Academic literature on the topic 'Interface relay'

The paper considers methods of realization of relaysemiconductor circuit switching in systems of railway automatics with the use of promising elemental base. It also gives recommendations on selection of semiconductor switching elements for various spheres of application of relay interface units.

The interface between relay and converter domain of muscle myosin is critical for optimal myosin performance. Using Drosophila melanogaster indirect flight muscle S1, we performed a kinetic analysis of the effect of mutations in the converter and relay domain. Introduction of a mutation (R759E) in the converter domain inhibits the steady-state ATPase of myosin S1, whereas an additional mutation in the relay domain (N509K) is able to restore the ATPase toward wild-type values. The R759E S1 construct showed little effect on most steps of the actomyosin ATPase cycle. The exception was a 25–30% reduction in the rate constant of the hydrolysis step, the step coupled to the cross-bridge recovery stroke that involves a change in conformation at the relay/converter domain interface. Significantly, the double mutant restored the hydrolysis step to values similar to the wild-type myosin. Modeling the relay/converter interface suggests a possible interaction between converter residue 759 and relay residue 509 in the actin-detached conformation, which is lost in R759E but is restored in N509K/R759E. This detailed kinetic analysis of Drosophila myosin carrying the R759E mutation shows that the interface between the relay loop and converter domain is important for fine-tuning myosin kinetics, in particular ATP binding and hydrolysis.

Frame-relay and OSPF is a common application combination in engineering practice, A lot of problems need to be paid attention to when using different OSPF network type in different Frame-relay topology environment. Misconfiguration is more likely to cause network to run abnormally. According to the engineering practice of Frame-relay and OSPF, this paper puts forward the key problems in Frame-relay multipoint interface network running OSPF, and makes an intensive study of the main points of solving problems.

In order to make the relay protection setting value online checking work more scientific and perfect, this paper studies the integration of county of relay protection setting value online verification scheme based on. Firstly, the county to achieve the integration constant value on-line check the general introduction, focuses on the display data acquisition and the checking calculation; then the county integration interface setting strategy of online check, describes the intelligent interface of intelligent don't know County, interface verification principle and interface design check the principle of selection; finally summing junction surface setting technique of on-line verification.

Apart from relay systems, interface units not forming part of more complex items of apparatus were very rare in intrinsic safety, and for analogue circuits non-existent, until the development of the shunt diode safety barrier which first received recognition in 1964. The barrier device is now 21 years old and its limitations well known to us. In the last two or three years alternative interface units called generally ‘isolated interfaces’ have been developed and much is claimed for these — indeed there are those who claim that isolated interfaces are as big a technological breakthrough as was the barrier device before it. The objective of this article is to compare the isolated interface with the barrier and attempt to demonstrate just what advantages it possesses and how much of a breakthrough it really is.

Based on several significant examples, we analyse the adhesion mechanisms at soft polymer interfaces with a special emphasis first on the role of connector molecules, that is, polymer chains bound to the interface and which transmit stress through a stretching and extraction mechanism, and second on the necessary relay that must be taken by additional dissipation mechanisms acting at larger scales if one wants to reach typical fracture toughnesses in the range of a few 10 J m −2 . Examples of such bulk dissipation mechanisms will be discussed for interfaces between polymer melts and for pressure-sensitive adhesives in contact with a solid surface. We shall particularly point out the fact that the level of adhesion results from a competition between adhesive failure usually driven by both the interactions and the friction properties of the interface and bulk strong deformations which take place in the bulk of the adhesive layer. Controlling the friction properties of the interface then becomes a tool to finely tune adhesive properties.

The thesis aim is in practical realization of wireless interface, which is created by infrared relay in motorcycle Simson. Infrared relay is used for speed measuring. This work describes the realization of digital controlling by microcontrollers. Digital controlling can easily improve and upgrade functions for better driving comfort. It’s possible by getting information about condition of selected motorcycle parts. This information can be engine temperature, battery charge, total distance and etc.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.09.01 « Електричні машини й апарати» (14 – Електрична інженерія) – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", м. Харків, 2019 р. Дисертаційна робота присвячена удосконаленню вакуумних контакторів середніх напруг з моностабільними поляризованими електромагнітами зокрема щодо зменшення брязкоту головних контактів, що є однією з головних вимог для цих апаратів. Для досягнення цієї мети були поставлені задачі: – провести аналіз існуючих моделей (типів і конструкцій) вакуумних контакторів; – удосконалити математичну модель зварювання контактів під час виконання операції увімкнення вакуумного контактора; – обґрунтувати технічні рішення щодо розробки нових конструкцій бістабільних приводів, що використовують висококоерцитивні постійні магніти; – удосконалити математичну модель процесу увімкнення контактора; – розробити нові способи керування моностабільним поляризованим електромагнітом, з можливістю заміни високовартісних силових транзисторів та драйверів до них, гібридними системами; – розглянути можливість зменшення часових інтервалів між операціями увімкнення та вимкнення контактора. Об’єкт дослідження – нестаціонарні теплофізичні, електромеханічні та електромагнітні процеси в вакуумних контакторах для мереж середніх напруг. Предмет дослідження – бістабільні приводи на базі моностабільних поляризованих електромагнітів з поворотними пружинами та мікропроцесорні системи керування ними. Методи дослідження. Математичне моделювання електромагнітних, механічних та теплофізичних процесів у моностабільному поляризованому електромагніті для визначення раціональних лінійних розмірів частин магнітопроводу. Чисельне розв’язання звичайних та диференціальних рівнянь в часткових похідних проводиться в чисельних пакетах програм та програмах написаних і перевірених здобувачем, які враховують найбільш істотні взаємозв’язки між явищами. В роботі отримані такі наукові результати. У дисертаційній роботі вирішено науково-практичну задачу з удосконалення вакуумних контакторів середніх напруг з моностабільними поляризованими електромагнітами, зокрема щодо зменшення брязкоту головних контактів, що є однією з головних вимог для цих апаратів. Проведено аналіз вакуумних контакторів середніх напруг. Виявлено ряд недоліків, що стосуються як електромагнітів, так і систем керування ними. Запропоновано і реалізовано концепцію контакторів з бістабільними приводами на базі моностабільних поляризованих електромагнітів з поворотними пружинами, що використовують висококоерцитивні постійні магніти. Встановлено співвідношення між характеристиками моностабільного поляризованого електромагніта та характеристиками поворотної та контактних пружин, при яких забезпечуються вимоги до вакуумних переривників щодо швидкості руху та кількості відскоків контактів. Удосконалено математичну модель зварювання контактів при їх брязкоті. Визначено максимальне значення величини можливої сили зварювання контактів під час виконання операції увімкнення контактора. Удосконалено математичну модель процесу увімкнення контактора та проведено розрахунки динамічних характеристик електромагніта. На основі проведених розрахунків обрано раціональні параметри котушки електромагніта та ємності електролітичного конденсатора при яких буде забезпечено надійне спрацьовування контактора та виконані вимоги виробників вакуумних переривників відносно тривалості брязкоту контактів та швидкості їх замикання. Проведено експериментальні дослідження кількості та тривалості відскоків головних контактів вакуумного контактора при виконанні операції увімкнення. Встановлено, що новий контактор повністю відповідає вимогам виробників вакуумних переривників відносно тривалості та кількості відскоків, швидкості руху контактів при виконанні операцій увімкнення та вимкнення. Запропоновано і реалізовано концепцію мікропроцесорної гібридної системи керування моностабільними поляризованими електромагнітами на основі використання інтерфейсного реле з двома перемикаючими контактними групами та одного силового транзистора. Розроблено алгоритм роботи мікропроцесорної гібридної системи керування моностабільним поляризованим електромагнітом та методику експериментального визначення часових інтервалів між моментами комутації транзистора, керуючого обмоткою реле, і силового транзистора. Встановлено мінімальний інтервал між моментами комутації інтерфейсного реле та IGBT транзистора, яке дозволяє забезпечити координацію їх роботи. Розроблено дослідний зразок нового універсального вакуумного контактора з мікропроцесорною системою керування та гібридною комутацією кола живлення обмотки моностабільного поляризованого електромагніта. Керування контактором може відбуватися в двох режимах роботи, виконуючи функції як звичайного моностабільного контактора, так і контактора з механічною защіпкою, що робить його універсальним. Розроблені імітатори полюсів з вакуумними переривниками, які повністю відтворюють характеристики реальних переривників, імітуючи завдяки встановленим на них пружинах вплив на механічні характеристики вакууму та сильфонів, дозволяють проводити випробування на механічну зносостійкість без високовартісних вакуумних переривників. Встановлено, що робота мікропроцесорної гібридної системи керування по датчику положення зменшується загальний час увімкнення та вимкнення контактора. Матеріали дисертаційної роботи використовуються в навчальному процесі на кафедрі електричних апаратів НТУ "ХПІ" в дисциплінах спеціальності "141 – електроенергетика, електротехніка та електромеханіка" (спеціалізація "141.07 Електричні апарати"), курсовому та дипломному проектуванні та науково-дослідних роботах. Дисертаційна робота виконана на кафедрі електричних апаратів в рамках ініціативної науково-дослідної роботи Національного технічного університету "Харківський політехнічний інститут" К3301 "Удосконалення вакуумних комутаційних апаратів" (ДР №0119U002552), де здобувач був виконавцем окремих розділів. Договір з ТОВ "АВМ Ампер", м. Кременчук, про науково-технічне співробітництво та наукове консультування за темою "Удосконалення вакуумних комутаційних апаратів" (№ 33/227-2019), де здобувач був виконавцем окремих розділів.
Dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Technical Sciences in specialty 05.09.01 "Electric Machines and Apparatus" (14 – Electrical Engineering) – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, 2019. The dissertation is devoted to the improvement of medium voltage vacuum contactors with monostable polarized electromagnets, in particular, to reduce the bounce of main contacts, which is one of the main requirements for these apparatus. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are set: – to carry out an analysis of existing models (types and designs) of vacuum contactors; – to improve the mathematical model of contact welding during the operation of switching on the vacuum contactor; – to substantiate the technical solutions for the development of new designs of bistable actuators using high-coercive permanent magnets; – to improve the mathematical model of the process of switching on the contactor; – to develop new ways to control a monostable polarized electromagnet, with the ability to replace expensive power transistors and drivers to them, by hybrid systems; – to consider the possibility of reducing the time intervals between switching on and off contactor operations. Object of research – transient thermophysical, electromechanical and electromagnetic processes in vacuum contactors for medium voltage networks. Subject of research – bistable actuators on the basis of monostable polarized electromagnets with rotary springs and microprocessor control systems for them. Research methods. Mathematical modeling of electromagnetic, mechanical and thermophysical processes in a monostable polarized electromagnet for determining the rational linear dimensions of magnetic core parts. Numerical solution of ordinary and partial differential equations is carried out in numerical software packages and codes written and verified by the applicant, which take into account the most significant interconnections between phenomena. The following scientific results are obtained in the work. In the dissertation the scientific-practical task for improving the vacuum contactors of medium voltage with monostable polarized electromagnets, in particular, for reducing the bounce of the main contacts, is one of the main requirements for these devices. The analysis of medium voltage vacuum contactors is carried out. A number of disadvantages are identified concerning both electromagnets and their control systems. The concept of contactors with bistable actuators on the basis of monostable polarized electromagnets with rotary springs using high-coercive permanent magnets is proposed and implemented. The correlation between the characteristics of a monostable polarized electromagnet and the characteristics of the rotary and contact springs, in which the requirements for vacuum interrupters relative to the speed of movement and the number of bounce of contacts are met, is established. The mathematical model of contact welding at their bounce is improved. The maximum value of the potential welding force of the contacts takes place during the operation of switching on the contactor is determined. The mathematical model of the process of switching on the contactor is improved and calculations of the dynamic characteristics of the electromagnet are carried out. On the basis of the calculations carried out, the rational parameters of the coil of the electromagnet and the capacitance of the electrolytic capacitor are chosen, in which the reliable operation of the contactor would be ensured and the requirements of the manufacturers of vacuum interrupters relative to the duration of the contact bounce and the speed of their closure are fulfilled. Experimental investigations on the number and duration of bounces of the main contacts of the vacuum contactor during the switching on operation are carried out. It is established that the new contactor fully meets the requirements of manufacturers of vacuum interrupters in relation to the duration and number of bounces, the speed of the contacts movement during the operation of switching on and switching off. The concept of constructing a microprocessor hybrid control system for monostable polarized electromagnets based on the use of an interface relay with two switching contact groups and one power transistor is proposed and implemented. The algorithm of operation of microprocessor hybrid control system for a monostable polarized electromagnet and the technique of experimental determination of time intervals between commutation moments of a transistor controlling a relay winding, and a power transistor, are developed. The minimum interval between the switching points of the interface relay and the IGBT transistor is established, which ensures coordination of their operation. A prototype of a new universal vacuum contactor with a microprocessor control system and a hybrid switching of the power supply circuit of a winding of a monostable polarized electromagnet is developed. The control of the contactor can occur in two operating modes, performing functions as a conventional monostable contactor, and a contactor with a mechanical lock, which makes it universal. The simulators of poles with vacuum interrupters, which completely reproduce the characteristics of real interrupters, simulating the influence on the mechanical characteristics of vacuum and bellows thanks to the springs installed on them, are developed to allow tests to be carried out on mechanical wear resistance without expensive vacuum interrupters. It is established that the operation of the microprocessor hybrid control system by the position sensor decreases the total time of switching on and switching off the contactor. The materials of the dissertation are used in the educational process at the Department for Electrical Apparatus of NTU "KhPI" in disciplines of specialty " 141 – Electrical Power Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Electromechanics" (specialization "141.07 Electrical Apparatus"), preparation of course works and diploma theses, as well as in research work. Dissertation work was performed at the Department of Electrical Apparatuses within the framework of the initiative research work of the National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute" K3301 "Improvement of vacuum switching devices" (State registration No. 0119U002552), where the applicant was the executor of separate sections. Agreement with "ABM Ampere" LLC, Kremenchuk, on scientific and technical cooperation and scientific advising on the subject "Improvement of vacuum switching devices" (No. 33/227-2019), where the applicant was the executor of separate sections.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.09.01 – електричні машини й апарати» – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", м. Харків, 2019 р. Дисертаційна робота присвячена удосконаленню вакуумних контакторів середніх напруг з моностабільними поляризованими електромагнітами зокрема щодо зменшення брязкоту головних контактів, що є однією з головних вимог для цих апаратів. Запропоновано і реалізовано концепцію контакторів з бістабільними приводами на базі моностабільних поляризованих електромагнітів з поворотними пружинами. Удосконалено математичну модель зварювання контактів при їх брязкоті. Удосконалено математичну модель процесу увімкнення контактора та проведено розрахунки динамічних характеристик електромагніта. Проведено експериментальні дослідження моностабільного поляризованого електромагніта. Запропоновано і реалізовано концепцію мікропроцесорної гібридної системи керування моностабільними поляризованими електромагнітами на основі використання інтерфейсного реле з двома перемикаючими контактними групами та одного силового транзистора. Розроблено алгоритм роботи мікропроцесорної гібридної системи керування та встановлено мінімальний інтервал між моментами комутації інтерфейсного реле та IGBT транзистора. Розроблено дослідний зразок нового універсального вакуумного контактора. Встановлено, що спрацьовування контактора по датчику положення зменшується загальний час увімкнення та вимкнення контактора.
Dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Technical Sciences in specialty 05.09.01 – Electric Machines and Apparatus" – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, 2019. The dissertation is devoted to the improvement of medium voltage vacuum contactors with monostable polarized electromagnets, in particular, to reduce the bounce of main contacts, which is one of the main requirements for these apparatus. The concept of contactors with bistable actuators on the basis of monostable polarized electromagnets with rotary springs is proposed and implemented. The mathematical model of contact welding is improved at their bounce. The mathematical model of the process of switching on the contactor is improved and calculations of the dynamic characteristics of the electromagnet are carried out. Experimental investigations of a monostable polarized electromagnet are carried out. The concept of constructing a microprocessor hybrid control system for monostable polarized electromagnets based on the use of an interface relay with two switching contact groups and one power transistor is proposed and implemented. The microprocessor hybrid control system operation algorithm is developed and the minimum interval between the switching points of the interface relay and the IGBT transistor is established. A prototype of a new universal vacuum contactor is developed. It is established that the operation of the contactor by the position sensor decreases the total time of switching on and switching off the contactor.

Published Article
A company in South Africa is a three-phase induction motor protection relay manufacturer. The function of the protection relay is to capture running data, to provide protection against possible damage, to control an electric motor and to communicate this data to the System Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system in a control room. In the case of remote sites e.g. a pump station, the protection relays are used as standalone units. The protection relays are equipped with communication facilities to be used in an instrumentation environment. If a trip occurs or settings need to be changed a technician has to visit the remote site and address the problem. The ideal cost and time effective solution is to perform these tasks remotely via a reliable wireless network. A study was conducted to ascertain the viability of using the standard GSM cellular networks in South Africa to effectively control electric motors and to communicate with the Motor Protection Relays (MPRs) controlling the electric motors in order to determine the status of a motor, settings of the motor, trips that occurred and time of occurrence. It was shown that a node controller could be used to store all the data from various electric motors at a single location. It was also shown that the data from the different electric motors could be analysed at the node controller and that communication can then be initiated from the controller to a responsible person via the GSM network. It was further illustrated that, by making use of the GSM networks in South Africa together with the short message service (SMS), communication and control can be effectively established. SMSs proved to be a reliable means of communication between cellular phones, an embedded network and MPRs. It was shown that software protocols, although slower in communication speed, proved to be reliable and effective for the purpose of transferring information between the node controller and the motor protection relays connected to the electric motors.

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Esta disserta??o tem por objetivo estudar como a intera??o e o relacionamento ocorrem numa situa??o comunicacional espec?fica, mediada por computador, com acesso p?blico e irrestrito - atrav?s da Internet. Considera a perspectiva relacional do sistema organiza??o-p?blicos que envolve a atividade de Rela??es P?blicas. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa ? composta por duas partes distintas: 1) fundamenta??o te?rica, com a revis?o e estudo da bibliografia existente sobre as no??es de intera??o, relacionamento e p?blicos, e 2) realiza??o de pesquisa aplicada, considerando-se a intera??o e o relacionamento observados nas P?lulas da Qualidade. Estas, por sua vez, caracterizam-se como uma comunica??o estrat?gica que apresenta conte?dos da gest?o da qualidade, por meio de doze narrativas, em desenho animado, observadas no per?odo de outubro de 2001 a julho de 2007. Esse tipo de comunica??o ? uma iniciativa concebida pelo Programa Ga?cho da Qualidade para a Produtividade (PGQP) e est? dispon?vel no portal Qualishop Online. Para atingir seu objetivo e responder ao problema proposto, esta pesquisa adota, como procedimentos metodol?gicos, a pesquisa documental e a an?lise textual discursiva de cada uma dessas P?lulas da Qualidade.

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The right to family and community life of children and adolescents is discussed in this work from his relationship with the Basic Social Protection of the Social Assistance System Unified (Sistema ?nico de Assist?ncia Social - SUAS). The primary intention of this paper is to present and discuss the guidelines of the National Plan of the Right of Children to Family and Community (Plano Nacional de Conviv?ncia Familiar e Comunit?ria) as well as Working Group Pro-Family and Community, articulating in the same manner with the research data. Thus, it is intended to describe some relationships between these normative instruments and Social Assistance Policy, which indicates that the right as objective to be achieved through public policy. By the actors directly involved with this daily deprivations and violations of basic human rights the interface between the Basic Social Protection with the family life and community still lacks understanding and seizure.The field research was conducted through focus groups, in two Reference Centers for Social Welfare (Centro de Refer?ncia de Assist?ncia Social - CRAS) in Porto Alegre, Brazil, and participated in each of them, seven technicians from each service. The data of this research are exposed throughout the work, demonstrating the limits and possibilities that are made from the historical moment in which we operate. It was found that the National Plan Promotion Defense and Protection of the Right of Children to Family and Community is still quite unknown to the workers, which indicates the importance of investing in disseminating the existing normative instruments. It is also possible find advances promoted by the deployment of SUAS, as well as the difficulties that accompanying this process. Glimpses the worker of the Social Care as a key in the development of a conpromised public policy and with quality, since they have the necessary conditions to perform their role
O direito ? conviv?ncia familiar e comunit?ria de crian?as e adolescentes ? discutido, neste trabalho, a partir de sua rela??o com a Prote??o Social B?sica (PSB) do Sistema ?nico de Assist?ncia Social (SUAS). A principal inten??o do trabalho ? apresentar e discutir as diretrizes do Plano Nacional de Promo??o, Prote??o e Defesa do Direito de Crian?as e Adolescentes ? Conviv?ncia Familiar e Comunit?ria (PNCFC), bem como do Grupo de Trabalho Pr?-Conviv?ncia Familiar e Comunit?ria, articulando as mesmas com os achados de pesquisa. Dessa forma, pretende-se descrever algumas rela??es entre esses instrumentos normativos e a Pol?tica de Assist?ncia Social, que apontam esse direito como objetivo a ser alcan?ado atrav?s da pol?tica p?blica. A interface entre a Prote??o Social B?sica e a conviv?ncia familiar e comunit?ria ainda carece de compreens?o e apreens?o pelos atores envolvidos diretamente com esse cotidiano de viola??es e priva??es de direitos b?sicos do ser humano. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada atrav?s de grupo focal, em dois Centros de Refer?ncia de Assist?ncia Social (CRASs) de Porto Alegre, e participaram, em cada um deles, sete t?cnicos de cada servi?o.Os achados desta pesquisa est?o expostos ao longo do trabalho, demonstrando os limites e as possibilidades que est?o postos a partir do momento hist?rico em que estamos inseridos. Foi poss?vel constatar que o PNCFC ainda ? bastante desconhecido pelos trabalhadores, o que indica a import?ncia do investimento em disseminar os instrumentos normativos vigentes. Tamb?m ? poss?vel constatarem-se os avan?os promovidos pela implanta??o do SUAS, bem como as dificuldades que acompanham esse processo. Vislumbra-se o trabalhador da Assist?ncia Social como pe?a fundamental no desenvolvimento da pol?tica p?blica comprometida e de qualidade, desde que o mesmo tenha as condi??es necess?rias para realizar seu papel dessa forma

Adding Power Electronic Interfaced Devices (PEID) generation to grids is an increasing trend because of the concurrent development of better power electronic converters and a greater interest in a better utilisation of energy resources. Small and dispersed energy sources that would previously not be worth introducing into the grid is becoming more and more viable and other potential benefits such as better control of voltage levels and smoothing out load changes also spur this development. But while there are great potential benefits of the controllability of these devices there are also risks when existing protection systems are made for the linear behaviour of traditional synchronous generators. This thesis describes the peculiarities of the short circuit behaviour of PEID generators and how this affects the short circuit energy levels in terms of short circuit current, I2t and incident arc energy. Using simulation, it is shown that in the case of the specific mine grid studied, the incident arc energy increases substantially and that this need to be considered when evaluating installation of PEID generation.
Användningen av nätansluten omformardriven generering ökar alltmer i takt med att bättre omformare utvecklas och intresset för ett effektivare nyttjande av energiresurser ökar. Små och utspridda energiresurser som tidigare inte var värda att ta vara på tillgängliggörs alltmer, och fördelar som bättre spänningsreglering och lastutjämning driver på utvecklingen. Men med de fördelar som kommer av omformarnas reglerbarhet så kommer också risker beroende av deras olinjäritet, eftersom existerande skyddssystem är anpassade till det linjära beteendet hos traditionella synkrongeneratorer. Den här avhandlingen behandlar säregenheterna i kortslutningsbeteendet hos effektelektroniska omformare och hur det påverkar kortslutningsenergin i bemärkelsen I2t, händelseenergin vid ljusbågar samt kortslutningsströmmen. Via dynamisk simulering så visas att händelseenergin i vissa fall kan öka avsevärt och att detta behöver övervägas vid installation av omformardriven generering.

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A sa?de resulta da intera??o de fatores biol?gicos, sociais, econ?micos, pol?ticos e culturais. Nessa perspectiva, objetivou-se analisar a rela??o entre o trabalho nos hospitais p?blicos de urg?ncia e emerg?ncia e o processo de sa?de-adoecimento dos profissionais que o executam. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de natureza quantiqualitativa, na qual foram aplicados question?rios com 240 profissionais (m?dicos, enfermeiros, assistentes sociais, psic?logos, dentistas, nutricionistas, fonoaudi?logos, fisioterapeutas e terapeutas ocupacionais). Os resultados demonstraram que os sujeitos reconhecem a import?ncia do trabalho para garantia de condi??es favor?veis ? sa?de. Entretanto, destacam seus efeitos no desgaste f?sico e ps?quico dos trabalhadores, por impulsionar estresse, aus?ncia de h?bitos saud?veis, hipertens?o arterial, dist?rbios do sono, osteomusculares e gastrintestinais. Torna-se premente enfrentar esta realidade, para potencializar a sa?de dos profissionais e, por conseguinte, a qualidade da assist?ncia ao usu?rio, visto que o adoecimento dos trabalhadores de sa?de est? fortemente relacionado com o modelo de sa?de existente na sociedade.
Health results from the interaction of biological, social, economic, political and cultural factors. Under this perspective, we aim to analyze the relationship among working in public emergency hospitals and the health-sickness of the professionals who work there. We are based in a quantitative and qualitative research, in which 240 health professionals (doctors, nurses, social workers, psychologists, dentists, nutritionists, audiologists, physiotherapists and occupational therapists) answered a survey. All of them recognize the importance of work to guarantee favorable conditions to good health. However, they highlight its physical and mental wear effects on workers like stress, absence of a healthy life-style, high blood pressure, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal and sleep disorders. It becomes urgent to face this reality, to enhance professionals' health and, consequently, the quality of user?s assistance, since the illness of health workers is strongly correlated with the existing health model in society.

AbstractThis chapter presents a high-level overview of how designers of complex systems can address risks to project success associated with operator performance and user-centered design. Operation Centers for remote, autonomous systems rely on an interconnected process involving complex technological systems and human operators. Designers should account for issues at possible points of failure, including the human operators themselves. Compared to other system components, human operators can be error-prone and require different knowledge to design for than engineering components. Operators also typically exhibit a wider range of performance than other system components. We propose the Risk-Driven Incremental Commitment Model as the best guide to decision-making when designing interfaces for high-stakes systems. Designers working with relevant stakeholders must assess where to allocate scarce resources during system development. By knowing the technology, users, and tasks for the proposed system, the designers can make informed decisions to reduce the risk of system failure. This chapter introduces key concepts for informed decision-making when designing operation center systems, presents an example system to ground the material, and provides several broadly applicable design guidelines that support the development of user-centered systems in operation centers.

AbstractMarket governance of climate change is situated at the interface of two competing logics: universalistic governance predicated on technocratic norms and the particularities of politics embedded in local cultures. Actors implementing technocratic prescriptions for resolving climate change that rely on metrics to measure the effects of climate change, establish quantitative baselines and price emissions often miss the cultural values and social norms that shape markets. These logics of governance represent important axes along which climate policy can be mapped and assessed. This chapter assesses how policy intersects with these axes and in the process provides a broad-based qualitative and quantitative assessment of how geographically specific socio-cultural factors shape intersubjective understandings of carbon markets in particular. The authors of this chapter adopt a cross-national perspective, examining and evaluating the intersubjective meanings of carbon-market formation drawn from interview data of market makers across the United States, Australia, China, the EU, Japan, and South Korea.

AbstractExperiments that compare rhythmic properties across different genetic alterations and entrainment conditions underlie some of the most important breakthroughs in circadian biology. A robust estimation of the rhythmic properties of the circadian signals goes hand in hand with these discoveries. Widely applied traditional signal analysis methods such as fitting cosine functions or Fourier transformations rely on the assumption that oscillation periods do not change over time. However, novel high-resolution recording techniques have shown that, most commonly, circadian signals exhibit time-dependent changes of periods and amplitudes which cannot be captured with the traditional approaches. In this chapter we introduce a method to determine time-dependent properties of oscillatory signals, using the novel open-source Python-based Biological Oscillations Analysis Toolkit (pyBOAT). We show with examples how to detect rhythms, compute and interpret high-resolution time-dependent spectral results, analyze the main oscillatory component, and to subsequently determine these main components’ time-dependent instantaneous period, amplitude, and phase. We introduce step-by-step how such an analysis can be done by means of the easy-to-use point-and-click graphical user interface (GUI) provided by pyBOAT or executed within a Python programming environment. Concepts are explained using simulated signals as well as experimentally obtained time series.

In this chapter the authors discuss the growing relevance of audio on the World Wide Web, and show how new issues of accessibility and usability are coming to the fore. Web designers are employing an increasingly rich palette of sounds to enhance the user “experience”, but apart from guidelines for facilitating screen-readers, very little exists in the way of design strategies for non-speech sound content. Although their primary focus is on web accessibility for visually disabled users, the same issues are increasingly applicable to sighted users accessing the web via WIFI enabled mobile devices with small screen real estate. The authors present an auditory user interface model aimed at conceptualizing the perceptual issues involved when presenting a rich soundscape to the user, and show how this model can help web designers to consider issues of accessibility and usability without detracting from the “experience”. Non-speech sound is not only a means of entertainment or background enhancement, but can also efficiently relay useful information to the user – a function that is still underutilized on the web.

As a prelude to the treatment chapters that follow, we need to define and describe the types of problems and symptoms encountered in DLB and PDD. The clinical picture can be quite varied: problems encountered by one person may be quite different from those encountered by another person, and symptoms that are problematic in one individual may be minimal in another. In these disorders, the Lewy neurodegenerative process potentially affects certain nervous system regions but spares others. Affected areas include thinking and memory circuits, as well as movement (motor) function and the autonomic nervous system, which regulates primary functions such as bladder, bowel, and blood pressure control. Many other brain regions, by contrast, are spared or minimally involved, such as vision and sensation. The brain and spinal cord constitute the central nervous system. The interface between the brain and spinal cord is by way of the brain stem, as shown in Figure 4.1. Thought, memory, and reasoning are primarily organized in the thick layers of cortex overlying lower brain levels. Volitional movements, such as writing, throwing, or kicking, also emanate from the cortex and integrate with circuits just below, including those in the basal ganglia, shown in Figure 4.2. The basal ganglia includes the striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra, as illustrated in Figure 4.2. Movement information is integrated and modulated in these basal ganglia nuclei and then transmitted down the brain stem to the spinal cord. At spinal cord levels the correct sequence of muscle activation that has been programmed is accomplished. Activated nerves from appropriate regions of the spinal cord relay the signals to the proper muscles. Sensory information from the periphery (limbs) travels in the opposite direction. How are these signals transmitted? Brain cells called neurons have long, wire-like extensions that interface with other neurons, effectively making up circuits that are slightly similar to computer circuits; this is illustrated in Figure 4.3. At the end of these wire-like extensions are tiny enlargements (terminals) that contain specific biological chemicals called neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are released when the electrical signal travels down that neuron to the end of that wire-like process.

Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogynespp., are extremely destructive pathogens with a cosmopolitan distribution and a host range that affects most crops. Safety and environmental concerns related to the toxicity of nematicides along with a lack of natural resistance sources threaten most crops in Israel and the U.S. This emphasizes the need to identify genes and signal mechanisms that could provide novel nematode control tactics and resistance breeding targets. The sedentary root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogynespp. secrete effectors in a spatial and temporal manner to interfere with and mimic multiple physiological and morphological mechanisms, leading to modifications and reprogramming of the host cells' functions, resulted in construction and maintenance of nematodes' feeding sites. For successful parasitism, many effectors act as immunomodulators, aimed to manipulate and suppress immune defense signaling triggered upon nematode invasion. Plant development and defense rely mainly on hormone regulation. Herein, a metabolomic profiling of oxylipins and hormones composition of tomato roots were performed using LC-MS/MS, indicating a fluctuation in oxylipins profile in a compatible interaction. Moreover, further attention was given to uncover the implication of WRKYs transcription factors in regulating nematode development. In addition, in order to identify genes that might interact with the lipidomic defense pathway induced by oxylipins, a RNAseq was performed by exposing M. javanicasecond-stage juveniles to tomato protoplast, 9-HOT and 13-KOD oxylipins. This transcriptome generated a total of 4682 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Being interested in effectors, we seek for DEGs carrying a predicted secretion signal peptide. Among the DEGs including signal peptide, several had homology with known effectors in other nematode species, other unknown potentially secreted proteins may have a role as root-knot nematodes' effectors which might interact with lipid signaling. The molecular interaction of LOX proteins with the Cyst nematode effectors illustrate the nematode strategy in manipulating plant lipid signals. The function of several other effectors in manipulating plant defense signals, as well as lipids signals, weakening cell walls, attenuating feeding site function and development are still being studied in depth for several novel effectors. As direct outcome of this project, the accumulating findings will be utilized to improve our understanding of the mechanisms governing critical life-cycle phases of the parasitic M. incognita RKN, thereby facilitating design of effective controls based on perturbation of nematode behavior—without producing harmful side effects. The knowledge from this study will promote genome editing strategies aimed at developing nematode resistance in tomato and other nematode-susceptible crop species in Israel and the United States.