Academic literature on the topic 'Interface Force'

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Journal articles on the topic "Interface Force"

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Thomas, Joshua, Thomas Murphy, Steve Tran, Samuel J. Howarth, David Starmer, and Martha Funabashi. "Characteristics of Forces at the Clinician–Patient and Patient–Table Interfaces During Thoracic Spinal Manipulation in Asymptomatic Adults Are Consistent With Deformable Body Models." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 38, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2021-0255.

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Investigating all forces exerted on the patient’s body during high-velocity, low-amplitude spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) remains fundamental to elucidate how these may contribute to SMT’s effects. Previous conflicting findings preclude our understanding of the relationship between SMT forces acting at the clinician–patient and patient–table interfaces. This study aimed to quantify forces at the clinician–participant and participant–table interfaces during thoracic SMT in asymptnomatic adults. An experienced clinician provided a posterior to anterior SMT centered to T7 transverse processes using predetermined force–time characteristics to 40 asymptomatic volunteers (20 females; average age = 27.2 [4.9] y). Forces at the clinician–participant interface were recorded by triaxial load cells; whereas, forces at the participant–table interface were recorded by the force-sensing table technology. Preload force, total peak force, time to peak, and loading rate at each interface were analyzed descriptively. Total peak vertical forces at the clinician–participant interface averaged 532 (71) N while total peak forces at the participant–table interface averaged 658 (33) N. Forces at the participant–table interface were, on average, 1.27 (0.25) times larger than the ones at the clinician–participant interface. Larger forces at the participant–table interface compared with the ones at the clinician–participant interface during thoracic SMT are consistent with mathematical models developed to investigate thoracic impact simulating a dynamic force-deflection response.
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De Corato, M., and V. Garbin. "Capillary interactions between dynamically forced particles adsorbed at a planar interface and on a bubble." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 847 (May 21, 2018): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.319.

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We investigate the dynamic interfacial deformation induced by micrometric particles exerting a periodic force on a planar interface or on a bubble, and the resulting lateral capillary interactions. Assuming that the deformation of the interface is small, neglecting the effect of viscosity and assuming point particles, we derive analytical formulas for the dynamic deformation of the interface. For the case of a planar interface the dynamic point force simply generates capillary waves, while for the case of a bubble it excites shape oscillations, with a dominant deformation mode that depends on the bubble radius for a given forcing frequency. We evaluate the lateral capillary force acting between two particles, by superimposing the deformations induced by two point forces. We find that the lateral capillary forces experienced by dynamically forced particles are non-monotonic and can be repulsive. The results are applicable to micrometric particles driven by different dynamic forcing mechanisms such as magnetic, electric or acoustic fields.
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Elfring, Gwynn J., L. Gary Leal, and Todd M. Squires. "Surface viscosity and Marangoni stresses at surfactant laden interfaces." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 792 (March 4, 2016): 712–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.96.

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We calculate here the force on a probe at a viscous, compressible interface, laden with soluble surfactant that equilibrates on a finite time scale. The motion of the probe through the interface drives variations in the surfactant concentration at the interface that in turn leads to a Marangoni flow that contributes to the force on the probe. We demonstrate that the Marangoni force on the probe depends non-trivially on the surface shear and dilatational viscosities of the interface indicating the difficulty in extracting these material properties from force measurements at compressible interfaces.
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Kang, Suk Joong L., Yang Il Jung, and Kyoung Seok Moon. "Principles of Microstructural Design in Two-Phase Systems." Materials Science Forum 558-559 (October 2007): 827–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.558-559.827.

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When a polycrystal is in chemical equilibrium, the microstructure evolves as a result of grain growth under the capillary driving force arising from the interface curvature. As the growth rate of an individual grain is the product of the interface mobility and the driving force, the growth of the grain can be controlled by changing these two parameters. According to crystal growth theories, the growth of a crystal with a rough interface is governed by diffusion and its interface mobility is constant. In-contrast, the growth of a crystal with faceted interfaces is governed by the interface reaction and diffusion for driving forces below and above a critical value, respectively. As the growth rate is nonlinear for the regime of interface reaction control, the grain growth is nonstationary with annealing time. Calculations reveal that the types of nonstationary growth behavior including pseudo-normal, abnormal, and stationary are governed by the relative value of the maximum driving force, gmax, to the critical driving force for appreciable growth, gc. Recent experimental observations showing the effects of critical processing parameters on microstructural development also support the theoretical prediction. The principles of microstructural design are deduced in terms of the coupling effects of gmax and gc.
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Potthast, Wolfgang, Gert-Peter Brüggemann, Arne Lundberg, and Anton Arndt. "The Influences of Impact Interface, Muscle Activity, and Knee Angle on Impact Forces and Tibial and Femoral Accelerations Occurring after External Impacts." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 26, no. 1 (February 2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.26.1.1.

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The purpose of this study was to quantify relative contributions of impact interface, muscle activity, and knee angle to the magnitudes of tibial and femoral accelerations occurring after external impacts. Impacts were initiated with a pneumatically driven impacter under the heels of four volunteers. Impact forces were quantified with a force sensor. Segmental accelerations were measured with bone mounted accelerometers. Experimental interventions were hard and soft shock interfaces, different knee angles (0°, 20°, 40° knee flexion), and muscular preactivation (0%, 30%, 60% of maximal voluntary contraction) of gastrocnemii, hamstrings, and quadriceps. Greater knee flexion led to lower impact forces and higher tibial accelerations. Increased muscular activation led to higher forces and lower tibial accelerations. The softer of the two shock interfaces under study reduced both parameters. The effects on accelerations and forces through the activation and knee angle changes were greater than the effect of interface variations. The hardness of the two shock interfaces explained less than 10% of the variance of accelerations and impact forces, whereas knee angle changes explained 25–29%, and preactivation changes explained 35–48% of the variances. It can be concluded that muscle force and knee joint angle have greater effects in comparison with interface hardness on the severity of shocks on the lower leg.
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Hao, S., B. E. Klamecki, and S. Ramalingam. "A Transducer for Simultaneously Measuring Forces Normal to and Parallel to Surfaces." Journal of Tribology 121, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2833946.

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A transducer for measuring interface loads was fabricated, characterized, and demonstrated by measuring coefficient of friction. It is composed of a segmented body supported on normal force and shear force piezoelectric sensors. The transducer can measure forces normal to and parallel to its surface simultaneously. It is suitable for inclusion into tribological interfaces for characterization of friction in laboratory apparatus or monitoring of forces in machines for machine and process control.
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Yang, B. D., and C. H. Menq. "Characterization of Contact Kinematics and Application to the Design of Wedge Dampers in Turbomachinery Blading: Part 2—Prediction of Forced Response and Experimental Verification." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 120, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 418–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2818139.

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In the second part of this paper, the application of the proposed dual-interface model to the prediction of the forced response of a blade constrained by wedge dampers will be presented. When considering cyclic loading, the induced friction forces and contact normal loads are combined so as to determine the effective stiffness and damping of the friction interfaces over a cycle of motion. The harmonic balance method is then used to impose the approximate stiffness and damping of the friction interfaces to a linear structure model of the blade. This approach results in a set of nonlinear algebraic equations that can be solved to yield the forced response of the blade excited by harmonic external forces. The predicted forced response can then be used to optimize a given damper design, namely to determine the dynamic weight at which the maximum reduction of resonant response is obtained. In order to illustrate the capacity of the proposed method and to examine its accuracy, the forced response of a test beam is examined. The prediction is also compared with the results of lab tests to validate the proposed dual-interface friction force model.
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Tai, Guojun, Dapeng Wei, Min Su, Pei Li, Lei Xie, and Jun Yang. "Force-Sensitive Interface Engineering in Flexible Pressure Sensors: A Review." Sensors 22, no. 7 (March 30, 2022): 2652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22072652.

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Flexible pressure sensors have received extensive attention in recent years due to their great importance in intelligent electronic devices. In order to improve the sensing performance of flexible pressure sensors, researchers are committed to making improvements in device materials, force-sensitive interfaces, and device structures. This paper focuses on the force-sensitive interface engineering of the device, which listing the main preparation methods of various force-sensitive interface microstructures and describing their respective advantages and disadvantages from the working mechanisms and practical applications of the flexible pressure sensor. What is more, the device structures of the flexible pressure sensor are investigated with the regular and irregular force-sensitive interface and accordingly the influences of different device structures on the performance are discussed. Finally, we not only summarize diverse practical applications of the existing flexible pressure sensors controlled by the force-sensitive interface but also briefly discuss some existing problems and future prospects of how to improve the device performance through the adjustment of the force-sensitive interface.
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Leistner, Tom, Michael Türk, Alfred Weber, Christian Weber, and Urs A. Peuker. "Selective Separation Using Fluid-Liquid Interfaces." Materials Science Forum 959 (June 2019): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.959.113.

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Interfaces between two fluid phases are a potential barrier for particles. Certain particles may not be able to pass such an interface, because they have to overcome a certain resistance. The latter depends on the strength of the interface, which is the surface tension. The second relevant property is the three phase wetting angle, which shows the fluid with the preferred wetting to the particle surface. It depends on the particle properties, like chemical composition, surface structure and surface modification. The third relevant parameter is the particle size. From these three main influence parameters it emerges that fluid-fluid interfaces can show a selectivity to special particle properties, which enables a separation of a particle mixture. Since there are possibilities to address the governing effects, the separation cut, size or composition cut respectively, can be engineered in a certain range. Separation at boundaries is feasible when the driving force is in the same order of magnitude as the retaining resistance force of the interface. The driving force is either the Brownian movement for very small particles or any field force like gravity or the centrifugal force. To describe the separation at interfaces it is necessary to understand the process of the phase transfer of particles through the interface, either the gas-liquid or the liquid-liquid interface between two immiscible liquids. In addition to the effects mentioned above, also dynamic phenomena such as surfactant depletion of the interface may have to be taken into account.
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D. Ghanim, Sattam, Qais ѕ. Banyhussan, and Thulfiqar А. Aboaljus. "THE PUSHOUT STRENGTH OF CONCRETE PAVEMENT SLAB AND CLAY SOIL LAYERS." Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development 25, Special (September 20, 2021): 3–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.conf.2.3.22.

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The frictional forces between the concrete slab and base has been combined with the movements of the horizontal slab that have been induced by variations of the moisture and temperature in concrete slabs. The frictional drag that acts on the slab bottom as a result of base friction is in an opposite horizontal slab displacement direction, and resist movements of the horizontal slab. A condition of smoother interface provides lower resistance to slab movement. On the other hand, rough interfaces are beneficial in the reduction of the load-related stresses. As bonding degree between slab and foundation affects the friction that has been mobilized at interface, a realistic evaluation of friction of the interface is required for the rational designs of the concrete pavement. In this work, push-off test has been performed. Based upon results of the friction tests, the friction characteristics of concrete and soil have been researched. The parameters that influence the maximal displacement and friction coefficient are (interface state, rate of movement) for friction and (rate of movement, interface condition) for the displacements, respectively. Finally, once the applied force reaches a stable state, the frictional force increases dramatically. The most important influence on this force is the interface state, which is accompanied by movement rate. The change of the interface from a smooth to a rough surface increases the overall coefficient of friction.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Interface Force"

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Borg, Malin, Elias Ghattas, and Ardian Syla. "Graphical User Interface for Intermodulation Atomic Force Microscopyok." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad fysik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-105518.

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In atomic force microscopy (AFM) a cantilever, with a sharp tip attached to its free end, is scanned over a surface. Forces from the surface aect the tip causing cantilever deection, which is registered by a detector. This information is then used to create a topographical image of the surface on nanoscale. We were a part of a project that developed a new type of AFM, namely intermodulation atomic force microscopy (IMAFM). It is based on dynamic AFM, but instead of one drive frequency, two or more frequencies are used. This generates more information from the sample. Our part in this project was to improve the software already in use. This will facilitate future simulations and experiments; and also utilize the available information in a new way.
Vid atomic force microscopy (AFM) fors en skarp spets, placerad pa den fria anden av en kantilever, over en yta. Krafterna fran ytan pa spetsen orsakar avvikelser i kantileverns beteende, vilket registreras av en detektor. Denna information utnyttjas sedan for att skapa en topogrask bild av ytan i nanoskala. Vi var involverarde i ett projekt dar det utvecklas en ny typ av AFM, intermodulation atomic force microscopy (IMAFM). Denna grundar sig pa dynamisk AFM, men istallet for en drivfrekvens utnyttjas tva eller era. Vilket i sin tur genererar mer information fran samma matning. Var uppgift i projektet var att utveckla mjukvaran som anvands vid experimenten. Detta for att underlatta framtida experiment samt utnyttja den tillgangliga informationen pa ett nytt satt.
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Okunribido, Olanrewaju Olusegun. "Effect of handle configuration in force exertion." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367802.

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Hafizović, Sadik. "Neural interface and atomic-force microscope in CMOS technology /." Zürich : Physical Electronics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 2006. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=16806.

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McGee, Marilyn Rose. "Investigating a multimodal solution for improving force feedback generated textures." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274183.

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Iarikov, Dmitri. "Molecular thin films and their role in controlling interface properties." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/51675.

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In the first part of this study, frictional and normal forces in aqueous solutions were measured between a glass particle and oligopeptide films grafted from a glass plate. Homopeptide molecules consisting of 11 monomers of different amino acids were each "grafted from" an oxidized silicon wafer using microwave-assisted solid phase peptide synthesis. Oligopeptides increased the magnitude of friction compared to a bare hydrophilic silicon wafer. Friction was a strong function of the nature of the monomer unit and was lower for hydrophilic films. There was a strong adhesion and therefore friction between surfaces of opposite charges. Changes in adhesion and friction depended on the hydrophobicity and electrostatic forces: hydrophobic films and oppositely charged films produced high friction, whereas hydrophilic and like-charges produced low friction. Friction was lower in phosphate buffered saline than in pure water due to the screening of the double layer attraction for oppositely charged surfaces and additional lubrication by hydrated salt ions. We also investigated antimicrobial action of poly (allyl amine) (PA) when covalently bonded to glass. Glass surfaces were prepared by a two-step procedure where the glass was first functionalized with epoxide groups using 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxy silane (GOPTS) and then exposed to PA to bind via reaction of a fraction of its amine groups. Antibacterial properties of these coatings were evaluated by spraying aqueous suspensions of bacteria on the functionalized glass slides, incubating them under agar, and counting the number of surviving cell colonies. The PA film displayed strong anti-microbial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Films that were prepared by allowing the PA to self assemble onto the solid via electrostatic interactions were ineffective antimicrobials. Such films had an insufficient positive charge and did not extend far from the solid. Thus we found that antimicrobial activity was correlated with a combination of the ability of the polymer chain to extend into solution and a positive surface potential.
Ph. D.
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Massie, Thomas Harold. "Design of a three degree of freedom force-reflecting haptic interface." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11281.

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Lee, Jung-Hyun. "Interface engineering in zeolite-polymer and metal-polymer hybrid materials." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/37120.

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Inorganic-polymer hybrid materials have a high potential to enable major advances in material performance in a wide range of applications. This research focuses on characterizing and tailoring the physics and chemistry of inorganic-polymer interfaces in fabricating high-performance zeolite-polymer mixed-matrix membranes for energy-efficient gas separations. In addition, the topic of novel metal nanoparticle-coated polymer microspheres for optical applications is treated in the Appendix. In zeolite/polymer mixed-matrix membranes, interfacial adhesion and interactions between dope components (zeolite, polymer and solution) play a crucial role in determining interfacial morphology and particle dispersion. The overarching goal is to develop accurate and robust tools for evaluating adhesion and interactions at zeolite-polymer and zeolite-zeolite interfaces in mixed-matrix membrane systems. This knowledge will be used ultimately for selecting proper materials and predicting their performance. This project has two specific goals: (1) development of an AFM methodology for characterizing interfacial interactions and (2) characterization of the mechanical, thermal, and structural properties of zeolite-polymer composites and their correlation to the zeolite-polymer interface and membrane performance. The research successfully developed an AFM methodology to determine interfacial interactions, and these were shown to correlate well with polymer composite properties. The medium effect on interactions between components was studied. We found that the interactions between two hydrophilic silica surfaces in pure liquid (water or NMP) were described qualitatively by the DLVO theory. However, the interactions in NMP-water mixtures were shown to involve non-DLVO forces arising from bridging of NMP macroclusters on the hydrophilic silica surfaces. The mechanism by which nanostructured zeolite surfaces enhanced in zeolite-polymer interfacial adhesion was demonstrated to be reduced entropy penalties for polymer adsorption and increased contact area. ¡¡¡¡¡¡Metal nanoparticle (NP)-coated polymer microspheres have attracted intense interest due to diverse applications in medical imaging and biomolecular sensing. The goal of this project is to develop a facile preparation method of metal-coated polymer beads by controlling metal-polymer interactions. We developed and optimized a novel solvent-controlled, combined swelling-heteroaggregation (CSH) technique. The mechanism governing metal-polymer interaction in the fabrication was determined to be solvent-controlled heteroaggregation and entanglement of NPs with polymer, and the optical properties of the metal/polymer composite beads were shown to make them useful for scattering contrast agent for biomedical imaging and SERS (Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering) substrates.
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Staheli, Kimberlie. "Jacking Force Prediction: An Interface Friction Approach based on Pipe Surface Roughness." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006, 2006. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-07052006-203035/.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007.
Dr. J. David Frost, Committee Chair ; Dr. G. Wayne Clough, Committee Co-Chair ; Dr. William F. Marcuson III, Committee Member ; Dr. Paul W. Mayne, Committee Member ; Dr. Susan Burns, Committee Member.
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Haschke, Heiko. "Force spectroscopy and microscopy of single molecules at the solid-liquid interface." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288334.

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Labuda, Aleksander. "Adventures in atomic force microscopy towards the study of the solid-liquid interface." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=110355.

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This thesis presents the design and development of an electrochemical atomic force microscope (AFM) equipped with photothermal excitation for actuation of the cantilever for the study of the solid-liquid interface. A rigorous analysis of noise in the optical beam deflection method is presented and leads to innovative techniques for the reduction of the detection noise to levels well below the thermal noise of the cantilever. An AFM stochastic simulation demonstrates that thermal noise fundamentally limits the measurement of hydration structures at the mica-water interface, whereas tip-sample vibrations may dominate the measurement of the last two hydration layers above the surface. Commonly overlooked problems associated with the traditionally used piezoacoustic excitation are described and quantified with respect to the frequency-modulation (FM) and amplitude-modulation (AM) methods of dynamic AFM operation. After a description of the statistical mechanics of the electric double layer (EDL) of aqueous solutions, a three-dimensional atomic-resolution FM-AFM force spectroscopy experiment of the water-mica interface is presented alongside a detailed analysis of the damping and force profiles used for the determination of the absolute tip-sample distance by comparison to simulations. Lastly, the statistical mechanics of modern ionic liquid EDL electrochemistry are vulgarized, followed by a thorough investigation of cyclic voltammetry of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate at the Au(111) interface with comparison to published electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results. The electrochemical observations are complemented by force spectroscopy measurements performed using AM-AFM at different electrode electrochemical potentials across a 2 V window - no relationship between potential and EDL structure was observed.
Cette thèse présente la conception et le développement d'un microscope électrochimique à force atomique (AFM) équipé d'excitation photothermique pour l'actionnement du levier pour l'étude de l'interface solide-liquide. Une analyse rigoureuse de bruit dans la méthode de déviation du faisceau optique est présentée et conduit à des nouvelles techniques pour la réduction du bruit de détection à des niveaux en dessous du bruit thermique du levier. Une simulation stochastique d'AFM démontre que le bruit thermique limite fondamentalement la mesure des structures d'hydratation à l'interface mica/eau, tandis que les vibrations méchaniques peuvent dominer la mesure des deux dernières couches d'hydratation au dessus de la surface. Des problèmes couramment négligés associés à l'excitation piezoacoustique traditionnellement utilisée sont décrits et quantifiés par rapport à la modulation de fréquence (FM) et à la modulation d'amplitude (AM) des méthodes de l'AFM en mode dynamique. Après une description de la mécanique statistique de la double couche électrique (EDL) de solutions aqueuses, des measures de spectroscopie de force de l'interface mica-eau acquises en mode FM-AFM en trois dimensions sont présentées à côté d'une analyse détaillée des profils d'amortissement et de la force utilisée pour la détermination d'une distance absolue entre la pointe et l'échantillon par comparaison à des simulations. Enfin, la mécanique statistique de l'électrochimie ionique moderne est vulgarisée, suivie d'une enquête approfondie de la voltampérométrie cyclique du 1-butyl-3-méthylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate près de l'interface du Au(111) avec comparaison avec les résultats publiés de spectroscopie d'impédance électrochimique. Les observations électrochimiques sont complétées par des mesures de spectroscopie de force réalisée à l'aide d'AM-AFM à différents potentiels électrochimiques d'électrodes à travers une fenêtre de 2 V - aucune relation entre la structure et le potentiel EDL n'a été observée.
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Books on the topic "Interface Force"

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United States. Dept. of State. and Rand Corporation, eds. Improving work force management in the Department of State: The program planning and budget interface. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1991.

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Bhoot, S. S. A problem at the manufacturing marketing interface customer scheduling for a sales force in the industrial market sector. Manchester: UMIST, 1990.

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Intergovernmental Forum on Forests (3rd Geneva 1999). IUFRO Task Force, forest science-policy interface: Papers presented at a side event of the third session of the Intergovernmental Forum on Forests (IFF 3), Geneva, Switzerland 3-14 May 1999. Wien, Austria: International Union of Forestry Research Organizations, 1999.

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The peacekeepers: An assessment of peacekeeping operations at the Arab-Israel interface. London: Unwin Hyman, 1989.

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Mackinlay, John. The peacekeepers: An assessment of peacekeeping operations at the Arab-Israel interface. London: Unwin Hyman, 1989.

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L, Plawsky Joel, Wayner Peter C, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Interfacial force field characterization in a constrained vapor bubble thermosyphon. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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Hsu, Jyh-Ping. Interfacial forces and fields: Theory and applications. New York: M. Dekker, 1999.

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1955-, Hsu Jyh-Ping, ed. Interfacial forces and fields: Theory and applications. New York: M. Dekker, 1999.

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Butt, Hans-Jürgen. Surface and interfacial forces. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2010.

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Tal, Oron-Gilad, ed. Interfaces for ground and air military robots: Workshop summary. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Interface Force"

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Kogure, Akinori. "Force Curve." In Compendium of Surface and Interface Analysis, 187–91. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6156-1_32.

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Puckert, Christina, and Michael J. Higgins. "Force Spectroscopy." In Compendium of Surface and Interface Analysis, 193–200. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6156-1_33.

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Huh, Jung, Hoon Sik Yoo, and Da Young Ju. "Z-Force Cubic Interface." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 183–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58077-7_15.

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Moriguchi, Shiho. "Lateral Force Microscopy." In Compendium of Surface and Interface Analysis, 331–35. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6156-1_54.

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Hirade, Masato. "Magnetic Force Microscopy." In Compendium of Surface and Interface Analysis, 361–64. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6156-1_59.

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Fujii, Shintaro. "Atomic Force Microscope." In Compendium of Surface and Interface Analysis, 33–37. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6156-1_6.

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Hirade, Masato. "Piezoresponse Force Microscope." In Compendium of Surface and Interface Analysis, 493–96. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6156-1_80.

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Utsunomiya, Toru, Yasuyuki Yokota, and Ken-ichi Fukui. "Electrochemical Atomic Force Microscopy." In Compendium of Surface and Interface Analysis, 73–78. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6156-1_13.

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Fuji, Risa. "Kelvin Probe Force Microscope." In Compendium of Surface and Interface Analysis, 313–17. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6156-1_51.

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Fuji, Risa. "Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy." In Compendium of Surface and Interface Analysis, 51–54. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6156-1_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Interface Force"

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Lee, Christopher D., Dale A. Lawrence, and Lucy Y. Pao. "A High-Bandwidth Force-Controlled Haptic Interface." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-2447.

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Abstract The design and control of a 5 degree-of-freedom (DOF) haptic interface that provides accurate rendering of forces as well as a large range of motion is presented. We review a number of design approaches that have been considered in other haptic interfaces and the reasons for choosing a parallel mechanism for our design. The choice and motivation for the actuators, sensors, and materials used are also discussed. High bandwidth transmission of forces is achieved through a force control loop in each degree of freedom. Details of the single actuator control design process and the robustness of the controllers are also overviewed. The resulting interface is able to provide a workspace of about 40 cm in translation in 3 DOF and about ±60 degrees in 2 DOF of angular motion, and the force controllers have closed-loop bandwidths of about 175 Hz.
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Fabiani, L., G. Burdea, N. Langrana, and D. Gomez. "Human interface using the Rutgers Master II force feedback interface." In Proceedings of the IEEE 1996 Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium. IEEE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vrais.1996.490510.

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Rietzler, Michael, Gabriel Haas, Thomas Dreja, Florian Geiselhart, and Enrico Rukzio. "Virtual Muscle Force." In UIST '19: The 32nd Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3332165.3347871.

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Pointner, Andreas, Thomas Preindl, Sara Mlakar, Roland Aigner, Mira Alida Haberfellner, and Michael Haller. "Knitted Force Sensors." In UIST '22: The 35th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3526114.3558656.

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Whelan, M. J., and K. D. Janoyan. "Interface Granular Force Measurement Using Tactile Sensors." In GeoCongress 2006. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40803(187)82.

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Bobbio, Stephen M., Stephen W. Smith, Scott H. Goodwin-Johansson, Richard B. Fair, Thomas D. DuBois, Farid M. Tranjan, John A. Hudak, R. Gupta, and Hussein Makki. "Integrated force array: interface to external systems." In Smart Structures and Materials '97, edited by Vijay K. Varadan and Paul J. McWhorter. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.276614.

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Christensen, Robert R., John M. Hollerbach, Yangming Xu, and Sanford G. Meek. "Inertial Force Feedback for a Locomotion Interface." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0242.

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Abstract Inertial force feedback was implemented for a locomotion interface, the Treadport. The purpose was to make locomotion on the Treadport more like locomotion on the ground. The feedback force was applied to the user by a mechanical tether. Psychophysical experiments were performed to determine whether users preferred inertial force feedback to other types of control for the case of accelerating from rest. The results showed that all eleven subjects preferred inertial force feedback when compared to a spring force or no force.
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Erel, Veysel, Pavan Nuthi, Yixin Gu, Himanshu Purandare, Nischita Haldipurkar, and Muthu B. J. Wijesundara. "Numerical Modeling of Air Cell Cushion and Estimation of Shear Force Distribution at Sitting Interface." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-71765.

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Abstract Shear forces at sitting interfaces are a major contributing factor in pressure injury formation. However, measuring shear forces throughout the sitting interface is not possible due to a lack of shear sensors for this application. This paper presents a finite element simulation model for an automated air cell smart seat cushion that can predict shear forces at the interface. The model was developed and validated by comparing static analyses to experimental data, with respect to interface pressure, internal air cell pressure, and interaction forces. The real-time experimental data in this study was generated from three different sources: 1) A commercial seating pressure mat yields an interface pressure map, 2) The smart seat cushion yields the internal pressure of air cells, and 3) The rigid cushion loading indenter yields the immersion into the cushion and the force applied on the cushion. The validated simulation model was used to evaluate shear force data at the sitting interface corresponding to different loading scenarios.
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White, Keith, and Mary Payton. "Operationally Testing the Human System Interface of Space, Missile, and Missile Defense Systems." In U.S. Air Force T&E Days 2009. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2009-1748.

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Suzuki, Yuriko, Minoru Kobayashi, Yoshihiro Shimada, Akira Nakayama, and Satoshi Iwaki. "Untethered force feedback interface that uses air jets." In ACM SIGGRAPH 2004 Emerging technologies. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1186155.1186186.

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Reports on the topic "Interface Force"

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Costa, Janelle E. The Casualty Care Interface Between the Air Force Medical Service and Air Force Special Operations Forces. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada420666.

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Durbin, David B., Thomas J. Havir, Joshua S. Kennedy, and Regina A. Pomranky. Assessment of the RAH-66 Comanche Pilot-Crew Station Interface for the Force Development Test and Experimentation I (FDTE I). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada417885.

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Georgiev, Peter, Alexander Chanachev, Silviya Simeonova, Lyuben Mihaylov, Diana Nihtianova, Tzvetanka Ivanova, and Konstantin Balashev. A New Method for Studying the Kinetics of Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles in Hexadecylanilin Monolayer at the Air/Water Interface by Means of Atomic Force Microscopy. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2020.02.07.

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Shmulevich, Itzhak, Shrini Upadhyaya, Dror Rubinstein, Zvika Asaf, and Jeffrey P. Mitchell. Developing Simulation Tool for the Prediction of Cohesive Behavior Agricultural Materials Using Discrete Element Modeling. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697108.bard.

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The underlying similarity between soils, grains, fertilizers, concentrated animal feed, pellets, and mixtures is that they are all granular materials used in agriculture. Modeling such materials is a complex process due to the spatial variability of such media, the origin of the material (natural or biological), the nonlinearity of these materials, the contact phenomenon and flow that occur at the interface zone and between these granular materials, as well as the dynamic effect of the interaction process. The lack of a tool for studying such materials has limited the understanding of the phenomena relevant to them, which in turn has led to energy loss and poor quality products. The objective of this study was to develop a reliable prediction simulation tool for cohesive agricultural particle materials using Discrete Element Modeling (DEM). The specific objectives of this study were (1) to develop and verify a 3D cohesionless agricultural soil-tillage tool interaction model that enables the prediction of displacement and flow in the soil media, as well as forces acting on various tillage tools, using the discrete element method; (2) to develop a micro model for the DEM formulation by creating a cohesive contact model based on liquid bridge forces for various agriculture materials; (3) to extend the model to include both plastic and cohesive behavior of various materials, such as grain and soil structures (e.g., compaction level), textures (e.g., clay, loam, several grains), and moisture contents; (4) to develop a method to obtain the parameters for the cohesion contact model to represent specific materials. A DEM model was developed that can represent both plastic and cohesive behavior of soil. Soil cohesive behavior was achieved by considering tensile force between elements. The developed DEM model well represented the effect of wedge shape on soil behavior and reaction force. Laboratory test results showed that wedge penetration resistance in highly compacted soil was two times greater than that in low compacted soil, whereas DEM simulation with parameters obtained from the test of low compacted soil could not simply be extended to that of high compacted soil. The modified model took into account soil failure strength that could be changed with soil compaction. A three dimensional representation composed of normal displacement, shear failure strength and tensile failure strength was proposed to design mechanical properties between elements. The model based on the liquid bridge theory. An inter particle tension force measurement tool was developed and calibrated A comprehensive study of the parameters of the contact model for the DEM taking into account the cohesive/water-bridge was performed on various agricultural grains using this measurement tool. The modified DEM model was compared and validated against the test results. With the newly developed model and procedure for determination of DEM parameters, we could reproduce the high compacted soil behavior and reaction forces both qualitatively and quantitatively for the soil conditions and wedge shapes used in this study. Moreover, the effect of wedge shape on soil behavior and reaction force was well represented with the same parameters. During the research we made use of the commercial PFC3D to analyze soil tillage implements. An investigation was made of three different head drillers. A comparison of three commonly used soil tillage systems was completed, such as moldboard plow, disc plow and chisel plow. It can be concluded that the soil condition after plowing by the specific implement can be predicted by the DEM model. The chisel plow is the most economic tool for increasing soil porosity. The moldboard is the best tool for soil manipulation. It can be concluded that the discrete element simulation can be used as a reliable engineering tool for soil-implement interaction quantitatively and qualitatively.
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Koffas, Telly Stelianos. Characterization of the molecular structure and mechanical properties of polymer surfaces and protein/polymer interfaces by sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/825532.

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Phillips, Diana Christine. In Situ Adsorption Studies at the Solid/Liquid Interface:Characterization of Biological Surfaces and Interfaces Using SumFrequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy,and Quartz Crystal Microbalance. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/883802.

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Kelly, Luke. Lessons Learned on Cultural Heritage Protection in Conflict and Protracted Crisis. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.068.

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This rapid review examines evidence on the lessons learned from initiatives aimed at embedding better understanding of cultural heritage protection within international monitoring, reporting and response efforts in conflict and protracted crisis. The report uses the terms cultural property and cultural heritage interchangeably. Since the signing of the Hague Treaty in 1954, there has bee a shift from 'cultural property' to 'cultural heritage'. Culture is seen less as 'property' and more in terms of 'ways of life'. However, in much of the literature and for the purposes of this review, cultural property and cultural heritage are used interchangeably. Tangible and intangible cultural heritage incorporates many things, from buildings of globally recognised aesthetic and historic value to places or practices important to a particular community or group. Heritage protection can be supported through a number of frameworks international humanitarian law, human rights law, and peacebuilding, in addition to being supported through networks of the cultural and heritage professions. The report briefly outlines some of the main international legal instruments and approaches involved in cultural heritage protection in section 2. Cultural heritage protection is carried out by national cultural heritage professionals, international bodies and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) as well as citizens. States and intergovernmental organisations may support cultural heritage protection, either bilaterally or by supporting international organisations. The armed forces may also include the protection of cultural heritage in some operations in line with their obligations under international law. In the third section, this report outlines broad lessons on the institutional capacity and politics underpinning cultural protection work (e.g. the strength of legal protections; institutional mandates; production and deployment of knowledge; networks of interested parties); the different approaches were taken; the efficacy of different approaches; and the interface between international and local approaches to heritage protection.
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Guess, A. L. Stress Analysis of the Forces Exerted on a Standard 8'x8'x20' ANSI/ISO Container When the Container is Transferred from the Ground to the Bed of a PLS Truck via a Hooklift Interface Kit (HIK). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada232709.

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Wu, Yingjie, Selim Gunay, and Khalid Mosalam. Hybrid Simulations for the Seismic Evaluation of Resilient Highway Bridge Systems. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/ytgv8834.

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Bridges often serve as key links in local and national transportation networks. Bridge closures can result in severe costs, not only in the form of repair or replacement, but also in the form of economic losses related to medium- and long-term interruption of businesses and disruption to surrounding communities. In addition, continuous functionality of bridges is very important after any seismic event for emergency response and recovery purposes. Considering the importance of these structures, the associated structural design philosophy is shifting from collapse prevention to maintaining functionality in the aftermath of moderate to strong earthquakes, referred to as “resiliency” in earthquake engineering research. Moreover, the associated construction philosophy is being modernized with the utilization of accelerated bridge construction (ABC) techniques, which strive to reduce the impact of construction on traffic, society, economy and on-site safety. This report presents two bridge systems that target the aforementioned issues. A study that combined numerical and experimental research was undertaken to characterize the seismic performance of these bridge systems. The first part of the study focuses on the structural system-level response of highway bridges that incorporate a class of innovative connecting devices called the “V-connector,”, which can be used to connect two components in a structural system, e.g., the column and the bridge deck, or the column and its foundation. This device, designed by ACII, Inc., results in an isolation surface at the connection plane via a connector rod placed in a V-shaped tube that is embedded into the concrete. Energy dissipation is provided by friction between a special washer located around the V-shaped tube and a top plate. Because of the period elongation due to the isolation layer and the limited amount of force transferred by the relatively flexible connector rod, bridge columns are protected from experiencing damage, thus leading to improved seismic behavior. The V-connector system also facilitates the ABC by allowing on-site assembly of prefabricated structural parts including those of the V-connector. A single-column, two-span highway bridge located in Northern California was used for the proof-of-concept of the proposed V-connector protective system. The V-connector was designed to result in an elastic bridge response based on nonlinear dynamic analyses of the bridge model with the V-connector. Accordingly, a one-third scale V-connector was fabricated based on a set of selected design parameters. A quasi-static cyclic test was first conducted to characterize the force-displacement relationship of the V-connector, followed by a hybrid simulation (HS) test in the longitudinal direction of the bridge to verify the intended linear elastic response of the bridge system. In the HS test, all bridge components were analytically modeled except for the V-connector, which was simulated as the experimental substructure in a specially designed and constructed test setup. Linear elastic bridge response was confirmed according to the HS results. The response of the bridge with the V-connector was compared against that of the as-built bridge without the V-connector, which experienced significant column damage. These results justified the effectiveness of this innovative device. The second part of the study presents the HS test conducted on a one-third scale two-column bridge bent with self-centering columns (broadly defined as “resilient columns” in this study) to reduce (or ultimately eliminate) any residual drifts. The comparison of the HS test with a previously conducted shaking table test on an identical bridge bent is one of the highlights of this study. The concept of resiliency was incorporated in the design of the bridge bent columns characterized by a well-balanced combination of self-centering, rocking, and energy-dissipating mechanisms. This combination is expected to lead to minimum damage and low levels of residual drifts. The ABC is achieved by utilizing precast columns and end members (cap beam and foundation) through an innovative socket connection. In order to conduct the HS test, a new hybrid simulation system (HSS) was developed, utilizing commonly available software and hardware components in most structural laboratories including: a computational platform using Matlab/Simulink [MathWorks 2015], an interface hardware/software platform dSPACE [2017], and MTS controllers and data acquisition (DAQ) system for the utilized actuators and sensors. Proper operation of the HSS was verified using a trial run without the test specimen before the actual HS test. In the conducted HS test, the two-column bridge bent was simulated as the experimental substructure while modeling the horizontal and vertical inertia masses and corresponding mass proportional damping in the computer. The same ground motions from the shaking table test, consisting of one horizontal component and the vertical component, were applied as input excitations to the equations of motion in the HS. Good matching was obtained between the shaking table and the HS test results, demonstrating the appropriateness of the defined governing equations of motion and the employed damping model, in addition to the reliability of the developed HSS with minimum simulation errors. The small residual drifts and the minimum level of structural damage at large peak drift levels demonstrated the superior seismic response of the innovative design of the bridge bent with self-centering columns. The reliability of the developed HS approach motivated performing a follow-up HS study focusing on the transverse direction of the bridge, where the entire two-span bridge deck and its abutments represented the computational substructure, while the two-column bridge bent was the physical substructure. This investigation was effective in shedding light on the system-level performance of the entire bridge system that incorporated innovative bridge bent design beyond what can be achieved via shaking table tests, which are usually limited by large-scale bridge system testing capacities.
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Iatsyshyn, Anna V., Iryna H. Hubeladze, Valeriia O. Kovach, Valentyna V. Kovalenko, Volodymyr O. Artemchuk, Maryna S. Dvornyk, Oleksandr O. Popov, Andrii V. Iatsyshyn, and Arnold E. Kiv. Applying digital technologies for work management of young scientists' councils. [б. в.], June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4434.

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The publication explores the features of the digital technologies’ usage to organize the work of the Young Scientists’ Councils and describes the best practices. The digital transformation of society and the quarantine restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have forced the use of various digital technologies for scientific communication, the organization of work for youth associations, and the training of students and Ph.D. students. An important role in increasing the prestige of scientific activity and encouraging talented young people to participate in scientific projects belongs to the Young Scientists’ Councils, which are created at scientific institutions and higher education institutions. It is determined that the peculiarities of the work of Young Scientists’ Councils are in providing conditions for further staff development of the institution in which they operate; contribution to the social, psychological and material support of young scientists and Ph.D. students; creating an environment for teamwork and collaborative partnership; development of leadership and organizational qualities; contribution to the development of digital competence. The advantages of using electronic social networks in higher education and research institutions are analyzed, namely: general popularity and free of charge; prompt exchange of messages and multimedia data; user-friendly interface; availability of event planning functions, sending invitations, setting reminders; support of synchronous and asynchronous communication between network participants; possibility of access from various devices; a powerful tool for organizing the learning process; possibility of organization and work of closed and open groups; advertising of various events, etc. Peculiarities of managing the activity of the Young Scientists’ Council with the use of digital technologies are determined. The Young Scientists’ Council is a social system, and therefore the management of this system refers to social management. The effectiveness of the digital technologies’ usage to manage the activities of the Young Scientists’ Council depends on the intensity and need for their use to implement organizational, presentation functions and to ensure constant communication. The areas to apply digital technologies for the work managing of Young Scientists’ Councils are sorted as the presentation of activity; distribution of various information for young scientists; conducting questionnaires, surveys; organization and holding of scientific mass events; managing of thematic workgroups, holding of work meetings. It is generalized and described the experience of electronic social networks usage for organizing and conducting of scientific mass events.
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