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GÃœNEY, Pelin ÖGE. "The Term Structure of Interest Rates: A Cointegration Analysis in the Non-Linear STAR Framework." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 5, no. 12 (December 30, 2013): 851–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v5i12.458.
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This paper analysis the term structure of interest rates for the Group of Seven (G7) countries. In addition to standard cointegration testing procedures, a cointegration test in a nonlinear smooth transition autoregression (STAR) framework developed by Kapetanios et al. (2006) is also employed. While the standard cointegration test results suggest the existence of cointegration relationship between short and long-term interest rates for Canada, France, Italy, Japan, and US data, these tests fail to establish a cointegration relationship for Germany and the United Kingdom. In case we take account of cointegration with non-linear adjustment, the results provide clear evidence of cointegration for all countries except Germany. Our finding implies that, especially in the case of UK, we may achieve important implications by taking account of possible nonlinearities. Overall, our findings support the proposition of expectation hypothesis for all of the G7 countries except Germany.
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Růčková, Petra, and Nicole Škuláňová. "THE DETERMINATION OF FINANCIAL STRUCTURE IN AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHING INDUSTRY IN SELECTED COUNTRIES OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE." E+M Ekonomie a Management 24, no. 3 (September 2021): 58–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15240/tul/001/2021-03-004.
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Every economic sector, every single industry, every economy, and even every firm has its specific financial structure. Given that it is not possible to examine thousands of individual companies for scientific purposes, it is necessary to at least examine the differences between individual sectors, industries and countries. At the same time, the formation and optimization of the financial structure is influenced by a myriad of diverse factors that financial managers should take into account in their decisions. Thanks to these facts, more and more researches had been created for over half a century. This research expands knowledge in seven selected countries of Central and Eastern Europe – the Visegrád Group, Bulgaria, Slovenia and Romania. The aim of the research is to evaluate, based on the Generalized Method of Moments, the relationship between the six selected factors and the indebtedness level in companies belonging to the agricultural, forestry and fishing industry. The subject of the research is medium, large and very large companies during the years 2009 to 2016. The research deals with the influence of profitability, liquidity, asset structure, economic development, inflation and interest rates on the total, long-term and short-term indebtedness of companies. The main finding of the research is that companies are influenced by both internal and external determinants. However, even though the industry should be neutral, external determinants – GDP growth rates, inflation rates and interest rates – have a more significant impact on the debt level. The results of this research will not only extend current knowledge in the field of corporate finance, but at the same time, the results may be stimulating in setting support rules for public administration and even European institutions, as the selected industry is strongly linked to subsidy policies.
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Ghazaryan, Emma, Benjo A. Delarmente, Kent Garber, Margaret Gross, Salin Sriudomporn, and Krishna D. Rao. "Effectiveness of hospital payment reforms in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review." Health Policy and Planning 36, no. 8 (May 6, 2021): 1344–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czab050.
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Abstract Payment mechanisms have attracted substantial research interest because of their consequent effect on care outcomes, including treatment costs, admission and readmission rates and patient satisfaction. Those mechanisms create the incentive environment within which health workers operate and can influence provider behaviour in ways that can facilitate achievement of national health policy goals. This systematic review aims to understand the effects of changes in hospital payment mechanisms introduced in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) on hospital- and patient-level outcomes. A standardised search of seven databases and a manual search of the grey literature and reference lists of existing reviews were performed to identify relevant articles published between January 2000 and July 2019. We included original studies focused on hospital payment reforms and their effect on hospital and patient outcomes in LMICs. Narrative descriptions or studies focusing only on provider payments or primary care settings were excluded. The authors used the Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions tool to assess the risk of bias and quality. Results were synthesized in a narrative description due to methodological heterogeneity. A total of 24 articles from seven middle-income countries were included, the majority of which are from Asia. In most cases, hospital payment reforms included shifts from passive (fee-for-service) to active payment models—the most common being diagnosis-related group payments, capitation and global budget. In general, hospital payment reforms were associated with decreases in hospital expenditures, out-of-pocket payments, length of hospital stay and readmission rates. The majority of the articles scored low on quality due to weak study design. A shift from passive to active hospital payment methods in LMICs has been associated with lower hospital and patient costs as well as increased efficiency without any apparent compromise on quality. However, there is an important need for high-quality studies in this area.
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Davies, Luke, Rana S. Hinman, Trevor Russell, Belinda Lawford, and Kim Bennell. "An International Core Capability Framework for Physiotherapists to Deliver Quality Care via Videoconferencing: A Delphi Study." Iproceedings 8, no. 1 (June 28, 2022): e39315. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/39315.
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Background The provision of physiotherapy care via telehealth is becoming increasingly common and, in some circumstances, is a necessity, as observed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, it is important to understand what are the core capabilities that physiotherapists need in order to deliver quality care via videoconferencing. Objective The objective of our study was to develop a discipline-specific core capability framework for physiotherapists to deliver quality care via videoconferencing. Methods An international Delphi panel comprising a steering group and experts in the field, including physiotherapy researchers, physiotherapy clinicians, representatives of physiotherapy organizations, and consumers, was established by drawing on the research team’s academic, research, and clinical networks as well as contacting international physiotherapy organizations. The draft framework was developed by the research team and steering group, based on relevant documents identified within the literature. The panel considered a draft framework of 73 specific capabilities mapped across 8 domains. Over 3 rounds, panelists rated their agreement (Likert or numerical rating scales) on whether each capability was essential (core) for physiotherapists to deliver quality care via videoconferencing. The capabilities that achieved consensus, defined as 75% of the panel ratings being ≥7 out of 10 in round 3, were retained. Results A total of 130 panelists from 32 countries participated in round 1, with retention rates of 65% and 60% in rounds 2 and 3, respectively. The final framework comprised 60 capabilities across the following seven domains: compliance (capabilities: n=7), patient privacy and confidentiality (capabilities: n=4), patient safety (capabilities: n=7), technology skills (capabilities: n=7), telehealth delivery (capabilities: n=16), assessment and diagnosis (capabilities: n=7), and care planning and management (capabilities: n=12). Conclusions This framework outlines the specific core capabilities that are required of physiotherapists to provide quality care via videoconferencing. The core capability framework provides guidance for physiotherapists to deliver care via videoconferencing and will help inform the future development of physiotherapy curricula and professional development initiatives in the delivery of telehealth. Acknowledgments The members of the International Videoconferencing Steering Group are Michael Billings, Carmen Cooper-Oguz, Karen Finnan, Sarah Gallagher, Daniel Kenneth Gilbertson, Lesley Holdsworth, Anne Holland, Jeremey McAlister, Dan Miles, and Robin Rots. Conflict of Interest No conflicts declared.
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Ivanov, Vadim, Tatiana Terehovich, and Eugene Ivanov. "Hiatus in Infant Acute Leukemia Incidence rates in Belarus: Adaptation-to-Low-Dose-Radiation Phenomenon?" Blood 118, no. 21 (November 18, 2011): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.507.507.
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Abstract Abstract 507 The question of whether child acute leukemia (ChAL) incidence has changed as a result of Chernobyl is of great scientific and public interest. Our initial report (Nature, 1993) showed no increase in the incidence rates (IR) of ChAL in Belarus in the whole group of children (0–14 y.o.) 5 years (1986 – 1991) after accident. This data were confirmed in several European countries. As concerns infant's AL (0–1 y.o.), Petridou et al. reported 2.6 times increase of AL in Greek infants, exposed in utero to Chernobyl radiation. No significant difference in IR was found among children aged 1 – 4 y.o. or older. All epidemiological data concerning separate analysis of infant (0–1 y.o.) ChL was concentrated on the first decade after Chernobyl and no any systematic data is available after 1996. Since 1979 the occurrence of leukemia has been documented accurately through the Registry of Blood diseases. The patients had to be inhabitants of Belarus and were grouped by age at diagnosis. AL diagnostic accuracy was confirmed by the international experts. Rates were standardized directly to the standard world population. We present the age-cohort-period analyses of IR trends of ChAL from 1979 to 2006 in Belarus. It comprised 1077 ChAL cases (0–4 y.o.). Number of cases and equivalent doses of whole body radiation exposure was tabulated by age at diagnosis and period of observation (seven pre-accident years, 1979–1985) and post-accident 7-year periods: 1986–1992, 1993–1999 and 2000–2006. During first 7 years after the accident (1986–1992) the IR of infant AL (0–1 y.o.) increased significantly – from 49 (IR=4.33) before Chernobyl to 67 cases (IR=6.36) in 1986–1992 (RR=1.47; p=0.04). Older age group (1–4 y.o.) did not show any increase in ChAL rates. Following 7-years period (1993–1999) revealed the statistically significant decrease of incidence of infant leukemia: from 49 (IR=4.33) before Chernobyl to 16 cases (IR=2.29) in 1993–1999 years (RR=0.53; p=0.024). Surprisingly, during the next 7 years (2000–2006) we found a further decrease of the incidence of infant leukemia with only 3 cases (IR=0.47) in 7 years. It is highly significant when compared with 49 cases (IR=4.33) before Chernobyl (p= 0.0000053, RR=0.11) and 67 cases (IR=6.36) appeared during first 7 years following Chernobyl accident (p < 0.0000001, RR=0.04). As concerns the older group (1–4 y.o.) we did not find any decrease of IR into the second (1993–1999) and third (2000–2006) 7-year periods. Actually we are working on the next time period (2007–2010) and new upgraded data will be presented. Long-term analysis of incidence of post-Chernobyl childhood acute leukemia permitted to discover the biphasic dynamics of infant's AL incidence rate. Significant increase into the first 7-year period followed by dramatic decrease between year +8 and year + 21. From radiological point of view it is relatively simpler to explain the increase into the first 7 years, because ionizing radiation is one of the few exposures for which the casual relationship with childhood leukemia has been established. Much more difficult to explain following after decrease in incidence rate of infant leukemia in Belarus. Can we speculate about the “adaptation-to-radiation” mechanisms? Over the past decades the growing body of data from cell cultures, experimental animals and humans suggests that low-dose ionizing radiation may have some beneficial (hormetic or adoptive) effect. Several epidemiological studies (India, China, Japan, USA) of a long-term low dose environmental irradiation are in favor of the hypothesis of radiation hormesis or adaptation. The carcinogenic effects of low dose radiation exposure may be restricted to children exposed in utero or in early infancy (0-12 months) during the first years after explosion. Following after dramatic decrease of IRs of infant leukemia might be explained by the developing of adaptive response to chronic low dose ionizing radiation exposure. The presented data may be one of the first clinical evidence concerning human ability of adaptation to long-term low dose radiation. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Sossa, Claudia Lucia, Luis Antonio Salazar, Angela María Peña, Edgar Gomez, Claudia Marcela Chalela, David Leonardo Reyes, Manuel Rosales, et al. "Long-Term Survival after Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in a Colombian Population." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 4626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-119715.
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Abstract Introduction: Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT) is a complex medical process that has evolved throughout the years, becoming a potentially curative therapy for many hematologic neoplasms and non-malignant marrow disorders, as well as a clinical option for some autoimmune diseases. During the past decades, HSCT has had important advances in technology and technique, patient supportive care, and conditioning protocols, making it a safer procedure. As a result, patient survival rates continue improving. Nonetheless, it is unclear if these improvements are also seen in developing countries. The aim of the present study is to assess survival rate for patients who underwent auto-HSCT in a Colombian population. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary referral center in Colombia, South America, on patients who underwent auto-HSCT between November 2009 and December 2017. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze patient's demographic characteristics. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to assess overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) rates at 100 days, one year, and five years following auto-HSCT. Results: One hundred and fifty-seven patients were included, with a mean age of 49.54 years (range 14-71). Seventy-nine (50.31%) were men. Classifying patients by age group, 68.7% of the patients (n=108) were in the 20-60 years old group and 28% (n=44) were older than 60 years. The most common indication for auto-HSCT was multiple myeloma (42.7%), followed by non-Hodgkin lymphoma (35%) and Hodgkin lymphoma (13%). Peripheral blood stem cells were the graft source in all patients (100%). High-dose melphalan (MEL 200) was the conditioning regimen administered to patients with diagnosis of multiple myeloma, and BEAM (carmustine, etoposide, cytarabine, and melphalan) to patients with lymphoma. OS was 91.7% (CI95% 86.2-95.1) at 100 days, 81% (CI95% 73.9-86.4) at one year, and 60.9% (CI95% 51.3-69.1) at five years. RFS was 94.9% (CI95% 90-97.4) at 100 days, 86.3% (CI95% 79.7-90.8) at one year, and 70.5% (CI95% 66.6-80.7) at five years. Classifying patients by pre-transplantation disease stage as defined by the EBMT study group, OS for early disease was 85.5% (CI95% 75.6-91.8) at one year and 58.2% (CI95% 43.7-70.2) at 5 years, 88.1% (CI95% 76.5-94.1) at one year and 51.8% (CI95% 33.9-66.9) at 5 years for intermediate stage, and 100% at one year and 42.3% (CI95% 7.3-75.4) at 5 years for advanced disease. The most common cause of death was disease progression. There were 51 deaths (32.48%) post-transplantation, 5.73% (n=9) in the first 100 days, 7.6% (n=12) between 100 days and 1-year, and 18% (n=29) after the first-year post-transplantation. Non-relapse mortality was 3.2% at both 100 days and 5 years. Conclusion: OS and RFS of auto-HSCT were very similar to the outcomes reported in the existing literature mainly assessed in developed countries. The most common cause of death in patients who underwent auto-HSCT was progression of the primary disease, and transplant-related mortality was low. Figure. Figure. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Nath, Uttam Kumar, Debranjani Chattopadhyay, Anamika Bakliwal, Sudeep Vaniyath, Rituparna Chetia, and Ashok K. Rajoreya. "Encouraging Results with ALL IC-BFM 2009 Protocol Therapy in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma in Resource-Limited Setting: A Single-Center Study from India." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 5118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-127985.
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Background: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the commonest cancer in children. The survival rates in pediatric ALL have improved to 80-90% in high-income countries, where the goal of current risk-adapted treatment protocols is to minimize treatment-related mortality. In contrast, cure/survival rates are still lower in low-income countries, due to combined effect of disease-related factors, high incidence of treatment abandonment, higher rates of relapse, & higher treatment-related mortality. The Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster (BFM) protocol versions are commonly used for treatment of pediatric ALL in many centers. There is no published data on treatment outcomes with ALL IC-BFM 2009 protocol in pediatric ALL in India. Objective: The study aims to evaluate the treatment outcomes in Indian pediatric ALL/LBL patients treated with ALL IC-BFM 2009 protocol under severe resource-limited settings, in terms of morphological complete remission (CR), minimal residual disease (MRD) status, and disease-free survival. Methods: Our study enrolled 25 newly diagnosed pediatric ALL/LBL patients (age ≤18 years) between February 2018 & June 2019. Induction chemotherapy was initiated as per ALL IC-BFM 2009 protocol after obtaining informed consent. Risk stratification was done as per protocol into standard risk (SR), intermediate risk (IR), and high risk (HR) groups, based on age, baseline leukocyte count, cytogenetics & molecular study findings, day 8 steroid response (peripheral blood absolute blast count), bone marrow MRD by flowcytometry on day 15, and bone marrow morphological response on days 15 & 33 of induction phase. Additional imaging was done to assess response in LBL patients. Central nervous system (CNS)-directed therapy with intrathecal chemotherapy was administered as per protocol. Post-induction therapy consisted of an augmented early intensification phase, risk-adapted consolidation therapy phase, a delayed intensification (reinduction) phase, & maintenance phase. Therapeutic cranial radiation (18 Gy) was administered only to patients with documented CNS leukemia. Results: Of the total 25 patients, 17 had B-ALL, six had T-ALL & two had T-LBL. Median age of patients was 9 years (2-18 years), with 11 boys & 14 girls. All the patients had BCR-ABL negative disease; three patients had t(12;21)(p13;q22)/ETV6-RUNX1. Seven patients (28%) had hyperleukocytosis (leukocyte count >1,00,000/µL) and two patients had CNS leukemia at presentation. Nine out of the 25 patients (36%) were in high risk group as per criteria. Eight patients (32%) had poor steroid response on day 8 of induction (PB blasts ≥ 1000/µL). Six patients had M3 marrow on day 15 (>25% blasts in marrow). Day 15 bone marrow MRD was <0.1% in 13 patients (52%), >0.1% in 7 patients (28%) and could not be done in 5 patients (including the two T-LBL patients). Twenty-three out of 25 patients (92%) achieved morphological CR (marrow blasts <5%) on day 33. There were two deaths in induction; both patients were not in CR as per day 33 bone marrow morphology criteria. One B-ALL patient in HR group died of early medullary relapse. The remaining 22 patients are in CR & doing well on follow up, and four of them have started maintenance phase therapy. The results are summarized in Table 1. Conclusion: Our preliminary results with ALL IC-BFM 2009 treatment protocol in Indian pediatric ALL/LBL patients are encouraging, with 92% complete remission rate, 88% disease-free survival and manageable treatment-related toxicity in spite of severe resource constraints. Long-term follow up & enrollment of higher number of patients is planned. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Med Amine, Bekadja, Amina Krim, Rachid Amar Bouhass, Malika Rekab, Yamina bouchakor Moussa, Souad Taoussi, Mohand Tayed Abad, et al. "Epidemiological, Clinical, and Biological Characterization of Newly Diagnosed Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Algeria. Report on Behalf of the Algerian Acute Leukemia Study Group." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 5172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-116860.
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Abstract Introduction: Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a group of heterogeneous malignant disorders. AML incidence rates in world populations generally ranged from 3.0 to 4.0 cases per 100,000 person-years in adult populations, while developing countries had about one-third the incidence of AML. In Algeria there are no large-scale studies regarding acute myeloid leukemia epidemiology. The objective of this study was to analyze the initial basic characteristics of patients diagnosed with AML in our population and the incidence rate. Patients and methods: A survey form was distributed to all departments of hematology at the 21 participating centers of the Algerian AML Study Group (A.AMLSG). In this multicenter, retrospective study, 2,231 patients were included between 2011 and 2017. We intended to register all patients aged 15 years or older with newly diagnosed AML. Data noted age at presentation, gender, medical history, physical examination, and blood and bone marrow investigations such as, hemoglobin levels, blood cell count, and AML subtype according to flow cytometry analysis. AML cases were classified according to the 2008 World Health Organization (WHO) proposal. Age-standardized incidence rates (ASR) of AML were calculated using Algerian population data in the years 2011-2017. SPSS 20 was used for data analysis. Results: Of the 2,231 patients, 1059 (47%) were females and 1172 (53%) males, with a mean of 318.7 cases per year for the whole country. The overall mean age was 46.7±18.2 years. The most common age group was 30-70 years with 1444 (64.7%) patients. Most frequent clinical features at presentation included fever 987/2120 (46.5%), weakness 532/2120 (25%) and bleeding tendency 1033/2120 (48.7%). A significant number of patients had presented with body aches, respiratory complaints and hepatosplenomegaly or other abdominal complaints. Median hemoglobin levels was 7.6 g/dl (IQR: 2.4 - 14,8), whereas median counts for white blood cells (WBC), platelets and blasts were 20 G/L (IQR: 0,2-260), 35,5 G/L (IQR: 1-425) and 58% (IQR: 28-100), respectively. AML subtypes were available for 1946 (87.2%) patients. The most common AML subtype according to latest WHO classification was "AML with maturation" (M2) having 499 (26%) patients, followed by acute monocytic leukemia (M4) with 378 (19.4%). APL was the fourth most frequent pathology with 283 (15%) cases, 147 (52%) were females and 136 (48%) males, with a mean age of 37±16,1years. According to the SANZ classification, patients were diagnosed with favorable risk (N = 31, 11%), intermediate risk (N = 107, 38%), and adverse risk (N = 145, 51%). Cytogenetic studies were performed in 21% of the patients, and molecular biology studies were performed in 12% of the patients. Mutated FLT3-ITD was present in 12 patients (16%) among 75 patients. The trend of continuous annual increase in cases of AML where 250 cases had been registered in 2011, 252 in 2012, 339 in 2013, 290 in 2014, 320 in 2015, 370 in 2016 and 410 in 2017. According to their place of care, the patient distribution shows that over 58% had been diagnosed in the seven oldest hematological centers in the country, while according to their place of residence, the city of Algiers had the highest frequency of 12.9%. Globally, 28% of AML were diagnosed in the whole western region of the country, 43% in the center and 29% in the east. The crude annual incidence per 100 000 of the population continued to rise from 0.94 in 2011 to 1.39 in 2017. The age-specific incidence varied from 0.72 for ages 15- 20 years, with a trend of a continuous increase in the rate, and a sharp increase to 2.44 after age 60 years reaching the highest 2.63 after age 80. Conclusion: The young population in Algeria was expected to result in a relatively lower AML incidence rate and median age since AML incidence usually occurs much later in life. An overall increase in the number of AML patients diagnosed nationwide over the last seven years indicates a need for additional health care resources including curative and therapy-intense strategies, such as stem cell transplant facilities to optimize outcome. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Bec, Frédérique, Mélika Ben Salem, and Ronald MacDonald. "Real exchange rates and real interest rates : a nonlinear perspective." Recherches économiques de Louvain 72, no. 2 (2006): 177–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0770451800044638.
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SummaryIn this paper we use a Threshold AutoRegressive (TAR) model to capture the nonlinear dynamics of monthly real effective exchange rate data for the G7 countries. The novelty of our approach relates to the use of the real interest differential as the switching variable. This choice allows us to consider jointly the nonlinearity and nonstationarity issues using recent advances in asymptotic theory. We find that the null of linearity is easily rejected against the nonlinear model for all currencies considered. Further, for five out of the seven countries, where the null of unit root is rejected, we report evidence of quite rapid mean reversion.
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Bhat, Sunil, Akshatha Nayak, Shobha Badiger, Nataraj K. S, and Sharat Damodar. "Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Transplantation in Patients with Transfusion Dependent Beta Thalassemia: A Single-Center Experience from India." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): 5937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.5937.5937.
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Abstract Introduction: The thalassemias are the most common of the inherited abnormalities of hemoglobin, typically characterized by a quantitative defect in the synthesis of either the alpha or beta globin chain, resulting in reduced or absent synthesis of either of the globin chains followed by ineffective erythropoiesis with hemolysis. Beta thalassemia is prevalent in the populations of the Mediterranean region, the Middle East, India, Pakistan, and Southeast Asia. Patients are treated with red blood cell transfusions and iron chelation to prevent organ iron overload. Currently, the only cure for thalassemia is allogeneic bone marrow transplantation which corrects the genetic defect in the hematopoietic system by the use of allogeneic stem cells. Methods: We retrospectively and prospectively analyzed the outcomes in transfusion dependant beta Thalassemia patients, who underwent allogeneic HSCT between June 2004 and June 2014. The patients were classified into Class 1, 2 and 3 as per the Pesaro criteria. Results: Sixty seven patients (Males n=40; females n=27) with a median age of 7 years (range 2 to 22 years) underwent HSCT during this time. Fifty seven patients were classified as Class 2, 8 as Class 3 and 2 as Class 1. The conditioning regimens used consisted of Bu-Cy-ATG (n=30), Bu-Cy (n=2), Flu-Bu-Cy-ATG (n=23), Treo-Flu-Thio (n=8), Treo-Flu-Thio-ATG(n=3) and Flu-Bu-Cy-Thio-ATG(n=1) with cyclosporine and methotrexate as GVHD prophylaxis. Stem cell source was marrow, peripheral stem cells and cord in 50, 17 and 1 patients respectively. Sixty four patients had matched sibling transplant and three non-sibling donors (one unrelated cord, one matched unrelated and one haplo-identical ). One patient received both both marrow as well as peripheral stem cells. The median TC cell dose was 6.4x108/kg (range 3 to 16.3 x108/kg) and median CD34 cell dose of 2.4 x106/kg (range 0.6 to 19.6 x106/kg). Hematological recovery was seen in all patients except three patients, who died before engraftment. Neutrophil and platelet engraftment occurred at a median of 14 days (range, 10-22 days) and 22 days (range, 10-35 days), respectively. Twenty four patients developed veno-occlusive disease, 20 patients developed Gr II-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and 3 patients had chronic GVHD. At day +28, thirty five patients showed more than 90% donor chimersim and rest had mixed chimerism. Four patients experienced graft rejection. Treatment-related mortality (TRM) for the whole cohort was 10.4% at 100 days and 14.9% at 6 months post transplant. TRM was 12.28% and 37.5% for Class 2 and class 3 patients respectively. At a median follow up of 416 days, overall survival and thalassemia free survival are 82.1%, and 74.6% respectively. Conclusion: Similar outcomes have been reported from developed countries. Outcome of Class 3 patients still continues to be poor and VOD rates are high in this patient group. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Selim, Mohammad, and M. Kabir Hassan. "Interest-free monetary policy and its impact on inflation and unemployment rates." ISRA International Journal of Islamic Finance 11, no. 1 (June 17, 2019): 46–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijif-06-2018-0065.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine the effects of interest-free and interest-based monetary policy on inflation and unemployment rates for two groups of countries where in one group, interest-free monetary policy (IFMP) was pursued, while in the other group, interest-based monetary policy (IBMP) was followed. Design/methodology/approach This study involves a sample of 23 developed countries divided into two groups. The authors measure economic performance by misery index (MI), and MI is calculated as unemployment rate plus inflation rate. A group of countries, where MI is lower, performs better compared to the other group where MI is relatively higher. Findings The results reveal that in group of 12 countries where IFMP is adopted, the MI is lower and thus performs better compared to a group of countries where IBMP is pursued. Research limitations/implications The findings of this study have profound implications for the policymakers and government leaders who look for a solution to maintain both low inflation and unemployment rates. The findings in this study clearly portray that such ideal situations can only be achieved by pursuing IFMP. No wonder the countries which have been historically pursuing IFMP such as Japan, Switzerland, Sweden, the Netherlands and Denmark have been able to contain both inflation and unemployment rates compared to their counterparts among the English-speaking countries. Originality/value This is one of the most recent tests on the differences in economic performance between IFMP and IBMP. These results have significant value for policymakers and central bankers who have been struggling to maintain lower MI for decades.
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Ahmed, H. F. Tareq, and Nur Syazwani Mazlan. "The Impact of Interest Rate on Exchange Rate Within ASEAN Countries: Evidence from Linear and Nonlinear ARDL Frameworks." Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies 13, no. 1 (January 2021): 7–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974910120974798.
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This study examines the symmetric and/or asymmetric effects of changes in the interest rate on exchange rate of the ASEAN countries. It further aims to compare these linkages by using a dataset consisting of 48–68 quarterly data items, ranging over the period 2002–2017, of the ASEAN countries. Using both the linear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and nonlinear ARDL (NARDL) approaches, the findings indicate that these effects vary from one country to another. We observe that changes in interest rates have short-run symmetric effects on the exchange rates, which also hold in the long run for five ASEAN countries, namely, Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, and Singapore. On the other hand, changes in interest rates have asymmetric (negative) effects on the exchange rates, which also hold in the long run for seven ASEAN countries, namely, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.
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Yaya, Keho. "Testing the Long-Run Fisher Effect in Selected African Countries: Evidence from ARDL Bounds Test." International Journal of Economics and Finance 7, no. 12 (November 24, 2015): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v7n12p168.
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<p>This paper tests the validity of the Fisher hypothesis for a sample of ten African countries. Recognizing the possibility of spurious regression results, we undertook unit root and cointegration tests. We found nominal interest rates to be I(1) series while inflation rates are I(0) series. Hence, we employed the bounds test to cointegration. The results provide evidence supporting the full Fisher effect only in Kenya. In Cote d’Ivoire and Gabon, we found a positive but less than one-for-one reaction of nominal interest rates to changes in inflation rates, lending support to the partial Fisher effect. For the other seven countries, the results suggest no evidence of long-run relationship between nominal interest rates and inflation.</p>
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Nair, Chandran K., Vineetha Raghavan, Atanu Bhattacharjee, Satheesh Babu, and Sangeetha Nayanar. "Nontransplant Treatment Outcomes with Generic Novel Agents in Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma Patients." Blood 126, no. 23 (December 3, 2015): 5382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.5382.5382.
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Abstract Introduction Introduction of novel agents (Immunomodulators-thalidomide/lenalidomide and proteasome inhibitors-bortezomib) has really changed the treatment outcomes in myeloma patients. This is applicable to patients both eligible and ineligible for autologous stem cell transplant. In developing countries, like India, access to the generic forms makes it easy for patients to have treatment with all types of novel agents. In this study, we did a retrospective audit of the treatment outcomes with the generic forms of novel agents in a group of transplant ineligible patients. Methodology All newly diagnosed myeloma cases from January 2011 to December 2014, who did not undergo stem cell transplant, were included for the study. Criteria for diagnosis and treatment response were according to the latest IMWG guidelines. Baseline demographic data and details regarding CRAB criteria, Performance Status (PS), comorbidities, type and duration of treatment, and toxicity were recorded. Toxicity was graded according to CTCAE v 4. Only the maximum grade of a particular toxicity per patient has been reported. Dates of death if applicable was noted, and if patients were alive, date of last follow up was documented. Survival was analysed by non-parametric methods (Kaplan Meier and Cox proportional hazard model) and the variables considered were 'treatment completed' versus 'not completed', 'response' (PR or more) versus 'no response', 'maintenance received' versus 'not received', 'age ≤65 years' versus 'age >65 years', and international staging system (ISS) ' stage 1' versus 'stage 2 or 3'. Analysis was performed with R v 3.2.0 (http://cran.r-project.org.) Results One hundred and nineteen patients (53 males, 66 females) with median age of 62 years (range 44-85) were included as per eligibility criteria. Eighty four (70%) patients had IgG, and 21 (17.6%) had IgA, and 14 (11.7%) had light chain myeloma. Twenty two (18.4%) patients were in ISS stage 1, 36 (30%) were in stage 2 and 39 (32.7%) were in stage 3, with data missing in 22 patients. Fifty seven (47.9%) patients were having comorbidity. Ninety seven patients (81%) were having PS ≤ 2 and 21(17.6%) had PS >2. Lenalidomide based regimen was given in 29 patients, thalidomide based in 65 and bortezomib based in 25 patients. Overall response (PR or more) was documented in 74 (72%), out of 102 evaluable patients. VGPR or more was documented in 56 (55%), and PR in 18(17.6%) patients. Seventy three (61%) patients had some form of toxicity. Grade 3 nonhematologic toxicity occurred in 7 patients (peripheral neuropathy in 2, diarrhea in 2 and DVT in 3), grade 4 in none. Grade 3-4 hematologic toxicity occurred in 8 patients (grade 3 anemia and thrombocytopenia in 3 each, and grade 4 thrombocytopenia in 2 patients). Median follow up duration was 22 months. Estimated 3 year OS for entire group was 60% (95 % CI 47-77%) (Figure 1). Median PFS was 22 months (95 % CI 19- 25) (Figure 2). Variables significantly predicting OS were, treatment completed or not (47 Vs 32 months, HR= 0.372, P= 0.011) and age ≤ 65 versus age >65(47 Vs 31 months, HR= 4.15, P<0.001). Similarly for PFS the significant variables were response or not (24 Vs 7 months, HR= 4.89, P<0.001) and ISS stage 1 Vs stage 2 or 3 (25 Vs 19 months, HR=2.39, P=0.021). Conclusion Treatment with the generic forms of novel agents leads to comparable response rates and survival in patients with myeloma. So, use of these agents with lower cost seems justifiable in the real world practice where it may be difficult to access the innovators for the exuberant cost. Figure 1. Overall survival for the entire cohort Figure 1. Overall survival for the entire cohort Figure 2. Progression free survival for the entire cohort Figure 2. Progression free survival for the entire cohort Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Muzindutsi, Paul‑Francois, and Sinethemba Mposelwa. "A Comparative Analysis of the Expectations Hypothesis of the Term Structure of Interest Rates between the BRICS and G7 Countries." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 24, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 87–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1508-2008.24.13.
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This paper examines the predictive ability of the expectations hypothesis of the term structure of interest rates in the BRICS and G7 countries by relating each country’s monthly 3‑month Treasury bill rate to 10‑year government bond rates, from May 2003 to May 2018. The panel ARDL model, applying the mean group (MG), pooled mean group (PMG), and dynamic fixed effects (DFE) estimators, is employed to compare the short‑ and long‑run relationships in both groups of countries. The results show that the expectations hypothesis holds in both BRICS and G7 country groups. In the long run, the short‑term interest rate is able to predict the long-term interest rate in both the BRICS and G7 countries. Interest rates in BRICS indicate rapid adjustment back to the long‑run equilibrium, while the adjustment is sluggish in the G7 block. Based on the findings of the study, the sluggish adjustment to the equilibrium in the G7 gives the impression that the financial crisis had an impact on the term structure of interest rates as the G7 countries were directly affected by the crisis.
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Lee, Inkoo, and Jong-Hyup Shin. "Financial Liberalization, Crises, and Economic Growth." Asian Economic Papers 7, no. 1 (January 2008): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep.2008.7.1.106.
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The paper computes the effect of financial liberalization on economic growth by combining the results of a panel model with those of a probit model. It finds a positive net effect from financial liberalization to growth. Surprisingly, we find that the net effect on growth is larger in the crisis-experienced country group than in the overall sample group. Our guess is that the crisis-experienced countries are mostly developing countries that usually enjoy higher growth rates than the developed countries because of the catching-up phenomenon. The paper also studies the link between financial liberalization and nominal interest rates, and finds, contrary to expectations, that the direct liberalization effect is positive. Our guess is that this reflected the overshooting of interest rates after crises.
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Chang, Hsu-Ling. "Revisiting real interest rate parity in Central and Eastern European countries: The Sequential Panel Selection Method." Acta Oeconomica 64, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.64.2014.2.3.
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This study uses the Sequential Panel Selection Method (SPSM) proposed by Chortareas and Kapetanios (2009) to investigate the non-stationarity properties of real interest rates in 12 Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. We are thereby able to test the validity of real interest rate parity (RIRP) among these countries. The SPSM can be used to decompose a panel of real interest rate series into two groups: a group of stationary series and a group of non-stationary series. We identify the stationary processes in the panel and demonstrate that RIRP holds for 10 of the 12 countries studied. Our findings show that real interest rate convergence among these 10 countries exhibits non-linear mean reversion toward RIRP equilibrium. The results have important policy implications for the CEE countries studied.
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Özker, Ahmet Niyazi. "Recent Deflection Effects of Macro Components in G7 Countries and Contractionary Monetary Expansion Fact." Archives of Business Research 10, no. 7 (July 26, 2022): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.107.12731.
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This study discussed the standard criteria points that constitute the reasons for monetary expansion, primarily based on seven countries representing the G7 countries, this expansion in the monetary base brought up a structural relationship model. The fact that frequently brought up the macro fluctuations has been a crucial place as interest rates, unemployment rates and exchange rates variability as the main macro components recently. The effects of these components on economic growth have also provided an important justification for evaluating their recent significant deviations. It is seen that the commonwealth of wealth and economy of the G7 countries in the world constitutes approximately 68 per cent. In this respect, all kinds of targets for economic growth also represent a structure that targets global trade and global trade at significant scales to national income contribution values, albeit nominally. This case also shows why a balanced policy towards increasing interest rates in the recent period and an interest policy compatible with global exchange rate policies are frequently kept on the agenda. This current approach has caused different monetary policies to come to the fore, especially in these countries with a high level of wealth. Essential goals have emerged to reduce costs and turn the growing monetary base into a seigniorage income. These targets pushed the scale effect concerning monetary expansion based on these macro components to an economic growth-based projection.
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Poston, Dudley L., and Mei-Yu Yu. "The one-child family: international patterns and their implications for the People's Republic of China." Journal of Biosocial Science 18, no. 3 (July 1986): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000016278.
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SummaryThe campaign for one-child families in the People's Republic of China has created world-wide interest. This study compares the general rates of single-child families in China and in 60 other countries and shows that China's current rate (12.5) is relatively low in comparison with some developed countries, e.g. Hungary (25.0). The mean age-specific single-child rate for 54 less developed countries shows a different pattern from that for seven developed countries; this is likely to be due to the later age of marriage and longer birth intervals of women in the developed countries.
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Halac, Marina, and Pierre Yared. "Fiscal Rules and Discretion in a World Economy." American Economic Review 108, no. 8 (August 1, 2018): 2305–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20151180.
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Governments are present-biased toward spending. Fiscal rules are deficit limits that trade off commitment to not overspend and flexibility to react to shocks. We compare coordinated rules, chosen jointly by a group of countries, to uncoordinated rules. If governments’ present bias is small, coordinated rules are tighter than uncoordinated rules: individual countries do not internalize the redistributive effect of interest rates. However, if the bias is large, coordinated rules are slacker: countries do not internalize the disciplining effect of interest rates. Surplus limits enhance welfare, and increased savings by some countries or outside economies can hurt the rest. (JEL D82, E43, E62, H62)
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AKRAM, TANWEER, and ANUPAM DAS. "THE DYNAMICS OF GOVERNMENT BOND YIELDS IN THE EURO ZONE." Annals of Financial Economics 12, no. 03 (September 2017): 1750011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010495217500117.
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This paper investigates the determinants of nominal yields of government bonds in the euro zone. The pooled mean group (PMG) technique of cointegration is applied on both monthly and quarterly datasets to examine the major drivers of nominal yields of long-term government bonds in a set of 11 euro zone countries. Furthermore, the autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) methods are used to address the same question for individual countries. The results show that short-term interest rates are the most important determinants of long-term government bonds’ nominal yields. These results support Keynes’s view that short-term interest rates and other monetary policy measures have a decisive influence on long-term interest rates on government bonds.
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Černohorská, Liběna, and Darina Kubicová. "Risks and the influence of negative interest rates on economic activity: a case study of Sweden, Denmark, and Switzerland." Banks and Bank Systems 15, no. 1 (February 27, 2020): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.15(1).2020.04.
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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of negative interest rates on economic activity in a selected group of countries, in particular Sweden, Denmark, and Switzerland, for the period 2009–2018. The central banks of these countries were among the first to implement negative interest rates to revive the economic growth. Therefore, this study analyzed long- and short-term relationships between interest rates announced by central banks and gross domestic product and blue chip stock indices. Time series analysis was conducted using Engle-Granger cointegration analysis and Granger causality testing to identify long- and short-term relationship. The first step, using the Akaike criteria, was to determine the optimal delay of the entire time interval for the analyzed periods. Time series that seem to be stationary were excluded based on the results of the Dickey-Fuller test. Further testing continued with the Engle-Granger test if the conditions were met. It was designed to identify co-integration relationships that would show correlation between the selected variables. These tests showed that at a significance level of 0.05, there is no co-integration between any time series in the countries analyzed. On the basis of these analyses, it was determined that there were no long-term relationships between interest rates and GDP or stock indices for these countries during the monitored time period. Using Granger causality, the study only confirmed short-term relationship between interest rates and GDP for all examined countries, though not between interest rates and the stock indices. Acknowledgment&nbsp;The paper has been created with the financial support of The Czech Science Foundation GACR 18-05244S – Innovative Approaches to Credit Risk Management.
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A. H. Al-Juboori, Hayder, Muhannad A. M. al Shalal, and Ghassan I. A. al Ju bouri. "The impact of financial convergence in the economic growth rates of the expansion countries in the euro area." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4 (October 6, 2018): 4637. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.27425.
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The Maastricht Agreement included a set of financial and monetary standards that the expan-sion countries committed to implement to ensure economic convergence with the most ad-vanced countries in the European Union. The most important of these criteria is to maintain a moderate debt and deficit ratio to the GDP and to keep interest rates and inflation within a certain ceiling. The implementation of these standards even before joining the Federation in 2003 and it continues to date with the existence of relative differences between countries in the extent of their commitment to the proportions determined and according to the economic situation of both of them in particular and the global economy in general, and the current study was to measure the impact of the development The criteria for monetary and financial convergence referred to above are based on the economic convergence expressed in economic growth (per capita income growth) in seven of the expansion countries. A 13-year study period was adopted with the use of the cross-sectional approach to data processing. The research concluded that the application of convergence criteria In the seven expansion coun-tries contributed to the positive impact on economic growth.
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Prowanta, Embun, Moeljadi Moeljadi, Sumiati Sumiati, and Kusuma Ratnawati. "The Impact of Macro Economy on Stock Price Index: An Empirical Study of Five ASEAN Countries." GATR Global Journal of Business Social Sciences Review 5, no. 2 (April 13, 2017): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2017.5.2(7).
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Objective - The objective of the study is to empirically investigate the relationship between macroeconomic variables as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), inflation, interest rates, exchange rates, foreign exchange reserves, current accounts and export-import towards the stock price index. Methodology/Technique - The data used is monthly data for macroeconomic and the stock price index of five ASEAN countries including Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and the Philippines from 2006 to 2015. The analysis uses a regression estimation of panel data and a series of chow tests i.e. the Hausman test and the LM test as the selection process, with the aim of determining the macroeconomic variables that could significantly affect the stock price index of five ASEAN countries. Findings - The result show that of the seven macroeconomic variables affecting the stock price index, only four macroeconomic variables showed a significant effect. These are GDP, interest rates, exchange rates, and inflation. Meanwhile, three other variables (foreign exchange reserves, current accounts and export-import) did not show a significant effect. Novelty - The study looked at the effect of deregulation on stock markets, focusing on variables that significantly influence the stock price index. Type of Paper - Empirical Keywords: Stock Price Index; Macro Economics; Five ASEAN Countries.
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Mirdala, Rajmund. "Interest rate transmission mechanism of monetary policy in the selected EMU candidate countries." Panoeconomicus 56, no. 3 (2009): 359–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan0903359m.
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The stable macroeconomic environment, as one of the primary objectives of the Visegrad countries in the 1990s, was partially supported by the exchange rate policy. Fixed exchange rate systems within gradually widen bands (Czech Republic, Slovak Republic) and crawling peg system (Hungary, Poland) were replaced by the managed floating in the Czech Republic (May 1997), Poland (April 2000), Slovak Republic (October 1998) and fixed exchange rate to euro in Hungary (January 2000) with broad band (October 2001). Higher macroeconomic and banking sector stability allowed countries from the Visegrad group to implement the monetary policy strategy based on the interest rate transmission mechanism. Continuous harmonization of the monetary policy framework (with the monetary policy of the ECB) and the increasing sensitivity of the economy agents to the interest rates changes allowed the central banks from the Visegrad countries to implement monetary policy strategy based on the key interest rates determination. In the paper we analyze the impact of the central banks' monetary policy in the Visegrad countries on the selected macroeconomic variables in the period 1999-2008 implementing SVAR (structural vector autoregression) approach. We expect that higher sensitivity of domestic variables to interest rates shocks can be interpreted as a convergence of monetary policies in candidate countries towards the ECB's monetary policy.
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Beyers, Jan, Danica Fink-Hafner, William A. Maloney, Meta Novak, and Frederik Heylen. "The Comparative Interest Group-survey project: design, practical lessons, and data sets." Interest Groups & Advocacy 9, no. 3 (April 27, 2020): 272–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41309-020-00082-0.
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Abstract This article discusses the methodology and practice behind planning and executing the Comparative Interest Group-survey project (CIG-survey). The CIG-survey includes surveys among national populations of organized interests in 9 European countries and at the European Union level. Although surveys are a useful and reliable way to collect data on a variety of topics, there are also numerous pitfalls and challenges in surveying interest groups, especially across multiple countries. Despite the prominent use of surveys in interest group research, systematic reflections on this method are scarce and data sets are not always properly archived or openly accessible. This article elaborates upon the practical implications and reflects on the lessons learnt during from the implementation of the CIG-survey. Moreover, we highlight how the fuzzy boundaries of interest communities obfuscate sampling and that surveying interest organizations requires researchers to navigate through a specific organizational context to reach and motivate respondents. We also demonstrate how a careful survey plan can positively affect response rates and enable the creation of robust comparative data sets.
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Moyo, Clement, and Pierre Le Roux. "INTEREST RATE REFORMS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN SADC COUNTRIES: THE SAVINGS AND INVESTMENT CHANNEL." Scientific Annals of Economics and Business 66, no. 4 (2019): 507–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/saeb-2019-0039.
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The 2008/2009 global financial crisis has re-ignited the debate around financial reforms with contrasting views with regards to the impact of financial reforms on economic growth. This study examines the impact of interest rate reforms on economic growth through savings and investments in SADC countries for the period 1990-2015. Three specifications are used for the analysis; the first one determines the influence of interest rate reforms on savings, the second one analyses the effect of savings on investments while the third one examines whether investments have a positive impact on economic growth. The Pooled Mean Group (PMG) estimation technique is employed for analysis. The results show that interest rate reforms have a positive impact on economic growth through savings and investments. The study therefore recommends that market forces should be allowed to determine real interest rates and furthermore, real interest rates maintained at artificially low levels may harm economic growth.
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Chadha, Jagjit S., and Morris Perlman. "Was the Gibson Paradox for real? A Wicksellian study of the relationship between interest rates and prices." Financial History Review 21, no. 2 (July 28, 2014): 139–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565014000109.
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We examine the relationship between prices and interest rates for seven advanced economies in the period up to 1913, emphasising the UK. There is a significant long-run positive relationship between prices and interest rates for the core commodity standard countries. Keynes ([1930] 1971) labelled this positive relationship the ‘Gibson Paradox’. A number of theories have been put forward as possible explanations of the paradox but they do not fit the long-run pattern of the relationship. We find that a formal model in the spirit of Wicksell (1907) and Keynes ([1930] 1971) offers an explanation for the paradox: where the need to stabilise the banking sector's reserve ratio, in the presence of an uncertain ‘natural’ rate, can lead to persistent deviations of the market rate of interest from its ‘natural’ level and consequently long-run swings in the price level.
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Spahija, Fidane. "The Investment and Net Interest Margin: Case Study Commercial Banks in Kosovo." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 2 (April 30, 2016): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v1i2.p117-126.
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In Kosovo, but in all developing countries, the foreign investment is the locomotive of the country that considered as the most important economic sectors. In general it can be concluded that most of the investment originates from developed countries and that these investments return to these places. Origin of investments in Kosovo mainly comes from countries such as Austria, Germany, Slovenia, Great Britain, Switzerland, Turkey, the Netherlands, Albania, Serbia, USA, France, Macedonia, Croatia, Cyprus, Norway, Italy, Greece etc. The banking sector in Kosovo has been very attractive to the foreign investors. A total of nine commercial banks, seven are foreign owned. Foreign investments are primarily generated as investments in shares of foreign shareholders from different countries of the world. Investments in securities have increased by the banking sector in 2014. With the change of the interest rate it has also changed net interest margin of the banking sector. Interest on loans and deposits has continued to decline. Especially interest rates on deposits in 2014 have fallen to 1. 1%. This linked to the investment bank in securities of our government as the initiator in this area but cannot be denied to the investment of foreign governments. With the decrease of credit interest rate will be the development of sustainable economic growth and boost investment.
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Blank, P. R., M. Schwenkglenks, and T. D. Szucs. "Disparities in influenza vaccination coverage rates by target group in five European countries: Trends over seven consecutive seasons." Infection 37, no. 5 (September 18, 2009): 390–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15010-009-8467-y.
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Oravský, Róbert, Peter Tóth, and Anna Bánociová. "The Ability of Selected European Countries to Face the Impending Economic Crisis Caused by COVID-19 in the Context of the Global Economic Crisis of 2008." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 13, no. 8 (August 11, 2020): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13080179.
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This paper is devoted to the ability of selected European countries to face the potential economic crisis caused by COVID-19. Just as other pandemics in the past (e.g., SARS, Spanish influenza, etc.) have had negative economic effects on countries, the current COVID-19 pandemic is causing the beginning of another economic crisis where countries need to take measures to mitigate the economic effects. In our analysis, we focus on the impact of selected indicators on the GDP of European countries using a linear panel regression to identify significant indicators to set appropriate policies to eliminate potential negative consequences on economic growth due to the current recession. The European countries are divided into four groups according to the measures they took in the fiscal consolidation of the last economic crisis of 2008. In the analysis, we observed how the economic crisis influences GDP, country indebtedness, deficit, tax collection, interest rates, and the consumer confidence index. Our findings include that corporate income tax recorded the biggest decline among other tax collections. The interest rate grew in the group of countries most at risk from the economic crisis, while the interest rate fell in the group of countries that seemed to be safe for investors. The consumer confidence index can be considered interesting, as it fell sharply in the group of countries affected only minimally by the crisis (Switzerland, Finland).
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Keefe, Helena G., and Erick W. Rengifo. "Currency Options, Implied Interest Rates and Inflation Targeting." International Journal of Economics and Finance 11, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v11n2p119.
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The currency option price is a powerful tool used regularly to determine market expectations on volatility in currencies using the implied volatility measure. This research tests and analyzes whether similar inferences can be made regarding interest rate and inflation expectations. Using historical options data, we derive and analyze implied interest rates during non-inflation targeting (non-IT) and inflation targeting (IT) periods for Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom. We compare the results to a control group of countries that had not yet adopted inflation targeting during the period under study: Germany, Japan and Switzerland. Our results show that options prices can provide insights on market expectations on interest rates, that the adoption of inflation targeting strengthens the relationship between market expectations and inflation, and that shocks in interest rates and inflation lead to higher implied interest rates. In determining the potential uses of implied interest rates derived from currency options prices, our goal is not to replace the Federal Funds futures or equivalent tools in advanced economies, rather to present the usefulness of currency options as a tool to provide information to policymakers in emerging market economies. Central banks, such as the Banco Central de Colombia and Banco de Mexico, have been using currency options as tools for foreign exchange intervention or reserve accumulation/decumulation since the early 2000’s, and options markets in these economies have grown rapidly since then. Therefore, establishing the usefulness of implied interest rate measures derived from currency options prices may provide insights to policymakers and practitioners alike.
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Çevis, Ismail, and Burak Çamurdan. "The Economic Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries and Transition Economies." Pakistan Development Review 46, no. 3 (September 1, 2007): 285–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v46i3pp.285-299.
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The economic growth rates have dramatically increased in developing economies, such as in Latin American, Asian, and Eastern European countries, following the financial liberalisation attempt, especially during the 1990s. Foreign direct investment (FDI) has become an increasingly important element for economic development and integration of developing countries and transition economies in this period with the world economy. The main purpose of this study is to develop an empirical framework to estimate the economic determinants of FDI inflows by employing a panel data set of 17 developing countries and transition economies for the period of 1989:01-2006:04. In our model there are seven explanatory economic variables. They are, respectively, the previous period FDI (the pull factor for new FDI), GDP growth (measures market size), Wage (unit labour costs), Trade Rate (measures the openness of countries), the real interest rates (measures macroeconomic policy), inflation rate (as country risk and macroeconomic policy), and domestic investment (Business Climate). Hence, throughout the paper, only the economic determinants (being separated and apart from the other studies in the literature) of FDI inflows to developing countries and transition economies are studied. It is found out that the previous period FDI which is directly related to the host countries’ economic resources is important as an economic determinant. Besides, it is also understood that the main determinants of FDI inflows are the inflation rate, the interest rate, the growth rate, and the trade (openness) rate and FDI inflows give power to the economies of host countries.
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Rubio, Margarita, and José A. Carrasco-Gallego. "Liquidity, interest rates and house prices in the euro area: a DSGE analysis." Journal of European Real Estate Research 9, no. 1 (May 3, 2016): 4–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jerer-03-2015-0014.
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Purpose This study aims to build a two-country monetary union dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model with housing to assess how different shocks contributed to the increase in housing prices and credit in the European Economic and Monetary Union. One of the countries is calibrated to represent the core group in the euro area, while the other one corresponds to the periphery. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the authors explore how a liquidity shock (or a decrease in the interest rate) affects house prices and the real economy through the asset price and the collateral channel. Then, they analyze how a house price shock in the periphery and a technology shock in the core countries are transmitted to both economies. Findings The authors find that a combination of an increase in liquidity in the euro area coming from the common monetary policy, together with asymmetric house price and technology shocks, contributed to an increase in house prices in the euro area and a stronger credit growth in the peripheral economies. Originality/value This paper represents the theoretical counterpart to empirical studies that show, through macroeconometric models, the interrelation between liquidity and other shocks with house prices. Using a DSGE model with housing, the authors disentangle the mechanisms behind these empirical findings.
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ÇEviŞ, İSmail, and Burak ÇAmurdan. "The Economic Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries and Transition Economies." Pakistan Development Review 47, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 285–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v47i3pp.285-299.
Full textAbstract:
The economic growth rates have dramatically increased in developing economies, such as in Latin American, Asian, and Eastern European countries, following the financial liberalisation attempt, especially during the 1990s. Foreign direct investment (FDI) has become an increasingly important element for economic development and integration of developing countries and transition economies in this period with the world economy. The main purpose of this study is to develop an empirical framework to estimate the economic determinants of FDI inflows by employing a panel data set of 17 developing countries and transition economies for the period of 1989:01-2006:04. In our model there are seven explanatory economic variables. They are, respectively, the previous period FDI (the pull factor for new FDI), GDP growth (measures market size), Wage (unit labour costs), Trade Rate (measures the openness of countries), the real interest rates (measures macroeconomic policy), inflation rate (as country risk and macroeconomic policy), and domestic investment (Business Climate). Hence, throughout the paper, only the economic determinants (being separated and apart from the other studies in the literature) of FDI inflows to developing countries and transition economies are studied. It is found out that the previous period FDI which is directly related to the host countries’ economic resources is important as an economic determinant. Besides, it is also understood that the main determinants of FDI inflows are the inflation rate, the interest rate, the growth rate, and the trade (openness) rate and FDI inflows give power to the economies of host countries. JEL classification: F21, R19, C23 Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment, the Determinants of FDI, the Developing Countries, Transition Economies, Panel Data Analysis
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Dye-Braumuller, Kyndall C., Marvin S. Rodríguez Aquino, Stella C. W. Self, Mufaro Kanyangarara, and Melissa S. Nolan. "Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses in Central America: The Research and Public Health Disparity among Socioeconomic Lines." Insects 13, no. 8 (July 27, 2022): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13080674.
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Tick-borne diseases including rickettsial diseases are increasing in incidence worldwide. Many rickettsial pathogens can cause disease which is commonly underdiagnosed and underreported; Rickettsia pathogens in the spotted fever group (SFGR) are thus classified as neglected bacterial pathogens. The Central American region shoulders a large proportion of the global neglected disease burden; however, little is known regarding SFGR disease here. Although development varies, four of the seven countries in this region have both the highest poverty rates and SFGR disease burdens (El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, and Nicaragua), compared to Belize, Panama, and Costa Rica. Utilizing the Human Development Index (HDI), we compared published articles related to SFGR Rickettsia prevalence in the lowest-HDI-scoring countries to the highest-HDI-scoring countries. Our analysis identified a distinct dichotomy in publication, and by proxy, potentially awareness and knowledge of SFGR tick-borne disease in Central America, where the least-developed countries are at the highest risk for, yet the most vulnerable to, SFGR disease.
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Djukic, Djordje. "Analysis of effects of foreign bank entry on credit interest rate behavior in Serbia." Panoeconomicus 54, no. 4 (2007): 429–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan0704429d.
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Following foreign bank entry, credit interest rates have been extremely high in Serbia compared with a reference group of countries: Croatia, Bulgaria and Romania. This is connected with monetary authorities' poor predictions regarding the behavior of those banks in setting interest rates, creating an illusion that competition, per se, would rapidly result in decreasing interest rates; as well as undertaking monetary policy measures-such as an extreme increase in the reserve requirements rate-that contributed to unchanged or increased credit interest rates. The final outcome of poor predictions and measures undertaken by the National Bank of Serbia is limited to periodical appeals by its highest officials to citizens to consider the conditions under which they borrow from banks. However, under conditions of fully inelastic demand for bank credit and a cartel presence in the banking sector, such appeals are ineffective, merely reflecting an attempt to avoid responsibility for a possible wave of bankruptcies in the household sector. Only increasing competition among banks can lead to a significant decrease in credit interest rates in Serbia in the medium term. Empirical analysis shows that competition should be most intensive on the mortgage loan market.
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Abdiyanto, Abdiyanto, Ronald Farel Siahaan, Rusiadi Rusiadi, Ade Novalina, Bhaktiar Efendi, Lia Nazliaan Nasution, Suhendi Suhendi, and Diwayana Putri Nasution. "ARDL PANEL MODEL IN CONTROL OF EXCHANGE RATE SYSTEMS THROUGH POST-COVID-19 OPEN ECONOMY MODEL." Proceeding of The International Conference on Economics and Business 1, no. 1 (June 28, 2022): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.55606/iceb.v1i1.181.
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Destination from study this that is for test variable Interest Rates, Inflation , Total Money Supply and GDP how much big in take effect to EXCHANGE variable . And for knowing is panel level _ ethnic group interest , inflation , money supply , unemployment , investment , and GDP have an effect positive and significant to exchange rates in America, Australia, China, Canada , Indonesia, Japan , South Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Russia and Thailand. Approach study this is study associative / quantitative with the Simultaneous model and the ARDL Panel where aim see linkages Among independent variables and dependent variables that spread panel in Top Major Exchange Rate countries in 11 APEC Countries. Study this conducted against 11 countries with exchange rate strongest in the APEC countries in the world (America, Australia, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, Japan , China, Indonesia, Canada , Russia , and Thailand). The ARDL Panel Analysis results show that the Leading Model Control indicators Exchange Rate System Through the Post -Covid-19 Open Economy Model, the Top Major Exchange Rates in Eleven Apec Countries (Varies) are JUB and GDP. this _ due to the results data processing , the ROE variable is variable that gives stable influence , ie _ effect on the inside period long nor period short in give influence significant to score exchange , which is assessed from level short run and long run stability in the table result .
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Tereshchenko, O., M. Stetsko, N. Tkachenko, and N. Babiak. "DETERMINANTS OF INTEREST RATES ON CORPORATE DEBT." Financial and credit activity problems of theory and practice 4, no. 39 (September 10, 2021): 264–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18371/fcaptp.v4i39.241315.
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Abstract. The objective of this article is theoretical and methodological justifying of determining algorithm of the cost of debt capital for enterprises functioning in emerging markets (EM). The methods of research: analysis and synthesis, system analysis, comparative analysis, empirical and statistical methods, factor analysis. Results. In this article key determinants of interest rates on debt capital for enterprises and their impact on the procedure of discount rate calculation are determined. The issue of the cost of debt calculation of enterprises in condition of absence of complete information concerning systematic and non-systematic crediting risks is studied. Differences between interest rate on the loan fixed in credit agreement and expected by creditors the cost of debt are identified. It is determined that the key factor impacting the deviation level of market value of debt capital from the nominal, and respectively, deviation of the cost of debt from the cost of capital is probability of default (PD). At the minimum values of PD, the contract interest rate corresponds to the rate of cost of debt and it is advisable to use it for discount rate calculation. Critical analysis of alternative methodological approaches of the cost of debt calculation is made. Ways of integrating of market information concerning credit default swaps into the process of expected cost of debt calculation are justified. Factors of shadowing of rates of the cost of debt and ways of reducing of shadow transactions’ level in the credit market are identified. Conclusions. At high PD values, expected by market premium for default risk may exceed the contract interest rate, which necessitates constant monitoring of credit risks and appropriate adaptation of interest rates. In the paper the algorithm of such adaptation are proposed. It is shown that in the case of non-use of interest rates adjustment taking into account changes in PD, CDS and LGD, premium for creditors’ systematic risk can differ significantly from market values of similar enterprises (peer-group), and estimated value of the cost of debt can acquire negative values. Contract (promised) interest rate should be set in such way that the premium for systematic risk of providing debt capital will be at the level of similar companies and does not change significantly as a result of probability of default changes. If in practice the opposite situation occurs, it is the evidence of contract interest rate shadowing, absence of effective system of assessment and management of credit risks. For solving the problem of interest rate transparency and filling of information gaps concerning PD borrowers in EM countries, should intensify CDS market. Keywords: debt capital, default probability, non-performing loans, credit default swap, credit spread, debt capital premium, shadow economy. JEL Classification E47 Formulas: 16; fig.: 0; tabl.: 3; bibl.: 15.
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Ferri, Cleusa P., and Martin Prince. "10/66 Dementia Research Group: recently published survey data for seven Latin America sites." International Psychogeriatrics 22, no. 1 (September 7, 2009): 158–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610209990901.
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We read with great interest the review by Nitrini et al. on the prevalence of dementia in Latin America recently published in International Psychogeriatrics (Nitrini et al., 2009). Accurate up-to-date figures are essential for policy-making and planning, therefore the review is very welcome. With unfortunate timing, the 10/66 Dementia Research Group's population-based surveys on the prevalence of dementia were published in the Lancet (Llibre Rodriguez et al., 2008a; 2008b) shortly after this review was submitted to International Psychogeriatrics. The 10/66 surveys included seven sites in five Latin American countries: Peru, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Mexico and Venezuela. The studies were all one-phase catchment area surveys, with samples of 2944 in Cuba and between 1904 and 2011 in other countries, giving a total sample size of 10,794. We present in Table 1 the prevalence of dementia according to our cross-culturally validated 10/66 diagnosis and according to DSM-IV criteria, in each of the Latin American sites, using the same age group stratification as per Nitrini's review. We also present the pooled estimates for each age group. The 10/66 estimates are in general more homogenous than those presented in the review, but similar to the overall pooled estimate. DSM-IV prevalence is lower. We have attributed this discrepancy to an under-reporting of cognitive decline and social/occupational impairment by relatives, particularly in rural and least developed regions (Llibre Rodriguez et al., 2008b). We have shown that, at least for Cuba, the 10/66 Dementia Diagnosis agreed better than the DSM-IV with a clinician gold standard diagnosis, as a high proportion of Clinical Dementia Rating mild and moderate cases were missed by DSM-IV (Prince et al., 2008).
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Polat, Burçak, and Antonio Rodríguez Andrés. "Do emigrants’ remittances cause Dutch disease? A developing countries case study." Economic and Labour Relations Review 30, no. 1 (February 8, 2019): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035304619828560.
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Although the positive socio-economic effects of remittances for recipient countries in the short term are unmistakable, inflows of remittances may at the same time exert adverse effects on the trade competitiveness of an economy, by appreciating the real exchange rate. This phenomenon is characterised as an instance of the ‘Dutch disease’ – the negative impact of windfall revenue inflows on the competitiveness of other tradable sectors and hence on overall economic growth. While the real effect of workers’ remittances on real exchange rates in a recipient economy is still a controversial issue, several studies have analysed evidence for the existence of the ‘Dutch disease’ phenomenon in various sets of countries. The main objective of this study is to examine whether remittance flows have had any adverse effect on the international trade competitiveness of a selected group of developing countries during the period from 1995 to 2014. Using a one-step system Generalised Method of Moments specification within a simultaneous equation approach, it shows that remittance flows depreciate the real exchange rate at their levels and that the lagged value of remittances create the Dutch disease for this country group. In addition, we confirm that while trade openness and world real interest rates contribute to a depreciation in real exchange rates, gross domestic product per capita and net Official Development Aid inflows tend to appreciate real exchange rates. A policy implication is that trade liberalisation policies that lower tariff rates on capital imports and new export-oriented incentive programmes should be accompanied by measures designed to prevent appreciation in the real exchange rate: steps in this direction such as recent macroeconomic and prudential capital flow management initiatives are briefly referenced. JEL Codes: F20, F21, F22, F23
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BEHERA, SMRUTI RANJAN. "SAVING–INVESTMENT DYNAMICS AND CAPITAL MOBILITY IN THE NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES." Singapore Economic Review 62, no. 02 (April 28, 2017): 403–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590815500976.
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This paper examines the dynamics of saving–investment (S–I) relationship in a group of 10 newly industrialized countries (NICs) over the period from 1970 to 2010 using a panel error correction model. By applying the Pedroni and Westerlund cointegration tests, we find that the saving and investment are cointegrated. We apply the fully modified OLS and dynamic OLS to a set of panel error correction models to estimate the short-and long-run relationship between S–I rates and interest rate differentials. We find that the degree of capital mobility is higher when the NICs are more open to their capital control policies after 1980s.
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Lai Cao Mai, Phuong. "Corruption and stock market development in EAP countries." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 17, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 266–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.17(2).2020.21.
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Using macroeconomic factors as control variables, this paper examines the impact of corruption on the development of the stock market in East Asia and the Pacific (EAP) from 2008 to 2018. The research model uses GMM techniques to estimate panel data on two sub-sets of data, including five developed markets and seven emerging markets, and a dataset of both market groups. The market capitalization and the stock transaction value relative to GDP represent the development of the stock market, and the corruption control index represents the corruption factor. The empirical results found that corruption has a positive impact on the EAP stock market capitalization with the entire sample data set, which positively affects both size of the market capitalization value and value of stock transactions in underdeveloped markets. However, it is not statistically significant in explaining the development of developed stock markets. Besides, macroeconomic factors such as inflation, interest rates, savings, and credit affect some stock markets at EAP. Compared to previous studies, the article’s results found that corruption affects stock market capitalization and has a positive impact on stock liquidity in underdeveloped stock markets. Corruption affects more underdeveloped stock markets than developed stock markets. This may be due to the implicit relationship of economic benefits between large enterprises and officials in underdeveloped markets.
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Sova, Y. S., and T. V. Tokarchuk. "Special Aspects of Money and Stock Market Indicators Forecasting, Considering the Macroeconomic Shocks in Developing Countries." Business Inform 11, no. 526 (2021): 348–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-11-348-356.
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The purpose of the article is to improve approaches to forecasting and analyzing the sensitivity of money-and-credit and stock markets to macroeconomic shocks in developing countries, which are characterized by a high level of socio-economic uncertainty and political risks. The article substantiates the advantages of expanding the standard forecasting methodology based on one-sided forecasts by analyzing the sensitivity of the indicators studied to macroeconomic perturbations, especially in the period of high uncertainty observed in recent years. An empirical analysis of the reaction of the main indicators of monetary policy and stock index in countries with a transformational economy in response to macroeconomic shocks during the short term was carried out, using impulse response functions. It was identified that in the markets of most countries there was a stabilization of the stock index and the short-term interest rates during the first 2-6 months after the start of macroeconomic shocks, which was accompanied by their moderate periodic fluctuations. In only three of the seven developing countries studied, stock indexes and/or interest rates could not reach equilibrium levels on their own during the short term and required active central bank stabilization measures. It can be assumed that the degree of reaction of the stock and money-and-credit markets is primarily associated with the individual characteristics of the country’s economic system and its ability to absorb macroeconomic shocks. The carried out analysis of sensitivity allowed to determine what shocks have a critical impact on the functioning of the financial and money-and-credit markets in each of the economies under research.
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Nassani, Mohammad Zakaria, Mohammed Noushad, Samer Rastam, Mudassir Hussain, Anas B. Alsalhani, Inas Shakeeb Al-Saqqaf, Faisal Mehsen Alali, et al. "Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance among Dental Professionals: A Multi-Country Survey." Vaccines 10, no. 10 (September 26, 2022): 1614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101614.
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Purpose: This study sought to investigate the acceptance rate and associated factors of COVID-19 vaccines among dentists and dental students in seven countries. Material and Methods: A structured questionnaire prepared and guided by the report of the SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy was distributed among groups of dentists and dental students in seven countries across four continents. Results: A total of 1527 subjects (850 dentists and 677 dental students) participated in this survey. Although 72.5% of the respondents reported their intention to accept COVID-19 vaccines (dentists: 74.4%, dental students: 70.2%), there was a significant difference in agreement between dentists/dental students across countries; generally, respondents in upper-middle-, and high-income countries (UM-HICs) showed significantly higher acceptance rates compared to those in low- and lower-middle income countries (L-LMICs). Potential predictors of higher vaccine acceptance included being a dentist, being free of comorbidity, being well-informed about COVID-19 vaccines, having better knowledge about COVID-19 complications, having anxiety about COVID-19 infection, having no concerns about the side effects of the produced vaccines and being a resident of an UM-HIC. Conclusion: The results of our survey indicate a relatively good acceptance rate of COVID-19 among the surveyed dentists and dental students. However, dentists and dental students in L-LMICs showed significantly lower vaccine acceptance rates and trust in COVID-19 vaccines compared to their counterparts in UM-HICs. Our results provide important information to policymakers, highlighting the need for implementation of country-specific vaccine promotion strategies, with special focus on L-LMICs.
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Hafez, Hanafy Ahmed, Rawaa Solaiman, Dalia Bilal, and Lobna m. Shalaby. "Early Deaths in Pediatric Acute Leukemia; A Challenge in Developing Countries." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 5160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.5160.5160.
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Abstract Background and objectives: The survival rates of children with acute leukemia is consistently improving, due to the lower relapse rates in addition to reducing treatment-related mortality, which is mainly a result of infectious causes. The aim of the study is to describe the incidence and risk factors associated with early deaths (first 42 days in treatment) among children with acute leukemia. Methods: This is a retrospective study included newly diagnosed patients with acute leukemia who presented to the National Cancer Institute, Cairo University between Jan. 2011 to Dec. 2013. Patients' data were collected from their files and analyzed for the total and early death rates and proposed causes of death. Results: The study included 370 patients, 253 with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 100 with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and 17 with mixed phenotypic acute leukemia (MPAL). The total death rate among the whole group was 40.5% (n=150) and induction death rate was 19.2% (n=71). AML was accompanied with higher rates of total and induction deaths as they were 58% and 25% respectively, compared to 33.6% and 17.4% in ALL. These early deaths were attributed mostly to infection 64.7% (n=46) and cerebrovascular accidents 18.3% (n=13). Early deaths were significantly higher in patients with age below 2 years old (p. value=0.008), and in those with poor response to therapy (p. value= 0.001). Using enhanced supportive care measures as better infection control, appropriate antibiotic guidelines and available intensive care unit during 2013 had significantly reduced the overall and induction mortality rates (27.8% and 13.8% respectively in 2013 versus 45% and 20.3% in 2011 and 49% and 25% in 2012). Conclusion: Induction deaths in pediatric acute leukemia remain a major challenge in developing countries and constitute an increasing fraction of all deaths. Accordingly, using a well equipped cancer centers with better supportive care guidelines is essential to further improve the survival in these group of patients. Key words: Acute Leukemia- Pediatrics- Early Death- Infection Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Baxa, Jaromír, Roman Horváth, and Bořek Vašíček. "HOW DOES MONETARY POLICY CHANGE? EVIDENCE ON INFLATION-TARGETING COUNTRIES." Macroeconomic Dynamics 18, no. 3 (March 26, 2013): 593–630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100512000545.
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We examine the evolution of monetary policy rules in a group of inflation-targeting countries (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Sweden, and the United Kingdom), applying a moment-based estimator in a time-varying parameter model with endogenous regressors. From this novel flexible framework, our main findings are threefold. First, monetary policy rules change gradually, pointing to the importance of applying a time-varying estimation framework. Second, the interest-rate smoothing parameter is much lower than typically reported by previous time-invariant estimates of policy rules. External factors matter for all countries, although the importance of the exchange rate diminishes after the adoption of inflation targeting. Third, the response of interest rates to inflation is particularly strong during periods when central bankers want to break a record of high inflation, such as in the United Kingdom or Australia at the beginning of the 1980s. Contrary to common perceptions, the response becomes less aggressive after the adoption of inflation targeting, suggesting a positive anchoring effect of this regime on inflation expectations. This result is supported by our finding that inflation persistence typically decreased after the adoption of inflation targeting.
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Ndiaye, Abdoulaye. "Pouvoir de Marché et Tarifications du Crédit : Cas de l'UEMOA." Revue Internationale des Économistes de Langue Française 5, no. 2 (2020): 148–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/rielf.2020.2.7.
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This article assesses the relationship between market power and the credit pricing using a sample of 49 banks drawing from seven West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) countries for the period 2003-2014. Our empirical methodology relies on a panel data analysis and nonlinear estimation. We find that market power influences positively the credit pricing in the WAEMU. This is consistent with the market power hypothesis, which stipulates that concentrated markets encourages strong pricing of banking products (higher debtors rates and lower creditors rates, so more important interest margins), and limits access to financing. The nonlinear regression highlights the existence of a threshold that is not significant in ours sample because only the first or second percentile of our data verify the second regim. While the remaining 98% to 99% confirm the results of the linear model. These results have importantes implications for bank regulation policies in the WAEMU.
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Green, Manfred S., Dorit Nitzan, Naama Schwartz, Yaron Niv, and Victoria Peer. "Sex differences in the case-fatality rates for COVID-19—A comparison of the age-related differences and consistency over seven countries." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 29, 2021): e0250523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250523.
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Background Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, it was noted that males seemed to have higher case-fatality rates than females. We examined the magnitude and consistency of the sex differences in age-specific case-fatality rates (CFRs) in seven countries. Methods Data on the cases and deaths from COVID-19, by sex and age group, were extracted from the national official agencies from Denmark, England, Israel, Italy, Spain, Canada and Mexico. Age-specific CFRs were computed for males and females separately. The ratio of the male to female CFRs were computed and meta-analytic methods were used to obtained pooled estimates of the male to female ratio of the CFRs over the seven countries, for all age-groups. Meta-regression and sensitivity analysis were conducted to evaluate the age and country contribution to differences. Results The CFRs were consistently higher in males at all ages. The pooled M:F CFR ratios were 1.71, 1.88, 2.11, 2.11, 1.84, 1.78 and 1.49, for ages 20–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69, 70–79, 80+ respectively. In meta-regression, age group and country were associated with the heterogeneity in the CFR ratios. Conclusions The sex differences in the age-specific CFRs are intriguing. Sex differences in the incidence and mortality have been found in many infectious diseases. For COVID-19, factors such as sex differences in the prevalence of underlying diseases may play a part in the CFR differences. However, the consistently greater case-fatality rates in males at all ages suggests that sex-related factors impact on the natural history of the disease. This could provide important clues as to the mechanisms underlying the severity of COVID-19 in some patients.
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Nappi, Francesco, Giorgia Martuscelli, Francesca Bellomo, Sanjeet Singh Avtaar Singh, and Marc R. Moon. "Infective Endocarditis in High-Income Countries." Metabolites 12, no. 8 (July 25, 2022): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12080682.
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Infective endocarditis remains an illness that carries a significant burden to healthcare resources. In recent times, there has been a shift from Streptococcus sp. to Staphylococcus sp. as the primary organism of interest. This has significant consequences, given the virulence of Staphylococcus and its propensity to form a biofilm, rendering non-surgical therapy ineffective. In addition, antibiotic resistance has affected treatment of this organism. The cohorts at most risk for Staphylococcal endocarditis are elderly patients with multiple comorbidities. The innovation of transcatheter technologies alongside other cardiac interventions such as implantable devices has contributed to the increased risk attributable to this cohort. We examined the pathophysiology of infective endocarditis carefully. Inter alia, the determinants of Staphylococcus aureus virulence, interaction with host immunity, as well as the discovery and emergence of a potential vaccine, were investigated. Furthermore, the potential role of prophylactic antibiotics during dental procedures was also evaluated. As rates of transcatheter device implantation increase, endocarditis is expected to increase, especially in this high-risk group. A high level of suspicion is needed alongside early initiation of therapy and referral to the heart team to improve outcomes.