Journal articles: 'Interface Force'

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Thomas, Joshua, Thomas Murphy, Steve Tran, Samuel J. Howarth, David Starmer, and Martha Funabashi. "Characteristics of Forces at the Clinician–Patient and Patient–Table Interfaces During Thoracic Spinal Manipulation in Asymptomatic Adults Are Consistent With Deformable Body Models." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 38, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2021-0255.

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Investigating all forces exerted on the patient’s body during high-velocity, low-amplitude spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) remains fundamental to elucidate how these may contribute to SMT’s effects. Previous conflicting findings preclude our understanding of the relationship between SMT forces acting at the clinician–patient and patient–table interfaces. This study aimed to quantify forces at the clinician–participant and participant–table interfaces during thoracic SMT in asymptnomatic adults. An experienced clinician provided a posterior to anterior SMT centered to T7 transverse processes using predetermined force–time characteristics to 40 asymptomatic volunteers (20 females; average age = 27.2 [4.9] y). Forces at the clinician–participant interface were recorded by triaxial load cells; whereas, forces at the participant–table interface were recorded by the force-sensing table technology. Preload force, total peak force, time to peak, and loading rate at each interface were analyzed descriptively. Total peak vertical forces at the clinician–participant interface averaged 532 (71) N while total peak forces at the participant–table interface averaged 658 (33) N. Forces at the participant–table interface were, on average, 1.27 (0.25) times larger than the ones at the clinician–participant interface. Larger forces at the participant–table interface compared with the ones at the clinician–participant interface during thoracic SMT are consistent with mathematical models developed to investigate thoracic impact simulating a dynamic force-deflection response.

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De Corato, M., and V. Garbin. "Capillary interactions between dynamically forced particles adsorbed at a planar interface and on a bubble." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 847 (May 21, 2018): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.319.

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We investigate the dynamic interfacial deformation induced by micrometric particles exerting a periodic force on a planar interface or on a bubble, and the resulting lateral capillary interactions. Assuming that the deformation of the interface is small, neglecting the effect of viscosity and assuming point particles, we derive analytical formulas for the dynamic deformation of the interface. For the case of a planar interface the dynamic point force simply generates capillary waves, while for the case of a bubble it excites shape oscillations, with a dominant deformation mode that depends on the bubble radius for a given forcing frequency. We evaluate the lateral capillary force acting between two particles, by superimposing the deformations induced by two point forces. We find that the lateral capillary forces experienced by dynamically forced particles are non-monotonic and can be repulsive. The results are applicable to micrometric particles driven by different dynamic forcing mechanisms such as magnetic, electric or acoustic fields.

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Elfring, Gwynn J., L. Gary Leal, and Todd M. Squires. "Surface viscosity and Marangoni stresses at surfactant laden interfaces." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 792 (March 4, 2016): 712–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.96.

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We calculate here the force on a probe at a viscous, compressible interface, laden with soluble surfactant that equilibrates on a finite time scale. The motion of the probe through the interface drives variations in the surfactant concentration at the interface that in turn leads to a Marangoni flow that contributes to the force on the probe. We demonstrate that the Marangoni force on the probe depends non-trivially on the surface shear and dilatational viscosities of the interface indicating the difficulty in extracting these material properties from force measurements at compressible interfaces.

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Kang, Suk Joong L., Yang Il Jung, and Kyoung Seok Moon. "Principles of Microstructural Design in Two-Phase Systems." Materials Science Forum 558-559 (October 2007): 827–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.558-559.827.

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When a polycrystal is in chemical equilibrium, the microstructure evolves as a result of grain growth under the capillary driving force arising from the interface curvature. As the growth rate of an individual grain is the product of the interface mobility and the driving force, the growth of the grain can be controlled by changing these two parameters. According to crystal growth theories, the growth of a crystal with a rough interface is governed by diffusion and its interface mobility is constant. In-contrast, the growth of a crystal with faceted interfaces is governed by the interface reaction and diffusion for driving forces below and above a critical value, respectively. As the growth rate is nonlinear for the regime of interface reaction control, the grain growth is nonstationary with annealing time. Calculations reveal that the types of nonstationary growth behavior including pseudo-normal, abnormal, and stationary are governed by the relative value of the maximum driving force, gmax, to the critical driving force for appreciable growth, gc. Recent experimental observations showing the effects of critical processing parameters on microstructural development also support the theoretical prediction. The principles of microstructural design are deduced in terms of the coupling effects of gmax and gc.

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Potthast, Wolfgang, Gert-Peter Brüggemann, Arne Lundberg, and Anton Arndt. "The Influences of Impact Interface, Muscle Activity, and Knee Angle on Impact Forces and Tibial and Femoral Accelerations Occurring after External Impacts." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 26, no. 1 (February 2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.26.1.1.

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The purpose of this study was to quantify relative contributions of impact interface, muscle activity, and knee angle to the magnitudes of tibial and femoral accelerations occurring after external impacts. Impacts were initiated with a pneumatically driven impacter under the heels of four volunteers. Impact forces were quantified with a force sensor. Segmental accelerations were measured with bone mounted accelerometers. Experimental interventions were hard and soft shock interfaces, different knee angles (0°, 20°, 40° knee flexion), and muscular preactivation (0%, 30%, 60% of maximal voluntary contraction) of gastrocnemii, hamstrings, and quadriceps. Greater knee flexion led to lower impact forces and higher tibial accelerations. Increased muscular activation led to higher forces and lower tibial accelerations. The softer of the two shock interfaces under study reduced both parameters. The effects on accelerations and forces through the activation and knee angle changes were greater than the effect of interface variations. The hardness of the two shock interfaces explained less than 10% of the variance of accelerations and impact forces, whereas knee angle changes explained 25–29%, and preactivation changes explained 35–48% of the variances. It can be concluded that muscle force and knee joint angle have greater effects in comparison with interface hardness on the severity of shocks on the lower leg.

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Hao, S., B. E. Klamecki, and S. Ramalingam. "A Transducer for Simultaneously Measuring Forces Normal to and Parallel to Surfaces." Journal of Tribology 121, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2833946.

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A transducer for measuring interface loads was fabricated, characterized, and demonstrated by measuring coefficient of friction. It is composed of a segmented body supported on normal force and shear force piezoelectric sensors. The transducer can measure forces normal to and parallel to its surface simultaneously. It is suitable for inclusion into tribological interfaces for characterization of friction in laboratory apparatus or monitoring of forces in machines for machine and process control.

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Yang, B. D., and C. H. Menq. "Characterization of Contact Kinematics and Application to the Design of Wedge Dampers in Turbomachinery Blading: Part 2—Prediction of Forced Response and Experimental Verification." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 120, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 418–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2818139.

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In the second part of this paper, the application of the proposed dual-interface model to the prediction of the forced response of a blade constrained by wedge dampers will be presented. When considering cyclic loading, the induced friction forces and contact normal loads are combined so as to determine the effective stiffness and damping of the friction interfaces over a cycle of motion. The harmonic balance method is then used to impose the approximate stiffness and damping of the friction interfaces to a linear structure model of the blade. This approach results in a set of nonlinear algebraic equations that can be solved to yield the forced response of the blade excited by harmonic external forces. The predicted forced response can then be used to optimize a given damper design, namely to determine the dynamic weight at which the maximum reduction of resonant response is obtained. In order to illustrate the capacity of the proposed method and to examine its accuracy, the forced response of a test beam is examined. The prediction is also compared with the results of lab tests to validate the proposed dual-interface friction force model.

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Tai, Guojun, Dapeng Wei, Min Su, Pei Li, Lei Xie, and Jun Yang. "Force-Sensitive Interface Engineering in Flexible Pressure Sensors: A Review." Sensors 22, no. 7 (March 30, 2022): 2652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22072652.

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Flexible pressure sensors have received extensive attention in recent years due to their great importance in intelligent electronic devices. In order to improve the sensing performance of flexible pressure sensors, researchers are committed to making improvements in device materials, force-sensitive interfaces, and device structures. This paper focuses on the force-sensitive interface engineering of the device, which listing the main preparation methods of various force-sensitive interface microstructures and describing their respective advantages and disadvantages from the working mechanisms and practical applications of the flexible pressure sensor. What is more, the device structures of the flexible pressure sensor are investigated with the regular and irregular force-sensitive interface and accordingly the influences of different device structures on the performance are discussed. Finally, we not only summarize diverse practical applications of the existing flexible pressure sensors controlled by the force-sensitive interface but also briefly discuss some existing problems and future prospects of how to improve the device performance through the adjustment of the force-sensitive interface.

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Leistner, Tom, Michael Türk, Alfred Weber, Christian Weber, and Urs A. Peuker. "Selective Separation Using Fluid-Liquid Interfaces." Materials Science Forum 959 (June 2019): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.959.113.

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Interfaces between two fluid phases are a potential barrier for particles. Certain particles may not be able to pass such an interface, because they have to overcome a certain resistance. The latter depends on the strength of the interface, which is the surface tension. The second relevant property is the three phase wetting angle, which shows the fluid with the preferred wetting to the particle surface. It depends on the particle properties, like chemical composition, surface structure and surface modification. The third relevant parameter is the particle size. From these three main influence parameters it emerges that fluid-fluid interfaces can show a selectivity to special particle properties, which enables a separation of a particle mixture. Since there are possibilities to address the governing effects, the separation cut, size or composition cut respectively, can be engineered in a certain range. Separation at boundaries is feasible when the driving force is in the same order of magnitude as the retaining resistance force of the interface. The driving force is either the Brownian movement for very small particles or any field force like gravity or the centrifugal force. To describe the separation at interfaces it is necessary to understand the process of the phase transfer of particles through the interface, either the gas-liquid or the liquid-liquid interface between two immiscible liquids. In addition to the effects mentioned above, also dynamic phenomena such as surfactant depletion of the interface may have to be taken into account.

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D. Ghanim, Sattam, Qais ѕ. Banyhussan, and Thulfiqar А. Aboaljus. "THE PUSHOUT STRENGTH OF CONCRETE PAVEMENT SLAB AND CLAY SOIL LAYERS." Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development 25, Special (September 20, 2021): 3–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.conf.2.3.22.

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The frictional forces between the concrete slab and base has been combined with the movements of the horizontal slab that have been induced by variations of the moisture and temperature in concrete slabs. The frictional drag that acts on the slab bottom as a result of base friction is in an opposite horizontal slab displacement direction, and resist movements of the horizontal slab. A condition of smoother interface provides lower resistance to slab movement. On the other hand, rough interfaces are beneficial in the reduction of the load-related stresses. As bonding degree between slab and foundation affects the friction that has been mobilized at interface, a realistic evaluation of friction of the interface is required for the rational designs of the concrete pavement. In this work, push-off test has been performed. Based upon results of the friction tests, the friction characteristics of concrete and soil have been researched. The parameters that influence the maximal displacement and friction coefficient are (interface state, rate of movement) for friction and (rate of movement, interface condition) for the displacements, respectively. Finally, once the applied force reaches a stable state, the frictional force increases dramatically. The most important influence on this force is the interface state, which is accompanied by movement rate. The change of the interface from a smooth to a rough surface increases the overall coefficient of friction.

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Ghonasgi, Keya, Saad N. Yousaf, Paria Esmatloo, and Ashish D. Deshpande. "A Modular Design for Distributed Measurement of Human–Robot Interaction Forces in Wearable Devices." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 1445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041445.

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Measurement of interaction forces distributed across the attachment interface in wearable devices is critical for understanding ergonomic physical human–robot interaction (pHRI). The main challenges in sensorization of pHRI interfaces are (i) capturing the fine nature of force transmission from compliant human tissue onto rigid surfaces in the wearable device and (ii) utilizing a low-cost and easily implementable design that can be adapted for a variety of human interfaces. This paper addresses both challenges and presents a modular sensing panel that uses force-sensing resistors (FSRs) combined with robust electrical and mechanical integration principles that result in a reliable solution for distributed load measurement. The design is demonstrated through an upper-arm cuff, which uses 24 sensing panels, in conjunction with the Harmony exoskeleton. Validation of the design with controlled loading of the sensorized cuff proves the viability of FSRs in an interface sensing solution. Preliminary experiments with a human subject highlight the value of distributed interface force measurement in recognizing the factors that influence ergonomic pHRI and elucidating their effects. The modular design and low cost of the sensing panel lend themselves to extension of this approach for studying ergonomics in a variety of wearable applications with the goal of achieving safe, comfortable, and effective human–robot interaction.

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Izumi, Ryo, Masato Miyazaki, Yan Jun Li, and Yasuhiro Sugawara. "High–low Kelvin probe force spectroscopy for measuring the interface state density." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 14 (January 31, 2023): 175–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.14.18.

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The recently proposed high–low Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) enables evaluation of the effects of semiconductor interface states with high spatial resolution using high and low AC bias frequencies compared with the cutoff frequency of the carrier transfer between the interface and bulk states. Information on the energy spectrum of the interface state density is important for actual semiconductor device evaluation, and there is a need to develop a method for obtaining such physical quantities. Here, we propose high–low Kelvin probe force spectroscopy (high–low KPFS), an electrostatic force spectroscopy method using high- and low-frequency AC bias voltages to measure the interface state density inside semiconductors. We derive an analytical expression for the electrostatic forces between a tip and a semiconductor sample in the accumulation, depletion, and inversion regions, taking into account the charge transfer between the bulk and interface states in semiconductors. We show that the analysis of electrostatic forces in the depletion region at high- and low-frequency AC bias voltages provides information about the interface state density in the semiconductor bandgap. As a preliminary experiment, high-low KPFS measurements were performed on ion-implanted silicon surfaces to confirm the dependence of the electrostatic force on the frequency of the AC bias voltage and obtain the interface state density.

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Hara, Masayuki, Takahiro Higuchi, Ayaka Ohtake, Jian Huang, and Tetsuro Yabuta. "Verification of Haptic Illusions Using a Haptic Interface and Consideration on its Mechanism." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 18, no. 4 (August 20, 2006): 476–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2006.p0476.

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In these days, a haptic interface, which is a force/tactile display device, is attracting great interest in virtual reality. With regard to this technology, researchers have reported ways to construct virtual environment and development of new devices with a unique mechanism but rarely explored the relationships between human perception and virtual dynamics. This paper suggests that it is necessary to clarify the relationships to provide more realistic force/tactile sensation for users. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the force sensations displayed by haptic interfaces. This study focused on two haptic illusion phenomena, which are a haptic horizontal-vertical illusion and a size-weight illusion. Results of experiments using the haptic interface verified that such haptic illusions are reproducible in virtual reality. This implies that perceptual experiments can be realized using haptic interfaces, which may have potential to discover new haptic illusions. Further, this paper attempts to study the size-weight illusion by using functions of the haptic interface such as position and force sensing functions and propose a new hypothesis on the size-weight illusion. These results demonstrate that the effectiveness of haptic interfaces for perceptual experiments.

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He, Yun Xiang, and Heng Bin Wu. "Ground-Liner Interaction Analysis in Underground Opening." Advanced Materials Research 261-263 (May 2011): 1044–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.261-263.1044.

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The ground-liner interaction research has important engineering value for the underground engineering design optimization and evaluation of construction safety. The interface between ground and liner is considered. In this paper, the effect of different ground-liner stiffness ratio, lateral pressure coefficient, thickness and different interface stiffness ratio and other factors on the support structure for internal forces and interface stress is analyzed. The analysis results show that liner internal force and interface stress increase with the increase of stiffness ratio between liner and ground, and the impact is very significant. Effect of lateral pressure coefficient on liner internal force and interface stress mainly reflects on laws around the cavern, where 1 is the limitation of lateral pressure coefficient. It presents symmetrical distribution. With the increase of liner thickness, the liner internal force and interface normal stress increase, but it make no difference to the contact interface tangential stress.

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Hung, R. J., H. L. Pan, and Y. T. Long. "EFFECT OF BAFFLES ON SLOSHING MODULATED FORCES AND TORQUES DISTURBANCES REACTED TO GRAVITY GRADIENT DOMINATED ACCELERATIONS." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 20, no. 2 (June 1996): 187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-1996-0011.

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The behavior of sloshing dynamics modulated fluid systems driven by the orbital accelerations including gravity gradient and jitter accelerations have been studied. Partially liquid-filled rotating dewar applicable to a full-scale Gravity Probe-B Spacecraft container with and without baffle are considered. Results show that slosh waves excited along the liquid-vapor interface induced by gravity gradient dominated orbital accelerations provide torsional moment with tidal motion of bubble oscillations in the rotating dewar. Fluctuations of slosh reaction forces and torques exerted on the dewar wall driven by the orbital accelerations are also investigated. Since the viscous force between a liquid-solid interface, and the surface tension force between a liquid-vapor-solid interface can greatly contribute to the damping effect of slosh wave excitation, a rotating dewar with baffle provides more areas of liquid-solid and liquid-vapor-solid interfaces than that of rotating Dewar without the baffle. Results show that the damping effect provided by baffle reduces the amplitudes of slosh reactions forces and torques feedback from the fluids to the container, in particular, the components of fluctuations transverse to the direction of baffle.

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TSUJI, Toshiaki. "Touch Interface using Force/Torque Sensor." Journal of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan 136, no. 1 (2016): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejjournal.136.30.

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Cehreli, Murat, Joke Duyck, Michel De Cooman, Robert Puers, and Ignace Naert. "Implant design and interface force transfer." Clinical Oral Implants Research 15, no. 2 (April 2004): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0501.2004.00979.x.

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Kunii, Yasuharu, and Hideki Hashimoto. "Dynamic Force Simulator for Haptic Interface." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 29, no. 1 (June 1996): 5780–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)58604-8.

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Kono, Shota, and Tomasz M. Rutkowski. "Tactile-force brain-computer interface paradigm." Multimedia Tools and Applications 74, no. 19 (December 10, 2014): 8655–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11042-014-2351-1.

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SHIROYAMA, Kazuma, and Naohisa NAGAYA. "Force feedback interface for touch panel using vacuum suction force." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2017 (2017): 2P1—O02. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2017.2p1-o02.

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Gurrutxaga-Lerma, Beñat. "Elastodynamic image forces on screw dislocations in the presence of phase boundaries." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 473, no. 2205 (September 2017): 20170484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2017.0484.

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The elastodynamic image forces acting on straight screw dislocations in the presence of planar phase boundaries are derived. Two separate dislocations are studied: (i) the injected, non-moving screw dislocation and (ii) the injected (or pre-existing), generally non-uniformly moving screw dislocation. The image forces are derived for both the case of a rigid surface and of a planar interface between two homogeneous, isotropic phases. The case of a rigid interface is shown to be solvable employing Head's image dislocation construction. The case of the elastodynamic image force due to an interface is solved by deriving the reflected wave's contribution to the global solution across the interface. This entails obtaining the fundamental solution (Green's function) for a point unit force via Cagniard's method, and then applying the convolution theorem for a screw dislocation modelled as a force distribution. Complete, explicit formulae are provided when available. It is shown that the elastodynamic image forces are generally affected by retardation effects, and that those acting on the moving dislocations display a dynamic magnification that exceed the attraction (or repulsion) predicted in classical elastostatic calculations.

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von Zitzewitz, Joachim, André Morger, Georg Rauter, Laura Marchal-Crespo, Francesco Crivelli, Dario Wyss, Tobias Bruckmann, and Robert Riener. "A reconfigurable, tendon-based haptic interface for research into human-environment interactions." Robotica 31, no. 3 (August 14, 2012): 441–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026357471200046x.

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SUMMARYHuman reaction to external stimuli can be investigated in a comprehensive way by using a versatile virtual-reality setup involving multiple display technologies. It is apparent that versatility remains a main challenge when human reactions are examined through the use of haptic interfaces as the interfaces must be able to cope with the entire range of diverse movements and forces/torques a human subject produces. To address the versatility challenge, we have developed a large-scale reconfigurable tendon-based haptic interface which can be adapted to a large variety of task dynamics and is integrated into a Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE). To prove the versatility of the haptic interface, two tasks, incorporating once the force and once the velocity extrema of a human subject's extremities, were implemented: a simulator with 3-DOF highly dynamic force feedback and a 3-DOF setup optimized to perform dynamic movements. In addition, a 6-DOF platform capable of lifting a human subject off the ground was realized. For these three applications, a position controller was implemented, adapted to each task, and tested. In the controller tests with highly different, task-specific trajectories, the three robot configurations fulfilled the demands on the application-specific accuracy which illustrates and confirms the versatility of the developed haptic interface.

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Chacón, Enrique, Francisco Alarcón, Jorge Ramírez, Pedro Tarazona, and Chantal Valeriani. "Intrinsic structure perspective for MIPS interfaces in two-dimensional systems of active Brownian particles." Soft Matter 18, no. 13 (2022): 2646–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1sm01493e.

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We analyse the MIPS interfaces of a 2D suspension of active Brownian particles, in terms of intrinsic density and force profiles. We suggest that MIPS originates from the local rectification of the random active force on particles near the interface.

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Park, Se Hoon, and Young Ho Kim. "Intermetallic Formation between Sn-Ag(-Cu) Solder Bumps and Au/Ni/Ti UBM and It’s Effects on the Shear Force of the Solder Bumps." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 1881–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.1881.

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The shear force of Sn-3.5Ag and Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu solder bumps formed by the stencil printing method was measured and the effects of intermetallic formation on the shear force of solder bumps were investigated. The Sn-Ag(-Cu) solder paste was printed on the Au/Ni/Ti under bump metallurgy (UBM) and then reflowed repeatedly. The shear force of the solder bumps was measured as a function of the reflow times. The intermetallic formation in the Sn-Ag(-Cu) solder/UBM was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and x-ray diffractormeter. Ni3Sn4 phase was formed in the Sn-3.5Ag solder/UBM interface and (Cu,Ni)6Sn5 phase formed at the Sn-3.8Sg-0.7Cu solder/UBM interface. The shear force of solder bumps was sensitive to the depletion of Ni layer and the intermetallic thickness at the solder/Ni interface. The shear forces of Sn-3.5Ag solder bumps decreased rapidly after the fifth reflow due to the depletion of Ni layer in the UBM. The shear forces of Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu solder bumps decreased after the tenth reflow due to extensive growth of intermetallic layer in the solder/Ni interface.

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Kunii, Yasuharu, and Hideki Hashimoto. "Dynamic Force Simulator for Multi-DOF Haptic Interface." IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems 116, no. 6 (1996): 706–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejeiss1987.116.6_706.

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Schäfer, Max B., Johannes G. Meiringer, Julia Nawratil, Lukas Worbs, Giuliano A. Giacoppo, and Peter P. Pott. "Estimating Gripping Forces During Robot- Assisted Surgery Based on Motor Current." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 8, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2022-0027.

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Abstract Accurate measurement of interaction forces during robot-assisted surgery requires compact force sensing modalities in the surgical tools, thus might add considerable cost to the setup. Measuring the motor current to estimate gripping forces, is an advantageous approach since no expensive force sensor is needed. In this paper, a mechanical interface is presented, which allows actuating conventional articulated instruments for robot-assisted surgery. The interface features the estimation of static gripping forces at the instrument’s tip based on the motor current. The evaluation shows reproducible results, and the current-based approach seems to be a cost-efficient way to estimate gripping forces.

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Ellis, R. E., O. M. Ismaeil, and M. G. Lipsett. "Design and evaluation of a high-performance haptic interface." Robotica 14, no. 3 (May 1996): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574700019639.

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SUMMARYA haptic interface is a computer-controlled mechanism designed to detect motion of a human operator without impeding that motion, and to feed back forces from a teleoperated robot or virtual environment. Design of such a device is not trivial, because of the many conflicting constraints the designer must face.As part of our research into haptics, we have developed a prototype planar mechanism. It has low apparent mass and damping, high structural stiffness, high force bandwidth, high force dynamic range, and an absence of mechanical singularities within its workspace. We present an analysis of the human-operator and mechanical constraints that apply to any such device, and propose methods for the evaluation of haptic interfaces. Our evaluation criteria are derived from the original task analysis, and are a first step towards a replicable methodology for comparing the performance of different devices.

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Jagannadham, K., and J. Narayan. "Elastic strain energy and forces on point defects in a two-phase medium." Journal of Materials Research 1, no. 1 (February 1986): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1986.0193.

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Elastic strain energy and forces on point defects in a two-phase medium with a planar interface are analyzed employing the surface dislocation analysis developed earlier for three-dimensional distortions. The important field components, namely, the tractions and the displacements arising due to the point source at the interface, are determined. Furthermore, the field components at the interface are used to determine the elastic strain energy associated with the point source in the two-phase medium and the elastic force exerted by the second phase on the point defect. The significance of these results to the force acting on a vacancy or an interstitial at the interface is emphasized.

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Georgiou, E., D. T. Papageorgiou, C. Maldarelli, and D. S. Rumschitzki. "The double layer–capillary stability of an annular electrolyte fluid surrounding a dielectric-fluid core in a tube." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 226 (May 1991): 149–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002211209100232x.

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In this paper we examine the linear stability of an annular film surrounding a dielectric-fluid core in a tube in the presence of double layers of charges at the film core and at the film–tube interfaces, when the fluid-fluid interface is of low tension. In the absence of electrostatic forces, the surface tension force arising from the circumferential curvature destabilizes, and that from the axial curvature stabilizes the system. The competition is such that waves larger than the unperturbed interface circumference are unstable and those shorter are stable. For charged layers in the film, two cases are examined: (i) double-layer repulsion where the volume charge density is everywhere of the same sign and (ii) double-layer attraction where the diffusive layers next to the film interfaces are of opposite signs. In the first case, double-layer repulsion and surface tension lowering stabilize the destabilizing action of the circumferential component of the surface tension force, and a window of stability can exist. In the case of double layers of opposite signs, double-layer attraction destabilizes the system, and growth rates larger than those caused by pure capillarity can arise. Finally, for the case of a core bounded by an infinite electrolyte, surface tension lowering stabilizes the destabilizing action of the circumferential component of the surface tension force and destabilizes the longitudinal one, although the magnitudes of these effects may differ. As a result the thread can become unstable to waves shorter than the interface circumference.

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Liu, Kun, Siu-Seong Law, and Xin-Qun Zhu. "Substructural Condition Assessment Based on Force Identification and Interface Force Sensitivity." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 15, no. 02 (February 3, 2015): 1450046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455414500461.

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Time domain substructural condition assessment method is actively researched in recent years to avoid the problem with uncertainties in the different components of the structure, boundary conditions and with an improved effort in the inverse computation. Since the interface force between substructures would vary with the existence of local damages and excitation in the substructures, existing condition assessment method for a full structure cannot be applied directly to the substructures. Also, most existing approaches adopt the state space method in the response prediction. However, the state space method can be shown in this paper inaccurate in the forward substructural dynamic analysis due to the discretization error, and therefore identification based on this method cannot give satisfactory result for a substructure. The force identification for a full structure based on the explicit Newmark-β method has been shown superior to the state space method [K. Liu et al., J. Sound Vibr.33(3) (2014) 730–744]. This method is extended in this paper for substructural interface force identification. The variation of interface forces between substructures with variation in the substructural condition is illustrated with a plane truss structure. Subsequent condition assessment based on substructural response sensitivity is proposed with the analytical derivation of the sensitivity taking into account the interface force sensitivity which is not small to be ignored. The new damage detection method based on the explicit Newmark-β method and the substructural response sensitivity is verified numerically with different damage scenarios in a plane truss structure giving satisfactory results.

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Liu, Yang, Qi Yuan, Pu Li, and Guangyu Zhu. "Modal Analysis for a Rod-Fastened Rotor considering Contact Effect Based on Double Fractal Model." Shock and Vibration 2019 (May 2, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4027353.

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The rod-fastened rotor is the core component of the gas turbine. It comprises several discs and tie rods. The flexural stiffness of the contact interface is the key factor for rotordynamic analysis. The contact interfaces of the discs are usually manufactured by grinding. The measured contour curve of the contact interfaces of an experimental rod-fastened rotor is analyzed by the structural function method, which shows that the contact interfaces can be well described by the double fractal model with fractal dimensions D1 and D2 and the fractal roughness parameters G1 and G2. The Hertz model is used to analyze the contact of the single asperity on the contact interface. On this basis, the flexural stiffness of the contact interface considering the pretightening force and the bending moment is derived. Modal frequencies of the experimental rod-fastened rotor under different pretightening forces and the bending moment (caused by gravity) are obtained by three-dimensional finite element analysis and experimental modal tests. It is observed that the modal frequencies increase with the nominal pressure of the contact interface, and the experimental results are consistent with the calculated results.

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Springer, Scott L., and Nicola J. Ferrier. "Design and Control of a Force-Reflecting Haptic Interface for Teleoperational Grasping." Journal of Mechanical Design 124, no. 2 (May 16, 2002): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1470493.

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In this paper the design of a multi-finger force-reflecting haptic interface device for teleoperational grasping is introduced. The haptic interface or “master” controller device is worn on the human operator’s hand and measured human finger positions are used to control the finger positions of a remote grasping manipulator or “slave” device. The slave may be a physical robotic grasping manipulator, or a computer generated representation of a human hand such as used in virtual reality applications. The forces measured by the robotic slave, or calculated for the virtual slave, are presented to the operator’s fingertips through the master providing a means for deeper human sensation of presence and better control of grasping tasks in the slave environments. Design parameters and performance measures for haptic interfaces for teleoperation are discussed. One key performance issue involving the high-speed display of forces during initial contact, especially when interacting with rigid surfaces, is addressed by the present design, reducing slave controller computation requirements and overcoming actuator response time constraints. The design presented utilizes a planar four-bar linkage for each finger, to represent each finger bend motion as a single degree of freedom, and to provide a finger bend resistance force that is substantially perpendicular to the distal finger pad throughout the full 180 degrees of finger bend motion represented. The finger linkage design, in combination with a remote position measurement and force display assembly, provides a very lightweight and low inertia system with a large workspace. The concept of a replicated finger is introduced which, in combination with a decoupled actuator and feed forward control, provides improved performance in transparent free motion, and rapid, stable touch sensation of initial contact with rigid surfaces. A distributed computation architecture with a PC based haptic interface controller and associated control algorithms are also discussed.

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Kawasaki, Haruhiko. "Multi-Fingered Haptic Interface Robot and its Application Systems." Solid State Phenomena 144 (September 2008): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.144.1.

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Haptic interfaces that represent force and tactile feeling have been utilized in the areas of telemanipulation, interaction with microscale and nanoscale phenomena, and medical training and evaluation, to mention only some applications. A multi-fingered haptic interface has greater potential for these kinds of applications than does a singlepoint haptic interface. We developed a five-fingered haptic interface robot named HIRO II, which consists of a hand with 15 dof and an arm with 6 dof. The following research issues are presented: the design method of mechanism, an interface control that takes the redundancy of the mechanism into consideration, physical simulation including frictional force and moment, a haptic rendering with a deformable object, the system architecture and two application systems--a future science encyclopedia and a VR breast palpation system.

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Böddeker, Thomas J., Stefan Karpitschka, Christian T. Kreis, Quentin Magdelaine, and Oliver Bäumchen. "Dynamic force measurements on swimming Chlamydomonas cells using micropipette force sensors." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 17, no. 162 (January 2020): 20190580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2019.0580.

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Flagella and cilia are cellular appendages that inherit essential functions of microbial life including sensing and navigating the environment. In order to propel a swimming microorganism they displace the surrounding fluid by means of periodic motions, while precisely timed modulations of their beating patterns enable the cell to steer towards or away from specific locations. Characterizing the dynamic forces, however, is challenging and typically relies on indirect experimental approaches. Here, we present direct in vivo measurements of the dynamic forces of motile Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells in controlled environments. The experiments are based on partially aspirating a living microorganism at the tip of a micropipette force sensor and optically recording the micropipette’s position fluctuations with high temporal and sub-pixel spatial resolution. Spectral signal analysis allows for isolating the cell-generated dynamic forces caused by the periodic motion of the flagella from background noise. We provide an analytic, elasto-hydrodynamic model for the micropipette force sensor and describe how to obtain the micropipette’s full frequency response function from a dynamic force calibration. Using this approach, we measure the amplitude of the oscillatory forces during the swimming activity of individual Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells of 26 ± 5 pN, resulting from the coordinated flagellar beating with a frequency of 49 ± 5 Hz. This dynamic micropipette force sensor technique generalizes the applicability of micropipettes as force sensors from static to dynamic force measurements, yielding a force sensitivity in the piconewton range. In addition to measurements in bulk liquid environment, we study the dynamic forces of the biflagellated microswimmer in the vicinity of a solid/liquid interface. As we gradually decrease the distance of the swimming microbe to the interface, we measure a significantly enhanced force transduction at distances larger than the maximum extent of the beating flagella, highlighting the importance of hydrodynamic interactions for scenarios in which flagellated microorganisms encounter surfaces.

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Nam, Choonsung, and DongRyeol Shin. "Force-touch measurement methodology based on user experience." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 14, no. 4 (April 2018): 155014771876779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147718767794.

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The touch interface is an input method widely used in smart devices. Recently, new touch interface which supports force value has been introduced. The force-touch interface adds a factor called depth to the plane coordinates as compared to the existing touch interface. Despite the advantages of force-touch, which can provide touch position and force intensity information with one input, there are still many devices that cannot support force values. To provide them with a force-touch interface, we developed a force-touch cover for existing smart devices that do not support the existing force value. It is a way to provide the force value to the smart device by recognizing the force value through the sensor installed in smartphone case. However, it is difficult to apply the force value obtained through such a device directly to the force-touch interface, because it is necessary to distinguish between force touch and general touch. Therefore, in order to use the force-touch interface using the force-touch cover proposed in this article, the force value measured at the time of general touch is analyzed by user experiment to set the general touch area. Also, an area outside the general touch area is set as the force-touch area. In the force-touch and general touch area, the area is applied considering the error of the force value actually measured in the developed force-touch cover. Therefore, in this article, we analyze the force value input through the proposed force-touch cover and find a reference value that can distinguish force touch from general touch by user experiment and propose a method to apply it.

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Rastegar, Sohi. "Life Force." Mechanical Engineering 122, no. 03 (March 1, 2000): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2000-mar-4.

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This article focuses on bioengineering practices that is one of today’s most exciting and rapidly growing fields of engineering. The field of bioengineering was developed primarily in the latter half of the 20th century, although its roots can be traced back to the work of early scientists such as Galileo and Newton. Another characteristic of the 20th century was the Age of Specialization. We now have come to a point where creative contributions and major advances are made at the interface and the cross section of fields. Bioengineering provides a fantastic model for such an interface. Computational bioengineering is proceeding from the genetic level to the organic. The major advances in biology, such as the field of genomics, have created a tremendously fertile ground for discovery and application. Engineering methods and principles have a vast opportunity to make an impact. There is a need to develop experimentally based computational models and tools to address problems ranging from regulation of gene expression to subcellular and cellular interactions, to tissue and organ function. This is a field at the intersection of biotechnology and information technology.

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Li, Zibo, Qian Liu, Deliang Zhang, Yin Wang, Yuge Zhang, Qiang Li, and Mingdong Dong. "Probing the hydration friction of ionic interfaces at the atomic scale." Nanoscale Horizons 7, no. 4 (2022): 368–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1nh00564b.

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The hydration layer structures and friction forces at the interface of mica with different hydrated alkali ions are probed at the atomic scale by means of three-dimensional atomic force microscopy and friction force microscopy.

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Li, Michael Y., Daniel Chin, Charles Puelz, and Pejman Sanaei. "Simulating liquid–gas interfaces and moving contact lines with the immersed boundary method." Physics of Fluids 34, no. 5 (May 2022): 053323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0086452.

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In this work, we use the immersed boundary method with four extensions to simulate a moving liquid–gas interface on a solid surface. We first define a moving contact line model and implements a static-dynamic friction condition at the immersed solid boundary. The dynamic contact angle is endogenous instead of prescribed, and the solid boundary can be non-stationary with respect to time. Second, we simulate both a surface tension force and a Young's force with one general equation that does not involve estimating local curvature. In the third extension, we splice liquid–gas interfaces to handle topological changes, such as the coalescence and separation of liquid droplets or gas bubbles. Finally, we re-sample liquid–gas interface markers to ensure a near-uniform distribution without exerting artificial forces. We demonstrate empirical convergence of our methods on non-trivial examples and apply them to several benchmark cases, including a slipping droplet on a wall and a rising bubble.

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Wan, Khairunizam, H. E. Nabilah, Nor Farahiya, M. Hazwan Ali, Rashidah Suhaimi, D. Hazry, A. B. Shahriman, and Zuradzman M. Razlan. "Fingertip Force Measurement of GloveMAP by Using a Flexi Force Sensor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 780 (July 2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.780.1.

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Modernization of human technologies overtime results the need of more freedom technology likes the use of natural interaction to replace a current trend interface devices such as joysticks, mice, keyboards and other related output devices. Dataglove is one of the interface devices that could serve a natural interaction between user and computers. In this paper, a dataglove called GloveMAP is introduced which has the capability of measuring fingertip force. The flexible force sensors are attached to the fingers location of the glove. Several object grasping experiments are conducted and the grasping force signals are measured. A Gaussian filter is introduced to smoothen the acquired force signals.

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Bengisu, M. T., and A. Akay. "Relation of Dry-Friction to Surface Roughness." Journal of Tribology 119, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2832457.

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A formulation of friction force in the interface of a friction pair is developed considering the mechanical components arising from the elastic and plastic deformations of the asperities and the chemical components represented by the adhesive forces between local contact regions. The results relate the normal load and dry-friction force to the relative normal and tangential velocities of a friction pair as a function of asperity deformations and adhesive forces. It is shown that the important parameter in the relationship between normal load and the dry-friction force is the projection of the contact area in normal and tangential directions to the mean planes of contacting surfaces rather than the contact area itself. The two forms of dry-friction force derived from the statements of energy balance at the interface allow alternate approaches to modelling of the friction between interacting rough surfaces.

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Huang, Zhen, and Roman Boulatov. "Chemomechanics with molecular force probes." Pure and Applied Chemistry 82, no. 4 (March 31, 2010): 931–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-09-11-36.

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Chemomechanics is an emerging area at the interface of chemistry, materials science, physics, and biology that aims at quantitative understanding of reaction dynamics in multiscale phenomena. These are characterized by correlated directional motion at multiple length scales—from molecular to macroscopic. Examples include reactions in stressed materials, in shear flows, and at propagating interfaces, the operation of motor proteins, ion pumps, and actuating polymers, and mechanosensing. To explain the up to 1015-fold variations in reaction rates in multiscale phenomena—which are incompatible within the standard models of chemical kinetics—chemomechanics relies on the concept of molecular restoring force. Molecular force probes are inert molecules that allow incremental variations in restoring forces of diverse reactive moieties over hundreds of piconewtons (pN). Extending beyond the classical studies of reactions of strained molecules, molecular force probes enable experimental explorations of how reaction rates and restoring forces are related. In this review, we will describe the utility of one such probe—stiff stilbene. Various reactive moieties were incorporated in inert linkers that constrained stiff stilbene to highly strained macrocycles. Such series provided the first direct experimental validation of the most popular chemomechanical model, demonstrated its predictive capabilities, and illustrated the diversity of relationships between reaction rates and forces.

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Jana, Tamonash, Anirban Mitra, and Prasanta Sahoo. "Dynamic analysis of elastically and plastically graded spherical and cylindrical contact." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 233, no. 11 (April 3, 2019): 1712–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650119841756.

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A dynamic analysis of a hemispherical and cylindrical contact, material properties of which are graded elastically and plastically along the radius, is presented. The static force–displacement behavior of a hemisphere and a semi-cylinder in contact with a rigid flat is obtained using finite element software. The force–displacement is used in a further dynamic analysis for undamped-free as well as for forced-damped vibration of the contact interface. For the undamped free vibration, variation of natural frequency w.r.t. initial displacement is furnished for different values of elastic and plastic gradation parameter. In addition, variation of maximum initial displacement for contact loss is also demonstrated. The forced-damped vibration characteristics of the spherical and cylindrical contact interfaces are presented in the form of frequency response curves with jump up and jump down frequencies. Spherical and cylindrical contact interfaces are found to exhibit softening and hardening type nonlinearity, respectively.

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Pan, Zhi Yuan, and Xiang Liu. "Effect of Pull-Out Rate on Interfacial Bonding Strength of Fiber." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 2831–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.2831.

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This paper investigates the effect of different pull-out rates on interface bonding strength. The experimental results show that rate effect is also another significant effect factor which contributes to optical interface bonding strength. In the uniaxial tensile process, the interface bonding strength is attributed to the interplay between the shear force and the friction force. The critical strain rate for leading role between shear force and friction force is 10-1.5, when less than that friction force dominates in the interface bonding mechanism, otherwise shear force dominates.

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Murray, Anne M., Roberta L. Klatzky, and Pradeep K. Khosla. "Psychophysical Characterization and Testbed Validation of a Wearable Vibrotactile Glove for Telemanipulation." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 12, no. 2 (April 2003): 156–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105474603321640923.

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This paper describes and evaluates a high-fidelity, low-cost haptic interface for tele-operation. The interface is a wearable vibrotactile glove containing miniature voice coils that provides continuous, proportional force information to the user's finger-tips. In psychophysical experiments, correlated variations in the frequency and amplitude of the stimulators extended the user's perceptual response range compared to varying amplitude or frequency alone. In an adaptive, force-limited, pick-and-place manipulation task, the interface allowed users to control the grip forces more effectively than no feedback or binary feedback, which produced equivalent performance. A sorting experiment established that proportional tactile feedback enhances the user's ability to discriminate the relative properties of objects, such as weight. We conclude that correlated amplitude and frequency signals, simulating force in a remote environment, substantially improve teleoperation.

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Jheng, Wei-Cherng Sam. "A cartographic view on mood prominence and force in Mandarin." International Journal of Chinese Linguistics 9, no. 1 (June 7, 2022): 1–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijchl.20011.jhe.

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Abstract This work investigates the division of labor between mood and illocutionary force in syntax by examining three modal construals encoded by the speaker-oriented adverb zuìhǎo ‘best’ (deontic, epistemic and evidential) in Mandarin, and accounts for a cluster of syntactic and pragmatic properties it is associated with. Very much in line with Tsai’s (2015a, 2015b and 2015d) modal system in Mandarin, it is observed that each type of zuìhǎo can co-occur with its matching modal auxiliary in the fashion of Cinque’s (1999) ‘location-in-Spec’ hypothesis and encodes a certain type of illocutionary force. One persistent question is how zuìhǎo substantiates illocutionary force in syntax, while its designated position is not situated in the licensing domain of ForceP. As far as the left periphery is concerned, this work argues for a conspiracy between syntax, semantics and pragmatics to ensure the success in activating the Bidirectional Agree relation between speech act, force and mood. We argue for a speech act layer (Sa*P) externally merging to CP (Speas and Tenny, 2003), whose head values the uninterpretable speech act feature [uSa] on Force0 via the Bidirectional Agree to trigger its interface with the utterance content (CP). Meanwhile, following Kempchinsky’s (2009) idea, it is further argued in this work that Force0 hosts the uninterpretable feature [uW] which has to be checked and valued by the modal construals of zuìhǎo to determine the irrealis-realis mood. An immediate implication is that ForceP serves as a gateway to not only mood but also speech act at the interface. Several issues involved in dealing with zuìhǎo are discussed.

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Yang, B. D., and C. H. Menq. "Characterization of Contact Kinematics and Application to the Design of Wedge Dampers in Turbomachinery Blading: Part 1—Stick-Slip Contact Kinematics." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 120, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 410–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2818138.

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Friction dampers are often used in turbine design to attenuate blade vibration to acceptable levels so as to prolong blades’ service life. A wedge damper, also called a self-centering, blade-to-blade damper, can provide more design flexibility to meet various needs in different operating conditions when compared with conventional platform dampers. However, direct coupling of the two inclined friction interfaces of the wedge damper often leads to very complex contact kinematics. In Part I of this two-part paper, a dual-interface friction force model is proposed to investigate the coupling contact kinematics. The key issue of the model formulation is to derive analytical criteria for the stick-slip transitions that can be used to precisely simulate the complex stick-slip motion and, thus, the induced friction force as well. When considering cyclic loading, the induced periodic friction forces can be obtained to determine the effective stiffness and damping of the interfaces over a cycle of motion. In Part II of this paper, the estimated stiffness and damping are then incorporated with the harmonic balance method to predict the forced response of a blade constrained by wedge dampers.

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Fischer, F. D., N. K. Simha, and J. Svoboda. "Kinetics of Diffusional Phase Transformation in Multicomponent Elastic-Plastic Materials." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 125, no. 3 (July 1, 2003): 266–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1586939.

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The goal of this paper is to derive a micromechanics framework to study the kinetics of transformation due to interface migration in elastic-plastic materials. Both coherent and incoherent interfaces as well as interstitial and substitutional atomic diffusion are considered, and diffusional transformations are contrasted with martensitic ones. Assuming the same dissipation for the rearrangement of all substitutional components and no dissipation due to diffusion in an interface in the case of a multicomponent diffusional transformation, we show that the chemical driving force of the interface motion is represented by the jump in the chemical potential of the lattice forming constituent. Next, the mechanical driving force is shown to have the same form for both coherent and frictionless (sliding) interfaces in an elastic-plastic material. Using micromechanics arguments we show that the dissipation and consequently the average mechanical driving force at the interface due to transformation in a microregion can be estimated in terms of the bulk fields. By combining the chemical and mechanical parts, we obtain the kinetic equation for the volume fraction of the transformed phase due to a multicomponent diffusional transformation. Finally, the communication between individual microregions and the macroscale is expressed by proper parameters and initial as well as boundary conditions. This concept can be implemented into standard frameworks of computational mechanics.

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Takemura, Tsuyoshi, Manabu Aoyagi, Takehiro Takano, Hideki Tamura, and Yoshiro Tomikawa. "Hybrid Ultrasonic Actuator for Force-Feedback Interface." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 47, no. 5 (May 23, 2008): 4265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.47.4265.

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Streitenberger, P., P. Ziesche, and N. Nafari. "The force constant of a bijellic interface." physica status solidi (b) 152, no. 1 (March 1, 1989): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2221520112.

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Vaknin, Yonatan, Ronen Dagan, and Yossi Rosenwaks. "Schottky Barrier Height and Image Force Lowering in Monolayer MoS2 Field Effect Transistors." Nanomaterials 10, no. 12 (November 26, 2020): 2346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10122346.

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Understanding the nature of the barrier height in a two-dimensional semiconductor/metal interface is an important step for embedding layered materials in future electronic devices. We present direct measurement of the Schottky barrier height and its lowering in the transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD)/metal interface of a field effect transistor. It is found that the barrier height at the gold/ single-layer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) interfaces decreases with increasing drain voltage, and this lowering reaches 0.5–1 V We also show that increase of the gate voltage induces additional barrier lowering.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Interface Force'

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