. In particular, there is a trend that participants with reduced visual acuity showed increased engagement with both interfaces. However, the diversity of visual impairments and individual information needs underscores the importance of a highly tailored multimodal approach as the ideal solution.
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De Keyser, J., and M. Echim. "Electric potential differences across auroral generator interfaces." Annales Geophysicae 31, no. 2 (February 19, 2013): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-251-2013.
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Abstract. Strong localized high-altitude auroral electric fields, such as those observed by Cluster, are often associated with magnetospheric interfaces. The type of high-altitude electric field profile (monopolar, bipolar, or more complicated) depends on the properties of the plasmas on either side of the interface, as well as on the total electric potential difference across the structure. The present paper explores the role of this cross-field electric potential difference in the situation where the interface is a tangential discontinuity. A self-consistent Vlasov description is used to determine the equilibrium configuration for different values of the transverse potential difference. A major observation is that there exist limits to the potential difference, beyond which no equilibrium configuration of the interface can be sustained. It is further demonstrated how the plasma densities and temperatures affect the type of electric field profile in the transition, with monopolar electric fields appearing primarily when the temperature contrast is large. These findings strongly support the observed association of monopolar fields with the plasma sheet boundary. The role of shear flow tangent to the interface is also examined.
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Hu, Meng Zhong, Tong Sheng Yi, and Jia Liang Pan. "A Visual Simulation Method for 2-D Complex Situation of Electromagnetic Environment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 568-570 (June 2014): 1516–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.568-570.1516.
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As the complex situation of electromagnetic environment is difficult to be analyzed and simulated visibly, interface program is developed based on the calculation module of Wireless Insite2.5 software. Equipments such as communication, radar, electronics resists and other radio devices are studied to build accurate theoretic models. Moreover, a method for creating software receivers quickly in MATLAB is proposed and other equipment models are created automatically just based on the parameters of equipments in the same way. Then, situations of time, frequency and energy-domain are calculated successfully with using Wireless Insite2.5. Complex 2-D situation of electromagnetic environment is displayed in the 2-D map by using MATLAB map display technology. At last, Display and query visualization for complex situation of electromagnetic environment is realized by designing a visual data query tool of mouse.
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Frost, Miroslav, Martin Kružík, and Jan Valdman. "Interfacial polyconvex energy-enhanced evolutionary model for shape memory alloys." Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 24, no. 8 (July 30, 2019): 2619–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1081286519841103.
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A sharp-interface model describing static equilibrium configurations of shape memory alloys by means of interfacial polyconvex energy density introduced by Šilhavý and extended to a quasistatic situation by Knüpfer and Kružík is computationally tested. Elastic properties of variants of martensite and the austenite are described by polyconvex energy density functions. Volume fractions of particular variants are modeled by a map of bounded variation. In addition, energy stored in martensite–martensite and austenite–martensite interfaces is measured by an interface-polyconvex function. It is assumed that transformations between material variants are accompanied by energy dissipation, which, in our case, is positively one-homogeneous giving rise to a rate-independent model. Various two-dimensional computational examples are presented and the computer code used is made available for download.
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Hildebrandt, Michael. "Micro Task Evaluation of Digital Process Control Displays." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 66, no. 1 (September 2022): 998–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181322661429.
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An important aspect in evaluating modern digital control rooms is to assess if control room interfaces support efficient information acquisition by the operators. Interface efficiency is an indicator of good interface design and can therefore help in judging if conditions are right to support good operator decision making and maintenance of situation awareness. This report describes the results of a micro task data collection where 12 operators each performed 36 relatively simple control room tasks. Performance time for each task was measured. Tasks were categorized according to the type of component or system that was used, as well as if they were knowledge-based or simple identification. Results show consistently low performance times for most components. As expected, knowledge-based tasks required more time.
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Robinson, I. K. "Surface Structural Techniques Applied to Interfaces." MRS Bulletin 15, no. 9 (September 1990): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400062436.
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An interface is an internal surface, the boundary between two media which may be crystalline, amorphous solid, or liquid. Its close similarity with a surface, a solid-vacuum boundary, suggests that many of the powerful techniques available for studying surfaces might be applied to the interface structure problem. The extent to which this is possible is the subject of this article.The techniques to be discussed in this article include low energy electron diffraction (LEED), medium energy ion scattering (MEIS), x-ray diffraction, and x-ray reflectivity. (The most widely used method, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), is the subject of a separate article in this issue of the MRS BULLETIN.) To summarize what we will find, surface methods were developed to be nonpenetrating in order to have surface sensitivity. This works against us in the interface situation by requiring the use of extremely thin samples, at least on one side of the interface. This means special handling of samples in some cases and raises the possibility of artifac-tual results. Of the three methods, x-ray diffraction is the most penetrating and least surface sensitive; it probably has the greatest potential for widespread use in interface science.This article defines structure as “atomic structure” for this purpose: we are interested in the coordinates of atoms at the interface and their relation to bulk structures on one or both sides. For this reason, we will consider only interfaces that are crystalline on at least one side. Since crystals are by far our strongest structural reference point, much less can be said about other interfaces. We will also consider the morphology of an interface, defined as the boundary of the crystal(s) that demarcates the interface, also at the atomic level. This is most apparent in the form of interface roughness. The roles of strain and misfit dislocations in interface formation, also studied by these techniques, are outside the scope of this article.
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Wang, Haoyu, and Ge Tian. "Propagating interface in reaction-diffusion equations with distributed delay." Electronic Journal of Differential Equations 2021, no. 01-104 (June 21, 2021): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.58997/ejde.2021.54.
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This article concerns the limiting behavior of the solution to a reaction-diffusion equation with distributed delay. We firstly consider the quasi-monotone situation and then investigate the non-monotone situation by constructing two auxiliary quasi-monotone equations. The limit behaviors of solutions of the equation can be obtained from the sandwich technique and the comparison principle of the Cauchy problem. It is proved that the propagation speed of the interface is equal to the minimum wave speed of the corresponding traveling waves. This makes possible to observe the minimum speed of traveling waves from a new perspective.
For more information see https://ejde.math.txstate.edu/Volumes/2021/54/abstr.html
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OHTSU, Masataka, Kazuo MONTA, Hiroshi FURUKAWA, and Toshiyuki INAGAKI. "An ecological interface for supporting situation awareness duringmalfunction and process and automation." Proceedings of the National Symposium on Power and Energy Systems 2000.7 (2000): 412–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmepes.2000.7.412.
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Burns, Catherine M., Gyrd Skraaning, Greg A. Jamieson, Nathan Lau, Jordanna Kwok, Robin Welch, and Gisle Andresen. "Evaluation of Ecological Interface Design for Nuclear Process Control: Situation Awareness Effects." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 50, no. 4 (August 2008): 663–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/001872008x312305.
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Kavanagh, K. L. "Atomic interface structure-property investigations." Canadian Journal of Physics 77, no. 12 (March 1, 2000): 985–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p99-075.
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Our current understanding of the relationship between interfacialstructure and the resulting properties remains very rudimentary.This is a concern for many fields and applications, includingmetal/semiconductor contacts, insulator/semiconductor field effectjunctions, magnetic multilayers, ferroelectric thin films, andsemiconductor heterostructures. The situation is slightly improvedin the case of epitaxial growth where a deposited layer followsthe structure of the underlying substrate. However, even withthese systems the interfacial properties are difficult to predictaccurately, even when impurities and defects can be ignored. Thispaper highlights a number of recent examples of interfacestructure-property investigations that have attempted tounderstand how the interface formation determines the relevantfilm or interface property. PACS Nos.: 68.55.Jk, 68.55.Ln, 68.65.+g
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Sun, Ying Li. "A Review of Man-Machine Interface Design Research in China." Advanced Materials Research 566 (September 2012): 645–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.566.645.
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Talking from the meaning and importance of man-machine interface design, this article analyzes the current development situation of electronics’ man-machine interface market in our country, combines and further dissects the problem of man-machine interface development in our country, discusses the development tendency of man-machine interface through the analysis of the main principles of man-machine interface design, and draws a conclusion that “the interactive mode of basing on nature” of the “man machine harmony”and“human-centricaccommodation” is the inexorable trend of future development.
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Lawler, Michael G. "Faith, Praxis, and Practical Theology: At the Interface of Sociology and Theology." Horizons 29, no. 2 (2002): 199–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0360966900010100.
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ABSTRACTThis essay is an exercise in practical theology, the theological reflection arising out of and in response to the church's actual situation. Practical theology insists that it is not enough to analyze the church's actual situation with deductive, ahistorical theological principles, but that it is necessary, first, to uncover and, then, reflect critically on the actual situation to test it for the presence of the Spirit, relevance, and significance in light of the gospel. Practical theology grows out of the relationship between theoria and praxis which, for the church, is the relationship between faith and praxis. The essay argues that to recognize scientifically the church's actual situation and to perform the required theological reflection practical theology requires sociology.The essay explores, therefore, the relationship between practical theology and the data of sociological research. It also examines the theological realities, sensus fidei and reception, and explores their relationship to that data. The exploration is concretized theologically by a consideration of the sociological data and theology about two Catholic moral doctrines, divorce and remarriage without prior annulment and artificial contraception. A theological reflection on the actual situation of both doctrines and a sociological consideration of the data suggest the conclusion that a dramatic development and re-reception of both doctrines, in line with previous dramatic developments of doctrine in the church, is under way.
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Kavanagh, Karen L. "Atomic interface structure-property investigations." Canadian Journal of Physics 78, no. 3 (April 2, 2000): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p99-999.
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Our current understanding of the relationship between interfacial structure and the resulting properties remains very rudimentary.This is a concern for many fields and applications, includingmetal/semiconductor contacts, insulator/semiconductor field effect junctions, magnetic multilayers, ferroelectric thin films, and semiconductor heterostructures. The situation is slightly improved in the case of epitaxial growth where a deposited layer follows the structure of the underlying substrate. However, even with these systems the interfacial properties are difficult to predict accurately, even when impurities and defects can be ignored. This paper highlights a number of recent examples of interface structure-property investigations that have attempted to understand how the interface formation determines the relevant film or interface property.PACS Nos.: 68.55.Jk, 68.55.Ln, 68.65.+g
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Kim, Hyungil, and Joseph L. Gabbard. "Quantifying Distraction Potential of Augmented Reality Head-Up Displays for Vehicle Drivers." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, no. 1 (September 2018): 1923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621436.
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Background: A recent National Highway Traffic & Safety Administration (NHTSA) report states that 10% of fatal crashes and 18% of injury crashes were reported as distraction-affected crashes. In that same year, 3,179 people were killed and an estimated 431,000 injured in motor vehicle crashes involving distracted drivers, many of which involved secondary visual displays (NHTSA, 2016). Augmented reality (AR) head-up displays (HUD) promise to be less distractive than traditional in-vehicle displays since they do not take drivers’ eyes off the road (Gabbard, Fitch, & Kim, 2014). However, empirical studies have reported possible negative consequences of AR HUDs, in part, due to AR graphics’ salience (Sharfi & Shinar, 2014), frequent changes (Wolffsohn, McBrien, Edgar, & Stout, 1998), and visual clutter (Burnett & Donkor, 2012). Moreover, current in-vehicle display assessment methods which are based on eye-off-road time measures (NHTSA, 2012), cannot capture this unique challenge. Objective: This work aims to propose a new method for the assessment of AR HUDs by quantifying both positive (informing drivers) and negative (distracting drivers) consequences of AR HUDs which might not be captured by current in-vehicle display assessment methods. Method: We proposed a new way of quantifying the distraction potential of AR HUDs by measuring driver situation awareness with operational improvements on the situation awareness global assessment technique (Endsley, 2012) to suit AR usability evaluations. A human-subject experiment was conducted in a driving simulator to apply the proposed method and to evaluate two AR HUD interfaces for pedestrian collision warning. The AR warning interfaces were prototyped by the augmented video technique (Soro, Rakotonirainy, Schroeter, & Wollstdter, 2014). Twenty-four participants drove while interacting with different types of AR pedestrian collision warning interfaces (no warning, bounding box, and virtual shadow). Drivers’ situation awareness, confidence, and workload were measured and compared to the no warning condition. Results: Only one of the warning interface designs, the virtual shadow (Kim, Isleib, & Gabbard, 2016), improved driver situation awareness about pedestrians which were cued by the AR HUD, not affecting situation awareness about other environmental elements which were not augmented by the HUD. The experiment also showed drivers’ overconfidence bias while interacting with the bounding box which is another warning interface design. The empirical user study did not provide any evidence for reduced driver workload when AR warnings were given. Conclusion: Our initial human-subject study demonstrated a potential of the proposed method in quantifying both positive and negative consequences of AR HUDs on driver cognitive processes. More importantly, the experiment showed that AR interfaces can have both positive and negative consequences on driver situation awareness depending upon how we design perceptual forms of graphical elements. Application: The proposed assessment methods for AR HUDs can inform not only comparative evaluation among design alternatives but also assist in incrementally improving design iterations to better support drivers’ information needs, situation awareness, and in turn, performance, and safety.
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Hsiao, Hsing-Sen S., Bharat Bhushan, and Bernard J. Hamrock. "Ultrathin Liquid Lubrication of Magnetic Head-Rigid Disk Interface for Near-Contact Recording: Part I—A Closed-Form Solution to the Reynolds Equation." Journal of Tribology 118, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 388–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2831314.
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A closed-form approximate solution to ultrathin and near-zero-pitch liquid lubrication of magnetic head-rigid disk interfaces for near-contact recording is derived. This study focuses on the steady state at the fully flooded rail-disk contact condition. It is assumed that the lubricant in the interface is isoviscous and the slider is in the no-roll and no-yaw situation. Simple dimensionless groups of operating factors are identified to facilitate the parametric study of performance. Results of interface geometry effects on load, location of pressure center, friction force, and friction coefficient are presented. Typical distributions of pressure and shear stress at rail surface are also presented. The important effects such as shear thinning and thermal thinning are incorporated by introducing shear thinning and thermal thinning factors. Implementation of these correction factors will be presented in Part II.
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Darinskii, A. N., and M. Weihnacht. "Interface acoustic waves in piezoelectric bi-crystalline structures of specific types." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 461, no. 2056 (April 8, 2005): 895–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2004.1393.
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The paper discusses the properties of the acoustic waves guided by an interface inside piezoelectric media. The interfaces of two types have been considered: (i) an infinitesimally thin metallic layer inserted into homogeneous piezoelectric crystal of arbitrary symmetry; (ii) rigidly bonded crystals whose piezoelectric coefficients differ by sign while the other material constants are identical. Several general theorems have been proved regarding the existence of interface acoustic waves (IAWs) propagating more slowly than bulk waves. In particular, a sufficient condition for the existence of such ‘slow’ IAWs has been derived. The propagation of leaky IAWs has been studied. Special attention has been paid to the analysis of the situation when the imaginary component of the leaky IAW velocity vanishes, resulting in the appearance of non-attenuating IAWs travelling faster than the slow transverse bulk wave. The computations performed for LiNbO 3 and LiTaO 3 illustrate general conclusions.
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Li, Zhong Yuan. "Current Situation of Researches on Durability of R.C. Structures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 351-352 (August 2013): 1610–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.351-352.1610.
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The durability of R.C. structure as a significant indication is widely considered in structure design where the environmental influence research is the basis of study on durability of R.C. structures. The main factors which cause the structure durability degradation are the abbreviation of concrete interface, the concrete quality deterioration and the corrosion of the reinforcing bar. On the basement of comprehensive studies of the current researches on structure durability, the article offers overall reviews and perspective comments on the current durability researches from the aspects of environmental influences, durability analysis methods and structural degradation factors to propose valuable measures for further studies.