Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Interface neuronale'
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Dillen, Arnau. "Interface neuronale directe pour applications réelles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., CY Cergy Paris Université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024CYUN1295.
Full textSince the inception of digital computers, creating intuitive user interfaces has been crucial. Effective and efficient user interfaces ensure usability, significantly influenced by the deployment environment and target demographic. Diverse interaction modalities are essential for inclusive device usability.Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) enable interaction with devices through neural signals, promising enhanced interaction for individuals with paralysis and improving their autonomy and quality of life. This research project develops a proof-of-concept software using off-the-shelf hardware to control a robotic arm with BCI. The BCI system decodes user intentions from EEG signals to execute commands, focusing on the optimal design of a BCI control system for practical human-robot collaboration.The research established the following key objectives: developing a real-time motor imagery (MI) decoding strategy with fast decoding, minimal computational cost, and low calibration time; designing a control system to address low MI decoding accuracy while enhancing user experience; and developing an evaluation procedure to quantify system performance and inform improvements.The literature review identified issues like the prevalence of offline decoding and lack of standardized evaluation procedures for BCIs, and highlighted the limitations of using deep learning for MI decoding. This prompted a focus on off-the-shelf machine learning methods for EEG decoding.Initial development benchmarked various EEG decoding pipelines for neuroprostheses control, finding that standard common spatial patterns and linear discriminant analysis were practical despite user customization yielding optimal results. Another investigation reduced the number of sensors for MI decoding, using a 64-channel EEG device and demonstrating that reliable MI decoding can be achieved with just eight well-placed sensors. This feasibility of using low-density EEG devices with fewer than 32 electrodes reduces costs.A comprehensive evaluation framework for BCI control systems was developed, ensuring iterative software improvements and participant training. An augmented reality (AR) control system design was also described, integrating visual feedback with real-world overlays via a shared control approach using eye tracking for object selection and computer vision for spatial awareness.A user study compared the developed BCI control system to an eye-tracking-only control system. While eye tracking outperformed the BCI system, the study confirmed the feasibility of the BCI design for real-world applications with potential enhancements.Key findings include:- Eight well-placed EEG sensors are sufficient for adequate decoding performance, with a non-significant decrease in accuracy from 0.67 to 0.65 when reducing from 64 sensors to 8.- A shared control design informed by real-world contexts simplifies BCI decoding, and AR integration enhances the user interface. Only 2 MI classes are needed to achieve a success rate of 0.83 on evaluation tasks.- Despite eye tracking outperforming current BCI systems, BCIs are feasible for real-world use, with significantly higher efficiency in task completion time for the eye-tracking system.- Consumer-grade EEG devices are viable for EEG acquisition in BCI control systems, with all participants using the commercial EEG device successfully completing evaluation tasks, indicating further cost reductions beyond sensor reduction.Future research should integrate advanced EEG decoding methods like deep learning, transfer learning, and continual learning. Gamifying the calibration procedure may yield better training data and make the control system more attractive to users. Closer hardware-software integration through embedded decoding and built-in sensors in AR headsets should lead to a consumer-ready BCI control system for diverse applications
Besserve, Michel. "Analyse de la dynamique neuronale pour les Interfaces Cerveau-Machines : un retour aux sources." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00559128.
Full textBedez, Mathieu. "Modélisation multi-échelles et calculs parallèles appliqués à la simulation de l'activité neuronale." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MULH9738/document.
Full textComputational Neuroscience helped develop mathematical and computational tools for the creation, then simulation models representing the behavior of certain components of our brain at the cellular level. These are helpful in understanding the physical and biochemical interactions between different neurons, instead of a faithful reproduction of various cognitive functions such as in the work on artificial intelligence. The construction of models describing the brain as a whole, using a homogenization microscopic data is newer, because it is necessary to take into account the geometric complexity of the various structures comprising the brain. There is therefore a long process of rebuilding to be done to achieve the simulations. From a mathematical point of view, the various models are described using ordinary differential equations, and partial differential equations. The major problem of these simulations is that the resolution time can become very important when important details on the solutions are required on time scales but also spatial. The purpose of this study is to investigate the various models describing the electrical activity of the brain, using innovative techniques of parallelization of computations, thereby saving time while obtaining highly accurate results. Four major themes will address this issue: description of the models, explaining parallelization tools, applications on both macroscopic models
Corlier-Bagdasaryan, Juliana. "Voluntary control of neural oscillations in the human brain." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066626/document.
Full textIntroduction. Animals and humans are capable to modulate their own brain activity if they are provided with real-time sensory feedback thereof. The range of controllable neural activities reaches from oscillatory brain rhythms, over hemodynamic response function to the firing of single neurons or even action-potential associated calcium signals. The voluntary control of neural activity facilitated by this ‘closed-loop’ experimental paradigm is at the very heart of the mind-body interaction and can be used to address philosophical questions. But as numerous successful applications of neurofeedback and brain-computer interfaces have demonstrated, it is also a powerful tool in motor rehabilitation, pain management, emotion regulation or memory improvement. Because most previous studies were conducted on humans using non-invasive recordings techniques, the neurophysiological mechanisms of neural self-regulation remained obscure. The main objective of the present work was thus to provide a better understanding of its underlying principles. Objectives. Following a multiscale theoretical framework of neural oscillations, the present investigation was largely guided by the following questions: 1) What are the physiological markers of successful control? 2) Are some regions or spatiotemporal scales more easily controllable than others? 3) Are training effects specific or generalized? and 4) What are subject-invariant successful cognitive strategies of neural self-control? To address these questions, we took advantage of intracerebral macro- and micro-electrode recordings in epileptic patients undergoing long-term monitoring in the presurgical context
Mora, Sánchez Aldo. "Cognitive brain-computer interfaces : From feature engineering to neurophenomenological validation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS217.
Full textThis thesis aims at describing in detail the design, implementation and validation of cognitive brain-computer interfaces (cBCI). Chapter 1 introduces cBCI design and brain metastability. In Chapter 2, a specific cognitive function (Working Memory) is selected for the construction of a cBCI. In Chapter 3, we explore the use of spatio temporal properties of brain dynamics as biomarkers for cBCIs, and we address scientific questions concerning cognition-driven brain metastability. The BCI described in Chapter 2 continuously monitors Working Memory (WM) load in real-time. It relies on spectral properties of EEG as biomarkers. The applications may range from improved learning to security in industrial environments. To our knowledge, this represents the first cBCI research in which different key elements are included simultaneously: real-time tests, a cross-task, disentanglement of motor and cognitive confounders and neurophenomenological validation. In Chapter 3, we develop a data-driven framework for studying the spatio temporal structure of brain state switches under cognition, with two specific objectives. First, to identify and utilise patterns of brain activity elicited by cognition as descriptors in cBCIs. Second, to investigate how the brain self-organizes allowing different regions to engage and disengage in joint activity in a manner driven by cognition. Assuming brain metastability (in the context of statistical physics), we propose a set of local variables that are expected to be spatially and temporarily affected by cognitive states. We correlate these variables with cognitive conditions, such as high-WM load, Alzheimer disease, and positive emotional valence
Bonaccini, Calia Andrea. "Graphene field-effect transistors as flexible neural interfaces for intracortical electrophysiology." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671635.
Full textEn los últimos años se han producido nuevos desarrollos tecnológicos en el campo de los implantes neuronales para aplicaciones médicas. La comprensión del cerebro humano se considera uno de los mayores desafíos científicos de nuestro tiempo; como consecuencia, estamos siendo testigos de una intensificación de la investigación en el desarrollo de las interfaces cerebro-máquina (IMC) para leer y estimular la actividad cerebral. No obstante, los implantes neuronales actualmente disponibles ofrecen una eficacia clínica modesta, en parte debido a las limitaciones que plantea la invasividad de los materiales. Esos materiales comprometen la resolución de la interfaz, el rendimiento y la estabilidad a largo plazo de los implantes neurales. El desarrollo de una electrónica flexible que utilice materiales biocompatibles es clave para la realización de implantes neuronales mínimamente invasivos que puedan implantarse de forma crónica. Un campo de investigación muy prometedor es el uso de materiales bidimensionales, como el grafeno, para aplicaciones bioelectrónicas. El transistor de efecto de campo en solución de grafeno (gSGFET) es una de dichas nuevas tecnologías neurales emergentes. Estos dispositivos pueden superar las limitaciones mencionadas anteriormente gracias a las extraordinarias propiedades del grafeno, como su alta flexibilidad mecánica, estabilidad electroquímica, biocompatibilidad y sensibilidad. En esta tesis doctoral, se han fabricado matrices de gSGFET y se han optimizado iterativamente en términos de sensibilidad y relación señal/ruido, adoptando métodos de microfabricación a escala de oblea. Se ha caracterizado el ruido 1/f en los gSGFETs y optimizado haciendo un tratamiento UVO en la interfaz metal/grafeno y desacoplando el canal de grafeno del sustrato utilizando diferentes nanomateriales como la encapsulación con nitruro de boro hexagonal (hBN), monocapas autoensambladas y bicapas de grafeno. Además, se han fabricado con éxito sondas neurales epicorticales e intracorticales flexibles con matrices de gSGFET y se han utilizado durante las medidas de microelectrocorticografía in vivo en roedores. Se han insertado dispositivos intracorticales flexibles en el cerebro utilizando un protocolo de refuerzo de la capa posterior de los dispositivos con proteína de fibroína de seda biorresistente. Los resultados presentados en esta tesis demuestran la superior resolución espacio-temporal de los gSGFET en comparación con la tecnología estándar de microelectrodos; en particular, referente a la capacidad de mapear con alta fidelidad, la actividad de muy baja frecuencia (ISA, < 0,1 Hz) junto con las señales en el típico ancho de banda LFP. Hoy en día se sabe que la actividad cerebral de muy baja frecuencia, contribuye a la fisiopatología de varios trastornos neurológicos como el derrame cerebral, la lesión cerebral traumática, la migraña y la epilepsia. Sin embargo, esta actividad rara vez se registra debido a las limitaciones técnicas intrínsecas de los electrodos convencionales acoplados a la CA. Se han obtenido registros con sondas neuronales de profundidad de grafeno (gDNP) en modelos animales de epilepsia. Se detectó ISA a través de diferentes capas corticales y regiones subcorticales, registrando simultáneamente la actividad epiléptica en bandas de frecuencia más convencionales (1-600Hz). Además, se ha demostrado también la evaluación de la estabilidad y funcionalidad en registros crónicos, así como la biocompatibilidad del gDNP. La tecnología bioelectrónica basada en el grafeno aquí descrita tiene el potencial de convertirse en una herramienta de referencia para la electrofisiología de ancho de banda completo. Se prevé que esta tecnología tenga un gran impacto en una comunidad amplia y multidisciplinaria que incluya investigadores en neurotecnología, ingenieros biomédicos, neurocientíficos que estudien la dinámica cortical de banda ancha asociada con el comportamiento espontáneo y/o los estados cerebrales, así como investigadores clínicos interesados en la actividad de baja frecuencia en la epilepsia, los accidentes cerebrovasculares y la migraña.
Recent years have witnessed novel technology developments of neural implants for medical applications which are expected to pave the way to unveil functionalities of the central nervous system. Understanding the human brain is commonly considered one of the biggest scientific challenges of our time; as a consequence, we are witnessing an intensified research in the development of brain-machine-interfaces (BMIs), which would allow us to both read and stimulate brain activity. Nevertheless, currently available neural implants offer a modest clinical efficacy, partly due to the limitations posed by the invasiveness of the implants materials and technology and by the metals used at the electrical interface with the tissue. Such materials compromise the interfacing resolution, the performance and the long term stability of neural implants. Development of flexible electronics using biocompatible materials is key for the realisation of minimally invasive neural implants, which can be chronically implanted without causing rejection from the immune system. A relatively young yet very promising research field, that is increasingly drawing attention is the use of two dimensional materials, such as graphene, for bioelectronic applications. Graphene solution-gated field effect transistor (gSGFET) is one of several emerging new neural technologies. These devices can overcome the above-mentioned limitations thanks to the outstanding properties of graphene, such as mechanical flexibility, electrochemical inertness, biocompatibility and high sensitivity. In this PhD thesis, arrays of gSGFETs have been fabricated and iteratively optimized in terms of sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio, adopting wafer-scale micro-fabrication methods. The 1/f noise in gSGFETs has been characterised and the optimisation of both, contact and channel noises was achieved by UVO-treatment at the metal/graphene interface, as well as by decoupling the graphene channel from the substrate, using different nanomaterials such as graphene encapsulation with hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), self assembled monolayers and double transferred graphene. Moreover, flexible and ultra-thin epicortical and intracortical neural probes, containing arrays of gSGFETs, have been successfully fabricated and used during in vivo microelectrocorticography recordings in anaesthesized and awake rodents. Flexible intracortical devices were inserted into the brain using a back-coating stiffening protocol with bioresobable silk fibroin protein, developed during this PhD thesis. The results presented in this PhD demonstrate the superior spatio-temporal resolution of gSGFETs compared to standard microelectordes technology; particularly the ability to map with high fidelity, infraslow activity (ISA, < 0.1 Hz) together with signals in the typical local field potential bandwidth. Today it is known that infraslow brain activity, including spreading depolarisations, contribute to the pathophysiology of several neurological disorders such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, migraine and epilepsy. However, this activity is seldom recorded due to intrinsic technical limitations of conventional AC-coupled electrodes. To demonstrate the usefulness of the developed flexible gSGFET arrays technology, recordings have been obtained with multichannel flexible graphene depth neural probes (gDNP) in relevant awake animal models of seizures and established epilepsy. ISA was detected and mapped through different cortical layers and subcortical regions, whilst simultaneously recording epileptiform activity in more conventional frequency bands (1-600Hz). Furthermore, the assessment of the long term recording stability and functionality, as well as biocompatibility of the gDNP has also been demonstrated as part of this thesis. The graphene based bioelectronic technology here described has the potential to become a gold standard tool for full bandwidth electrophysiology. This technology is envisioned to have a great impact on a broad and multidisciplinary community including neurotechnology researchers, biomedical engineers, neuroscientists studying wide-band cortical dynamics associated with spontaneous behaviour and/or brain states, as well as clinical researchers interested in the role of infraslow activity in epilepsy, stroke and migraine.
Brenner, Markus Simon. "Interface zwischen 2000-Transistoren-Chip und neuronaler Zellkultur." [S.l. : s.n.], 2000. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=962125865.
Full textMayne, Andrew Humphrey. "The development of a silicon based neuronal interface." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/13264.
Full textSchoonjans, Nathan. "Établissement d'une boucle de communication bidirectionnelle entre des neurones vivants et des neurones artificiels analogiques pour la conception de neurobiohybrides de nouvelle génération." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/ToutIDP/EDENGSYS/2023/2023ULILN056.pdf.
Full textNeurobiohybrids are systems composed of an artificial element, a living component and their interface. These powerful tools enable the functional connection of electronic elements and neuronal structures both in vitro and in vivo. Many neurobiohybrid systems, more commonly known as neuroprostheses, are used in medicine to improve the quality of life of patients with disabilities (deafness, visual impairment, paralysis) by enabling them to recover, at least partly, lost physiological functions. Current neuroprostheses are unidirectional (they stimulate OR record the activity of targeted neurons) and are particularly energy-intensive. Integrating a feedback loop into these systems so that they could communicate bidirectionally in real time with nerve tissues would improve their efficiency and effectiveness, while broadening the range of their therapeutic potential. The main difficulty to overcome for enabling such a loop is to find an autonomous and sufficiently miniaturized signal processing system. In 2017, the Circuits Systèmes Applications des Micro-ondes (CSAM) group at Lille's Institute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnologies (IEMN) published an ultra-efficient artificial neuron in terms of energy consumption that could meet these needs. This neuron generates biomimetic action potentials of similar shape, amplitude and frequency compared to living neurons, and is entirely analog. In a previous PhD work, it was shown that such biomimetic action potentials can trigger electric activity in living neurons. Following this demonstration, the present work aims to establish the proof-of-concept of the complete bidirectional communication loop between living neurons and these artificial neurons. To reach this goal, three main objectives were set: 1- Optimize the design and technology of a neurobiohybrid interface; 2- Select living cells for in vitro use and characterize them both morphologically and functionally; 3- Establish a first bidirectional communication loop between these living neurons and artificial neurons through the neurobiohybrid interface. This manuscript presents the manufacturing and optimization steps of the interface, whose surface has been enhanced to optimize recording conditions in an electrolytic environment, notably by adding a passivation layer to isolate the access lines and by developing methods to optimize cell position on the electrodes. The electrically active cells chosen for this demonstration (murine pituitary endocrine GH4C1 cells, an established cell line, and human glutamatergic neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells) were characterized by patch-clamp, fluorescence imaging and calcium imaging. The first recordings of the electrical activity of GH4C1 cells grown in a neurobiohybrid interface were carried out on an electronic recording bench designed and optimized in-house for detecting very low amplitude signals. This work also led to the development of an electrical model implemented in LTSPICE software, integrating electrical signals emitted by GH4C1 cells as recorded through the neurobiohybrid interface. This enabled the establishment of a bidirectional communication loop between living and artificial neurons. To conclude, this work opens the way to a new generation of bidirectional neuroprostheses
Béhuret, Sébastien. "EXPLORATION PAR DES INTERFACES HYBRIDES DU CODE NEURONAL ET DES MÉCANISMES DE RÉGULATION DE L'INFORMATION SENSORIELLE DANS LE SYSTÈME VISUEL." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00714145.
Full textViana, Casals Damià. "EGNITE: Engineered Graphene for Neural Interface." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673330.
Full textLa tecnología de implantes neuronales en medicina tiene como objetivo restaurar la funcionalidad del sistema nervioso en casos de degeneración o daño grave registrando o estimulando la actividad eléctrica del tejido nervioso. Los implantes neurales disponibles actualmente ofrecen una eficacia clínica modesta, en parte debido a las limitaciones que plantean los metales utilizados en la interfaz eléctrica con el tejido. Dichos materiales comprometen la resolución de la interfaz y, por lo tanto, la restauración funcional con el rendimiento y la estabilidad. En este trabajo presento unos implantes neuronales flexibles basados en una película delgada de grafeno poroso nanoestructurado y biocompatible que proporciona una interfaz neural bidireccional estable y de alto rendimiento. En comparación con los dispositivos de microelectrodos de platino estándar, electrodos de 25 μm de diámetro basados en grafeno ofrecen una impedancia significativamente menor y pueden inyectar de forma segura 200 veces más carga durante más de 100 millones de pulsos. Aquí evaluo sus capacidades in vivo registrando actividad epicortical con alta fidelidad y alta resolución, estimulando subconjuntos de axones dentro del nervio ciático con umbrales de corriente bajos y alta selectividad y modulando la actividad de la retina con alta precisión. La tecnología de película fina de grafeno aquí descrita tiene el potencial de convertirse en el nuevo punto de referencia para la próxima generación de tecnología de implantes neuronales.
Neural implants technology in medicine aims to restore nervous system functionality in cases of severe degeneration or damage by recording or stimulating the electrical activity of the nervous tissue. Currently available neural implants offer a modest clinical efficacy partly due to the limitations posed by the metals used at the electrical interface with the tissue. Such materials compromise interfacing resolution, and therefore functional restoration, with performance and stability. In this work, I present flexible neural implants based on a biocompatible nanostructured porous graphene thin film that provides a stable and high performance bidirectional neural interface. Compared to standard platinum microelectrode devices, the graphene-based electrodes of 25 μm diameter offer significantly lower impedance and can safely inject 200 times more charge for more than 100 million pulses. I assessed their performance in vivo by recording high fidelity and high resolution epicortical activity, by stimulating subsets of axons within the sciatic nerve with low thresholds and high selectivity and by modulating the retinal activity with high precision. The graphene thin film technology I describe here has the potential to become the new performance benchmark for the next generation of neural implant technology.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Enginyeria Electrònica i de Telecomunicació
Schaefer, Nathan. "High-density cortical implant for brain-machine interfaces based on two-dimensional materials." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672514.
Full textEl descubrimiento experimental del grafeno en 2004 marcó el nacimiento de un nuevo campo de investigación basado en materiales bidimensionales, investigando sus propiedades para aplicaciones en electrónica, fotónica y optoelectrónica y, recientemente, también en tecnología biomédica. El transistor de puerta liquida basado en grafeno (gSGFET) es uno de los dispositivos de detección emergentes que utilizan materiales delgados, y que ha demostrado un gran potencial para las interfaces cerebro-máquina (BMIs), ya que es capaz de registrar con alta precisión la actividad neuronal. Históricamente, se han utilizado electrodos para tal aplicación, ya que son fáciles de fabricar y las señales grabadas se pueden adquirir usando técnicas simples de lectura. En los últimos años, sin embargo, se descubrió que el uso de sensores con un diseño de transistor es beneficioso para aplicaciones específicas, ya que también son capaces de registrar la actividad oscilatoria lenta, que todavía está en su mayoría inexplorada. Además, los transistores permiten construir matrices de sensores con una gran cantidad de sitios de grabación, ya que, a diferencia de los electrodos, no es necesario combinarlos con componentes electrónicos adicionales para permitir esquemas de direccionamiento sofisticados, lo que alivia en gran medida la complejidad tecnológica de fabricar estas matrices. El alto ruido intrínseco del sensor sigue siendo un problema crítico en electrofisiología debido a la pequeña amplitud de las señales neuronales en la superficie de la corteza. La naturaleza geométrica del grafeno y otros materiales bidimensionales los expone a influencias degradantes de su entorno y dificulta la creación de interfaces de alta calidad con dichos materiales. Esto conduce, por ejemplo, a un aumento de ruido de baja frecuencia en el gSGFET que contamina la banda de frecuencia de interés para los registros neuronales. Por lo tanto, como un primer paso hacia el desarrollo de una matriz de sensores neurales de alta calidad, en el capítulo 3 se exploran las mejoras tecnológicas que permiten reducir dicho ruido intrínseco del dispositivo. A continuación, se describe la fabricación y caracterización en sustrato flexible de matrices de sensores neurales de alta densidad, hasta 1000 gSGFET sensores. Dado que el tamaño del conector en aumenta directamente con el número de sensores, este impone restricciones en el recuento y en la densidad de los sitios de grabación que se pueden lograr en la matriz. De esta forma, los esquemas de lectura multiplexados compatibles con la tecnología gSGFET son de vital importancia. La multiplexación permite la combinación de múltiples flujos de información en una sola señal y, por lo tanto, permitiría superar las limitaciones de conectividad de las BMIs actuales. Más concretamente, en el capítulo 4 se presenta la compatibilidad de la tecnología gSGFET con los dos esquemas más comunes de lectura de datos multiplexados, la multiplexación por división de frecuencia y por división de tiempo. En última instancia, en el capítulo 5 se explora la integración monolítica de circuitos de direccionamiento en la matriz de sensores flexibles, ya que esto evitaría el acoplamiento entre sitios que puede degradar severamente la fidelidad de la señal grabada en grandes conjuntos de sensores multiplexados. Para este propósito, se sugiere el uso los materiales de “transition-metal-dichalcogenides” de dos dimensiones (por ejemplo, MoS2), ya que combinan la flexibilidad mecánica con una banda prohibida amplia, necesaria para obtener transistores de efecto de campo con altas relaciones encendido/apagado. Un conjunto de sensores híbridos gSGFET / MoS2-FET con funcionalidad de lectura multiplexada se presenta como un primer prototipo hacia una nueva generación de BMIs y se presenta una hoja de ruta para la ampliación de la tecnología.
The experimental discovery of graphene in 2004 marked the advent of a new research field based on two-dimensional materials, investigating their properties for applications in electronics, photonics and optoelectronics and, recently, also biomedical technology. Neurotechnology in particular, is a subject which could strongly benefit from these new materials, as their mechanical and chemical nature allow them to form a stable, conformable interface with the brain. The graphene solution-gated field-effect transistor (gSGFET) is one of several emerging sensing devices utilizing thin materials, and has shown great potential for brain-machine interfaces (BMIs), as it is able to record neural activity with high accuracy. Historically electrodes have been favored for such application, as they are easy to fabricate and the recorded signals can be acquired using simple read-out techniques. In recent years, however, the use of sensors with a transistor design was found to be beneficial for specific applications as they also unveil slow oscillatory activity, which is yet mostly unexplored. Moreover, transistors allow to construct sensor arrays with a large number of recording sites, since in contrary to electrodes they do not need to be combined with additional electronic components to enable sophisticated addressing schemes, thus strongly easing the technologic complexity of fabricating these arrays. High intrinsic sensor noise remains a critical issue in electrophysiology due to the small amplitude of neural signals on the surface of the cortex. The geometric nature of graphene and other two-dimensional materials exposes them to degrading influences from their surroundings and makes it challenging to create high-quality interfaces with such materials. This leads to, for example, augmented low-frequency noise in the gSGFET which contaminates the frequency band of interest for neural recordings. Thus, as a first step towards the development of a high quality neural sensor array, technological improvements which allow to lower such intrinsic device noise are explored in chapter 3. Next, the fabrication and characterization of high-density neural sensor arrays of above 1000 gSGFET sensors on flexible substrate is described. As a rapidly increasing size of the connector footprint with the number of sensors poses restrictions on the count and the density of recording sites achievable on the array, the compatibility of the gSGFET technology with multiplexed readout schemes is of critical importance. Multiplexing enable the combination of multiples streams of information into a single signal and would thereby allow to overcome connectivity limitations of the state-of-the-art BMIs. More concretely, the compatibility of the gSGFET technology with the two most common schemes of multiplexed data readout, namely frequency-division and time-division multiplexing, is presented in chapter 4. Ultimately, a monolithic integration of addressing circuitry into the flexible sensor array is explored in chapter 5, as this would prevent inter-site crosstalk which can severely degrade the fidelity of the recorded signal in large multiplexed sensor arrays. Two-dimension transition-metal-dichalcogenides (e.g. MoS2) are suggested for this purpose, as they combine mechanical flexibility with a wide bandgap necessary for building field-effect transistors with high on/off-ratios. A hybrid gSGFET/MoS2-FET sensor array with multiplexed readout functionality is showcased as a first prototype towards a new generation of BMIs and a roadmap for the technology's scale-up is presented.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Enginyeria Electrònica i de Telecomunicació
Guerra, Giulia. "Interfacce neuronali a base di carbonio: nanotubi di carbonio e grafene." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/14777/.
Full textGagnon-Turcotte, Gabriel. "Interfaces neuronales CMOS haute résolution pour l'électrophysiologie et l'optogénétique en boucle fermée." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36493.
Full textla taille et la consommation énergétique, en plus de ne pas être optimisée pour cette application. La seconde phase du projet a permis de concevoir un système sur puce (SoC) complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) pour faire de l’enregistrement neuronal et de optogénétique multicanal, permettant de réduire significativement la taille et la consommation énergétique comparativement aux alternatives commerciales. Ceci est une contribution importante, car c’est la première puce à être doté de ces deux fonctionnalités. Le SoC possède 10 canaux d’enregistrement et 4 canaux de stimulation optogénétique. La conception du bioamplificateur inclut une bande passante programmable (0.5 Hz - 7 kHz) et un faible bruit referré à l’entré (IRN de 3.2 μVrms), ce qui permet de cibler différents types de signaux biologiques (PA, LFP, etc.). Le convertisseur analogique numérique (ADC) de type Delta- Sigma (DS) MASH 1-1-1 est conçu pour fonctionner de faibles taux de sur-échantillonnage (OSR _50) pour réduire sa consommation et possède une résolution programmable (ENOB de 9.75 Bits avec un OSR de 25). Cet ADC exploite une nouvelle technique réduisant la taille du circuit en soustrayant la sortie de chaque branche du DS dans le domaine numérique, comparativement à la méthode analogique classique. La consommation totale d’un canal d’enregistrement est de 11.2 μW. Le SoC implémente un nouveau circuit de stimulation optique basé sur une source de courant de type cascode avec rétroaction, ce qui permet d’accommoder une large gamme de LED et de tensions de batterie comparativement aux circuits existants. Le SoC est intégré dans un système optogénétique sans fil et validé in vivo. À ce jour et en excluant ce projet, aucun système sans-fil ne fait de l’optogénétique en boucle fermée simultanément au suivi temps réel de l’activité neuronale. Une contribution importante de ce travail est d’avoir développé le premier système optogénétique multicanal qui est capable de fonctionner en boucle fermée et le premier à être validé lors d’expériences in vivo impliquant des animaux libres de leurs mouvements. Pour ce faire, la troisième phase du projet a visé la conception d’un SoC CMOS numérique, appelé neural decoder integrated circuit (ND-IC). Le ND-IC et le SoC développé lors de la phase 2 ont été intégrés dans un système optogénétique sans fil. Le ND-IC possède 3 modules : 1) le détecteur de PA adaptatif, 2) le module de compression possédant un nouvel arbre de tri pour discriminer les coefficients, et 3) le module de classement automatique des PA qui réutilise les données générées par le module de détection et de compression pour réduire sa complexité. Un lien entre un canal d’enregistrement et un canal de stimulation est établi selon l’association de chaque PA à un neurone, grâce à la classification, et selon l’activité de ce neurone dans le temps. Le ND-IC consomme 56.9 μW et occupe 0.08 mm2 par canal. Le système pèse 1.05 g, occupe un volume de 1.12 cm3, possède une autonomie de 3h, et est validé in vivo.
The future of brain research lies in the development of new technologies that will help understand how this complex organ processes, integrates and transfers information. Among these, optogenetics is a recent technology that allows the use of light to selectively activate neurons in the cortex of transgenic animals to observe their effect in a large biological network. This experimental setting is typically based on observing the neuronal activity of transgenic mice, as they express a wide variety of genes and diseases, while being inexpensive. However, most available neural recording or optogenetic devices are not suitable, because they are hard-wired, too heavy and/or too simplistic. Unfortunately, few wireless systems exist, and they are greatly limited by the required bandwidth to transmit neural data, while not providing simultaneous multi-channel neural recording and optogenetic, a must for stimulating and observing several areas of the brain. In current devices, the analysis of the neuronal data is performed ex situ, while the research would greatly benefit from wireless systems that are smart enough to interpret and stimulate the neurons in closed-loop, in situ. The goal of this project is to design analog-digital circuits for acquisition and processing of neural signals, algorithms for analysis and processing of these signals and miniature electrooptical wireless systems for: i) Conducting experiments combining high-resolution multi-channel neuronal recording and high-resolution multi-channel optogenetics with freely-moving animals. ii) Conduct optogenetic experiments synchronized with the neural recording, i.e. in closed loop, with freely-moving animals. iii) Increase the resolution while reducing the size, weight and energy consumption of the wireless optogenetic systems to minimize the impact of research with small animals. This project is in 3 phases, and its main contributions have been reported in ten conferences (ISSCC, ISCAS, EMBC, etc.) and four published journal papers, or submitted, as well as in a patent and two disclosures. The design of a high resolution optogenetic system poses several challenges. In particular, since the neuronal signals have a high frequency content (10 kHz), the number of chanv nels under observation is limited by the bandwidth of the wireless transmitters (2-4 channels in general). Thus, the first phase of the project focused on the development of neural signal compression algorithms and their integration into a high-resolution miniature and lightweight wireless optogenetics system (2.8g), having 32 recording channels and 32 optical stimulation channels. This system detects, compresses and transmits the waveforms of the signals produced by the neurons, i.e. action potentials (AP), in real time, via an embedded low-power field programmable gate array (FPGA). This processor implements an AP detector algorithm based on adaptive thresholding, which allows to compress the signals by transmitting only the detected waveforms. Each AP is further compressed by a Symmlet-2 discrete wavelet transform (DWT) followed dynamic discrimination and requantification of the DWT coefficients, making it possible to achieve high compression ratios with a good reconstruction quality. Results demonstrate that this algorithm is more robust than existing approach, while allowing to reconstruct the compressed signals with better quality (average SNDR of 25 dB 5% for a compression ratio (CR) of 4.2). With detection, CRs greater than 500 are reported during the in vivo validation. The use of commercial components in wireless optogenetic systems increases the size and power consumption, while not being optimized for this application. The second phase of the project consisted in designing a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) system-on-chip (SoC) for neural recording and multi-channel optogenetics, which significantly reduces the size and energy consumption compared to commercial alternatives. This is important contribution, since it’s the first chip to integrate both features. This SoC has 10 recording channels and 4 optogenetic stimulation channels. The bioamplifier design includes a programmable bandwidth (0.5 Hz -7 kHz) and a low input-referred noise (IRN of 3.2 μVrms), which allows targeting different biological signals (AP, LFP, etc.). The Delta-Sigma (DS) MASH 1-1-1 low-power analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is designed to work with low OSR (50), as to reduce its power consumption, and has a programmable resolution (ENOB of 9.75 bits with an OSR of 25). This ADC uses a new technique to reduce its circuit size by subtracting the output of each DS branch in the digital domain, rather than in the analog domain, as done conventionally. A recording channel, including the bioamplifier, the DS and the decimation filter, consumes 11.2 μW. Optical stimulation is performed with an on-chip LED driver using a regulated cascode current source with feedback, which accommodates a wide range of LED parameters and battery voltages. The SoC is integrated into a wireless optogenetic platform and validated in vivo.
To date and excluding this project, no wireless system is making closed-loop optogenetics simultaneously to real-time monitoring of neuronal activity. An important contribution of this work is to have developed the first multi-channel optogenetic system that is able to work in closed-loop, and the first to be validated during in vivo experiments involving freely-moving animals. To do so, the third phase of the project aimed to design a digital CMOS chip, called neural decoder integrated circuit (ND-IC). The ND-IC and the SoC developed in Phase 2 are integrated within a wireless optogenetic system. The ND-IC has 3 main cores: 1) the adaptive AP detector core, 2) the compression core with a new sorting tree for discriminating the DWT coefficients, and 3 ) the AP automatic classification core that reuses the data generated by the detection and compression cores to reduce its complexity. A link between a recording channel and a stimulation channel is established according to the association of each AP with a neuron, thanks to the classification, and according to the bursting activity of this neuron. The ND-IC consumes 56.9 μW and occupies 0.08 mm2 per channel. The system weighs 1.05 g, occupies a volume of 1.12 cm3, has an autonomy of 3h, and is validated in vivo.
Petit, Damien. "Analysis of sensory requirement and control framework for whole body embodiment of a humanoid robot for interaction with the environment and self." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS285.
Full textHumanoid robot surrogates promise new applications in the field of human robot interactions and assistive robotics. However, whole body embodiment for teleoperation or telepresence with mobile robot avatars is yet to be fully explored and understood. In this thesis, we focus on exploring the feeling of embodiment when one navigates and interacts with the environment or with one's self through a humanoid robot. First, we show a framework devised to realize scenarios of navigation and self interaction. The framework uses a brain-computer interface to control a humanoid robot and relies on several computer vision components to assist the user navigate and interact with the environment and one's self. Two scenarios are then realized with this framework where the users control a humanoid robot to realize self interaction tasks. We then explore in details key issues encountered during those scenarios. First, we investigate how the reduced controllability and feedback of the users affect their feeling of embodiment towards the walking surrogate. We then present the result of a study focused on the feeling experienced by the user when controlling the humanoid arm to ``touch'' the environment and then one's self. The result shows that despite the lack of feedback in the control, and recognizing themselves, users stay embody in the surrogate, and experience the touch in their hands through it
Bendali, Amel. "Brain-Machine Interfaces : from retinal network reconstruction to retinal implants." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066050.
Full textBrain-Machine Interfaces consist in the direct interfacing of a nervous tissue onto an electronic device. In vitro interfaces are expected to outperform computer calculations by achieving parallel information processing within neural networks. Applying electrical stimulations, in vivo brain-machine interfaces aim at assisting, rehabilitating or repairing cognitive or sensory-motor functions. Either for data analysis or information transfer, the main challenge of these interfaces relies in the cell/material interactions. Particularly in the case of retinal prosthetics, the current resolution remains insufficient to allow patients to read complex texts, to perform locomotion tasks in a complex environment and recognize faces. However, the first clinical trials showed encouraging results in blind patients, even though the restored visual acuity is still below legal blindness. During my PhD, we have worked on the biocompatibility of new semi-conducting materials, the functionalization and configuration of electrodes for retina-machine interfaces, both in vitro and in vivo. The first part of my work consisted in reconstructing a retinal neuronal network on a multielectrode array. We propose a novel technique to specifically address neuronal populations on pre-defined electrodes on an array, using either a specific antibody or lectine. This selection is performed from a mixed cell suspension even when selected neurons represent a minor population. This possibility to reconstruct a retinal neuronal network opens new perspectives for studying the formation and physiology of this neuronal network. The second topic of my work concerned the development of new approaches to increase the resolution and long-term stability of retinal implants. First, we demonstrated the biocompatibility of two semi-conducting carbon-based materials, graphene and diamond, with retinal neurons. These neurons could develop long neurites directly on the tested materials without any protein coating. By contrast, glial cells showed a clear preference for peptide-coated surfaces. Prior to integrating these materials on in vivo implants, we have shown the advantage of 3D structures to focalize stimulation currents onto neurons filling the implant cavities or wells. The diamond coating at the surface of these 3D soft implant prototypes does not seem to induce any major inflammation in the retina of blind rats. These works open new perspectives in the field of brain machine interfaces, neuroprostheses, with a specific emphasis on visual rehabilitation confirming the interest of diamond and graphene and proposing new strategies of cell/electrode or tissue/implant interfaces
Graham, Anthony H. D. "Biocompatible low-cost CMOS electrodes for neuronal interfaces, cell impedance and other biosensors." Thesis, University of Bath, 2010. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527140.
Full textLamour, Guillaume. "Influence de la nanostructuration énergétique des substrats dans l'adhésion et la différenciation des cellules neuronales modèles PC12." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00523656.
Full textFrewin, Christopher L. "The Neuron-Silicon Carbide Interface: Biocompatibility Study and BMI Device Development." Scholar Commons, 2009. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1973.
Full textPadovan, Marco. "Interfacce nanostrutturate, dispositivi ottici ed elettronici per lo studio della fisiologia di cellule cerebrali non neuronali." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/16293/.
Full textDerosiere, Gérard. "Vers la discrimination des corrélats neuronaux des déficits d'attention : des Neurosciences Cognitives à l'Ingénierie Cognitive." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON1T008/document.
Full textFocused attention represents a high-level cognitive function enabling humans to selectively facilitate specific actions and perceptions. In a world full of choices of action, and of perceptual possibilities, focused attention appears to be a vital component of human cognition. One observation however, is worth making: human-beings are unable to maintain stable states of focused attention indefinitely. This inability manifests during sustained attention tasks with the progressive occurrence of sensory-motor deficiencies with time-on-task. The phenomenon - called attention decrement - is characterized by increases in motor impulsivity and in response times to imperative events, and by a reduction in perceptual sensitivity. So far, the neural underpinnings of attention decrement have not been fully elucidated and this lack of knowledge is clearly palpable within two disciplinary fields : Cognitive Neuroscience and Cognitive Engineering. In Cognitive Neuroscience, the associated question is why are human-beings unable to maintain an optimal sensory-motor performance during sustained attention tasks? In Cognitive Engineering, the lack of a complete scientific understanding of attentional issues impacts the development of efficient passive Brain-Computer interfaces (BCI), capable of detecting the occurrence of potentially dangerous attention decrements during the performance of everyday activities. Both issues have been addressed in this thesis. In terms of Cognitive Neuroscience, I demonstrate that sustaining focused attention on a visual stimulation rapidly leads to an inhibition of the visual cortices. This sensory inhibition can be causally related to the lack of changes in perceptual stimulation typically characterizing sustained attention tasks. While the mechanism may be beneficial during visual search tasks as it helps humans avoid processing the same stimulus, the same object, the same location several times, it can lead to the occurrence of sensory deficiencies when sustained attention is required. As such, the sensory inhibition provides a compelling explanation as to the decrease in perceptual sensitivity and to the increase in reaction time that typify attention decrement. I show in a second study that attention decrement is associated with an increase in the activity of motor- and attention-related neural structures (i.e., cortico-spinal tract, primary motor, prefrontal and right parietal cortices). This excessive engagement reflects a compensatory process occurring in response to the sensory disengagement already highlighted and to the related degradation of the quality of perceptual representations. It is notable that the excessive engagement of the motor neural structures with time-on-task provides a potential explanation for the increase in motor impulsivity typifying attention decrement. In terms of application of these new findings, I investigated the potential of exploiting these neural correlates of attention decrement to discriminate between two different attentional states (i.e., with or without attention decrement) through a passive BCI system. To do so, we applied supervised classification analyses on near-infrared spectroscopy signals reflecting the hemodynamic activity of prefrontal and parietal cortices as recorded during a sustained attention task. We achieved relatively promising classification performance results which bode well for the future development of passive BCI. When considered together, the results described in this thesis contribute towards a better understanding of the neural correlates of attention decrement and demonstrate how this novel knowledge can be exploited for the future development of systems which may enable a reduction in accidents and human error-driven incidents in real world environments
Gergondet, Pierre. "Commande d’humanoïdes robotiques ou avatars à partir d’interface cerveau-ordinateur." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20134/document.
Full textThis thesis is part of the European project VERE (Virtual Embodiment and Robotics re-Embodiment). The goal is to propose a software framework integrating a set of control strategies and information feedback based on the "task function" in order to embody a human operator within a humanoid robot or a virtual avatar using his thoughts. The underlying problems can be shown by considering the following demonstrator. Let us imagine an operator equipped with a brain-computer interface; the goal is to extract the though of the human operator from these signals, then translate it into robotic commands and finally to give an appropriate sensory feedback to the operator so that he can appropriate the "body", robotic or virtual, of his avatar. A cinematographic illustration of this objective can be seen in recent movies such as "Avatar" or "Surrogates". In this thesis, we start by discussing specific problems that we encountered while using a brain-computer interface for the control of robots or avatars, e.g. the arising need for multiple behaviours or the specific problems induced by the sensory feedback provided by the robot. We will then introduce our main contribution which is the concept of object-oriented brain-computer interface for the control of humanoid robot. We will then present the results of a study regarding the role of sound in the embodiment process. Finally, we show some preliminary experiments where we used electrocorticography (ECoG)~--~a technology used to acquire signals from the brain that is implanted within the cranium~--~to control a humanoid robot
González, Astudillo Juliana. "Development of Network Features for Brain-Computer Interfaces." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS286.
Full textA Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is a system that can translate brain activity patterns into messages or commands for an interactive application. It enables a subject to send commands to a device only by means of brain activity, without requiring any peripherical muscular activity. These systems are increasingly explored for control and communication, as well as for treatment of neurological disorders, especially via the ability of subjects to voluntarily modulate their brain activity through mental imagery (MI). To control a BCI, the user must produce different brain signal patterns that the system will identify and translate into commands. Even though this technique has been widely used, subjects performance, measured as the correct classification of the user’s intent, still shows low scores. Much of the efforts to solve this problem have focused on the BCI classification block. While, the research of alternative features has been poorly explored. In most implemented systems, pattern recognition relies on power spectrum density (PSD) of a reduced number of sources, focusing on features that characterize a single brain region. However, the brain is not a collection of isolated pieces working independently. It rather consists of a distributed complex network that integrates information across differently specialized regions. It turns out that examining signals from one specific region, while neglecting its interactions with others, oversimplifies the phenomenon. It would be preferable to have an understanding of the system’s collective behaviour to fully capture the brain functioning. Thus, we hypothesize that functional connectivity (FC) features could be more representative of the complexity of neurophysiological processes, since they measure interactions between different brain areas, reflecting the information exchange that is essential to decode brain organization. Then, these interactions can be quantified using network theoretic approaches, extracting few summary properties of the entire complex brain network. Thus, network analysis may also be more efficient by reducing the problem dimension and optimizing the computational cost. Nevertheless, extracting topological properties of the network, while disregarding the intrinsic spatial nature of the brain, could overlook crucial information for understanding brain functioning. Recent neuroimaging studies demonstrated that brain connectivity reveals hemisphere lateralization during motor MI-related tasks. Covering these two concepts, we explored the dual contribution of brain network topology and space in modelling motor-related mental states through the concept of functional lateralization. Specifically, we introduced new metrics to quantify segregation and integration within and between the hemispheres, and we showed that they are highly relevant features for decoding a motor imagery mental task. These network properties not only give competitive classification accuracy but also have the advantage of being neurophysiologically interpretable, compared to state-of-the-art approaches that are instead blind to the underlying mechanism
Al, Yassine Mouhamad. "Lien optique transcutané pour l'enregistrement de signaux neuronaux haute résolution." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26501.
Full textNeural data recording has seen huge progress during the past few years; it helps for diagnosing diseases inside the brain like Parkinson disease and clinical depression. A big number of Parkinson’s patients use a neural implant to lessen tumors and rigid movement. A small electrode will be placed on the brain. It helps to control motion and when an electrical simulation happens, it helps reduce and even eliminate Parkinson symptoms. The neural data recording system requires a complete link starting by recording neural data using electrodes, convert this data onto digital data and transmit the digitized data using a wireless link. In this work we are focusing on sending neural data from an implanted device through the skin using light. There are different ways to transmit data wirelessly with either antenna or with an optical transmitter; we discuss about those methods in the literature review chapter. We choose to work with VCSEL or Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers; a specialized laser diode with improved efficiency and high speed compared to other optical devices. The first part of the research was to study the best way to transmit data through the human skin, the method of transmission and the properties of the medium through which the light will propagate. After choosing the method of transmission, we designed an integrated link using 0.18 um CMOS technology. This integrated link consists of two parts, the transmitter side which is a VCSEL driver able to drive the VCSEL with a 3 dB bandwidth of 1.3 GHz and low power-consumption of 12 mW, and a receiver side that consists of a photodiode connected to a CMOS transimpedance amplifier with high gain (90 dB) and high speed of (250 Mbps). The second part was to build a discrete optical link with commercial low cost components, so we designed two PCBs (Printed Circuit Board) for the transmitter and receiver side, and we designed a mechanical system to align the transmitter and the photodiode. We then tested our optical link, and it demonstrated the capability to transmit data through 3 mm of pork tissue at a bit-rate of 20 Mbps with low power consumption of 3 mW using OOK (On Off Keying) data transmission, and finally we did a comparison between our results and other works.
Bocquelet, Florent. "Vers une interface cerveau-machine pour la restauration de la parole." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAS008/document.
Full textRestoring natural speech in paralyzed and aphasic people could be achieved using a brain-computer interface controlling a speech synthesizer in real-time. The aim of this thesis was thus to develop three main steps toward such proof of concept.First, a prerequisite was to develop a speech synthesizer producing intelligible speech in real-time with a reasonable number of control parameters. Here we chose to synthesize speech from movements of the speech articulators since recent studies suggested that neural activity from the speech motor cortex contains relevant information to decode speech, and especially articulatory features of speech. We thus developed a speech synthesizer that produced intelligible speech from articulatory data. This was achieved by first recording a large dataset of synchronous articulatory and acoustic data in a single speaker. Then, we used machine learning techniques, especially deep neural networks, to build a model able to convert articulatory data into speech. This synthesizer was built to run in real time. Finally, as a first step toward future brain control of this synthesizer, we tested that it could be controlled in real-time by several speakers to produce intelligible speech from articulatory movements in a closed-loop paradigm.Second, we investigated the feasibility of decoding speech and articulatory features from neural activity essentially recorded in the speech motor cortex. We built a tool that allowed to localize active cortical speech areas online during awake brain surgery at the Grenoble Hospital and tested this system in two patients with brain cancer. Results show that the motor cortex exhibits specific activity during speech production in the beta and gamma bands, which are also present during speech imagination. The recorded data could be successfully analyzed to decode speech intention, voicing activity and the trajectories of the main articulators of the vocal tract above chance.Finally, we addressed ethical issues that arise with the development and use of brain-computer interfaces. We considered three levels of ethical questionings, dealing respectively with the animal, the human being, and the human species
Gaume, Antoine. "Towards cognitive brain-computer interfaces : real-time monitoring of visual processing and control using electroencephalography." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066137.
Full textBrain-computer interfaces (BCIs) offer alternative communication pathways between the brain and its environment. They can be used to replace a defective biological function or to provide the user with new ways of interaction. Output BCIs, which are based on the reading of biological data, require the measurement of control signals as stable as possible in time and in the population. Identification and calibration of such signals are crucial steps in the conception of a BCI.The first part of this study focuses on BCIs using visual evoked potentials (VEPs) as control signals. A model is proposed to predict steady-state VEPs individually, i.e. to predict the response of a given subject’s brain to periodic visual stimulations. This model uses a linear summation of transient VEPs and an amplitude correction for quantitative prediction of the shape and spatial organization of the brain response to repeated stimulations. The simulated signals are then used as a basis of comparison for real-time decoding of electroencephalographic signals in a BCI.In the second part of this study, a paradigm is proposed for the development of cognitive BCIs, i.e. for the real-time measuring of high-level brain functions. The originality of the paradigm lies in the fact that correlates of cognition are measured continuously, instead of being observed on discrete events. An experiment with the purpose of discriminating between several levels of sustained visual attention is proposed, with the ambition of real-time measurement for the development of neurofeedback systems
Kos'myna, Nataliya. "CA-ICO : co-apprentissage dans les interfaces cerveau - ordinateur." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAM081.
Full textActive Brain Computer Interfaces (BCIs) allow people to exert direct voluntary control over a computer system: their brain signals are captured and the system recognizes specific imagined actions (movements, images, concepts). Active BCIs and their users must undergo training. This makes the signals easier to recognize by the system. This acquisition can take from 10 minutes up to 2 months. BCIs can thus be applied to many control and interaction scenarios of our everyday lives, especially in relation to entertainment (Wolpaw et al., 2002).BCIs are mostly used by disabled people in a medical setting and seldom leave the lab. First of all, high-grade equipment is expensive and non-portable. Although there are commercial ventures proposing BCI acquisition equipment to the general public, the quality is still insufficient to build accurate and robust BCIs.BCIs also suffer from numerous limitations:• Variability of the signals: signals different across people or within the same individual at different times.• Long and repetitive training sessions: between 10 minutes up to several months, disengage and bore users.• Limited feedback: simple unimodal feedback ill adapted for many users. Feedback is unidirectional and the user just has to follow instructions.All these issues limit the adoption of BCI, the lack of widespread commercial success and the use of BCI from human computer interaction applications.The objective of the thesis is to propose solutions to the above problems so as to obtain a consistent architecture that will allow BCIs to be better suitable to Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) applications. The idea is to implement co-learning in the BCI loop and to explore how users and system can give feedback to each other in order to improve BCI usability.This thesis is structured around three innovations surrounding the BCI loop:• A general architecture based on asynchronous BCI principles and on incremental training combined with an unsupervised blind-source separation filter and a minimum distance classifier. This architecture allows producing BCIs with minimal training session. We evaluate the architecture on a drone piloting task over a month and find that it is suitable for use in daily recreational applications.• A more intuitive visualization modality for classification outcomes and distance features using Wachspress coordinate projection for an arbitrary number of classes. We combine the visualization with direct feedback mechanism where users can interactively change the classification margin, change the types of features as well as edit the training trials in real-time. We evaluate our contribution on a simple shooter game and find there is a good synergy between our visualization modality and direct user feedback and that the combination is much more enjoyable to users than a standard BCI training.• Finally we develop an operational Conceptual Imagery BCI based on our architecture, visualization and feedback system that allow for more natural interactions through the imagination of sematic categories and concepts. We show that this type of BCI is more effective at detecting distinct semantic categories rather than close ones. Then, we build on this conceptual BCI to propose a smart home control system for healthy and disabled users. Finally we invent a new seamless training protocol for Conceptual Imagery that uses conceptual and semantic priming in order to integrate the training in the narrative and environment of the game without the realization of the user. Our technique leads to better flow and immersion of users in the game. We believe this training protocol can be extended to many tasks outside of games or even of Conceptual Imagery
Cattan, Grégoire. "De la réalisation d'une interface cerveau-ordinateur pour une réalité virtuelle accessible au grand public." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAS007/document.
Full textIn spite of ongoing developments in the conception of electroencephalographic (EEG) headsets and brain signal analysis, the actual use of an EEG-based brain-computer interfaces (BCI) is still restricted to research settings. On the other hand, BCI technology candidates as a good complement to virtual reality as it may diminish the distance between the user and his/her avatar. A BCI can accomplish this by circumventing the usual muscular pathway between the brain and the machine, thus enhancing the immersion feeling in VR applications. Moreover, a BCI provides valuable information on the mental state of the user, such as concentration and attention for the task at hand and for the virtual objects of interest. In this thesis, we study the coupling of BCI and VR technology, a human-machine interface that is potentially ubiquitous, in particular for gaming. We focus on the use of EEG-based BCI with occasional visual stimulation, i.e., BCIs based on the detection of the P300, a positive evoked potential appearing in the EEG 250 to 600 ms after the presentation of a stimulus. We investigate the use of such a BCI to interact with VR environments obtained using a mobile head-mounted display based on an ordinary smartphone, material suiting well the general public.The fusion of BCI technology with VR faces technical, experimental and conceptual limitations. Indeed, the integration of BCI with a mobile head-mounted display is technically burdensome and has not been fully validated. The factors impacting the performance of the BCI in VR remains still unknown. Also, unknown are the physiological characteristics of the brain responses to VR stimuli as compared to the same stimuli displayed on a PC screen. Finally, both BCI and VR technologies are limited, and these limitations sometimes appears contradictory. For example, the EEG is perturbed by the user’s movements while s/he is interacting with the virtual environment, but this movement may be an essential aspect of the VR experience. Thus, it is necessary to operate a synthesis of the existing design recommendations for BCI and VR technologies from the perspective of a mixed BCI+VR application.In this work, we presents three contributions: a technical implementation of a BCI+VR system, paving the way for a general public use; an analysis of its performance and an analysis of the physiological differences produced by VR stimuli as compared to the same stimuli on a PC by means of two experimental campaigns carried out on 33 subjects; a synthesis of the recommendations to adapt the application design to BCI and VR
Cecchetto, Claudia. "Neuronal Population Encoding of Sensory Information in the Rat Barrel Cortex: Local Field Potential Recording and Characterization by an Innovative High-Resolution Brain-Chip Interface." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424482.
Full textLe reti neuronali sono alla base della codifica dell'informazione cerebrale. L'obiettivo principale dello studio delle popolazioni neuronali è quello di caratterizzare la relazione tra uno stimolo e la risposta individuale o globale dei neuroni e di studiare il rapporto tra le varie attività elettriche dei neuroni appartenenti ad una particolare rete, comprendendo anche come la topologia e la connettività della rete neuronale influiscano sulla loro funzionalità. Fino ad oggi, molte tecniche sono state sviluppate per studiare questi sistemi complessi: studi a singola cellula mirano a studiare singoli neuroni e le loro connessioni con un numero limitato di altre cellule; sul lato opposto, approcci su larga scala e a bassa risoluzione, come la risonanza magnetica funzionale o l'elettroencefalogramma, registrano segnali elettrofisiologici generati nel cervello da vaste popolazioni di cellule. Più recentemente, sono state sviluppate tecniche di registrazione multisito che mirano ad abbattere le limitazioni dei precedenti approcci, rendendo possibile la misurazione ad alta risoluzione di segnali generati da grandi ensamble neuronali e da diverse regioni del cervello simultaneamente, ad esempio mediante l'uso di chip impiantabili a semiconduttore. I potenziali di campo locali (LFP) catturano processi sinaptici chiave che non possono essere estratti dall'attività di spiking di qualche neurone isolato. Numerosi studi hanno utilizzato gli LFP per studiare i meccanismi corticali coinvolti nei processi sensoriali, motori e cognitivi, come la memoria e la percezione. Gli LFP rappresentano anche dei segnali interessanti nell'ambito delle applicazioni neuroprotesiche e per monitorare l'attività cerebrale negli esseri umani, dal momento che possono essere registrati più stabilmente e facilmente in impianti cronici rispetto agli spike neuronali. In questo studio, sono riportati dei profili LFP registrati dalla barrel cortex di ratto tramite chip ad ago ad alta risoluzione basati su tecnologia CMOS e confrontati con quelli ottenuti tramite elettrodi convenzionali in Ag/AgCl inseriti in micropipette di vetro, strumenti comunemente usati in elettrofisiologia. La barrel cortex di ratto è un esempio ben noto di mapping topografico, nel quale ogni baffo sul muso dell'animale è mappato in una specifica area corticale, chiamata barrel. La barrel cortex contiene la rappresentazione sensoriale dei baffi dell'animale e rappresenta uno dei primi stadi di elaborazione dell'informazione tattile, insieme al ganglio del trigemino e al talamo. Essa è un'area di primaria importanza per lo studio del funzionamento della corteccia cerebrale, visto che le colonne corticali che formano i blocchi di base della neocorteccia possono essere visualizzati facilmente all'interno della barrel cortex. La barrel cortex inoltre è utilizzata come sistema di test in numerose metodologie innovative, grazie alla sua struttura unica ed istantaneamente identificabile, e grazie anche al fatto che le specie dotate di barrel, i roditori, sono gli animali da laboratorio più comuni. La barrel cortex e le sue interconnessioni neuronali sono stati oggetto delle ricerche più disparate in questi ultimi decenni. Attualmente, alcuni studi (come questo) non mirano solamente a comprendere meglio la barrel cortex, ma anche ad analizzare problematiche in campi scientifici collegati, utilizzando la barrel cortex come modello base. In questo lavoro, sono stati evocati segnali LFP nella barrel cortex tramite deflessioni ripetute dei baffi dell'animale, realizzate in modo controllato tramite un sistema di deflessione piezoelettrica a closed-loop innescato da un sistema di acquisizione LabView. Le risposte evocate generate nella barrel dalla stimolazione ripetuta dei baffi presentano elevata variabilità nella forma e nelle latenze temporali. Inoltre, il tipo di anestesia utilizzata può influenzare profondamente il profilo della risposta evocata. Questo studio riporta i risultati preliminari sulla variabilità della risposta neuronale e sull'effetto di due anestetici di uso comune su questi segnali, confrontando le distribuzioni delle risposte evocate in ratti anestetizzati con tiletamina-xylazina (il quale agisce prevalentemente sui recettori eccitatori di tipo NMDA) e uretano (che agisce in modo più bilanciato e complesso su entrambi i sistemi eccitatori ed inibitori, preservando la plasticità sinaptica). Sono state analizzate e discusse alcune caratteristiche rappresentative del segnale evocato (ad esempio, le latenze temporali e l'ampiezza degli eventi), registrato a varie profondità corticali. Per tutte le prondità corticali acquisite, sono state stimate le distribuzioni statistiche di tali parametri, in modo da valutare la variabilità degli LFP evocati dalle stimolazioni meccaniche individuali delle vibrisse del ratto lungo l'intera colonna corticale. I primi risultati presentano una grande variabilità nelle risposte corticali, sia in latenza che in ampiezza. Inoltre, è stata riscontrata una differenza significativa nella latenza del primo picco principale delle risposte evocate: gli LFP evocati in animali anestetizzati con tiletamina-xylazina presentavano una latenza più lunga di quelli registrati in ratti anestetizzati con uretano. Inoltre, le distribuzioni dei parametri analizzati erano più strette e piccate in uretano, in corrispondenza di tutte le profondità corticali. Questo comportamento è sicuramente da attribuire al differente meccanismo d'azione dei due anestetici su specifici recettori sinaptici, e quindi nell'elaborazione e nella trasmissione dell'informazione sensoriale lungo tutto il percorso corticale. E' stato inoltre discusso il ruolo della attività basale nella modulazione della risposta evocata. A questo proposito, è stata registrata l'attività spontanea in corrispondenza dei vari layer corticali ed analizzata nel contesto statistico delle 'valanghe neuronali'. Una valanga neuronale è una cascata di attività elettrica in una rete neuronale, la cui distribuzione statistica dei parametri principali (dimensione e vita media) può essere approssimata da una legge di potenza. La distribuzione delle dimensioni di una valanga in una rete neuronale segue una legge di potenza del tipo P(s)=s^-a, con a=1.5. Tale esponente è un riflesso delle correlazioni spaziali a lungo raggio nell'attività neuronale spontanea. Dal momento che i picchi negativi (nLFPs) nelle tracce elettrofisiologiche originano dalla somma di potenziali d'azione sincronizzati generati da neuroni posti nelle vicinanze dell'elettrodo di registrazione, ci siamo chiesti se fosse possibile modellizare i singoli nLFP registrati nell'attività basale tramite un singolo elettrodo come il risultato di valanghe neuronali locali. Pertanto, abbiamo analizzato la distribuzione della dimensione (cioè l'ampiezza in uV) di tali picchi, in modo da identificare una distribuzione power-law appropriata, che potesse descrivere anche le registrazioni a singolo elettrodo. Infine, sono presentate e discusse le prime registrazioni in assoluto degli LFP evocati lungo un'intera colonna corticale ottenute tramite l'ultima generazione di chip impiantabili a tecnologia CMOS. Questi ultimi presentano una matrice di 256 siti di registrazione, organizzata secondo due possibili topologie, 16 x 16 o 4 x 64, e avente una distanza tra gli elettrodi pari a 15 um o 33 um rispettivamente. Una precisa dinamica di propagazione dei potenziali evocati può già essere riconosciuta in questi primissimi profili corticali. Nel prossimo futuro, l'uso di questi dispositivi a semiconduttore potrà aiutare a comprendere il decorso di sindromi neurodegerative come il Parkinson o l'Alzheimer, associando sintomi e comportamenti tipo della malattia a specifiche caratteristiche neuronali. I chip impiantabili potranno anche essere utilizzati come 'electroceuticals', ossia potranno aiutare a rallentare (o addirittura a capovolgere) il decorso delle malattie neurogenerative, costituendo le basi di protesi neuronali in grado di sostenere fisicamente o allenare funzionalmente le popolazioni neuronali danneggiate. L'identificazione e il rilevamento di segnali neuronali ad alta risoluzione aiuterà anche a sviluppare complesse interfacce cervello-macchina, che consentiranno il controllo di protesi intelligenti e che forniranno sofisticati meccanismi di feedback a chi ha perso l'uso di alcune parti del proprio corpo o determinate funzioni cerebrali.
Cattai, Tiziana. "Leveraging brain connectivity networks to detect mental states during motor imagery." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS081.
Full textThe brain is a complex network and we know that inter-areal synchronization and de-synchronization mechanisms are crucial to perform motor and cognitive tasks. Nowadays, brain functional interactions are studied in brain-computer interface BCI) applications with more and more interest. This might have strong impact on BCI systems, typically based on univariate features which separately characterize brain regional activities. Indeed, brain connectivity features can be used to develop alternative BCIs in an effort to improve performance and to extend their real-life applicability. The ambition of this thesis is the investigation of brain functional connectivity networks during motor imagery (MI)-based BCI tasks. It aims to identify complex brain functioning, re-organization processes and time-varying dynamics, at both group and individual level. This thesis presents different developments that sequentially enrich an initially simple model in order to obtain a robust method for the study of functional connectivity networks. Experimental results on simulated and real EEG data recorded during BCI tasks prove that our proposed method well explains the variegate behaviour of brain EEG data. Specifically, it provides a characterization of brain functional mechanisms at group level, together with a measure of the separability of mental conditions at individual level. We also present a graph denoising procedure to filter data which simultaneously preserve the graph connectivity structure and enhance the signal-to-noise ratio. Since the use of a BCI system requires a dynamic interaction between user and machine, we finally propose a method to capture the evolution of time-varying data. In essence, this thesis presents a novel framework to grasp the complexity of graph functional connectivity during cognitive tasks
Perrin, Margaux. "Coadaptation cerveau machine pour une interaction optimale : application au P300-Speller." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10329/document.
Full textBrain-computer interfaces (BCI) aim at enabling the brain to directly control an artificial device. In particular, the P300-Speller could offer patients who cannot speak and neither move, to communicate again. This work consisted in improving this communication by implementing and studying a coadaptation between the brain and the machine. First, on the user side, we showed that adaptation is reflected in real-time by modulations of the electrophysiological responses to the feedbacks from the machine. Then, on the computer side, we proposed, tested and evaluated the effect on the user, of several approaches that endow the machine with adaptive behavior, namely: Automatic correction of errors, based on real-time recognition of feedback responses; Dynamic stimulation to increase spelling accuracy as well as to reduce the discomfort associated with the traditional row/column stimulation paradigm; Adaptive decision making for optimal stopping, depending on the attentional state of the user. Our results show the presence of feedback responses which are error specific and modulated by attention as well as user's surprise with respect to the outcome of the interaction. Besides, while the interest of automatic correction is highly subject-dependant, the new stimulation mode and the adaptive decision method proved clearly beneficial and their use had a significant positive impact on subject's motivation. In the perspective of clinical studies to assess the usefulness of ICM for communication, this work highlights and quantifies the importance of developing adaptive interfaces that are tailored to each every individual
Mladenovic, Jelena. "Computational Modeling of User States and Skills for Optimizing BCI Training Tasks." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0131.
Full textBrain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) are systems that enable a person to manipulate an external device with only brain activity, often using ElectroEncephaloGraphgy (EEG). Although there is great medical potential (communication and mobility assistance, as well as neuro-rehabilitation of those who lost motor functions), BCIs are rarely used outside of laboratories. This is mostly due to users’ variability from their brain morphologies to their changeable psychological states, making it impossible to create one system that works with high success for all. The success of a BCI depends tremendously on the user’s ability to focus to give mental commands, and the machine’s ability to decode such mental commands. Most approaches consist in either designing more intuitive and immersive interfaces to assist the users to focus, or enhancing the machine decoding properties. The latest advances in machine decoding are enabling adaptive machines that try to adjust to the changeable EEG during the BCI task. This thesis is unifying the adaptive machine decoding approaches and the interface design through the creation of adaptive and optimal BCI tasks according to user states and traits. Its purpose is to improve the performance and usability of BCIs and enable their use outside of laboratories. To such end, we first created a taxonomy for adaptive BCIs to account for the various changeable factors of the system. Then, we showed that by adapting the task difficulty we can influence a state of flow, i.e., an optimal state of immersion, control and pleasure. which in turn correlates with BCI performance. Furthermore, we have identified the user traits that can benefit from particular types of task difficulties. This way we have prior knowledge that can guide the task adaptation process, specific to each user trait. As we wish to create a generic adaptation rule that works for all users, we use a probabilistic Bayesian model, called Active Inference used in neuroscience to computationally model brain behavior. When we provide such probabilistic model to the machine, it becomes adaptive in such a way that it mimics brain behavior. That way, we can achieve an automatic co-adaptive BCI and potentially get a step closer into using BCIs in our daily lives
Benoît-Marand, François. "Modélisation et identification des systèmes non linéaires par réseaux de neurones à temps continu : application à la modélisation des interfaces de diffusion non linéaires." Poitiers, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007POIT2274.
Full textThis thesis presents a new model for the identification of nonlinear systems : continuous time neural networks (RNTC). These structures employ networks of formal neurons to approach the nonlinear laws that control the system but, contrary to the neural networks models presented in the literature, our model deals the problem in continuous time. Whatever, through various applications, we show that the model allows us to identify various nonlinear processes with a high accuracy. Moreover, in using a model reduction stage, it is possible to revert, from the neural network model, to the characteristic values of the system. Finally, we indicate how to adapt the continuous time neural network model to the case of fractionnal systems and we consider the problem of identification of diffusive nonlinear interfaces. By introducing a new operator of fractional integration, and by integrating it into the continuous time neural network model, we show how to approach the temporal behavior of these particular systems
Canales, Mengod Pedro. "Termografía Infrarroja aplicada a la detección de incendios en la interfaz urbano-forestal y su optimización mediante redes neuronales artificiales." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/49830.
Full text[ES] La Albufera de Valencia y su Devesa, forman un conjunto único con un elevado valor tanto ecológico como social; motivo que les llevó a ser declarados Parque Natural en 1986 por parte de la Generalitat Valenciana; siendo el primer parque declarado en esta comunidad. La Devesa es el cordón litoral que separa el Mar Mediterráneo del lago de la Albufera, y es considerada un área natural con altos valores científicos, culturales, paisajísticos y educativos. Y, pese a que durante la década de los 60 sufrió un proceso de urbanización, en la actualidad se encuentra en plena fase de regeneración hacia una época de clímax ecológico. Esta regeneración ha sido posible gracias a los esfuerzos, tanto administrativos como económicos, que han realizado diferentes administraciones para su conservación y protección. Sin embargo, estos esfuerzos no impiden que sistemáticamente el monte de la Devesa sufra incendios forestales que merman su capacidad de regeneración y que, no solo producen un daño ecológico y económico importante, sino que aquellos que alcanzan grandes dimensiones ponen en riesgo la vida de las personas que allí residen, y de los equipos de extinción que tratan de sofocarlos. La presente Tesis se centra en el estudio y optimización del sistema de detección de incendios forestales mediante infrarrojos instalado en la Devesa. Para ello se analizan los incendios ocurridos durante más de diez años, y las alarmas generadas durante cinco años de funcionamiento del sistema, relacionando estas alarmas con las condiciones meteorológicas, a fin de disminuir los falsos positivos; a su vez se desarrolla un sistema de clasificación de riesgo de incendio a partir de redes neuronales, basado en los parámetros meteorológicos descriptores usados en el IFW, índice oficial establecido por la AEMET para clasificar el riesgo de incendio. Una vez desarrollada la red neuronal para clasificar el riesgo de incendio, y analizado el sistema de cámaras infrarrojas, se combinan ambos a fin de establecer un sistema de clasificación de las alarmas capaz de disminuir los falsos positivos, y de establecer un criterio de riesgo al usuario del sistema de detección de incendios.
[CAT] L'Albufera de València i la seva Devesa, formen un conjunt únic amb un elevat valor tant ecològic com social; motiu que els va portar a ser declarats Parc Natural al 1986 per part de la Generalitat Valenciana; sent el primer parc declarat en aquesta Comunidad. La Devesa és el cordó litoral que separa el mar Mediterrani del llac de l'Albufera, i és considerada una àrea natural amb alts valors científics, culturals, paisatgístics i educatius. I tot i que durant la dècada dels 60 va patir un procés d'urbanització, en l'actualitat es troba en plena fase de regeneració cap a una època de clímax ecològic. Aquesta regeneració ha estat possible gràcies als esforços tant administratius, com econòmics, que han realitzat diferents administracions per a la seva conservació i protecció. No obstant això, aquests esforços no impedeixen que sistemàticament la muntanya de la Devesa pateixi incendis forestals que minven la seva capacitat de regeneració i que, no només produeixen un dany ecològic i econòmic important, sinó que aquells que arriben a tindre grans dimensions, posen en risc la vida de les persones que hi viuen, i dels equips d'extinció que tracten de sufocar-los. Aquesta tesi se centra en l'estudi i optimització del sistema de detecció d'incendis forestals mitjançant infrarojos instal · lat a la Devesa. Per a això s'analitzen els incendis ocorreguts durant més de deu anys i les alarmes generades durant cinc anys de funcionament del sistema, relacionant aquestes alarmes amb les condicions meteorològiques; per tal de disminuir els falsos positius; al seu torn es desenvolupa un sistema de classificació de risc d'incendi a partir de xarxes neuronals, basat en els paràmetres meteorològics descriptors usats en el IFW, índex oficial establert per l'AEMET per classificar el risc d'incendi. Un cop desenvolupada la xarxa neuronal per classificar el risc d'incendi, i analitzat el sistema de càmeres infraroges, es combinen tots dos a fi d'establir un sistema de classificació de les alarmes capaç de disminuir els falsos positius, i d'establir un criteri de risc a l¿usuari del sistema de detecció d'incendis.
Canales Mengod, P. (2015). Termografía Infrarroja aplicada a la detección de incendios en la interfaz urbano-forestal y su optimización mediante redes neuronales artificiales [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/49830
TESIS
Henniquau, Dimitri. "Conception d’une interface fonctionnelle permettant la communication de neurones artificiels et biologiques pour des applications dans le domaine des neurosciences." Thesis, Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LILUN032.
Full textNeuromorphic engineering is an exciting emerging new field, which combines skills in electronics, mathematics, computer sciences and biomorphic engineering with the aim of developing artificial neuronal networks capable of reproducing the brain’s data processing. Thus, neuromorphic systems not only offer more effective and energy efficient solutions than current data processing technologies, but also set the bases for developing novel original therapeutic strategies in the context of pathological brain dysfunctions. The research group Circuits Systèmes Applications des Micro-ondes (CSAM) of the Institute for Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnologies (IEMN) in Lille, in which this thesis work was carried out, has contributed to the generation of such neuromorphic systems by developing a toolbox constituted of artificial neurons and synapses. In order to implement neuromorphic engineering in the therapeutic arsenal for treating neurologic disorders, we need to interface living and artificial neurons to ensure real communication between these different components. In this context and using the original tools developed by the CSAM group, the main goal of this thesis work was to design and produce a functional interface allowing a bidirectional communication loop to be established between living and artificial neurons. These artificial neurons have been developed by the CSAM group using CMOS technology and are able to emit biomimetic electrical signals. Living neurons were obtained from differentiated PC-12 cells. A first step in this work consisted in modeling and simulating this interface between artificial and living neurons; a second part of the thesis was dedicated to the fabrication and characterization of neurobiohybrid interfaces, and to the growth and characterization of living neurons before studying their capacities to communicate with artificial neurons. First, a model of neuronal membrane representing a living neuron interfaced with a metallic planar electrode has been developed. We thus showed that it is possible to excite neurons using biomimetic signals produced by artificial neurons while maintaining a low excitation voltage. Low voltage excitation would improve energy efficiency of neurobiohybrid systems integrating artificial neurons and reduce the impact of harmful electrical signals on living neurons. Then, the neurobiohybrid interfacing living and artificial neurons has been designed and produced. The results obtained by experimental characterization of this interface validate the approach consisting in exciting living neurons through a metallic planar electrode. Finally, living neurons from PC-12 cells were grown and differentiated directly onto neurobiohybrids. Then, an experimental proof of the ability of biomimetic electrical signals to excite living neurons was obtained using calcium imaging. To conclude, the work presented in this manuscript clearly establishes a proof of concept for the excitation of living neurons using a biomimetic signal in our experimental conditions and thus substantiates the first part of the bidirectional communication loop between artificial neurons and living neurons
Gonzalez, Yañez Hugo Cesar. "Diseño de un circuito integrado CMOS que varía la impedancia del receptor de un enlace inductivo de una interfaz neuronal implantada." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/6643.
Full textTesis
Gaume, Antoine. "Towards cognitive brain-computer interfaces : real-time monitoring of visual processing and control using electroencephalography." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066137/document.
Full textBrain-computer interfaces (BCIs) offer alternative communication pathways between the brain and its environment. They can be used to replace a defective biological function or to provide the user with new ways of interaction. Output BCIs, which are based on the reading of biological data, require the measurement of control signals as stable as possible in time and in the population. Identification and calibration of such signals are crucial steps in the conception of a BCI.The first part of this study focuses on BCIs using visual evoked potentials (VEPs) as control signals. A model is proposed to predict steady-state VEPs individually, i.e. to predict the response of a given subject’s brain to periodic visual stimulations. This model uses a linear summation of transient VEPs and an amplitude correction for quantitative prediction of the shape and spatial organization of the brain response to repeated stimulations. The simulated signals are then used as a basis of comparison for real-time decoding of electroencephalographic signals in a BCI.In the second part of this study, a paradigm is proposed for the development of cognitive BCIs, i.e. for the real-time measuring of high-level brain functions. The originality of the paradigm lies in the fact that correlates of cognition are measured continuously, instead of being observed on discrete events. An experiment with the purpose of discriminating between several levels of sustained visual attention is proposed, with the ambition of real-time measurement for the development of neurofeedback systems
Brozzoli, Claudio. "Peripersonal space : a multisensory interface for body-objects interactions." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00675247.
Full textHerrera, Altamira Gabriela. "Vibrotactile feedback to support kinesthetic motor imagery in a brain-computer interface for post-stroke motor rehabilitation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2024. https://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/ulprive/DDOC_T_2024_0002_HERRERA_ALTAMIRA.pdf.
Full textMotor imagery-based brain-computer interfaces (BCI) offer promising solutions for post-stroke motor rehabilitation. Kinesthetic motor imagery (KMI) consists of imagining the sensations of a movement (such as temperature, pressure, roughness, muscular contraction, and nerve activation) rather than visualizing the movement. However, KMI lacks sensory or kinesthetic feedback, making this task challenging to understand, learn, and perform. This absence of feedback hinders performance evaluation and therapeutic guidance for post-stroke patients. To address this issue, feedback is provided to both patients and therapists, based on the patient's performance. Various feedback modalities, including visual, functional electrical stimulation, exoskeletons, and robotic assistance, have been explored to bridge this gap. Vibrotactile feedback is an underexplored alternative, that offers skin stimulation, targeting patients with limited mobility. Combining different feedback modalities has emerged as a promising approach to provide more effective feedback and enhance the rehabilitation process. The development of BCI feedback has often prioritized technological advancement over patient-centric considerations, resulting in limited clinical adoption. This thesis adopts a novel design-based research (DBR) approach, placing the user at the core of feedback system development. The objective is to design and evaluate vibrotactile feedback, complemented with visual feedback and integrated it with a KMI-based BCI to improve post-stroke motor rehabilitation. We start by identifying the needs and objectives of patients undergoing BCI training, leading to the hypothesis that bimodal feedback (combining vibrotactile and visual modalities) can enhance KMI within the BCI context. We tailor the vibrotactile stimulation to provide precise sensory feedback during grasping KMI. The vibrotactile device is then built considering the anatomical and physical limitations of post-stroke patients. Then, the vibrotactile stimulation is built in two phases: establishing vibration sensory thresholds for age-dependent groups and synchronizing a visual environment with vibrotactile stimulation. Different vibration patterns are compared to determine the one that better corresponds to the graphic animation. The stimulation was designed, drawing inspiration from the natural muscle activation of the muscles during grasping. Following the validation of the stimulation, the BCI is assessed with a group of neurotypical participants to measure its efficacy in improving KMI and evaluate its acceptability, usability, and reliability. Three feedback modalities (vibrotactile, visual and bimodal - vibrotactile and visual) are compared to determine their effectiveness. This research highlights the potential of a user-centered approach for developing feedback solutions that enhance motor imagery and rehabilitation outcomes. Furthermore, an experimental protocol is presented for future studies with post-stroke patients to assess the acceptability and usability of the meticulously designed BCI with bimodal feedback. The findings of this work lay the foundation for translating the resulting BCI into practical clinical applications, ultimately benefiting post-stroke patients
Letard, Mathilde. "Environnemental knowledge extraction from topo-bathymetric lidar : machine learning and deep neural networds for point clouds and waveforms." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Rennes (2023-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023URENB072.
Full textLand-water interfaces face escalating threats from climate change and human activities, necessitating systematic observation to comprehend and effectively address these challenges. Nevertheless, constraints associated with the presence of water hinder the uninterrupted observation of submerged and emerged areas. Topo-bathymetric lidar remote sensing emerges as a suitable solution, ensuring a continuous representation of landwater zones through 3D point clouds and 1D waveforms. However, fully harnessing the potential of this data requires tools specifically crafted to address its unique characteristics. This thesis introduces methodologies for extracting environmental knowledge from topobathymetric lidar surveys. Initially, we introduce methods for classifying land and seabed covers using bi-spectral point clouds or waveform features. Subsequently, we employ deep neural networks for semantic segmentation, component detection and classification, and the estimation of water physical parameters based on bathymetric waveforms. Leveraging radiative transfer models, these approaches alleviate the need for manual waveform labeling, thereby enhancing waveform processing in challenging settings like extremely shallow or turbid waters
Avilov, Oleksii. "Deep learning methods for motor imagery detection from raw EEG : applications to brain-computer interfaces." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0032.
Full textThis thesis presents three contributions to improve the recognition of motor imaginary movements used by numerous brain-computer interfaces (BCI) as types of interaction. First of all, we propose to estimate the quality of motor images by detecting outliers and removing them before training. Next, we study the feature selection for seven different motor imaginary movements. Finally, we present a deep learning architecture based on the principles of EEGNet network applied directly on raw electroencephalographic signals and adapted to the number of electrodes. We show in particular its benefits for improving the detection of intraoperative awareness and other applications
Si, Mohammed Hakim. "Design and Study of Interactive Systems based on Brain- Computer Interfaces and Augmented Reality." Thesis, Rennes, INSA, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ISAR0024.
Full textBrain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) enable interaction directly from brain activity. Augmented Reality (AR) on the other hand, enables the integration of virtual elements in the real world. In this thesis, we aimed at designing interactive systems associating BCIs and AR, to offer new means of hands-free interaction with real and virtual elements. In the first part, we have studied the possibility to extract different BCI paradigms in AR. We have shown that it was possible to use Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials (SSVEP) in AR. Then, we have studied the possibility to extract Error-Related Potentials (ErrPs) in AR, showing that ErrPs were elicited in users facing errors, often occurring in AR. In the second part, we have deepened our research in the use of SSVEP for direct interaction in AR. We have proposed HCCA, a new algorithm for self-paced detection of SSVEP responses. Then, we have studied the design of AR interfaces, for the development of intuitive and efficient interactive systems. Lastly, we have illustrated our results, through the development of a smart-home system combining SSVEP and AR, which integrates in a commercially available smart-home system
Arduin, Pierre-Jean. "Conditionnement opérant de neurones du cortex moteur du rat pour un contrôle gradué de prothèse." Phd thesis, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris - ENS Paris, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00669347.
Full textRimbert, Sébastien. "Apport de la stimulation du nerf médian dans la conception d'une BCI basée sur l'activité cérébrale motrice : vers l'amélioration de la détection des réveils peropératoires au cours de l'anesthésie générale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0056.
Full textWaking up during surgery is a terrifying experience for patients, who fear it, but also for medical staff, who are worried that the situation will occur under their supervision. This type of phenomenon is called "an Accidental Awareness during a General Anesthesia” (AAGA) and is defined as an unexpected awakening of the patient under general anesthesia. This situation occurs when the general anesthesia is insufficiently deep to compensate all the surgical stimuli related to the surgery. AAGA rate in high-risk practices (e.g. obstetric, cardiac, thoracic) is considered to vary from 1-2%. The problem is that such intraoperative awakening can cause physical pain or lead to psychological sequelae called post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Consecutive PTSDs can last for several years and have serious psychological effects leading to suicide. "I couldn't breathe, I couldn't move or open my eyes, or even tell the doctors I wasn't asleep.". This testimony shows that a patient's first reaction is usually to move to alert medical staff of this terrifying situation. Unfortunately, during the majority of surgical procedures, the patient is curarized, which causes neuromuscular block and prevents any movement of the patient. The innovation proposed by this thesis is to detect AAGA reliably by analysing, in real-time, motor brain activity under general anesthesia. In theory, detection of movement intention is possible by analyzing EEG signals from the motor cortex via a brain-computer interface (BCI). Indeed, both a movement execution but also a simple movement intention are characterized by power variations (i.e., Event-related (de)-synchronization called ERD/ERS) in the EEG alpha and beta bands over the motor cortex. Electrical stimulation of the median nerve also induces changes in cortical activity which are visible in the EEG signal and similar to an intention of movement. Interestingly, when an intention to move a hand occurs at the same time as a median nerve stimulation, the ERD/ERS cortical signature is amplified and can be detected better by a BCI based on specific machine learning techniques. In order to design a BCI that would allow the detection of AAGA, this thesis is based on three disciplines (i.e. anesthesia, neurophysiology, computer science) and has three major objectives: (i) to study the effect of anaesthetics on the EEG signal of the motor cortex, (ii) to detect the patient's attempted movement without temporal markers using a BCI based on median nerve stimulation and (iii) to study motor brain activity in clinical conditions that will be close to intraoperative recovery
Neagu, Ionut. "Contribution à la modélisation et à la simulation tridimensionnelle de l’interface fibres/fil." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10029/document.
Full textThe basic need of this study, would be to predict accurately yarn structure behavior based on the physical behavior and mechanical properties under different loads applied to the range. Beyond the scientific nature of the forecast, we can use the same computer to simulate virtually ground tests and laboratory experiments (prediction of new material technology) or to generate realistic animation art characters (design of textiles and clothing).Therefore, to model and to predict the different behavior in the chain of textile design by the a tool provides a gain of time and considerable manpower. Simulation of laboratory tests for textile products in the clothing industry may eventually lead to improved products, lead to higher rates of successful or reduce the amount of unsold goods, and lead ultimately to an increase in sales. In computer graphics, it is possible to implement a virtual chain of comparative testing using a specific standard based on criteria of quality obtained by simulation. The innovative aspect of our research is the generation of a structure with a variable diameter structure. The real model of the yarn is simulated by presenting a preliminary 2D structure that simulates the change in diameter and after the 3D presentation of it, the repetition of the simulated part is also an important part.The use of interpolation curves represented by Bezier polynomials in the context of this work represents a new approach, especially in the area of natural yarns sectional variation.In this context we obtained a valid model of the yarn in order to extended and validated theother one that are allready developed The main objective of this work is to complement research conducted in the framework of modeling and simulation applications textiles. By using 3D tools, companies can reduce the time required for product improvement. The immediate consequences are the reduction of costs and working hours. The increased power and speed of computing technologies, but also reducing their prices, make possible the implementation of virtual tools to improve the realistic level of quality and technical simulations
Lindig, León Cecilia. "Classification multilabels à partir de signaux EEG d'imaginations motrices combinées : application au contrôle 3D d'un bras robotique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0016.
Full textBrain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) replace the natural nervous system outputs by artificial ones that do not require the use of peripheral nerves, allowing people with severe motor impairments to interact, only by using their brain activity, with different types of applications, such as spellers, neuroprostheses, wheelchairs, or among others robotics devices. A very popular technique to record signals for BCI implementation purposes consists of electroencephalography (EEG), since in contrast with other alternatives, it is noninvasive and inexpensive. In addition, due to the potentiality of Motor Imagery (MI, i.e., brain oscillations that are generated when subjects imagine themselves performing a movement without actually accomplishing it) to generate suitable patterns for scheming self-paced paradigms, such combination has become a common solution for BCI neuroprostheses design. However, even though important progress has been made in the last years, full 3D control is an unaccomplished objective. In order to explore new solutions for overcoming the existing limitations, we present a multiclass approach that considers the detection of combined motor imageries, (i.e., two or more body parts used at the same time). The proposed paradigm includes the use of the left hand, right hand, and both feet together, from which eight commands are provided to direct a robotic arm comprising fourteen different movements that afford a full 3D control. To this end, an innovative switching-mode scheme that allows managing different actions by using the same command was designed and implemented on the OpenViBE platform. Furthermore, for feature extraction a novel signal processing scheme has been developed based on the specific location of the activity sources that are related to the considered body parts. This insight allows grouping together within a single class those conditions for which the same limb is engaged, in a manner that the original multiclass task is transformed into an equivalent problem involving a series of binary classification models. Such approach allows using the Common Spatial Pattern (CSP) algorithm; which has been shown to be powerful at discriminating sensorimotor rhythms, but has the drawback of being suitable only to differentiate between two classes. Based on this perspective we also have contributed with a new strategy that combines together the CSP algorithm and Riemannian geometry. In which the CSP projected trials are mapped into the Riemannian manifold, from where more discriminative features can be obtained as the distances separating the input data from the considered class means. These strategies were applied on three new classification approaches that have been compared to classical multiclass methods by using the EEG signals from a group of naive healthy subjects, showing that the proposed alternatives not only outperform the existing schema, but also reduce the complexity of the classification task
Frad, M'hamed. "Etude et mise en oeuvre d'un système d'interaction adaptatif pour les applications de réalité virtuelle." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLE053.
Full textOver last decades, virtual reality has been widely used in many disciplines. It is able to plunge the user at the heart of an artificial environment created digitally through interaction and immersion paradigms. These paradigms are based on the use of very specific interfaces that help user to interact and performspecific tasks in the virtual environment. Nevertheless, many technical problems are often present and may penalize the quality of that interaction and may break user immersion in the virtual environment.The goal of this thesis is to build a comprehensive procedure to guide the user to calibrate a virtual reality interface and therefore attempt to overcome some technological shortcomings. The originality of the thesis is the use of an approach that combines two areas of research that will combine very rarely, that of data processing and the virtual reality. This approach will provide theoretical and technical framework for the design of a comprehensive calibration procedure to ensure continuous and precise interaction in the virtual environment.To overcome problems described above, the work was conducted on several fronts :data acquisition, processing and validation. The first step is by the use of a new protocol insofar as it is based on virtual reality techniques to collect calibration data. In second step, two calibration methods have been proposed to improve the absolute accuracy of the virtual reality interface. Both methods are universal approximators as well as their ability to estimate the outputs of the involved system from inputs even the model of the system being calibrated remains unknown. In the last step, two virtual reality applications prototypes were developed in order to assess the relevance of our approach
Baklouti, Malek. "Localisation du visage et extraction des éléments faciaux, pour la conception d'un mode d'interaction homme-machine." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009VERS0035.
Full textThis work deals with Human-Machine Interface for assistive robotic systems. Assistive systems should be endowed with interfaces that are specifically designed for disabled people in order to enable them to control the system with the most natural and less tiring way. This is the primary concern of this work. More precisely, we were interested in developing a vision based interface using user’s head movement. The problem was tackled incrementally following the system used: monocular and stereoscopic camera. Using monocular camera, we proposed a new approach for learning faces using a committee of neural networks generated using the well known Adaboost. We proposed training the neural network with reduced space Haar-like features instead of working with image pixels themselves. In the second part, we are proposing to tackle the head pose estimation in its fine level using stereo vision approach. The framework can be break down into two parts: The first part consists in estimating the 3D points set using stereoscopic acquisition and the second one deals with aligning a Candide-1 model with the 3D points set. Under alignment, the transformation matrix of the Candide model corresponds to the head pose parameters
Lindig, León Cecilia. "Classification multilabels à partir de signaux EEG d'imaginations motrices combinées : application au contrôle 3D d'un bras robotique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0016/document.
Full textBrain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) replace the natural nervous system outputs by artificial ones that do not require the use of peripheral nerves, allowing people with severe motor impairments to interact, only by using their brain activity, with different types of applications, such as spellers, neuroprostheses, wheelchairs, or among others robotics devices. A very popular technique to record signals for BCI implementation purposes consists of electroencephalography (EEG), since in contrast with other alternatives, it is noninvasive and inexpensive. In addition, due to the potentiality of Motor Imagery (MI, i.e., brain oscillations that are generated when subjects imagine themselves performing a movement without actually accomplishing it) to generate suitable patterns for scheming self-paced paradigms, such combination has become a common solution for BCI neuroprostheses design. However, even though important progress has been made in the last years, full 3D control is an unaccomplished objective. In order to explore new solutions for overcoming the existing limitations, we present a multiclass approach that considers the detection of combined motor imageries, (i.e., two or more body parts used at the same time). The proposed paradigm includes the use of the left hand, right hand, and both feet together, from which eight commands are provided to direct a robotic arm comprising fourteen different movements that afford a full 3D control. To this end, an innovative switching-mode scheme that allows managing different actions by using the same command was designed and implemented on the OpenViBE platform. Furthermore, for feature extraction a novel signal processing scheme has been developed based on the specific location of the activity sources that are related to the considered body parts. This insight allows grouping together within a single class those conditions for which the same limb is engaged, in a manner that the original multiclass task is transformed into an equivalent problem involving a series of binary classification models. Such approach allows using the Common Spatial Pattern (CSP) algorithm; which has been shown to be powerful at discriminating sensorimotor rhythms, but has the drawback of being suitable only to differentiate between two classes. Based on this perspective we also have contributed with a new strategy that combines together the CSP algorithm and Riemannian geometry. In which the CSP projected trials are mapped into the Riemannian manifold, from where more discriminative features can be obtained as the distances separating the input data from the considered class means. These strategies were applied on three new classification approaches that have been compared to classical multiclass methods by using the EEG signals from a group of naive healthy subjects, showing that the proposed alternatives not only outperform the existing schema, but also reduce the complexity of the classification task
Merlini, Adrien. "Unified computational frameworks bridging low to high frequency simulations : fast and high fidelity modelling from brain to radio-frequency scenarios." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IMTA0130/document.
Full textIn computational electromagnetics, boundary integral equations are the scheme of choice for solving extremely large forward electromagnetic problems due to their high efficiency. However, two of the most used of these formulations, the electric and combined field integral equations (EFIE and CFIE), suffer from stability issues at low frequency and dense discretization, limiting their applicability at both ends of the spectrum. This thesis focusses on remedying these issues to obtain full-wave solvers stable from low to high frequencies, capable of handling scenarios ranging from electromagnetic compatibility to radar applications. The solutions presented include (i) extending the quasi-Helmholtz (qH) projectors to higher order modeling thus combining stability with high order convergence rates; (ii) leveraging on the qH projectors to numerically stabilize the magnetic field integral equation and obtain a highly accurate and provably resonance-free Calderón-augmented CFIE immune to both of the aforementioned problems; and(iii) introducing a new low frequency and dense discretization stable wire EFIE based on projectors and linear B-splines. In addition, a research axis focused on enhancing Brain Computer Interface (BCIs) with high resolution electromagnetic modeling of the brain has been opened ; a particular attention is dedicated to the inverse problem of electromagnetics and the associated integral equation-based forward problem. The first results of this new line of investigations include the development of one of the first peer-reviewed, freely available framework for end-to-end simulation of BCI experiments