Journal articles on the topic 'Interest rates – Australia'
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1
Kim, Suk-Joong. "Inflation news in Australia: its effects on exchange rates and interest rates." Applied Financial Economics 6, no. 3 (June 1996): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/096031096334240.
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Karfakis, Costas, and Suk-Joong Kim. "Exchange rates, interest rates and current account news: some evidence from Australia." Journal of International Money and Finance 14, no. 4 (August 1995): 575–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-5606(95)00020-f.
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DORAISAMI, ANITA. "THE EFFECTS OF ECONOMIC NEWS ON INTEREST RATES IN AUSTRALIA." Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy 13, no. 2 (June 1994): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-3441.1994.tb00088.x.
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Felmingham, Bruce, and Peter Mansfield. "A note on the stability of real interest rates in Australia." International Review of Economics & Finance 12, no. 4 (January 2003): 517–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1059-0560(03)00015-7.
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Liu, Ming-Hua, Dimitris Margaritis, and Zhuo Qiao. "The Global Financial Crisis and Retail Interest Rate Pass-Through in Australia." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 19, no. 04 (December 2016): 1650026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091516500260.
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In this paper, we examine the impact of the global financial crisis (GFC) on the interest rate pass-through for four types of loans in Australia: mortgages, residentially secured small business lending, nonsecured small business lending and personal loans. Australia is an interesting case study since its central bank lowered but also raised interest rates during the GFC. We find that after the onset of the crisis, there has been a shift in the way banks adjust their lending rates in response to changes in market interest rates; the markup has increased and there has been a drop in both short- and long-term pass-through from funding costs to lending rates. Closer analysis indicates that the drop in short-term pass-through is due to the slower response of banks to increases in funding costs. We also find asymmetries in the way banks adjust lending rates in relation to funding costs in the long-run for nonsecured small business lending and personal loans. The evidence shows that banks in Australia tightened lending standards and competed less aggressively for loans but more for deposits in response to heightened default risks following the global financial crisis. The wider margin allows banks to adjust their lending rates more slowly and asymmetrically.
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Sheppard, Jill, Marija Taflaga, and Liang Jiang. "Explaining high rates of political participation among Chinese migrants to Australia." International Political Science Review 41, no. 3 (May 22, 2019): 385–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192512119834623.
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Studies of political participation regularly observe the underrepresentation of immigrant citizens and ethnic minorities. In contrast, evidence from Australia suggests that immigrant Australians are overrepresented in certain forms of participation, including donating money and working for a party or candidate. Drawing on major theories of ethnic political participation (including socialisation, recruitment and clientelism), this study uses 2013 Australian Election Study data to show that China-born migrants to Australia participate at higher rates than native-born and other migrant citizens. The study finds support for two explanatory theories: (a) that contributions of money by recently-arrived migrants are an aspect of clientelist relationships between migrants and legislators; and (b) that political interest in and knowledge of the host country’s political system are not necessary, and indeed perhaps even depress participation among newly-arrived migrants. These findings suggest an under-explored vein of transactional politics within established democratic systems.
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SHAN, JORDAN, and NICK PAPPAS. "The relative impacts of Japanese and US interest rates on local interest rates in Australia and Singapore: a Granger causality test." Applied Financial Economics 10, no. 3 (June 2000): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/096031000331699.
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TEASE, WARREN J. "The Expectations Theory of the Term Structure of Interest Rates in Australia." Economic Record 64, no. 2 (June 1988): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.1988.tb02047.x.
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Sathye, Milind. "Financial Crisis and Interest Rate Pass-Through in Australia." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 16, no. 04 (December 2013): 1350023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091513500239.
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The study contributes to the extant literature on interest rate pass-through in two ways. First, we examine the impact of the global financial crisis on the historical relationship between policy rate and the home lending rate. Second, we provide evidence from a hitherto unexplored OECD country (Australia) using data from recent years and provide new insights for advancing the pass-through literature. We found complete or near-complete pass-through in the money market rates and a statistically significant temporary change in the relationship between the policy rate and home lending rate since the onset of the financial crisis.
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Koojaroenprasit, Sauwaluck. "Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Australia." Australian Journal of Business and Management Research 03, no. 08 (August 10, 2013): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.52283/nswrca.ajbmr.20130308a03.
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Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Australia were analyzed from 1986 to 2011, based on data availability. The determinants considered FDI inflows according to aggregate FDI inflows and FDI inflows by the top three source countries (USA, UK and Japan). Empirical studies identified four results. (1) For the determinants of FDI in Australia, a larger market size will attract more FDI, whereas more openness and a higher corporate tax rate will discourage FDI inflows into Australia. Lower customs duty and lower interest and depreciation of exchange rates will attract more FDI. The relationship between FDI inflows into Australia and wages was not significant. (2) For the determinants of US inward FDI in Australia, a larger market size will attract more US inward FDI in Australia, whereas more openness and an appreciation of the exchange rate will discourage US inward FDI in Australia. A negative and significant relationship was obtained between customs duty and US inward FDI in Australia. There were positive and significant relationships between US inward FDI in Australia and both the interest and corporate tax rates. (3) For the determinants of UK inward FDI in Australia, greater research and development in Australia will attract more UK inward FDI in Australia, whereas a higher corporate tax rate will discourage UK inward FDI in Australia. The positive relationship between market size and UK inward FDI in Australia was not significant. Openness, customs duty and inflation did not have significant relationships with UK inward FDI in Australia. (4) For the determinants of Japanese inward FDI in Australia, higher wages and greater research and development will attract more Japanese inward FDI in Australia, whereas higher customs duty and a higher corporate tax rate will discourage Japanese inward FDI in Australia. There was no significant relationship between Japanese inward FDI in Australia and either the interest or exchange rates.
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Bhar, Ramaprasad, and Girijasankar Mallik. "Components of Inflation Uncertainty and Interest Rates: Evidence from Australia and New Zealand." Economic Analysis and Policy 42, no. 1 (March 2012): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0313-5926(12)50003-2.
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Berument, Hakan, and Richard T. Froyen. "Monetary policy and interest rates under inflation targeting in Australia and New Zealand." New Zealand Economic Papers 49, no. 2 (July 2, 2014): 171–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00779954.2014.929608.
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Pahlavani, Mosayeb, Abbas Valadkhani *, and Andrew C. Worthington. "The impact of financial deregulation on monetary aggregates and interest rates in Australia." Applied Financial Economics Letters 1, no. 3 (May 2005): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/174465405000102174.
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Keefe, Helena G., and Erick W. Rengifo. "Currency Options, Implied Interest Rates and Inflation Targeting." International Journal of Economics and Finance 11, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v11n2p119.
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The currency option price is a powerful tool used regularly to determine market expectations on volatility in currencies using the implied volatility measure. This research tests and analyzes whether similar inferences can be made regarding interest rate and inflation expectations. Using historical options data, we derive and analyze implied interest rates during non-inflation targeting (non-IT) and inflation targeting (IT) periods for Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom. We compare the results to a control group of countries that had not yet adopted inflation targeting during the period under study: Germany, Japan and Switzerland. Our results show that options prices can provide insights on market expectations on interest rates, that the adoption of inflation targeting strengthens the relationship between market expectations and inflation, and that shocks in interest rates and inflation lead to higher implied interest rates. In determining the potential uses of implied interest rates derived from currency options prices, our goal is not to replace the Federal Funds futures or equivalent tools in advanced economies, rather to present the usefulness of currency options as a tool to provide information to policymakers in emerging market economies. Central banks, such as the Banco Central de Colombia and Banco de Mexico, have been using currency options as tools for foreign exchange intervention or reserve accumulation/decumulation since the early 2000’s, and options markets in these economies have grown rapidly since then. Therefore, establishing the usefulness of implied interest rate measures derived from currency options prices may provide insights to policymakers and practitioners alike.
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OZDEMIR, ZEYNEL ABIDIN, CAGDAS EKINCI, and KORHAN GOKMENOGLU. "INTERNATIONAL EVIDENCE ON REAL INTEREST RATE PERSISTENCE." Singapore Economic Review 60, no. 04 (September 2015): 1550087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590815500873.
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This paper investigates the persistency in the ex-post real interest rates in the presence of endogenous structural breaks for Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Switzerland, the UK and the USA using seasonally adjusted quarterly data. The procedure used in this study extends the previous research in the respect of investigating degree of persistency of the ex-post real interest rates series by allowing for possible process shifts at endogenously determined more than two structural breaks dates following the principles suggested by Lumsdaine and Papell (1997). The results from the study show that real interest rates are very persistent when such breaks are not taken into account. However, the findings also indicate low persistency in real interest rates for all countries when such breaks are allowed in the data-generating process. We find that endogenously determined structural breaks substantially reduce the degree of persistency of the real interest rate series, which has important theoretical implications as well.
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Neal, Penelope N. "The Determination of Interest Rates and the Effectiveness of Monetary Policy in Deregulated Financial Markets." Economic and Labour Relations Review 4, no. 1 (June 1993): 120–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469300400107.
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This paper examines two issues pertinent to the effective implementation of monetary policy: firstly, the ability of the monetary authorities to control interest rates and secondly, whether interest rates have exhibited a leading, relationship with economic activity since deregulation of the financial markets. If expenditures are unresponsive to changes in interest rates it is shown that the monetary authorities have the ability to determine the interest rate but if the authorities attempt to push interest rates into regions in which expenditures become interest rate elastic, a role for liquidity preference in determination of the interest rate is restored. This limits the effects of discretionary monetary policy to the short-term. Previous empirical studies, graphs and correlation coefficients indicate only limited evidence for a negative association between interest rates and changes in economic activity whereas Granger causality tests indicate that predictable relationships between interest rates and economic activity have existed in Australia for the period in which financial markets have been deregulated.
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Mansur, A., M. Masih *, and Vicky Ryan. "The term structure of interest rates in Australia: an application of long run structural modelling." Applied Financial Economics 15, no. 8 (May 2005): 557–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09603100500056742.
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Wakelin-King, Gordon. "Highlights and trends in exploration 2009." APPEA Journal 50, no. 1 (2010): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09008.
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2009 saw an overall decrease from high activity from 2008, levelling off in the December quarter as the economy stabilised. Unsurprisingly, most activity was in offshore Western Australia and on coal seam methane (CSM) in Queensland. Highlights include: good results in the Carnarvon and Browse basins for Western Australian operators, interest in Karoon and Conoco-Phillips’ enigmatic Poseidon project, over 180 CSM exploration wells in Queenslandd, and a relatively busy year for Tasmania. Western Australian seismic acquisition approached 10,000 km of 2D and 25,000 km2 of 3D for 38* wells and success rate around 50%. South Australia saw the highest conventional onshore drilling and seismic activity, with good results for 17 wells, while other states saw low activity in this sector. Victoria saw one offshore exploration well and no seismic. Tasmania also saw no new seismic, but saw four exploration wells and encouragement at Rockhopper–1. CSM is picking up in South Australia, and New South Wales saw continued high CSM activity in a historically low-activity region. High success rates suggest two trends: explorers finding value in 3D seismic, and a ‘flight to quality’ as operating costs and poorer access to capital reinforce risk aversion among operators. Elsewhere, geothermal energy helped small cap investors satisfy their appetite for risk outside of the petroleum industry, and results will be watched with great interest. *Numbers are from early public and departmental statistics and may be revised.
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Wang, Justine, Alla Koblyakova, Piyush Tiwari, and John S. Croucher. "Is the Australian housing market in a bubble?" International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 13, no. 1 (April 12, 2018): 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-03-2017-0026.
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Purpose This paper aims to explore principal drivers affecting prices in the Australian housing market, aiming to detect the presence of housing bubbles within it. The data set analyzed covers the past two decades, thereby including the period of the most recent housing boom between 2012 and 2015. Design/methodology/approach The paper describes the application of combined enhanced rigorous econometric frameworks, such as ordinary least square (OLS), Granger causality and the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) framework, to provide an in-depth understanding of house price dynamics and bubbles in Australia. Findings The empirical results presented reveal that Australian house prices are driven primarily by four key factors: mortgage interest rates, consumer sentiment, the Australian S&P/ASX 200 stock market index and unemployment rates. It finds that these four key drivers have long-term equilibrium in relation to house prices, and any short-term disequilibrium always self-corrects over the long term because of economic forces. The existence of long-term equilibrium in the housing market suggests it is unlikely to be in a bubble (Diba and Grossman, 1988; Flood and Hodrick, 1986). Originality/value The foremost contribution of this paper is that it is the first rigorous study of housing bubbles in Australia at the national level. Additionally, the data set renders the study of particular interest because it incorporates an analysis of the most recent housing boom (2012-2015). The policy implications from the study arise from the discussion of how best to balance monetary policy, fiscal policy and macroeconomic policy to optimize the steady and stable growth of the Australian housing market, and from its reconsideration of affordability schemes and related policies designed to incentivize construction and the involvement of complementary industries associated with property.
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Jardine, Timothy D., and Stuart E. Bunn. "Northern Australia, whither the mercury?" Marine and Freshwater Research 61, no. 4 (2010): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf09126.
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Biomagnification of mercury (Hg) leads to high concentrations in fish and subsequent health risks for fish-eaters. Despite the global concern afforded to Hg over the past 40 years, little attention has been paid to this toxic heavy metal in Australia in general, and tropical northern Australia in particular. This review examines past Hg research in Australia and explores seven hypotheses as to why so little research and monitoring has been conducted in northern rivers and estuaries. We rule out the possibility that fishing intensity (an indicator of potential Hg exposure in humans) is lower in Australia than in other countries with more intensive Hg research programs. Instead, we hypothesise that low atmospheric deposition, owing to prevailing wind direction and few local point sources, coupled with highly productive waterbodies, contributes to low Hg bioaccumulation and hence the reduced interest in measuring Hg. Outstanding questions regarding Hg in northern Australia include the assessment of atmospheric deposition rates of Hg, the trophic level and growth and food consumption rates of consumers such as large-bodied fishes, linkages between fire regimes and Hg availability, and the capacity for in situ Hg methylation in tropical systems.
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McDonald, John, and Ralph Shlomowitz. "Mortality on Convict Voyages to Australia, 1788–1868." Social Science History 13, no. 3 (1989): 285–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200016412.
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During the past two decades, there has been an outpouring of research on the seaboard mortality associated with intercontinental migration during the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. The focus of historical interest in this linkage between mortality and migration has been the Atlantic slave trade. We now have mortality rates on voyages from various regions in Africa to various destinations in the Americas, from the late seventeenth century to the mid-nineteenth century (see Curtin, 1968, 1969: 275-286; Klein and Engerman, 1976, 1979; Klein, 1978; Postma, 1979; Miller, 1981; Cohn and Jensen, 1982a, 1982b; Cohn, 1985; Eltis, 1984, 1987; Steckel and Jensen, 1986; Galenson, 1986). These slave studies have spawned renewed interest in the mortality associated with other seaborne populations, and mortality rates have been calculated on Dutch immigrant voyages to the East Indies during the eighteenth century, European convict and immigrant voyages to North America and European immigrant voyages to Australia during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and Indian and Pacific Islander indentured labor voyages to Fiji and Queensland, Australia, during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (see Riley, 1981; Eltis, 1983; Cohn, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988; Grubb, 1987; Ekirch, 1987; Morgan, 1985; Shlomowitz, 1986, 1987, 1989; McDonald and Shlomowitz, 1988, forthcoming).
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Holmes, Mark J., Richard Dutu, and Xiaoman Cui. "Real interest rates, inflation and the open economy: A regime-switching perspective on Australia and New Zealand." International Review of Economics & Finance 18, no. 2 (March 2009): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2008.04.001.
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Razzaque, Shahid. "Effects of Peer Monitoring and Contract Choice on Repayment Rates Under Group Liability Lending." International Journal of Applied Behavioral Economics 7, no. 3 (July 2018): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijabe.2018070101.
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This article addresses the issue of peer monitoring and choice of contracts on the repayment behaviour of the subjects. The authors conducted a laboratory experiment using student subjects from the University of Sydney, Australia by employing profit sharing (PS) and conventional interest based (IB) microfinance contracts. In the four treatments, subjects were given the choice to monitor their group partner and also had the choice between selecting one of these two contracts under the group lending scenario. The results indicated statistically significant effect of monitoring on the repayment rates. Interestingly, a significantly high percentage of subjects opted for the PS contracts against the IB contracts. These higher take up rates of PS contracts, however, were not associated with an increase in repayment rates. Not surprisingly though, as the experiment was conducted in Australia, the level of religiosity remained rather an insignificant factor affecting the repayment behaviour of the subjects.
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D’Arcy, Sarah, Chester Cao, Steve Ahn, Victoria Allan, and Alireza Ahmadvand. "Trends of intrauterine device insertion and ‘Googling’ about intrauterine devices before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia." DIGITAL HEALTH 8 (January 2022): 205520762211457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20552076221145799.
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Objective The COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted access to primary care in Australia. This could have negatively impacted reproductive health services rates such as intrauterine device insertion rates, and interest in seeking information about intrauterine devices by searching on Google. We aimed to assess the trends of, and the association between, the actual Medicare service utilization rates for intrauterine device insertion and searching about intrauterine devices on Google, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We conducted systematic analyses of secondary data from June 2017 to May 2022, using Medicare and Google Trends data sources. We visualized the rates of intrauterine device insertion, plus Google's search volumes about ‘Intrauterine device’ and ‘Progestin IUDs’ as topics. Then, we assessed the correlation between intrauterine device insertion rates and Google search, using Spearman correlation. Results The average yearly rates of intrauterine device insertion increased noticeably from 25.1–26.3 in 2018–2019 to 29.3–31.2 per 100,000 population in 2020–2021 (12–18% increase). The highest monthly intrauterine device insertion rate nationally (37 per 100,000 population) was seen in March 2021. By June 2020, search term use for the two intrauterine device-related topics returned to much higher levels (50% increase for ‘Progestin IUDs’, and 54% for ‘Intrauterine device’, respectively). A moderately strong correlation was seen between actual intrauterine device insertion rates and search on Google about intrauterine devices (Spearman rho = 0.61, p < 0.000). Conclusion We demonstrated a moderately strong correlation between trends of intrauterine device insertion rates and search on Google about intrauterine devices, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. Googling about intrauterine devices could, therefore, be a useful indicator to gauge future interest in actual intrauterine device insertion for months thereafter.
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Abdiyanto, Abdiyanto, Ronald Farel Siahaan, Rusiadi Rusiadi, Ade Novalina, Bhaktiar Efendi, Lia Nazliaan Nasution, Suhendi Suhendi, and Diwayana Putri Nasution. "ARDL PANEL MODEL IN CONTROL OF EXCHANGE RATE SYSTEMS THROUGH POST-COVID-19 OPEN ECONOMY MODEL." Proceeding of The International Conference on Economics and Business 1, no. 1 (June 28, 2022): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.55606/iceb.v1i1.181.
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Destination from study this that is for test variable Interest Rates, Inflation , Total Money Supply and GDP how much big in take effect to EXCHANGE variable . And for knowing is panel level _ ethnic group interest , inflation , money supply , unemployment , investment , and GDP have an effect positive and significant to exchange rates in America, Australia, China, Canada , Indonesia, Japan , South Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Russia and Thailand. Approach study this is study associative / quantitative with the Simultaneous model and the ARDL Panel where aim see linkages Among independent variables and dependent variables that spread panel in Top Major Exchange Rate countries in 11 APEC Countries. Study this conducted against 11 countries with exchange rate strongest in the APEC countries in the world (America, Australia, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, Japan , China, Indonesia, Canada , Russia , and Thailand). The ARDL Panel Analysis results show that the Leading Model Control indicators Exchange Rate System Through the Post -Covid-19 Open Economy Model, the Top Major Exchange Rates in Eleven Apec Countries (Varies) are JUB and GDP. this _ due to the results data processing , the ROE variable is variable that gives stable influence , ie _ effect on the inside period long nor period short in give influence significant to score exchange , which is assessed from level short run and long run stability in the table result .
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Dodd, Jodie, and Jeffrey Robinson. "Commentary: public and private intervention rates in obstetric practice." Australian Health Review 27, no. 2 (2004): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah042720009.
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Dr Jodie Dodd is a maternal fetal medicine fellow, and Professor Jeffrey Robinson is head of Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Adelaide.The paper by Shorten and Shorten published in the last edition of Australian Health Review highlights differences in intervention rates (induction of labour, caesarean section, use of epidural analgesia) between women receiving private obstetric care and those receiving public obstetric care (Shorten & Shorten 2004).Similarly, the authors highlight the more frequent occurrence of "less favourable birth outcomes such as emergency CS, instrumental birth, episiotomy and (perineal) tear requiring suturing" in women giving birth in private hospital settings. These differences persisted after controlling for the risk profile of the woman or development of complications during birth (Shorten & Shorten 2004). These findings are not new in Australia, having been reported previously by King (1993 and 2000), and Roberts and colleagues (2000 and 2002). However, Shorten and Shorten's link to subsidies for private insurance raises a new concern.The global interest in obstetric intervention rates and in particular rates of caesarean section has been underpinned by the assumption that there is in fact an "ideal" rate of intervention, where benefits outweigh risks. Much of this discussion developed after the World Health Organization published a statement to the effect that a caesarean section rate of 15% was appropriate (WHO 1985). However there has been little critique of the derivation of this figure and there is a lack of evidence in the scientific literature supporting it. The rate of any particular intervention should not be considered in isolation - what is important is how the intervention relates to increasing or decreasing maternal and infant mortality and morbidity.
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KARFAKIS, COSTAS I., and ANTHONY J. PHIPPS. "DO MOVEMENTS IN THE FORWARD DISCOUNT ON THE AUSTRALIAN DOLLAR PREDICT MOVEMENTS IN DOMESTIC INTEREST RATES? EVIDENCE FROM A TIME SERIES ANALYSIS OF COVERED INTEREST PARITY IN AUSTRALIA IN THE LATE 1980s*." Australian Economic Papers 33, no. 62 (June 1994): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8454.1994.tb00007.x.
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Dracup, Miles, Bob Thomson, Mark Reader, E. J. M. Kirby, Ian Shield, and John Leach. "Daylength responses, flowering time, and seed filling in lupins." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 49, no. 7 (1998): 1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a98033.
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Narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) is now an established major crop in southern Australia, albus lupin (L. albus) is grown on a smaller scale, and there is interest in cultivating other lupin species. With any new crop, it is crucial that its phenology, particularly times of flowering and maturity, matches the target environment. We investigated times of flowering, maturity, and seed filling of several lupin species of agricultural interest to southern Australia. Established genotypes of L. angustifolius and L. albus flowered earliest, in 70-75 days, but L. luteus cv. Teo and some L. angustifolius lines with restricted branching matured earliest. Differences between genotypes in rates of seed filling and final seed weights meant that time of maturity was only poorly correlated with flowering time. We investigated the role of photoperiod in the timing of flowering and maturity in 12 lupin species/genotypes by: (a) growing plants under both long days in the UK and short days in Australia; and (b) growing plants under short days in Australia with or without lighting to extend the photoperiod. Flowering was clearly hastened by long days in all genotypes in both situations. However, the responses were much greater when days were naturally longer than when they were artificially lengthened. This was probably due to the illuminance requirements for perception of photoperiod by lupin not being saturated by the artificial lighting.
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Halili, Enver, Ali Salman Saleh, and Rami Zeitun. "Governance and long-term operating performance of family and non-family firms in Australia." Studies in Economics and Finance 32, no. 4 (October 5, 2015): 398–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sef-02-2014-0034.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the long-term operating performance of family and non-family firms from the agency theoretic perspective. The analysis is focused on investigating the impact of family ownership on principal–agent conflicts of interest. Design/methodology/approach – This paper examines the relationship between firm operating performance and family ownership for a large sample of 677 Australian-listed companies. The paper uses the Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) estimator model developed by Arellano and Bond (1991) and used by other studies in finance (Baltagi, 2012; Bond, 2002; Mohamed et al., 2008). Findings – The empirical results show that firms with ownership concentration has a better operating performance due to the alignment of owner-management interests. This study also finds that family-listed companies have higher survival rates and perform better than non-family companies. Findings support the hypothesis that agency costs arise as a result of privileged access of information and self-interest behaviour of managers (outsiders) in firms with dispersed ownership structures. Originality/value – Earlier studies have only focused on short-term perspectives, particularly investigating small and medium types of Australian family businesses from narrow aspects, such as productivity, business behaviour, capital structure and leverage. Therefore, this paper has conducted a comparative examination of family and non-family firms listed on the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) to identify the impact of agency costs on their financial performance.
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Close, David. "Why the wait? Shale gas exploration review and look ahead." APPEA Journal 55, no. 2 (2015): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj14039.
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Despite unconventional targets being recognised across many Australian sedimentary basins and the Energy Information Administration (EIA), estimating a technically recoverable shale gas resource of >400 tcf in Australia, there have been no definitive tests that prove that any of these potential plays will flow gas at commercial rates. There has, however, been a number of technical successes reported from both shale gas and basin centred gas plays. This extended abstract reviews select plays from both frontier and mature basins across Australia, including basins where Origin is actively exploring or appraising unconventional gas plays—the Perth, Cooper and Beetaloo basins. The technical challenges vary from play to play, but many of the above ground challenges are not play specific. To advance the industry, Origin and other companies will have to demonstrate a resource sufficiency that is economic in a high cost environment like Australia, while maintaining a positive relationship with communities. In its expansion into the NT, through its interest in the Beetaloo Basin, Origin has the benefit of 20 years' experience dealing with complex stakeholders and environmental challenges through its CSG development projects in Queensland. This experience is invaluable in advising best practices for engaging with local communities, landholders, traditional owners, and regulatory and government bodies. For the technically-minded asset development teams charged with exploring unconventional plays in frontier basins, where stakeholders are unfamiliar with oil and gas development projects, new skills are required that need deep organisational support.
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Lauchs, Mark, and Rebecca Keane. "An analysis of the Australian illicit tobacco market." Journal of Financial Crime 24, no. 1 (January 3, 2017): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-10-2015-0056.
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Purpose This paper aims to provide an overview of the illicit tobacco market in Australia. It attempts to build a picture of the sources of demand, size of the market and methods of supply. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based on collation of disparate government reports, industry research, media and court documents. It is a preliminary paper in the absence of better source data. Findings The market is driven by the extremely high tax on tobacco in Australia. Australia’s geography emphasises on large shipments from overseas rather than small-scale smuggling. The likely market is for migrant communities with much higher smoker rates than in the mainstream community. Research limitations/implications It is not yet possible to conduct a well-focused research because of limited official documentation. Practical implications Few government agencies focus on tobacco smuggling, and there are no publications providing a strategic picture of the illicit market. This paper fills this gap by collating multiple sources to produce a market profile. Social implications The Australian Government loses $1bn per year in tobacco tax because of smuggling. The illicit supply also means that the social goal of the tax, namely, dissuading tobacco consumption, is undermined. Originality/value There are no academic or government publications describing the Australian illicit tobacco market. The only publications are based on research funded by the tobacco industry, which has a vested interest in overstating the size of the illicit market.
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Kane, Kevin. "Australian Experience with Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery and its Complications." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 102, no. 8 (August 1993): 613–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949310200808.
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There have been reports of severe complications from functional endoscopic sinus surgery; however, it is unclear as to how the rate compares with that of the more traditional forms of intranasal surgery. To ascertain this, I circulated a questionnaire to 100 otolaryngologists in Australia known to have an interest in endoscopic nasal surgery and analyzed the results. The results of this survey show that complications are very infrequent and that the rates for functional endoscopic sinus surgery compare favorably with those of the traditional techniques.
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Thorns, D. C. "New Solutions to Old Problems: Housing Affordability and Access within Australia and New Zealand." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 20, no. 1 (January 1988): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a200071.
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During the 1970s and 1980s the Australian and New Zealand economies have been passing through a period of restructuring. This has had important impacts upon the housing sector, leading to rises in house and land prices, in interest rates, and therefore in the costs of house purchase. Under these conditions a new agenda of housing issues has appeared concerning the affordability of housing and the continued access of modest and lower income households to the dominant form of tenure, owner-occupation. The 1980s saw the election of Labour governments committed to action in the area of housing. However, somewhat paradoxically, both in Australia and in New Zealand the policies pursued have been those of deregulation to produce a more competitive financial market. To preserve access to housing, new mortgage schemes have been designed. Two such schemes, the Capital Loan Scheme of Victoria and New Zealand's Equity Share Scheme are evaluated in the paper to show the nature of the adopted policy-response. The article is concluded with the demonstration of the limitations of such policy-based solutions to what are macroeconomic problems which are produced by moving towards an economic and social policy shaped by market monetarism.
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Mansfield, Sarah J. "Generic drug prices and policy in Australia: room for improvement? A comparative analysis with England." Australian Health Review 38, no. 1 (2014): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah12009.
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Objective To assess the degree to which reimbursement prices in Australia and England differ for a range of generic drugs, and to analyse the supply- and demand-side factors that may contribute to these differences. Methods Australian and English reimbursement prices were compared for a range of generic drugs using pricing information obtained from government websites. Next, a literature review was conducted to identify supply- and demand-side factors that could affect generic prices in Australia and England. Various search topics were identified addressing potential supply-side (e.g. market approval, intellectual property protection of patented drugs, generic pricing policy, market size, generic supply chain and discounting practices) and demand-side (consumers, prescribers and pharmacists) factors. Related terms were searched in academic databases, official government websites, national statistical databases and internet search engines. Results Analysis of drug reimbursement prices for 15 generic molecules (representing 45 different drug presentations) demonstrated that Australian prices were on average over 7-fold higher than in England. Significant supply-side differences included aspects of pricing policy, the relative size of the generics markets and the use of clawback policies. Major differences in demand-side policies related to generic prescribing, pharmacist substitution and consumer incentives. Conclusions Despite recent reforms, the Australian Government continues to pay higher prices than its English counterpart for many generic medications. The results suggest that particular policy areas may benefit from review in Australia, including the length of the price-setting process, the frequency of subsequent price adjustments, the extent of price competition between originators and generics, medical professionals’ knowledge about generic medicines and incentives for generic prescribing. What is known about the topic? Prices of generic drugs have been the subject of much scrutiny over recent years. From 2005 to 2010 the Australian Government responded to observations that Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme prices for many generics were higher than in numerous comparable countries by instituting several reforms aimed at reducing the prices of generics. Despite this, several studies have demonstrated that prices for generic statins (one class of cholesterol-lowering drug) are higher in Australia compared with England and many other developed countries, and prices of numerous other generics remain higher than in the USA and New Zealand. Recently there has been increasing interest in why these differences exist. What does this paper add? By including a much larger range of commonly used and costly generic drugs, this paper builds significantly on the limited previous investigations of generic drug prices in Australia and England. Additionally, this is the first comprehensive investigation of multiple supply- and, in particular, demand-side factors that may explain any price differences between these countries. What are the implications for practitioners? Practitioners may contribute to the higher prices of generic medications in Australia compared with England through relatively low rates of generic prescribing. There are also significant implications for health policy makers, as this paper demonstrates that if Australia achieved the same prices as England for many generic drugs there could be substantial savings for the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme.
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Segal, Nancy L. "Reunited Twins: Spouse Relations / Twin Research Reports / Timely Topics." Twin Research and Human Genetics 14, no. 3 (June 1, 2011): 290–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.14.3.290.
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The present article explores the social attraction that may evolve on the part of reared apart twins' spouses toward their brothers- and sisters-in-law, that is, their spouses' newly found co-twin. This topic was inspired by the fascinating story of monozygotic reared apart (MZA) twins who were reunited in Perth, Australia in 2008, at age 50. It is followed by brief reviews of twin research articles concerning divorce rates among mothers of multiples and X-chromosome inactivation in MZ female twin pairs. The final section presents informative human interest stories involving twins.
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Jones, Colin, Neil Dunse, and Kevin Cutsforth. "The changing relationships between government bond yields and capitalisation rates." Journal of European Real Estate Research 8, no. 2 (August 3, 2015): 153–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jerer-05-2015-0023.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the gap between government bonds (index-linked and long-dated) and real estate yields/capitalization rates over time for the UK, Australia and the USA. The global financial crisis was a sharp shock to real estate markets, and while interest rates and government bond yields fell in response around the world, real estate yields (cap rates) have risen. Design/methodology/approach – The absolute yield gap levels and their variation over time in the different countries are compared and linked to the theoretical reasons for the yield gap and, in particular, a changing real estate risk premium. Within this context, it assesses whether there have been structural breaks in long-term relationships during booms and busts based on autoregressive conditionally heteroscedastic (ARCH) models. Finally, the paper provides further insights by constructing statistical models of index-linked and long-dated yield gaps. Findings – The relationships between bond and property yields go through a traumatic time around the period of the global financial crisis. These changes are sufficiently strong to be statistically defined as “structural breaks” in the time series. The sudden switch in the yield gaps may have stimulated a greater appreciation of structural change in the property market. Research limitations/implications – The research focuses on the most transparent real estate markets in the world, but other countries with less developed markets may respond differently. Practical implications – The practical implications relate to how to value real estate yields relative to interest rates. Originality/value – This is the first paper that has compared international yield gaps over time and examined the role of the gap between index-linked government bonds and real estate yields.
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Baxa, Jaromír, Roman Horváth, and Bořek Vašíček. "HOW DOES MONETARY POLICY CHANGE? EVIDENCE ON INFLATION-TARGETING COUNTRIES." Macroeconomic Dynamics 18, no. 3 (March 26, 2013): 593–630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100512000545.
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We examine the evolution of monetary policy rules in a group of inflation-targeting countries (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Sweden, and the United Kingdom), applying a moment-based estimator in a time-varying parameter model with endogenous regressors. From this novel flexible framework, our main findings are threefold. First, monetary policy rules change gradually, pointing to the importance of applying a time-varying estimation framework. Second, the interest-rate smoothing parameter is much lower than typically reported by previous time-invariant estimates of policy rules. External factors matter for all countries, although the importance of the exchange rate diminishes after the adoption of inflation targeting. Third, the response of interest rates to inflation is particularly strong during periods when central bankers want to break a record of high inflation, such as in the United Kingdom or Australia at the beginning of the 1980s. Contrary to common perceptions, the response becomes less aggressive after the adoption of inflation targeting, suggesting a positive anchoring effect of this regime on inflation expectations. This result is supported by our finding that inflation persistence typically decreased after the adoption of inflation targeting.
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Hing, Nerilee, and Sally Gainsbury. "Risky business: Gambling problems amongst gaming venue employees in Queensland, Australia." Journal of Gambling Issues, no. 25 (June 1, 2011): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2011.25.2.
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This study examines gambling and problem gambling among gaming venue staff and provides a quantitative analysis that is directly comparable to the general population. A sample of 511 staff from casinos, hotels, and clubs in Queensland, Australia completed a questionnaire. Results indicate that employees exceed the average for gambling participation, regular gambling, and usual gambling duration for every type of gambling for which comparisons could be made. Problem gambling rates amongst staff were 9.6 times higher than for the Queensland population. Problem and moderate-risk gamblers were typically males who worked around gambling facilities and assisted patrons with gambling. A substantial proportion of problem and moderate-risk gamblers report increasing their gambling since commencing work. These results are of interest, given the importance of understanding how exposure interacts with gambling behaviour, of debates about the nature of this interaction, and of industry-based responsible gambling policies that particularly focus on gaming venue employees.
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Shi, Song, Vince Mangioni, Xin Janet Ge, Shanaka Herath, Fethi Rabhi, and Rachida Ouysse. "House Price Forecasting from Investment Perspectives." Land 10, no. 10 (September 26, 2021): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10101009.
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Housing market dynamics have primarily shifted from consumption- to investment-driven in many countries, including Australia. Building on investment theory, we investigated market dynamics by placing investment demand at the center using the error correction model (ECM). We found that house prices, rents, and interest rates are cointegrated in the long run under the present value investment framework. Other economic factors such as population growth, unemployment, migration, construction activities, and bank lending were also important determinants of the housing market dynamics. Our forecasting results show that the Sydney housing market will continue to grow with no significant price decline in the foreseeable future.
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Pachana, Nancy A., Erin Emery, Candace A. Konnert, Erin Woodhead, and Barry A. Edelstein. "Geropsychology content in clinical training programs: a comparison of Australian, Canadian and U.S. data." International Psychogeriatrics 22, no. 6 (June 4, 2010): 909–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610210000803.
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ABSTRACTBackground: There is a worldwide shortage of mental health professionals trained in the provision of mental health services to older adults. This shortage in many countries is most acutely felt in the discipline of psychology. Examining training programs in clinical psychology with respect to training content may shed light on ways to increase interest among students and improve practical experiences in working with older adults.Methods: A large multinational survey of geropsychology content in university-based clinical and counselling psychology training programs was conducted in 2007 in the U.S.A., Australia, and Canada. Both clinical/counseling programs and internship/practicum placements were surveyed as to staffing, didactic content and training opportunities with respect to geropsychology.Results: Survey response rates varied from 15% in the U.S.A. (n = 46), 70% in Australia (n = 25) to 91.5% in Canada (n = 22). The U.S.A. and Australia reported specialist concentrations in geropsychology within graduate clinical psychology training programs. More assessment and psychopathology courses in the three countries were cited as having ageing content than psychotherapy courses. Many non-specialist programs in all three countries offered course work in geropsychology, and many had staff who specialized in working clinically with an older population. Interest in expanding aging courses and placements was cited by several training sites. Recruiting staff and finding appropriate placement opportunities with older adult populations were cited as barriers to expanding geropsychology offerings.Conclusions: In light of our results, we conclude with a discussion of innovative means of engaging students with ageing content/populations, and suggestions for overcoming staffing and placement shortcomings.
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Shen, Mei-Li, Cheng-Feng Lee, Hsiou-Hsiang Liu, Po-Yin Chang, and Cheng-Hong Yang. "An Effective Hybrid Approach for Forecasting Currency Exchange Rates." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 2761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052761.
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Accurately forecasting the movement of exchange rates is of interest in a variety of fields, such as international business, financial management, and monetary policy, though this is not an easy task due to dramatic fluctuations caused by political and economic events. In this study, we develop a new forecasting approach referred to as FSPSOSVR, which is able to accurately predict exchange rates by combining particle swarm optimization (PSO), random forest feature selection, and support vector regression (SVR). PSO is used to obtain the optimal SVR parameters for predicting exchange rates. Our analysis involves the monthly exchange rates from January 1971 to December 2017 of seven countries including Australia, Canada, China, the European Union, Japan, Taiwan, and the United Kingdom. The out-of-sample forecast performance of the FSPSOSVR algorithm is compared with six competing forecasting models using the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and root mean square error (RMSE), including random walk, exponential smoothing, autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), seasonal ARIMA, SVR, and PSOSVR. Our empirical results show that the FSPSOSVR algorithm consistently yields excellent predictive accuracy, which compares favorably with competing models for all currencies. These findings suggest that the proposed algorithm is a promising method for the empirical forecasting of exchange rates. Finally, we show the empirical relevance of exchange rate forecasts arising from FSPSOSVR by use of foreign exchange carry trades and find that the proposed trading strategies can deliver positive excess returns of more than 3% per annum for most currencies, except for AUD and NTD.
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Sesay, Alhassan, Suhartono Suhartono, and Dedy Dwi Prastyo. "Forecasting Exchange Rate Across Countries with Gold Price as Exogenous Variable Using Transfer Function and VARI-X Model." MATEMATIKA 36, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/matematika.v36.n3.1211.
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Investors and collectors hold gold as protection for their savings and wealth atlarge. Gold does not pay interest like treasure bonds or savings accounts, but current goldprices often reflect increases and decreases of an asset. This research aims to provide amodel for the relationship between the exchange rate, which is vital in exporting gold, andgold prices across countries. The Australia, Brazil, and South Africa exchange rates areused as a case study against the gold price. The ARIMA model is used for forecasting goldprice as an input for the Transfer Function and VARIX models. The Transfer Functionmodel only considers the relationship between gold prices as input with the exchange ratein each country, whereas the VARIX model also considers the interrelationship betweenexchange rates in these countries. Daily data is used for the period 1st June 2010 to the28th February 2018. The RMSE and MAPE are used as criteria for selecting the bestmodel. The results show that VARIX is the best model for forecasting the Australianexchange rate, while the Transfer function is the best model for forecasting South Africanand Brazilian exchange rates.
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Powell, T. G. "UNDERSTANDING AUSTRALIA’S PETROLEUM RESOURCES, FUTURE PRODUCTION TRENDS AND THE ROLE OF THE FRONTIERS." APPEA Journal 41, no. 1 (2001): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj00013.
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Relative to its needs over the last 30 years, Australia has enjoyed a high level of self-sufficiency. Whilst the overall remaining reserves of oil have been relatively constant, reserves of condensate have grown substantially as major reserves of natural gas have been added to Australia’s resource inventory. Oil and condensate reserves stand at 3.43 billion barrels (505 GL), of which 50% is condensate in gas fields. Australia’s undiscovered oil potential in its major offshore hydrocarbon producing basins has been upgraded to an indicative 5 billion barrels (800 GL) at the average expectation, following evaluation of the assessment results for Australia in the authoritative worldwide assessment of undiscovered potential by the US Geological Survey.Current reserves, however, are insufficient to sustain present levels of production in the medium term. Estimates of future production of oil and condensate suggest that at the mean expectation, production rates will drop by around 33% by 2005 and 50% by 2010, largely as a result of a decline in oil production. This forecast includes production from fields that have not yet been discovered. Condensate production will continue to grow, but the rate of growth is constrained by gas production rates and overall by the development timetable for the major gas fields.The rate of discovery of new oil fields is insufficient to replace the oil reserves that are being produced. If Australia is to maximise the opportunity to maintain production at similar levels to the recent past, it is probable that exploration effort will have to diversify to the frontier basins to locate a new oil province whilst continuing to explore the full potential of the known hydrocarbon-bearing basins. Australia still has a remarkable number of basins which have received little or no exploration. Whilst there is no substitute for a discovery to stimulate exploration in poorly known areas, demonstrating that petroleum has been generated and migrated is the key to attracting continued exploration interest.
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McCrabb, Sam, Amanda L. Baker, John Attia, Zsolt J. Balogh, Natalie Lott, Kerrin Palazzi, Justine Naylor, et al. "Who is More Likely to Use the Internet for Health Behavior Change? A Cross-Sectional Survey of Internet Use Among Smokers and Nonsmokers Who Are Orthopedic Trauma Patients." JMIR Mental Health 4, no. 2 (May 30, 2017): e18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/mental.7435.
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Background eHealth presents opportunities to provide population groups with accessible health interventions, although knowledge about Internet access, peoples’ interest in using the Internet for health, and users’ characteristics are required prior to eHealth program development. Objective This study surveyed hospital patients to examine rates of Internet use, interest in using the Internet for health, and respondent characteristics related to Internet use and interest in using the Internet for health. For patients who smoke, preferences for types of smoking cessation programs for use at home and while in hospital were also examined. Methods An online cross-sectional survey was used to survey 819 orthopedic trauma patients (response rate: 72.61%, 819/1128) from two public hospitals in New South Wales, Australia. Logistic regressions were used to examine associations between variables. Results A total of 72.7% (574/790) of respondents had at least weekly Internet access and more than half (56.6%, 357/631) reported interest in using the Internet for health. Odds of at least weekly Internet usage were higher if the individual was born overseas (OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.27-3.82, P=.005), had a tertiary education (OR 3.75, 95% CI 2.41-5.84, P<.001), or was a nonsmoker (OR 3.75, 95% CI 2.41-5.84, P<.001). Interest in using the Internet for health increased with high school (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.09-3.15, P=.02) or tertiary education (OR 2.48, 95% CI 1.66-3.70, P<.001), and if household incomes were more than AUS $100,000 (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.25-4.97, P=.009). Older individuals were less interested in using the Internet for health (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.97-0.99, P<.001). Conclusions Online interventions may be a potential tool for health care in this hospitalized population. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR): ACTRN12614001147673; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=366829&isReview=true (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6qg26u3En)
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Macvean, Emily, Eva YN Yuen, Gregory Tooley, Heather M. Gardiner, and Tess Knight. "Attitudes of intensive care and emergency physicians in Australia with regard to the organ donation process: A qualitative analysis." Journal of Health Psychology 25, no. 10-11 (April 4, 2018): 1601–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105318765619.
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Specialized hospital physicians have direct capacity to impact Australia’s sub-optimal organ donation rates because of their responsibility to identify and facilitate donation opportunities. Australian physicians’ attitudes toward this responsibility are examined. A total of 12 intensive care unit and three emergency department physicians were interviewed using a constructionist grounded theory and situational analysis approach. A major theme emerged, related to physicians’ conflicts of interest in maintaining patients’/next-of-kin’s best interests and a sense of duty-of-care in this context. Two sub-themes related to this main theme were identified as follows: (1) discussions about organ donation and who is best to carry these out and (2) determining whether organ donation is part of end-of-life care; including the avoidance of non-therapeutic ventilation; and some reluctance to follow clinical triggers in the emergency department. Overall, participants indicated strong support for organ donation but would not consider it part of end-of-life care, representing a major obstacle to the support of potential donation opportunities. Findings have implications for physician education and training. Continued efforts are needed to integrate the potential for organ donation into end-of-life care within intensive care units and emergency departments.
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Naraghi, Reza, Alan Bryant, and Linda Slack-Smith. "Description of Total Population Hospital Admissions for Morton's Metatarsalgia in Australia." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 104, no. 5 (September 1, 2014): 451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/0003-0538-104.5.451.
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Background Morton's metatarsalgia is a painful perineural fibroma of a plantar nerve, most commonly of the second or third intermetatarsal spaces of the forefoot. The aim of this study was to investigate hospital admissions with a diagnosis of Morton's metatarsalgia in the Australian population from 1998 to 2008. Methods Data regarding admissions with a diagnosis code of ICD-10 G57.6 were extracted from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare databases of hospital morbidity from 1998 to 2008. The event of interest was an admission with ICD-10 G57.6 (Morton's metatarsalgia). The explanatory variables included sex and age group. Rates were calculated using the estimated resident population counts to determine denominators. Results Morton's metatarsalgia admissions were almost three-fold higher for women in the population compared to men. The rate of admissions for Morton's metatarsalgia was the highest for the total population in the 55- to 59-year-old age group. Among women admitted for Morton's metatarsalgia, the highest rate was in the 50- to 54-year-old age group; among men, the highest rate was in the slightly older 55- to 59-year-old age category. Conclusions Population-level information on admissions for Morton's metatarsalgia show that admissions were three times higher among women compared to men. The highest admission rate was in the 50- to 55-year-old age group.
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Detering, Karen M., Kimberly Buck, Marcus Sellars, Helana Kelly, Craig Sinclair, Ben White, and Linda Nolte. "Prospective multicentre cross-sectional audit among older Australians accessing health and residential aged care services: protocol for a national advance care directive prevalence study." BMJ Open 9, no. 10 (October 2019): e031691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031691.
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IntroductionAdvance care planning (ACP), an ongoing communication and planning process, aims to clarify a person’s values and preferences, so these guide decision-making if the person becomes unable to make his or her own decisions. Ideally, ACP results in completion of advance care directives (ACD), documents completed by competent people outlining their values, treatment preferences and/or appointment of a substitute decision-maker (SDM). ACDs are most effective at the point of care, where they can be used to inform treatment decisions. Australian governments fund initiatives and have developed policy to increase ACD completion rates. However, little is known about the prevalence of ACDs at the point of care in Australian health services, making ACP evaluation efforts difficult. This study aims to determine the prevalence of ACDs in records of older people in Australian hospitals, aged care facilities and general practices.Methods and analysisThis is a national multicentre cross-sectional prevalence study in selected aged care facilities, hospitals and general practices. Following a 2017 feasibility study, a new protocol incorporating key learnings was developed. Sites will be recruited via expression of interest process. Health records of people aged ≥65 years, admitted to or attending services on study day(s) will be audited by trained staff from sites. Site-level data will be collected during the expression of interest. The primary outcome is the presence of at least one ACD in the health record. Secondary outcomes include prevalence of other documented outcomes of ACP (by health practitioner(s)/family/SDM), assessment of ACD quality and content and concordance between the person’s documented preferences and any medical treatment orders. Individuals and sites characteristics where ACDs are present will be explored.Ethics and disseminationProtocol approval by Austin Health Human Research Ethics Committee, Melbourne, Australia (reference: HREC/18/Austin/109). Results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed journals and conferences. Participating sites and jurisdictions will receive individualised reports of findings.
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Perlstein, Robyn, Scott McCoombe, Susie Macfarlane, Andrew Colin Bell, and Caryl Nowson. "Nutrition Practice and Knowledge of First-Year Medical Students." Journal of Biomedical Education 2017 (August 27, 2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5013670.
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Objectives. To compare the knowledge of Australian dietary recommendations to the dietary practices of first-year medical students. Design. Over a period of four years, anonymous online surveys were completed by medical students attending a first-year nutrition lecture. Background. There is little information on the nutritional knowledge and dietary practices of medical students. Setting. First-year postgraduate university medical students, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. Participants. Between the years 2012 and 2016, 32%–61% of first-year students completed the survey. Phenomenon of Interest. Student’s knowledge of dietary guidelines and related practices. Analysis. The frequency of response was assessed across the different year cohorts using descriptive statistics. Results. Between 59% and 93% of first-year students correctly identified the recommended daily servings for fruit, and between 61% and 84% knew the vegetable recommendations. In contrast only 40%–46% met the guidelines for fruit and 12%–19% met the guidelines for vegetables. Conclusions and Implications. Discrepancies between students’ nutrition knowledge and behavior can provide learning opportunities. With low rates of fruit and vegetable consumption in medical students, increased awareness of links between nutrition and health, together with encouragement to make behavioral changes, may increase the skills of graduates to support patients in improving dietary intake.
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JIANG, Heng, and Chunlu LIU. "IDENTIFYING DETERMINANTS OF DEMAND FOR CONSTRUCTION USING AN ECONOMETRIC APPROACH." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 19, no. 4 (December 23, 2015): 346–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648715x.2015.1072856.
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Economic variation and its effects on construction demand have received a great deal of attention in construction economics studies. An understanding of future trends in demand for construction could influence investment strategies for a variety of parties, including construction developers, suppliers, property investors and financial institutions. This paper derives the determinants of demand for construction in Australia using an econometric approach to identify and evaluate economic indicators that affect construction demand. The forecasting contribution of different determinants of economic indicators and their categories to the demand for construction are further estimated. The results of this empirical study suggest that changes in consumer's expectation, income and production, and demography and labour force are closely correlated with the movement of construction demand; and 14 economic indicators are identified as the determinants for construction demand. It was found that the changes in construction price, national income, size of population, unemployment rate, value or export, household expenditure and interest rates play key roles in explaining future variations in the demand for construction in Australia. Some “popular” macroeconomic indicators, such as GDP, established house price and bank loans produced inconclusive results.
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Martin, PG, and JM Dowd. "Application of evidence from molecular biology to the biogeography of angiosperms." Australian Systematic Botany 4, no. 1 (1991): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9910111.
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Previously published sequence data from species, whose ancestors are thought to have been separated during the break-up of Gondwanaland, yield mean number of inferred nucleotide differences (i.n.d.) for two comparisons, Africa versus Australia and New Zealand versus Australia. In the geophysical literature, the dating of these separations appears to be uncontroversial, viz. 130 Ma and 80 Ma respectively. The mean rates for the two comparisons are one i.n.d. in 11.7 Ma and 11.9 Ma. The similarity of these estimates encouraged us to deduce the dates of other events for which we present new data. The deepest division detected within the angiosperms corresponds to 244 Ma (Triassic). This is compared with recent equivalent datings. The division between representatives of northern primitive families (Magnoliaceae, Calycanthaceae) and southern primitive families (Winteraceae, Idiospermataceae) corresponds to 162 Ma (Upper Jurassic). This is discussed briefly in relation to geophysical information. Although there is considerable scope for error in this approach, it is considered to be worth pursuing in the light of the imminence of more and longer sequences from nucleic acids and of the interest and difficulty of such biogeographical problems.