Dissertations / Theses: 'Interesse fiscale'

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BAMBINO, MARTINA. "La ripartizione dell’onere della prova nel processo tributario, tra interesse fiscale e difesa del contribuente." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/85026.

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L’esigenza di approfondire lo studio dell’onere della prova nel processo tributario nasce dalla mai sopita attualità di questo tema. L’indagine è stata condotta prendendo in considerazione il tema della prova e dell’onere della prova nel processo civile, penale ed amministrativo. Si è visto quindi come nel processo tributario non sia possibile applicare semplicisticamente le regole probatorie dell’uno o dell’altro sistema processuale. Il rapporto osmotico tra fase procedimentale e fase processuale fa sì che, nonostante sia il contribuente ad impugnare un atto impositivo, la regola generale di ripartizione dell’onere probatorio veda l’Amministrazione finanziaria quale “attore in senso sostanziale” ed il contribuente quale “convenuto in senso sostanziale”. Pertanto, all’Amministrazione spetta l’onere di provare i fatti posti alla base della pretesa impositiva, al contribuente quelli che incidono in negativo sulla stessa. Si è dato spazio ai principi che interagiscono con la “regola generale” di ripartizione dell’onere della prova, e segnatamente al principio dispositivo ed a quello di parità delle parti nel processo. Quindi, si è visto come la “regola generale” di ripartizione dell’onere probatorio non possa essere, e non sia, applicata in maniera rigida e anelastica, per poi tracciare i casi più evidenti di “deviazioni” da questa regola, che si riscontrano sia in ambito giurisprudenziale sia in ambito legislativo.

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Momo, Vera Amaral Carvalho. "Conselho fiscal das sociedades anônimas e o direito de fiscalização da gestão dos negócios sociais." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/19596.

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Supervisory Board is the body responsible for the company's supervision. It is intended to verify compliance with legal and statutory duties of directors. It also acts as an information organ to shareholders. The objective of this study is to identify if the legal rules of the functioning of the body are effective in protecting the basic right of supervision of the company business by the shareholders. We seek to understand the role of the supervisory board in the corporate context, from the point of view of the harmonization of the various social interests pursued by the legislature
Conselho fiscal é o órgão responsável pela fiscalização da companhia. Tem a finalidade de verificar o cumprimento dos deveres legais e estatutários dos administradores. Atua também como órgão de informação aos acionistas. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar se as normas legais relativas ao funcionamento do órgão são eficazes na tutela do direito essencial de fiscalização dos negócios sociais por parte dos acionistas. Busca-se compreender o papel do conselho fiscal no âmbito societário, sob o ponto de vista da harmonização dos diversos interesses sociais buscada pelo legislador

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Badinger, Harald, and Wolf Heinrich Reuter. "The Case for Fiscal Rules." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2015. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4629/1/wp204.pdf.

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This paper estimates the effects of fiscal institutions on fiscal policy outcomes, addressing issues related to measurement and endogeneity in a novel way. Recently developed indices, based on partially ordered set theory, are used to quantify the stringency of fiscal rules. Identification of their effects is achieved by exploiting the exogeneity of institutional variables (checks and balances, government fragmentation, inflation targeting), which are found to be relevant determinants of fiscal rules. Our two-stage least squares estimates for (up to) 79 countries over the period 1985-2012 provide strong evidence that countries with more stringent fiscal rules have higher fiscal balances (lower deficits), lower interest rate spreads on government bonds, and lower output volatility. (authors' abstract)
Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

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Lorenzon, Lisa <1993&gt. "Tassazione e agevolazioni fiscali degli immobili di interesse storico artistico presenti nel territorio dello Stato." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/15107.

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Oggetto della presente tesi è lo studio delle previsioni di favore presenti nell’ordinamento interno di cui beneficia il soggetto proprietario di un bene culturale o titolare di altro diritto reale, con particolare riferimento agli immobili vincolati. Sarà richiamato il concetto di agevolazione fiscale e vagliata la legittimità costituzionale della stessa facendo riferimento alle Sentenze Costituzionali più note. A seguito delle nozioni introduttive saranno analizzate le agevolazioni fiscali connesse ai principali tributi che gravano sugli immobili vincolati. Ovvero: le imposte sui redditi, le imposte patrimoniali, le imposte d’atto sui trasferimenti immobiliari.

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Demmel, Roland. "Fiscal policy, public debt and the term structure of interest rates /." Berlin : Springer, 1999. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?u20=354066243X.

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Aguiar, Marianne Thamm de. "Dominância fiscal e a regra de reação fiscal: uma análise empírica para o Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12140/tde-19102007-124240/.

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Este trabalho tem como objetivo testar a hipótese de dominância fiscal, bem como estimar uma regra de reação fiscal para o Brasil, e é desenvolvido em duas partes. Na primeira parte investiga-se a existência de dominância fiscal no Brasil a partir de 1999 ? ano em que se inicia a fixação de metas de superávit primário pelo governo ? através de função resposta ao impulso. O resultado obtido indica que não ocorre o fenômeno da dominância fiscal no período analisado. Na segunda parte analisa-se se o comportamento da autoridade fiscal do Brasil pauta-se em alguma regra de reação fiscal. Pretende-se aferir se o governo reage a variações no nível da dívida ajustando o resultado primário, de modo a garantir a sustentabilidade da razão dívida/PIB e permitir que a política monetária seja eficaz. Para o período anterior à fixação de metas de superávit primário (1995-1998) não é possível definir uma regra de reação fiscal, pois o superávit primário não responde a mudanças na dívida pública. Para o período posterior (1999-2006), entretanto, conclui-se que o governo segue uma regra de reação fiscal, denotando preocupação em evitar a dominância fiscal, embora a especificação da regra seja distinta para os governos Fernando Henrique Cardoso e Lula.
This research, which is divided into two parts, tests the hypothesis of fiscal dominance and estimates a fiscal reaction rule for Brazil. In the first part we investigate the existence of fiscal dominance in Brazil beginning 1999 ? the starting point of primary surplus targets by the Government ? through an impulse response function. Our analysis indicates that the fiscal dominance does not apply for the concerned period. In the second part, we investigate if the Brazilian fiscal authority follows any rule of fiscal reaction. We intent to test if the Government reacts adjusting the primary surplus to debt variations, maintaining the sustainability of the debt/GDP ratio and preserving the efficacy of the monetary policy. For the period prior to the primary surplus targets (1995-1998), it?s not possible to define a rule of fiscal reaction, as the primary surplus does not respond to variations in the public debt. However, for the 1999-2006 period, we found that the Government does follow a fiscal reaction rule, highlighting the preoccupation of avoiding the fiscal dominance, even though the rule?s specification is distinct for the mandates of Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Lula.

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Blas, Pérez Beatriz de. "Essays on Monetary and Fiscal Policy." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4035.

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Esta tesis estudia cuestiones de política monetaria y fiscal en macroeconomías con fricciones financieras.
El Capítulo 1 analiza numéricamente el funcionamiento de reglas de política monetaria en economías con y sin imperfecciones financieras. El capítulo compara una política monetaria endógena con una regla de crecimiento del dinero constante en un escenario de participación limitada. Las imperfecciones surgen por información asimétrica en la producción de capital. El modelo se ajusta bastante bien a los datos de EE.UU. El escenario con imperfecciones financieras es capaz de reflejar algunos hechos estilizados del ciclo económico, como la relación negativa entre producto y prima de riesgo, que no aparecen en el caso estándar sin fricciones. El uso de reglas de tipos de interés en un modelo de participación limitada tiene efectos estabilizadores contrarios a los de los modelos neo-Keynesianos. Concretamente, en un modelo de participación limitada, usar reglas de tipos de interés ayuda a estabilizar producto e inflación frente a un shock tecnológico, mientras que existe un trade-off entre estabilizar producto e inflación si el shock es a la demanda de dinero. Finalmente, los efectos de una regla de Taylor son más fuertes -más estabilizadores o más desestabilizadores- cuando hay fricciones financieras.
El Capítulo 2 utiliza datos de EE.UU. de posguerra para analizar si las fricciones financieras pueden haber contribuido a reducir la variabilidad del producto y la inflación desde los 80. Los datos sobre producto, inflación, tipo de interés y prima de riesgo indican un punto de ruptura en 1981:2, tras el cual estas variables son menos volátiles. El modelo anterior se utiliza aquí para calibrar una regla de tipos de interés para cada submuestra. Sin fricciones financieras, los resultados confirman el reconocido cambio en la política monetaria al presentar reglas bastante diferentes antes y después de 1981:2. Sin embargo, en contraste con la literatura empírica, la calibración no refleja un mayor peso sobre la estabilización de la inflación después de 1981:2. Sorprendentemente, con un nivel positivo de costes de control, la calibración presenta dos reglas mucho menos distintas que aquellas encontradas en ausencia de imperfecciones. Las reglas calibradas sí que asignan un mayor peso a la estabilización de la inflación y menor a la del producto tras 1981:2, a diferencia del caso de costes de control cero. Cuando la regla, costes de control, y shocks cambian entre submuestras, la calibración presenta dos reglas con más peso a la estabilización de la inflación y menos a la del producto después de 1981:2. El grado de fricciones financieras cae un 10% tras 1981:2.
El Capítulo 3 estudia las consecuencias en crecimiento y bienestar de imponer límites de deuda a la restricción presupuestaria del gobierno. El modelo presenta crecimiento endógeno y permite al gasto público tener dos papeles diferentes, bien como factor productivo o bien como servicios en la función de utilidad (en este caso, el capital privado genera crecimiento.) En el largo plazo, sin límites de deuda, mayores impuestos sobre el trabajo reducen el crecimiento, independientemente del papel desempeñado por el gasto público. Con límites de deuda, mayores impuestos sobre el trabajo aumentan el crecimiento si el gasto público es productivo. También se analiza la dinámica de una política fiscal más restrictiva para alcanzar un límite de deuda menor, cuando el gasto público es productivo. Mayores impuestos sobre el trabajo para reducir la deuda llevan a un nuevo estado estacionario con mayor crecimiento y menores impuestos, debido al papel productivo del gasto público. Igualmente, un menor ratio de gasto público-producto reduce el crecimiento y producto. Mayores impuestos sobre el trabajo conllevan menos costes de bienestar que cortes en el gasto público para reducir la deuda.
This dissertation analyzes monetary and fiscal policy issues in macroeconomies with financial frictions.
Chapter 1 analyzes numerically the performance of monetary policy rules in economies with and without financial imperfections. Endogenously driven monetary policy is compared to a constant money growth rule in a limited participation framework. The imperfections arise due to asymmetric information emerging in the production of capital. The model economy fits US data reasonably well. The setup with financial imperfections is able to account for some stylized facts of the business cycle, like the negative correlation between output and risk premium, which are absent in the standard frictionless case. The use of interest rate rules in a limited participation model has the opposite stabilization effects compared with new Keynesian models. More concretely, in a limited participation model, using interest rate rules helps stabilize both output and inflation in the face of technology shocks, whereas there is a trade-off between stabilizing output and inflation if the shock is to money demand. Finally, the effects of a Taylor rule are stronger -either more strongly stabilizing or more strongly destabilizing- when there are financial frictions in the economy.
In Chapter 2, postwar US data are employed to analyze whether financial frictions may have contributed to reduce the variability of output and inflation since the 1980s. Data on output, inflation, interest rate, and risk premium indicate a structural break at 1981:2, after which these variables become less volatile. The model economy of Chapter 1 is used to calibrate an interest rate rule for each subsample. Without financial frictions, the results confirm the widely recognized change in the conduct of monetary policy by reporting substantially different rules before and after 1981:2. However, in contrast with empirical literature, the calibration fails to assign more weight to inflation stabilization after 1981:2. Interestingly, when a positive level of monitoring costs is introduced, the procedure yields two calibrated rules that are much less different than those found in the absence of frictions. Furthermore, the calibrated rules do report a stronger weight to inflation and less to output stabilization after 1981:2, as opposed to the zero monitoring costs case. When the rule, monitoring costs, and shocks are allowed to change across subsamples, the calibration reports two interest rate rules that assign more weight to inflation and less to output stabilization after 1981:2. Also, the degree of financial frictions is 10% less after 1981:2.
Chapter 3 studies the growth and welfare consequences of imposing debt limits on the government budget constraint. The model economy displays endogenous growth and allows public spending to have two different roles, either as productive input or as services in the utility function (in this case private capital drives growth). Introducing debt limits is determinant for the growth effects of different fiscal policies. In the long run, without debt limits, the growth effects of raising taxes on labor income are negative regardless of the role of government spending. Interestingly, with debt limits, higher labor tax rates affect positively growth if government spending is productive. The chapter also analyzes the dynamic effects of imposing a more restrictive fiscal policy in order to attain a debt limit with a lower debt to output ratio, for the case of productive government spending. Raising taxes to lower debt leads to a new balanced growth path with higher growth and lower taxes, because of the productive role of government spending. By the same reason, a fiscal policy consisting of reducing government spending over output has the opposite effects, reducing growth and output. Finally, raising labor income taxes implies a lower welfare cost of reducing debt than does cutting spending.

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Benzon, Sarah, and Frida Larsson. "Fiscal tools and their potential impacts on Swedish households." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-192166.

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Leal, Ricardo Batista Camara. "Efeitos da política fiscal sobre o nível da taxa de juros nominal de longo prazo de 25 países da OCDE." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12138/tde-14042011-143847/.

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Esta dissertação é um estudo empírico que relaciona variáveis fiscais como dívida pública e déficit primário com a taxa de juros nominal de longo prazo, relação, que na literatura empírica como um todo, é bastante ambígua. Quando separamos, desta literatura, os trabalhos que incluem expectativas de déficits, obtemos resultados positivos e significantes, ou seja, que a contenção fiscal reduz a taxa de juros de longo prazo. Ainda nesta literatura, poucos trabalhos fazem uso de dados de painel devido à pouca disponibilidade de dados. Dessa forma, usamos um painel com 25 países e dados anuais entre 1980 e 2009. Assim, estimam-se modelos estáticos e dinâmicos em que a taxa de juros nominal de longo prazo é explicada pela dívida pública e, principalmente, o déficit primário, controlando a existência de efeitos fixos para países e anos. Utilizamos, em seguida, modelos não-lineares, para captar efeitos das variáveis fiscais de forma não-linear e com variáveis interativas. Encontra-se uma relação positiva entre as variáveis, indicando que um aumento no déficit primário leva a um aumento na taxa de juros nominal de longo prazo. A magnitude do efeito estimado é semelhante a outros estudos feitos com dados em painel. Os resultados apontam que um aumento em um ponto percentual do déficit primário leva a um aumento de zero a 10 bps sobre a taxa de juros nominal de longo prazo. Já para a dívida pública encontramos que, ao contrário do que esperaríamos pela teoria, que seu efeito sobre a taxa de juros nominal de longo prazo é insignificante e menor do que o encontrado na maior parte da literatura, menos de 2 bps, mas semelhante aos de outros trabalhos. Ao contrário de toda literatura para dados em painel, incluímos também a expectativa de déficits, variável que deveria incorporar mais informação do que somente o déficit corrente e, por isso, nossos resultados deveriam ser mais significantes. No entanto, estas variáveis não estão disponíveis para muito anos e, portanto, para esta parte do trabalho nossa amostra se reduz para 1996-2009. Contudo, ao fazermos as mesmas estimações que as anteriores, mas com a expectativa de déficit obtemos coeficientes para o déficit primário insignificantes, nem sempre positivos e baixos. Este resultado parece ser devido à amostra reduzida que temos para expectativa de déficit.
This dissertation is an empirical study that tries to capture the relationship between fiscal variables, such as the public debt and the primary deficit, and the long-term nominal interest rates, a relationship that in the empirical literature as a whole is very ambiguous. However, when, in this literature, we look only at papers that include expected deficits, we obtain positive and significant results. In the same set of studies, few use panel data due to low data availability. We use a panel with 25 countries and annual data between 1980 and 2009. We estimate static and dynamic models in which the long-term nominal interest rate is explained by the public debt and, especially, the primary deficit by controlling for the existence of fixed effects for countries and years. We then estimate non-linear models to capture the non-linear and interactive effects of fiscal variables on interest rates. We find a positive and statistically significant relationship between these variables, indicating that the primary deficit has a positive impact on the long-term nominal interest rate. The magnitude of the estimated effect is similar to other studies with panel data. They show that a one percentage point increase in the primary deficit leads to an increase from zero to 10 bps in the long-term nominal interest rate. As for the public debt, we find that, contrary to what we would expect from economic theory, its effect on the long-term nominal interest rate is negligible and smaller than that found in most of the literature, less than 2 bps, but similar to other panel studies. Unlike the rest of the literature that uses panel data, we included deficit expectations that would incorporate more information than just the current primary deficit and would, therefore, give us more statistically significant results. However, these variables are not available for large periods of time for a panel of countries and, therefore, for this part of our study, our sample is reduced to the period 1996-2009. This time, even though we estimate the same models, but now with the deficit expectations, we now obtain statistically insignificant, sometimes negative and lower coefficients for the primary deficit. Nevertheless, these results seem to be due to the small sample size we have for deficit expectations.

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Najar, Dorra. "La rémunération dans les fonds d’investissement : évaluation et traitement fiscal." Thesis, Paris 9, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA090049.

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Les fonds d’investissement, plus connus sous le nom de private equity, constituent un acteur très important du marché financier. Leur performance dépasse souvent celle du marché. Ces fonds sont constitués suite à un accord entre les apporteurs de capitaux (les limited partners) et les gérants du fonds (les general partners). Cette thèse s’intéresse plus particulièrement à la rémunération accordée aux managers du fonds en contrepartie de leurs compétences de gestion. Cette rémunération est constituée d’une partie fixe (management fees) et une partie variable indexée sur la performance du fonds (carried interest). Tout d’abord, cette thèse examine les différents facteurs économiques, culturels, spécifiques aux gérants…qui affectent le choix des partenaires du fonds concernant les clauses de rémunération et de partage de profit. Ensuite, elle se penche sur le problème du traitement fiscal du carried interest. La différence d’imposition entre les États-Unis et certains pays européens s’explique par une difficulté de définition de cet instrument financier. Le rapprochement du carried interest à des options financières permet de mieux identifier le traitement fiscal le plus approprié. Pour finir, cette thèse propose une méthode d’estimation de la juste valeur de la rémunération des GPs en utilisant des simulations Monte Carlo. La prise en compte des clauses contractuelles et des caractères optionnels permet de réaliser une analyse de sensibilité de cette rémunération
Private equity funds are a very important actor of the financial market. Their performance often exceeds the market performance. To establish a private equity fund, there are some agreements between the capital providers (limited partners) and the fund managers (the general partners). This thesis particularly treats the fund managers’ compensation granted to them for their management skills. This compensation consists of a fixed part (management fees) and a variable part indexed on the performance fund (carried interest). First, this thesis examines the various economic, cultural, specific managers’ factors ... that affect the choice of fund partners concerning compensation and profit sharing terms. Then, it studies the tax treatment problem of carried interest. The difference of taxing treatment between the United States and some European countries is explained by a difficulty in defining this financial instrument. The approximation of the carried interest to a financial option allows a better identification of the most appropriate tax treatment. Finally, this thesis proposes an estimating method of the GPs compensation fair value using Monte Carlo simulations. Varying contract clauses and optional characteristics allows a sensitivity analysis of this remuneration

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Vránová, Veronika. "The impacts of fiscal developments on the yield curve." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-165610.

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The thesis analyzed the impacts of fiscal developments on the yield curve using quarterly data on the Czech economy over the period 2000:1 -- 2012:4. This thesis thoroughly reviewed the previous theoretical and empirical literature in order to sort out the rather inconclusive results of previous studies according to their main findings and implemented methodology. The empirical part consists of the estimation of the effects of budget deficits and government debt on the spread between the three-month and five-year interest rates, which closely reflects the effects of fiscal policy on the yield curve. The reduced-form equation was estimated by OLS. Since the estimated coefficients were not statistically significantly different from zero, this thesis did not confirm the conventional macroeconomic view of positive impacts on yields.

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Leith, Campbell Blair. "Four essays on monetary and fiscal policy and an investigation on the impact of insolvency risk on aggregate investment." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288021.

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Vieira, Carlos Manuel Rodrigues. "The sustainability of fiscal policies : a study of the European Union." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1999. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/10548.

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The concern with persistant high government deficits and debts has been one of the most controversial and discussed issues among academics and policymakers during the last two decades of the twentieth century. Despite recent efforts towards fiscal consolidation in most developed countries, expensive welfare programs and unfunded social security systems can exert a considerable strain on public finances over the next generations. The main objective of this thesis is to investigate whether current fiscal policies are sustainable, that is, able to guarantee the government's solvency, and what are the consequences of unsustainability on monetization, inflation and interest rates. The first question is tested by examining the long-run univariate and multivariate stochastic properties of the fiscal variables, as implied by the intertemporal budget constraint. The second question is assessed within a vector autoregressive framework, which allows the consideration of feedback mechanisms often neglected in the literature. More specifically, the econometric methodology employed throughout the study comprises recent developments in cointegration analysis, panel data techniques, bounds-ARDL procedure, and Granger non-causality. The empirical analysis is focused on a comparative study of six core members of the European Union, during the post-war period: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands and United Kingdom. The evidence suggests that only Germany and the Netherlands have been following a sustainable fiscal path, although the latter remains vulnerable to the consequences of an ever-increasing stock of debt. However, unsustainable fiscal policies do not seem to have imposed an excessive burden on monetary policies, as predicted by the conventional economic theory. Apart from Italy, there is no empirical evidence that high deficits necessarily imply monetary financing, growing inflation and rising interest rates.

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Pinto, Cláudia Maria Borges Costa. "O "excepcional interesse social" e o direito à repetição do indébito tributário / Cláudia Maria Borges Costa Pinto ; orientador, Dalton Luiz Dallazem." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da PUC_PR, 2008. http://www.biblioteca.pucpr.br/tede/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=937.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, 2008
Bibliografia: f. 156-167
Este trabalho se propõe analisar a teoria da "cláusula da reserva do possível" em confronto ao direito à repetição do indébito tributário, nas hipóteses da modulação (ou calibração, manipulação) dos efeitos da decisão declaratória de inconstitucionalidade
This paper intends to analyze the theory of the "clause of the reserve of possible" in confrontation to the right to the repetition of the undue tax, in the hypotheses of the modulation (or calibration, manipulation) of the effects of the declaratory deci

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Kim, Dong-Hyeon. "Relative effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policies : with emphasis on disaggregated private spendings and policy transmission mechanisms /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9953871.

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Nyika, Erasmo. "Stabilization of petroleum fiscal regime in relation to production sharing agreements in Tanzania : challenges and prospects." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2017. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=237077.

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This study argues for the need to ensure that host countries derive appropriate benefits from natural resources exploited within their territories. In this regard, the most important return from petroleum extraction, is from the fiscal take. Taxation of the extractive sector is thus a major revenue source. The host country interest from the extractive activities is in parallel to the interest of investor countries to share in the revenues derived from investments in the extractives sector by entities from those countries. Further, the capital exporting countries assert interest in protecting the investors from the risks associate with foreign investments, particularly in developing host countries. Historically, International Oil Companies enjoyed an upper hand in negotiating investment protection and stability terms as a result of information asymmetries. Many agreements concluded between the investor entities with developing host countries have been askew and overly favourable to the investor to the extent of endearing unconscionability. This study reveals that Tanzania's existing Production Sharing Agreements contain fiscal terms which do not allocate an appropriate share of financial benefits to the host country. It also reveals that arrangements to protect and provide investment stability have employed terms which are inimical to the economic and social well-being of the Peoples of Tanzania, for example through the excessive and wasteful grant of tax concessions. It was observed that Tanzania has offered fiscal terms to IOCs that do not allow the country to enjoy appropriate benefits from the exploitation of its natural resources. This project, therefore, establishes the effect of stabilisation terms as embedded in the Tanzanian fiscal regime, what redress measures should be sought to correct the imbalance and inequitableness engraved in the abusive use of stabilization arrangements through the PSAs.

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Lindé, Jesper. "Essays on the effects of fiscal and monetary policy." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Samhällsekonomi (S), 1999. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-645.

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This thesis contains four essays, which studies the macroeconomic effects of fiscal and monetary policy quantitatively. The first essay investigates whether Swedish postwar business cycles have been generated by domestic or foreign shocks and finds that they are about equally important. In the second essay, the effects of government budget deficits on interest rates in Sweden are studied in a small open economy framework. The empirical results, which have high power due to very large swings in deficits and interest rates, provide support that larger deficits produce higher interest rates and thus give support against the ricardian view. The third essay seeks to identify optimal social insurance and redistribution levels in Sweden and the U.S. with respect to temporary and permanent idiosyncratic productivity risks. The results indicate that Sweden should reduce the social security level while the U.S. should approximately maintain the current level. In the last essay, the small sample properties of a well-known statistical test for the Lucas critique - the super exogeneity test - is studied in a general equilibrium environment. The results indicate that the super exogeneity test do not have sufficient power in small samples.
Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk.

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Caetano, Sidney Martins. "Ensaios sobre política monetária e fiscal no Brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/12461.

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Esta tese apresenta três ensaios sobre política monetária e fiscal dentro do atual regime de metas de inflação. O primeiro ensaio buscou estudar uma possível integração monetária-fiscal ao determinar uma regra ótima de política monetária com restrição fiscal, analisando os efeitos de diversas preferências sobre a regra ótima em função da alteração dos pesos dados para os desvios da razão superávit primário/PIB em relação à sua meta pré-estabelecida. Os resultados mostraram que a regra ótima obtida apresenta uma resposta negativa das taxas de juros aos choques na relação dívida/PIB. Ainda, superávits primários/PIB maiores permitiriam reduções maiores nas taxas de juros e proporcionais aos pesos que essa variávelobjetivo teria na função de perda social. Do ponto de vista tradicional do mecanismo de transmissão da política monetária, a resposta positiva das taxas de juros a uma desvalorização real do câmbio e a uma elevação do prêmio de risco seria mantida. Portanto, os resultados sugerem que a adoção de uma meta explícita para o superávit primário/PIB tem conseqüências positivas sobre a regra ótima de política monetária e para a redução da taxa de juros, bem como na eficiência do atual instrumento de política monetária. O segundo ensaio buscou analisar a relação risco default através do modelo de regressão beta, bem como os impactos que os superávits primários podem trazer sobre o prêmio de risco e, consequentemente, sobre o câmbio. Do ponto de vista da relação default risk, ancorada no modelo de Blanchard (2004/2005), as estimativas baseadas no modelo de regressão beta para as quatro relações propostas neste ensaio apresentaram sinais estatisticamente significativos e compatíveis com a teoria. O fato interessante nos resultados referente ao período do regime de metas de inflação é que as estimativas indicaram uma relação direta e forte entre o superávit primário/PIB e a probabilidade de default; evidências que destacam a importância dos efeitos indiretos que o superávit pode gerar sobre o juro doméstico. O terceiro ensaio analisou a dinâmica discreta da taxa de juros SELIC-meta definida nas reuniões do Comitê de Política Monetária (COPOM). Dois métodos foram utilizados para estudar a possibilidade de o COPOM reduzir/manter/aumentar a taxa de juros básica: probit binomial e probit multinomial. Os resultados mostraram que os desvios de inflação e o hiato do produto são variáveis relevantes para explicar as decisões do COPOM. O modelo probit binomial aplicado para os casos de aumento e redução da taxa SELIC-meta mostraram que a inclusão da variável fiscal gerou melhores resultados. Para o caso agregado, método probit multinomial, os resultados indicaram que a inclusão da variável fiscal combinada com a expectativa de inflação gerou os melhores resultados relativamente aos demais casos. Assim, a resposta do COPOM a resultados fiscais bem como às expectativas do mercado quanto à inflação demonstraram ser os sinais que devem ser observados pelo mercado.
This thesis presents three essays on monetary and fiscal policy of the current regimen of inflation targeting. The first essay searched to study an integration monetary-fiscal when determining an optimal rule of monetary policy with fiscal restriction, analyzing the effect of diverse preferences on the optimal rule in function of the alteration of the weights given for the deviations of the surplus primary as a fraction of GDP in relation to its established targets. The results show that the gotten optimal rule presents a negative reply of the interest rates to the shocks in the debtto- GDP ratio. Primary surplus still bigger would allow bigger reductions in the interest rates and proportional to the weights that this variable-objective would have in the function of social loss. Of the traditional point of view of the mechanism of transmission of the monetary policy, the positive reply of the interest rates to a real depreciation of the exchange and to a rise of the risk premium it would be kept. Therefore, the results suggest that the adoption of explicit targets for the primary surplus in percentage of the GDP has positive consequences on the optimal rule of monetary policy and for the reduction of the interest rates, as well as in the efficiency of the current instrument of monetary policy. The second essay searched to analyze the relation default risk through of the beta regression model, as well as the impacts that primary surplus can bring on the risk premium and, consequently, on the exchange rate. Of the point of view of the relation default risk, anchored in the model of Blanchard (2004/2005), the estimates based on the beta regression model for the four relations proposals in the study had presented significant and compatible signals with the theory. The interesting fact in the results referring to the period of the regimen of inflation targeting is that the estimates had indicated a negative and strong relation between the primary surplus/GDP and the probability of default, evidences that detaching the importance of the positive and indirect impact of the surplus in relation to the interests rate domestic. The third analyzes the discrete dynamics of the SELIC interest rates-target defined in the meetings of the Brazilian Monetary Policy Council (COPOM). Two methods were applied in order to study the possibility of COPOM to reduce/maintain/increase the interest rates: probit model and multinomial probit. It was verified that the deviations of inflation and the GDP gap must be considered importants variables to explain the COPOM’s decisions. The probit model was applied to the cases of the increases probabilies and reduces probabilities showing that the inclusion of a fiscal variable generates better results. To the aggregated case, multinominal probit method, the results indicates that the inclusion of a fiscal variables combined with the inflation expectations generates better results than other possibilities. So, the responses of COPOM to the fiscal results as well as inflation expectations were the reals signs to be considered for the market.

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Viricel, Séverin. "Neutralité fiscale et déplacement du patrimoine des "entreprises" soumises à l'impôt sur les sociétés." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30027.

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Dans l’évolution d’une entreprise, la nécessité d’opérer des « déplacements de son patrimoine » est directement liée à sa vie voir même à sa survie. Cette réalité complexe des déplacements du patrimoine procède de ce que l’on désigne communément par le terme « restructuration ». Ces opérations comportent des enjeux économiques, sociaux, financiers, juridiques, patrimoniaux et fiscaux pour les entrepreneurs et dirigeants. L’influence de la fiscalité en ces domaines est une réalité, souvent perçue comme une pression, traduite en contrainte par les dirigeants toujours à la recherche de solutions optimales. La recherche de la neutralité fiscale de l’opération est alors un aspect privilégié dans le processus de prise de décision. Au-delà de cette constatation, le concept de neutralité fiscale trouve une définition large, évolutive et diversement traduite compte tenu des vertus véhiculées par ses principes économiques. Cette neutralité peut être qualifiée de principe lors de déplacements du patrimoine sans contrepartie financière que sont les opérations de fusions et assimilées. En effet, à l’ère des politiques interventionnistes, la frontière entre public et privé s’estompe du fait de l’incitation et de l’orientation fiscale de l’économie. Ce faisant, l’Etat vise ainsi à atteindre un de ses intérêts supérieurs : le développement et la sauvegarde des entreprises nationales. La neutralité fiscale qui s’applique aux fusions et opérations assimilées témoigne de l’existence de règles fiscales dérogatoires spécialement édictées pour atteindre lesdits objectifs. Alors que, s’agissant des déplacements sans contrepartie financières, les choses sont établies depuis un certain temps, en matière de déplacements avec contrepartie financière (ventes de titres et de fonds de commerce), une neutralité dérogatoire « d’exemption » est apparue récemment et favorise ce type de mutation. Ces derniers développements sont apparus pour les mêmes raisons que précédemment mais également pour répondre à la concurrence fiscale internationale.Ainsi, contrairement à sa définition classique qui l’associe aux politiques libérales, la neutralité fiscale peut-être recréée par l’interventionnisme fiscal dans certaines opérations. Les opérations de restructurations nécessitant le déplacement du patrimoine des entreprises soumises à l’impôt sur les sociétés, sont la traduction de ce constat, particulièrement lorsqu’il est question de regroupement et de concentration
As part of a company’s development, the need for « transfers of assets and liabilities » is directly related to corporate life and even corporate survival. The complex reality of transferring assets and liabilities follows on from what is commonly called « restructuring ». These operations have economic, company relations, financial, legal and tax implications for entrepreneurs and company managers. The impact of taxation in these areas is a reality that is often perceived as a burden translating as a constraint for company managers ever seeking solutions that are optimal. The search for tax neutrality of the operation is therefore an aspect given priority in the decision-making process. Over and beyond this consideration, the notion of tax neutrality finds a broad, evolving definition reflected in various forms having regard to the benefits conveyed by its underlying economic principles. This neutrality can be qualified as acquired in principle at the time of asset and liability transfers conducted without any financial consideration i.e. mergers and related operations. In this era of interventionist policies, the boundary between public and private becomes blurred subsequent to tax incentives and the fiscal stance taken by the economy. By so doing, the State aspires to achieving one of its overriding interests: the development and safeguarding of national companies. The tax neutrality which applies to mergers and related operations is evidence of the existence of exceptional tax rules specially laid down to reach these objectives. Whereas provisions for transfer operations conducted without any financial consideration have been in place for some time, for operations which do entail a financial consideration (sales of securities and goodwill) dispensational « exemption » neutrality is newly introduced and favours this type of transfer. These recent developments have been prompted by the same reasons as previously, but they are also a response to international tax competition. Therefore, contrary to its conventional definition in which it was associated with liberal policies, tax neutrality can be reproduced by tax interventionism for some operations. Restructuring operations which require the transfer of assets and liabilities of companies liable for corporate tax are the reflection of this observation, in particular when the issue is one of regrouping and concentration

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Alameddine, Nana. "Groupes d'intérêt et décision économique publique au Liban depuis 1943 : cas des politiques fiscale et de change." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC014.

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Si l'idée de l'Etat fragmentaire, voire de la désintégration de la place de l'Etat au centre de la décision publique, s'est développée récemment dans les Etats modernes suite à la mondialisation, la particularité du Liban indépendant est qu'il a été créé en 1943 comme Etat segmentaire. Subséquemment, la problématique de la décision économique publique au Liban, notamment la place de l'Etat en son centre s'est imposée depuis l'indépendance avec une grande ampleur, précisément avec le choix du confessionnalisme politique (1943) et, plus tard (1948), du libéralisme économique comme systèmes de gouvernance politique et économique pour le jeune Etat. Cette thèse s'efforce d'analyser la formulation des politiques économiques dans le pays depuis 1943 jusqu’à fin 2016, par le truchement de l'approche des réseaux d'action publique. Le réseau de la décision économique publique dans le pays tel que constitué depuis l'indépendance et qui a subi peu de transformations, sera ainsi le facteur d'influence le plus adéquat pour expliquer le choix des politiques économiques au Liban, par conséquent comprendre et analyser le contenu de ces politiques. En identifiant les acteurs du réseau de la décision économique dans le pays, leurs caractéristiques, leurs rapports de force, stratégies d'action et interactions avec le contexte exogène socio-politico-économique, nous avons essayé de comprendre pourquoi les politiques économiques au Liban répondent-elles davantage à des intérêts catégoriels qu'à l'intérêt général. Les politiques fiscale et de change dans le pays seraient dès lors interprétées et analysées comme extrants naturels du réseau de la décision économique publique au Liban. Un réseau qui s'approche du model du réseau clientéliste d'action publique avec des particularités retenues pour le cas libanais
If the idea of fragmentary state, or even of the disintegration of the state's place at the center of public decision-making, has developed recently in modern states following globalization, the particularity of independent Lebanon is that it was created in 1943 as a segmental state. Subsequently, the problem of public economic decision-making in Lebanon, especially the state's place at its center, has been imposed since independence with great amplitude, precisely with the choice of political confessionalism (1943) and later on economic liberalism (1948), as political and economic governance systems for the young state. This thesis attempts to analyze the formulation of economic policies in the country since 1943, until the end of 2016, by adopting the policy network approach. The public economic decision-making network in the country as constituted since independence, and which underwent little transformations, will thus be the most suitable factor of influence to explain the choice of economic policies in Lebanon, therefore to understand and analyze these policies content. By identifying the actors of the economic decision-making network in the country, their characteristics, their balance of power, strategies and interactions with the exogenous socio-politico-economic context, we have tried to understand why economic policies in Lebanon respond more to categorical interests than to the general interest. Tax and exchange rate policies in the country would therefore be interpreted and analyzed as natural outputs of the public economic decision-making network in Lebanon. A network that approaches the clientelist model of public policy network with particularities retained for the Lebanese case

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Schio, Thyago Américo. "Determinantes da taxa básica de juros no Brasil: uma análise empírica no período de 2000 a 2011." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/2166.

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The existence and maintenance for long years of high domestic interest rate is a phenomenon sweeping the Brazilian economic environment. Although in recent years the domestic interest rate derated, Brazil still is characterized as one of the countries with higher interest rate in the world. In order to contribute to the discussion and understanding of the factors that allows the existence and maintenance for long years of high domestic interest rate, it is investigated the hypothesis that even if the internal interest rate is influenced by the foreign interest rate, there are endogenous mechanisms to the Brazilian economy that allow the reduction of the internal interest rate. Aiming objective responses, it is used a Vector Error Correction (VEC) compounded of six endogenous variables and an exogenous variable. As results, it follows that although there is a relationship between domestic and foreign interest rates, there is space for the economic policy, enabling a continuous reduction in the domestic interest rate.
A existência e manutenção por longos anos de elevada taxa interna de juros é um fenômeno que assola o ambiente econômico brasileiro. Embora nos últimos anos a taxa interna de juros tenha sido reduzida, o Brasil continua a ser caracterizado como um país de elevada taxa de juros. No intuito de contribuir com a discussão e com o entendimento dos fatores que possibilitam a existência e manutenção por longos anos de elevada taxa interna de juros, investigou-se a hipótese de que mesmo sendo a taxa interna de juros influenciada pela taxa externa de juros, há mecanismos endógenos à economia brasileira que possibilitam a redução da taxa interna de juros. Visando obter respostas objetivas, utilizou-se de um Vetor de Correção de Erros (VEC) composto por seis variáveis endógenas e uma variável exógena. Como resultados, obteve-se que embora exista uma relação entre taxa interna de juros e taxa externa de juros há espaço para a política econômica atuar, possibilitando uma contínua redução da taxa de juros interna.

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Zumaeta, Huasasquiche Leonardo Dalí, and Magret David Benito Chacaltana. "Problemas de constitucionalidad a raíz de la entrada en vigencia de la Ley Nº 30230: ¿Los intereses moratorios deben ser asumidos por el contribuyente cuando la demora en resolver es imputable al tribunal fiscal?" Master's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/623685.

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Ante la interrogante de por qué la Administración Tributaria se empecina en cobrar a los contribuyentes intereses moratorios cuando es el propio Estado (Tribunal Fiscal), el que– con su morosidad para resolver las controversias bajo su competencia –origina que dichos intereses se incrementen indebidamente, decidimos realizar el presente trabajo de investigación. Es más, es recién con la entrada en vigencia de la Ley Nº 30230 que por primera vez en el ordenamiento jurídico peruano se establece que el Estado no puede cobrar intereses moratorios por su demora al resolver. Sin embargo, el problema subsiste por la existencia de procedimientos contenciosos tributarios en trámite ante el Tribunal Fiscal anteriores a la entrada en vigencia de la citada ley. En el decurso de la investigación advertimos que la posición de la autoridad fiscal, en los referidos procedimientos, es la de no suspender el cómputo de los intereses moratorios bajo una interpretación antojadiza de la Cuarta Disposición Complementaria Transitoria de la Ley Nº 30230. Así, el presente trabajo de investigación recoge argumentos y principios constitucionales sobre la base de los cuales podemos concluir y afirmar, de manera categórica, que la posición de la Administración Tributaria es arbitraria e inconstitucional. Al término del presente trabajo, exponemos cuál es la interpretación correcta de la Cuarta Disposición Complementaria Transitoria de la Ley Nº 30230 y cómo debe actuar la Administración Tributaria para no vulnerar derechos constitucionales de los contribuyentes.
Facing the question of why the Tax Administration is obstinate in charging taxpayers monetary interests when it is the State itself (Tax Court), the one that– with its slowness to solve controversies under their competence– cause these interests to increase improperly, we decided to make the present research work. Moreover, it is just after the Law No. 30230 entered into force that for the very first time in the peruvian legal order is established that the State cannot charge interests because of its slowness in resolving. Nevertheless, the problem subsists because of the existence of tax litigation procedures in process before the Tax Court prior to the entrance into force of the aforementioned law. In the course of the investigation we warn that the position of the fiscal authority, in the referred procedures, is not to suspend the computation of the moratorium interests under a fickle interpretation to the Fourth Complementary Transitory Disposition of the Law No.30230. Thus, this research work arguments and constitutional principles on the basis of which we can conclude and affirm, in a categorical way, that the position of the Tax Administration is arbitrary and unconstitutional. At the end of the present work, we expose which is the right interpretation to the Fourth Complementary Transitory of the Law No. 30230 and how the Tax Administration is supposed to act in order to not infringe the constitutional rights of the taxpayers.
Tesis

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Debortoli, Davide. "Fiscal and Monetary Policy under imperfect commitment." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7370.

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L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és analitzar com s'han de concebre les polítiques fiscals i monetàries en un context en què els polítics tenen problemes de credibilitat. Es desenvolupen metodologies i aplicacions per mostrar com diferents graus de credibilitat de les institucions polítiques afecten la determinació d'impostos, deute públic, instruments monetaris i, en general, els resultats econòmics.

En el primer capítol - Loose commitment (Compromís Dèbil) -, s'introdueix una nova metodologia per resoldre problemes de política òptima tenint en compte que els polítics podrien no complir les seves promeses, i analitza els efectes de la credibilitat sobre la imposició sobre el capital i sobre el treball. El segon capítol - Political Disagreement Lack of Commitment and the Level of Debt (Desacord Polític, Falta de Compromís i el Nivell de Deute) - considera un cas en què la credibilitat es limitada per el fet d'haver-hi alternança entre polítics amb objectius diferents. En particular, es mostra com l'alternança política i la falta de compromís afecten el nivell de deute públic. Finalment, el tercer capítol - The Macroeconomic Effects of Unstable Monetary Policy Objectives (Els Efectes Macroeconòmics de la Inestabilitat dels Objectius de Política Monetària) - analitza com la possibilitat de canvis en els objectius influeixen en les decisions de política monetària.
El objetivo de esta tesis es analizar cómo se deben concebir las políticas fiscales y monetarias en un contexto en que los políticos tienen problemas de credibilidad. Se desarrollan metodologías y aplicaciones para mostrar cómo diferentes grados de credibilidad de las instituciones políticas afectan la determinación de impuestos, deuda pública, instrumentos monetarios y, en general, los resultados económicos.

En el primer capítulo - Loose commitment (Compromiso Débil)-, se introduce una nueva metodología para resolver problemas de política óptima tomando en cuenta que los políticos podrían no cumplir con sus promesas, y analiza los efectos de la credibilidad sobre la imposición sobre el capital y el trabajo. El segundo capítulo - Political Disagreement Lack of Commitment and the Level of Debt (Desacuerdo Político, Falta de Compromiso y el Nivel de Deuda) - considera un caso en que la credibilidad está limitada por el hecho de que hay alternancia entre políticos con distintos objetivos. En particular, se muestra cómo la alternancia política y la falta de compromiso afectan el nivel de deuda pública. Por último, el tercer capítulo - The Macroeconomic Effects of Unstable Monetary Policy Objectives (Los Efectos Macroeconómicos de la Inestabilidad de los Objetivos de Política Monetaria) - analiza cómo la posibilidad de cambios en los objetivos influye en las decisiones de política monetaria.
The purpose of this thesis is to analyze how fiscal and monetary policies should be designed in a context where policymakers have credibility problems. Methodologies and applications are developed to show how different degrees of policymakers' credibility affect the determination of policy choices, such as taxes or monetary instruments, and more generally the economic outcomes.

The first chapter - Loose Commitment -, introduces a new methodology to solve optimal policy problems taking into account that policymakers may not fulfill their promises, and analyzes the effects of policymakers' commitment on capital and labor taxation. The second chapter - Political Disagreement, Lack of Commitment and the Level of Debt - considers a case where commitment is limited by the fact that policymakers with different objectives alternate in office. In particular, it is shown how lack of commitment and political turnover affect the level of public debt. Finally, the third chapter - The Macroeconomic Effects of Unstable Monetary Policy Objectives - analyzes how the possibility of changes in policy objectives influences monetary policy choices.

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Eli, Sidirlei da Silva. "Influência da capacidade organizativa na concessão de benefícios fiscais: estudo sobre a formação da agenda para concessão de crédito presumido do ICMS/SC." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2011. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/218.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This dissertation analyzes the influence of organizational capacity on the governmental decisions of issuing tax relief in Santa Catarina state. The study is based on the propositions of Olson (1971) who uses an economic approach to understand individual and organizational activity by emphasizing the costs and benefits individuals bear by engaging in collective action. The objective is to understand why certain interest groups (business categories) have more influence on State actors than others. The study uses both qualitative and quantitative methodologies for collecting and analyzing data. The qualitative part was conducted through semi-structured interviews with public officials in the Treasury Department to map the agenda building process. The quantitative part was carried out by collecting and analyzing the data needed for testing the hypotheses using the following variables: organizational capacity, size, revenue, geographical location and jobs generated by the business categories. The sources of primary data were the Tax Administration System of Santa Catarina, and the regulations and the list of matching credit (crédito presumido) in the 2003 2010 timeframe. The data analysis was carried out by crossing the information on the independent variables (business categories) with the dependent variable (tax relief), through statistical analysis of correlation between variables and multiple linear regression. The results of the study do not support the propositions of Olson. Rather, decisions to grant matching credit proved to be more likely in numerous business categories (r = 0.236), in business categories that generate more jobs (r = 0.378) and in business categories that generate more revenue (r = 0.392). Geographical localization proved to be sterile to the analysis. Also contrary to Olson's propositions, the test between the independent variable "organizational capacity" and the dependent variable showed a negative correlation (r = - 0.283). The results of the qualitative part of the research showed that the agenda building is not transparent, and there are no criteria for the entry and the proceeding of applications of matching credit. Moreover, the governor holds unrestricted autonomy to grant tax benefit, and the decisions respond primarily to the war tax between Brazilian states. And as a general conclusion from the quantitative part, the small business categories or privileged had less chance of getting the tax benefit that the major business categories or latent
Esta dissertação analisa a influência da capacidade organizativa no processo de construção da agenda governamental de concessão de crédito presumido do ICMS em Santa Catarina. Partese das proposições de Olson (1971) que utiliza uma abordagem econômica para entender a atividade individual e organizacional, ao enfatizar os custos e os benefícios relacionados com o engajamento individual em ações coletivas. Busca-se aqui entender porque determinados grupos de interesses (categorias empresariais) têm mais influência sobre atores estatais e, em razão disso, obtêm benefícios fiscais, enquanto outras categorias empresariais não conseguem. O estudo fez uso de metodologia qualitativa e quantitativa de coleta e análise de dados. A parte qualitativa foi viabilizada por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com servidores da Secretaria da Fazenda para identificar como ocorre o processo de construção da agenda. A parte quantitativa foi viabilizada por meio de coleta e análise dos dados para a realização de testes de hipóteses com uso das seguintes variáveis: capacidade organizativa, tamanho, faturamento, localização geográfica e empregos gerados pela categoria empresarial. As fontes de dados primários foram o Sistema de Administração Tributária de Santa Catarina, e os dispositivos regulamentares e a lista de Créditos Presumidos do período de 2003 a 2010. Para a análise dos dados foi feito o cruzamento das informações das variáveis independentes, que se referem às categorias empresariais, com a variável dependente que se refere à consecução de crédito presumido de ICMS, por meio de análises estatísticas de correlação entre variáveis e regressão linear múltipla. Os resultados encontrados neste estudo não dão sustentação às proposições de Olson. Pelo contrário, as decisões de concessão de crédito presumido a categorias empresariais demonstraram-se mais prováveis em categorias empresariais numerosas (r=0,236), em categorias empresariais que geram mais empregos (r=0,378) e em categorias empresariais que geram mais faturamento (r=0,392). A variável localização geográfica da categoria empresarial demonstrou-se pouco útil para as análises feitas. Também contrário às proposições de Olson, o teste entre a variável independente capacidade organizativa e a variável dependente consecução de crédito presumido , pois demonstrou uma correlação negativa (r= - 0,283). Os resultados da pesquisa qualitativa levam a crer que o fluxo de montagem da agenda não é transparente, porque não há critérios para entrada e trâmite dos pedidos de crédito presumido. Além disso, há autonomia irrestrita do Governador para a concessão, e a política de benefício fiscal do crédito presumido responde, prioritariamente, à guerra fiscal. E como conclusão geral identificou-se que, as categorias empresariais pequenas ou privilegiadas tiveram menor chance de conseguir benefício fiscal que as categorias empresariais grandes ou latentes, no período estudado

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Rodrigues, Savio Guimarães. "O bem jurídico-penal tributário: Uma releitura do sistema punitivo brasileiro em matéria fiscal à luz de seu objeto de tutela." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4408.

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Para responder à indagação do que pretende o Estado com a criminalização das infrações tributárias a doutrina que se dedicou à análise desta espécie de crimes sustentou ser o fim da norma a proteção de um bem jurídico. Partindo-se dessa premissa foram tecidas inúmeras definições para o objeto de tutela daqueles delitos. Reconhecendo o problema decorrente desta indefinição, este estudo propõe avaliar a importância do bem jurídico na dogmática penal, seus contornos atuais e a sua aplicabilidade. Diante deste cenário, se torna possível vislumbrar o porquê da busca de um objeto de tutela e os critérios adequados à sua identificação. A partir destas ferramentas, passa-se ao levantamento crítico dos fundamentos e definições já sugeridos pela doutrina nacional e internacional, culminando em uma proposta alternativa que se entende coerente com as inafastáveis exigências constitucionais. Por fim, com o fito de reforçar a posição assumida e salientar suas vantagens, são abordados determinados pontos controversos no direito penal tributário a partir da perspectiva do bem jurídico proposto, as primeiras contribuições que um novo fundamento pode oferecer na releitura do atual sistema punitivo brasileiro em matéria fiscal.
To answer the question of what the State intends to do with the criminalization of tax evasion the penal doctrine argued that the objective of the law could only be the protection of a legal good. In accord to this premise, the academic texts pointed numerous definitions for the violated object in tax crimes. Recognizing the problem, this study proposes to assess the importance of the legal good in dogmatic, its contours and its current applicability. In this scenario, it is possible to discern why the search for an object of protection and criteria for their identification is so important. With these tools, the dissertation passes to the survey and critique of the foundations and definitions suggested by the national and international doctrine, culminating in an alternative proposal appropriate and consistent with constitutional requirements. Finally, with the aim of strengthening the position taken in previous topics and highlight its advantages, are discussed certain controversial issues in tax criminal law from the perspective of the legal good proposed. The analysis focuses at the first contributions that can provide a new grounding in the current Brazilian punitive system.

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26

Gomes, João Pedro Leal. "O tratamento fiscal dos encargos com juros enquanto incentivo ao endividamento." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/4650.

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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças Empresariais
Este trabalho, baseado na revisão de literatura e na análise do sistema fiscal português e de outros países da União Europeia (UE), tem por objectivo indagar de que modo o endividamento pode ser incentivado pelas normas fiscais e quais as soluções que têm sido acolhidas para minimizar essa influência na estrutura financeira das empresas. Assim, o facto de os encargos com juros relativos ao capital alheio poderem ser dedutíveis para efeitos de determinação do lucro tributável das sociedades torna esta forma de financiamento mais vantajosa do que poderia acontecer com o mesmo montante a ser investido através da forma de capital próprio. Este tratamento preferencial dado aos juros não existe somente em Portugal. Apesar da existência de diversas regras adoptadas quer por Portugal, quer pelos diversos Estados Membros (EM) da UE para reduzir esta distorção, o tratamento fiscal dos encargos com juros, continua a ser extremamente vantajoso face à fonte de financiamento via capital próprio. Com base na análise empreendida apresentam-se algumas sugestões de alteração do sistema fiscal português e indicam-se pistas para investigação futura.
This work based on literature review and analysis of the Portuguese tax system and other European Union (EU) countries, which objective is to ask how the debt can be encouraged by tax rules and the solutions that have been taken to minimize this influence in the financial structure of companies. Thus, the fact that interest expenses relating to borrowed capital may be deductible for purposes of determining the taxable profits of the companies make this the most advantageous form of financing of what could happen with the same amount to be invested by the form of equity. This preferential treatment given to interest does not only exist in Portugal. Despite the existence of various rules adopted either by Portugal and the various EU Member States (MS) to reduce this distortion, the tax treatment of interest payments, continues to be extremely advantageous in view of the source of financing through equity. Based on the analysis taken we present some suggestions for amending the Portuguese tax system and indicates clues for future research.

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27

Di, Serio Mario. "Empirical applications of the interacted panel VAR model." Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/3090.

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2016 - 2017
The Vector Autoregressive (VAR) Models can be considered as a dynamic multivariate extension of the univariate autoregressive models. This family of models has become very popular in macroeconomics analysis after the work of Sims(1980) and they are widely used in time series literature thanks to their flexibility. As a matter of fact, by setting appropriately a VAR model, we can describe efficiently the dynamics of the economy and provide quite accurate forecasts. During recent years, researchers developed different VAR models with the purpose to represent better the data generating process. Among these, the nonlinear VAR models have gained a central role in macroeconometric analysis in testing the theory, due to their capacity to capture a richer set of dynamics regarding current macroeconomic phenomenons. Depending on the specific model, they can allow, for example, different states (regimes) of the world, to allow the coefficients of the model to vary over time in each time unit, allowing for interactions between variables potentially revealing important information. The first paper included in this thesis is a survey which have the purpose to examine linear and nonlinear VAR models. The second and third papers present two empirical applications of the Interacted Panel VAR Model, which is a new nonlinear methodology we illustrated over the first paper. Specifically, we analyze in both papers the behavior of government spending multiplier when the interest rate is at the Zero Lower Bound (ZLB). This is a highly topical question since the outbreak of Great Recession, given that many policy makers have wondered whether fiscal stimulus would be able to help the economy to recover from recession. In particular, there exist two different and opposite theoretical predictions. New Keynesian DSGE models show that, when the interest rate is at the ZLB, a raise in government spending has a strong and positive impact on the economy. On the other side, theoretical prediction indicate very low multipliers, showing that an increase in government spending does not stimulate private activity. Although there exist many theoretical predictions about the size of government spending multiplier at the ZLB, very few empirical evidences are provided. These two paper aim to shed light on the size of the government spending multiplier at the ZLB. Among the nonlinear VAR models, we choose the Interacted (Panel) VAR Model because it offers an important advantage compared to others nonlinear approaches. Thanks to the interaction term, we are able to investigate among the entire sample. This can be done also within a time varying framework, but it implies a larger number of estimates which requires informative priors. In order to be as more agnostic as possible, we also use a Bayesian approach for inference but with uninformative priors. In the first paper we develop an Interacted VAR Model and conduct our analysis on the United States sample. In order to identify government spending shocks we use the sign restrictions approach, furthermore we use the forecast series of government spending to account for the potential effects of anticipation that can pose serious problems for the identification of government spending shocks. We find that the government spending multiplier ranges between 3.4 and 3.7 at the ZLB, while it ranges from 1.5 to 2.7 away from the ZLB. Then, we develop a Factor-Augmented IVAR (FAIVAR) model with the purpose to address another limited information problem. It confirms our results from a qualitatively point of view. As a matter of fact, the government spending multiplier ranges between 2.0 and 2.1 at the ZLB and between 1.5 and 1.8 away from the ZLB. These results are also in line with some recent studies which predict higher multipliers at the ZLB than in normal times... [edited by author]
XVI n.s.

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Souza, Elder Tiago da Costa. "Os efeitos da interação entre as políticas fiscal e monetária sobre variáveis macroeconomicas da economia brasileira." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2016. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/2334.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O principal objetivo desta dissertação é estudar os efeitos da interação entre as políticas ﬁscal e monetária sobre as variáveis macroeconômicas da economia brasileira. Para tal analisou-se a signiﬁcância dos diferentes modelos de DSGE, por meio da metodologia DSGE-VAR, que implica na estimação do parâmetro de ajustamento do modelo (lambda), conforme Del Negro e Schorfheide (2004, 2006, 2009). Os resultados mostram que o modelo DSGE Bayesiano, com preços rígidos, setor externo e com a interação entre as políticas, é aquele que tem a melhor aderência aos dados reais. Destarte, foram estimadas as funções impulso-resposta, que corroboram a importância da inter-relação entre as políticas ﬁscal e monetária. A partir daí, avaliou-se o regime de dominância praticado no Brasil, sob a metodologia proposta por Leeper (1991). A combinação dos valores dos parâmetros resulta na proposição de dominância monetária, no período que compreende o primeiro trimestre de 2002 e o terceiro trimestre de 2015. Ademais, estudou-se o regime de dominância, relacionado ao período anterior e posterior à crise do subprime. Os resultados mostram que o regime de dominância não foi alterado. No entanto, a política ﬁscal tem se tornado mais ativa.Veriﬁcou-se que no período pós crise, tanto os choque de política ﬁscal quanto os de política monetária foram maiores, ou seja, intensiﬁcou-se o uso dos instrumentos ﬁscais.
The main aim of this dissertation is to study the eﬀects of the interaction between ﬁscal and monetary policies on the macroeconomic variables of the Brazilian economy. Therefore we analyzed the signiﬁcance of diﬀerent DSGE models through the DSGE-VAR method, which involves the estimation of lambda model ﬁtting parameter, as Del Negro and Schorfheide (2004, 2006, 2009). The results show that Bayesian DSGE models with sticky prices, external sector and the interaction between policies, is one that has the best grip to the actual data. Thus, were estimated the impulse response functions, which conﬁrm the importance of the interrelationship between ﬁscal and monetary policies. From there, we evaluated the dominance regime practiced in Brazil, under the method proposed by Leeper (1991). The parameter values combination results in monetary dominance proposition in the period from the ﬁrst quarter of 2002 and the third quarter of 2015. Besides, we estudied the dominance regime related to period prior and posterior to the subprime crisis. The results show that the dominance regime has not change. However, ﬁscal policy has became more active. It was found that in the post crisis period, both the shock ﬁscal policy as the monetary policy were higher, i.e., intensiﬁed the use of ﬁscal instruments.

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29

Parente, Ticiana da Mota Gentil. "Parceria pÃblico-privada no Estado do CearÃ: estudo de caso do EstÃdio CastelÃo em Fortaleza - CearÃ." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=11614.

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nÃo hÃ
Infraestrutura adequada Ã condiÃÃo essencial para o crescimento de qualquer paÃs, sobretudo em paÃses em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil, que alÃm de significativas restriÃÃes fiscais possui larga extensÃo territorial. PaÃses que enfrentaram este tipo de problema encontraram como alternativa para o seu desenvolvimento o parceiro privado, que ao longo do tempo participou atuando de diferentes formas neste processo. Muitas foram Ãs experiÃncias adotadas na busca por melhoria e viabilidade de investimentos para a oferta de serviÃos pÃblicos. O presente trabalho faz um rÃpido relato dessa evoluÃÃo e se detÃm de forma mais especÃfica na nova modalidade de contrataÃÃo por meio da Parceria PÃblico-Privada, em que o pÃblico busca um aumento da eficiÃncia e eficÃcia em seus serviÃos. Aborda os processos envolvidos para os estudos de modelagem, utilizando ou nÃo o Procedimento de ManifestaÃÃo de Interesse, bem como o enquadramento e anÃlise da conveniÃncia e oportunidade por meio do Value for Money. Apresenta e analisa a experiÃncia do Governo do Estado do CearÃ na elaboraÃÃo, execuÃÃo e monitoramento do projeto da Arena CastelÃo implantado, identificando seus aspectos positivos e negativos.
Adequate infrastructure is essential for the growth of any country, especially in developing countries such as Brazil, which in addition to significant fiscal constraints has large territorial extension. Countries that have faced this type of problem found as an alternative for its development the private partner, which over time took acting in different ways in this process. Many experiments have been adopted in the search for improvement and investment feasibility for the provision of public services. The present study is a quick account of this evolution and hold more specifically in the new mode of contracting through the Public- Private Partnership, in which the public seeks to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of their services through this modality. Discusses the processes involved for modeling studies, using or not the Expression of Interest Procedure as well as the framework and analysis of convenience and opportunity through Value for Money. Presents and analyzes the experience of the State of CearÃ in the preparation, implementation and monitoring of the project implanted Arena CastelÃo, identifying their strengths and weaknesses.

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30

Barros, Rodrigo Wang de Faria. "Um estudo sobre o impacto da política fiscal na taxa de juros de de curto prazo." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/9858.

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Esta tese tem por objetivo principal examinar a interação da política fiscal com a política monetária. A pergunta central a ser respondida por esse estudo é se a política fiscal tem efeitos sobre a regra de Taylor. Para responder a essa pergunta o estudo é conduzido com análise teórica e empírica. O modelo analítico é desenvolvido do framework novo keynesiano, apresentado por Gali (2008), adicionando-se papel do governo sobre a demanda agregada e a produtividade das firmas. A análise empírica é realizada com dados de 1990 a 2008, em um painel de países utilizando o System GMM (método generalizado dos momentos) desenvolvido por Blundell e Bond (1998). Os resultados obtidos nesse trabalho apontam para um impacto positivo do gasto fiscal na taxa de juros de curto prazo, tal que o aumento em 1 ponto percentual de gasto além do nível de equilíbrio leva a um aumento de aproximadamente 0,1 pontos percentuais na taxa de juros no curto prazo, já o impacto no longo prazo, na estimação preferida, varia de 0,5 a 1 ponto percentual. Ou seja, para efeito de recomendação de política fiscal, gastos governamentais têm efeitos na taxa de juros nominal de curto prazo.
This work aims to study the interaction between fiscal and monetary policy. The central question posed herein is whether or not the fiscal policy has relevant effects on the Taylor rule. To answer this question the study is conducted with both a theoretical and empirical analysis. The analytical model is developed from a new Keynesian framework as in Gali (2008), but adding to this model the role played by the government which with its spending would affect the aggregate demand and the firm’s productivity. The empirical analysis is conducted with data from 1990 to 2008, using panel data and the system GMM (generalized method of moments) developed by Blundell and Bond (1998). The results show a positive impact of the government spending in the short run interest rate, since an increase of 1 percentage point in the spending above its equilibrium level leads to an increase of, approximately, 0,1 percentage points in the short run interest rates; the long run impact varies from 0,5 to 1 percentage points. Then, as a policy recommendation, the fiscal policy affects the short run interest rates.

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31

Silva, Ricardo Miguel Simões. "Justificações de medidas fiscais restritivas das liberdades da União Europeia : análise da jurisprudência do Tribunal de Justiça da União Europeia em matéria da fiscalidade direta." Master's thesis, Coimbra, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/42464.

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Dissertação de mestrado em Direito (Ciências Jurídico-Políticas/Direito Fiscal), apresentada à Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Coimbra
A fiscalidade direta é uma das áreas mais sensíveis em matéria da compatibilidade dos direitos internos nacionais dos Estados Membros com o Direito da União Europeia, principalmente com o direito consagrado nos Tratados constitutivos desta União. O Tribunal de Justiça da União Europeia (TJUE) tem tido um importante papel no desenvolvimento de critérios que permitam aferir da compatibilidade dos direitos fiscais nacionais com o Direito da União. Em princípio, medidas fiscais adotadas pelos Estados Membros e restritivas das liberdades de circulação da UE, são medidas proibidas perante o Direito da União. Todavia, a jurisprudência do TJUE tem demonstrado que, excecionalmente, essas medidas fiscais restritivas podem ser justificadas através de determinadas justificações que permitem a manutenção em vigor destas medidas fiscais no ordenamento jurídico dos Estados Membros. Esta dissertação visa expor e analisar a jurisprudência do TJUE em matéria de justificações de medidas fiscais restritivas das liberdades fundamentais da União. Além das justificações previstas expressamente nos Tratados constitutivos da UE, esta dissertação irá centrar-se na análise das principais razões imperiosas de interesse geral – designação dada às justificações não previstas nos Tratados e desenvolvidas pela própria jurisprudência do TJUE através da rule of reason deste Tribunal. Abstract :The direct taxation is one of the most sensible areas on matter of the compatibility of national domestic laws of Member States with the European Union Law, mainly with the law enshrined in the founding treaties of this Union. The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has played an important role in the development of criteria that allow to assess the compatibility of national tax laws with EU Law. In principle, fiscal measures adopted by Member States and restrictive of EU freedoms of movement, are prohibited measures before the EU Law. However, the case law of the CJEU has showed that, exceptionally, these restrictive fiscal measures can be justified through certain justifications that allow the maintenance in force of these fiscal measures in the legal systems of the Member States. This dissertation aims to expose and analyze the case law of the CJEU on matters of justifications of restrictive fiscal measures of the fundamental freedoms of the Union. In addition to the justifications expressly predicted in the founding Treaties of the EU, this dissertation will focus on the analysis of the main overriding reasons in the public interest – designation given to the justifications not predicted in the Treaties and developed by the case law of the CJEU through the rule of reason of this Court

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32

Klimeš, František. "Pomoc fiskální politiky finančnímu sektoru v období ekonomické krize." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-192776.

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This thesis tries to describe government help to economy during the period of crisis in years 2006 -- 2013 in USA and Iceland with regard to Austrian business cycle theory. This thesis stands critical toward connection of fiscal and monetary policy and their activist policy because this policy was one of the causes of economical fluctuation in last years. Help of fiscal policy connected with monetary policy took primarily form of providing liquidity to financial sector and granting government guarantees to financial institutions and bailing out their risky assets. Regulatory measures are subjected to closer analysis and are commented according to data analysis.

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33

Wang, Henrique Yu Jiunn. "Intervenções fiscais em uma economia monetária: um estudo do caso brasileiro." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/14077.

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In this study, we consider an economy where the determination of fiscal and monetary policies are subject to the budget constraint of the government, seen as a consolidated agent that incorporates the executive and the central bank. We study how changes in the growth rate and composition of government liabilities (currency and governmental bonds) affect prices, interest rates, and economic activity. We are particularly interested in analyzing how these effects are affected by changes in the relative liquidity of government bonds. A central result of this work is that increases in the degree of liquidity of government bonds positively affect economic activity and the financing of public debt. We describe this last aspect with an example reflecting the case of the Brazilian economy.
Neste estudo consideramos uma economia onde a determinação das políticas fiscais e monetárias estão sujeitas à restrição orçamentária do governo, visto como um agente consolidado que incorpora o executivo e o banco central. Nós estudamos como mudanças na taxa de crescimento e na composição do passivo governamental (moeda e títulos) afetam preços, juros, e atividade econômica. Estamos particularmente interessados em analisar como estes efeitos são afetados por mudanças na liquidez relativa dos títulos públicos. Um resultado central deste trabalho é que aumentos no grau de liquidez dos títulos públicos afetam positivamente a atividade econômica e o financiamento da dívida pública. Descrevemos este último aspecto com um exemplo refletindo o caso da economia brasileira.

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34

Savadogo, Boureima. "Le traitement fiscal des revenus de source étrangère en droit français et belge." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR40060/document.

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La mondialisation de l’économie, le développement des moyens de transport et de communication et l’émergence des paradis fiscaux rendent la connaissance de la fiscalité d’autres pays indispensable, tant par le fiscaliste praticien que par le chercheur.La France et la Belgique ont une communauté de langue et de culture en plus de la proximité géographique. Connaître sa fiscalité et la comparer à la fiscalité française est utile à tout fiscaliste qui pourra alors se faire sa propre idée sur le statut de paradis fiscal qu’on lui attribue. Nous avons choisi de comparer l’imposition des revenus étrangers car, ceux qui changent de pays pour éviter la pression fiscale, sont souvent des personnes ayant une forte activité internationale. En l’absence de convention préventive de double imposition, l’imposition de tels revenus est plus favorable en France, quand ils sont encaissés par des personnes morales. En revanche, lorsqu’ils sont encaissés par des personnes physiques, l’imposition est plus avantageuse en Belgique.Mais les deux pays ont conclu beaucoup de conventions préventives de double imposition de sorte qu’il est difficile de trouver un pays qui ne leur est pas lié par une convention fiscale. Or, il s’avère que la Belgique, à travers ses conventions, adopte des mesures fiscales nettement plus favorables que la France et ce, afin de favoriser l’expansion économique de ses résidents et attirer aussi des capitaux étrangers.A cette situation, s’ajoute le fait que ce pays autorise des montages fiscaux qui seraient sanctionnés en France sous l’angle de l’abus de droit.On comprend alors pourquoi certains hommes d’affaires n’hésitent pas à s’y domicilier
According to several factors such as the economy globalization, the development of transportation and communication supplies and the rising of tax heavens, tax lawyers have to reach a high expertise and knowledge of foreign tax systems.Belgium and France share common roots of language and culture in addition to the geographical proximity. To be especially aware of the Belgium tax law scheme is absolutely necessary for every tax lawyer in particular in a view to compare and have an opinion about the heaven nature of the Belgian system.As far as it is impossible to compare every point of the two systems, we decided to focus only on the taxation of foreign income, because of the international activity of the taxpayers willing to lower the tax pressure. Without an international tax treaty, foreign incomes are less taxed in France when they are received by a company but the situation is different when the receiver is a person. However it has to be noticed that Belgium and France have developed a huge international tax treaty network. The Belgium one is analyzed as being more attractive for foreign investments and national economic expansion. Besides, Belgium has a tax system which authorizes tax schemes seen sometimes as an abuse of right in France. As a consequence the exile of business men can be understood

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Tran, Christophe. "Les manifestations juridiques et fiscales du protectionnisme de l'Union : essai sur un mode durable de régulation du libre-échange." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1G004.

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Le droit de l’Union semble fondamentalement réticent à la résurgence du pendant antagoniste du libre-échange sous le vocable générique de protectionnisme. Pourtant, les manifestations juridiques et fiscales de ce protectionnisme de l’Union existent, variées en qualité et en intensité, et interpellent le juriste quant à la finalité poursuivie par l’entité souveraine qui le met en œuvre. Volonté de protection d’un intérêt propre et supérieur à l’intérieur de ses frontières ou volonté de domination du commerce international par le truchement d’instruments de défense mis au service d’une guerre commerciale, le protectionnisme peut-il être juridiquement fondé ou économiquement et politiquement opportun ? La combinaison est-elle possible ? De manière prospective, l’exigence de développement durable intégrée dans le droit de l’Union, dont la pertinence s’affirme à la lumière de la crise écologique, exhorte le juriste à penser le protectionnisme sous un angle durable dépassant la simple dimension économique. C’est à ces hypothèses, en contrariété assumée – mais nuancée – avec les libertés de circulation irriguant le droit de l’Union, que cette recherche est consacrée
European Law seems quite reluctant to trigger the opposite side of liberalism under the general term of protectionism. Thus, the legal and fiscal demonstrations of this type of protectionism from the EU do exist, as various in quality as in intensity, and challenge the lawyer towards the goal achieved by the sovereign entity that implements it. Willing to protect a proper and superior interest within its boundaries or willing to dominate world trade with defence instruments supporting trade war, can protectionism be lawfully based or economically and politically valuable? Is the combination possible? In a prospective way, sustainable development requirement contained in Union law, which goes increasingly relevant with regards to ecological crisis, urges the lawyer to rethink protectionism under a sustainable way that exceeds the only economical dimension. This research is dedicated to solving these hypotheses, with assumed – but nuanced – annoyance with Union law economic freedoms of movement

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Huneau, Mathieu, and Petr Doktor. "Debt and deficit in the Czech Republic and France." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-20684.

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This thesis is analyzing the development of debt and deficit situation in the Czech Republic and France. Our main research questions are: why the Czech Republic and France have different debt and deficit? What are the effects and causes of debt and deficit? How Czech Republic and France wants to reduce the level of debt and deficit? These are the central questions we try to answer in this thesis. To pursue a systematic analysis, we start with a theoretical section on we described different theories of debt/deficit and budgetary rules effects on the economy in order to understand characteristics of debt issues. From these findings, we have resulted causes and differences of debt situations in our countries, which is part of empirical analysis. This is done by evolution of debt/deficit and factors that affect level of debt/deficit. We analyzed three mains factors and due to this factors that influence debt/deficit we can clearly see why our countries have different levels in debt problem. Regarding this we can say our countries are different in many respects. The major difference is monetary policy due to French member of Eurozone. Also the way how to get from debt issue and find a compromise between government reforms and interests of citizens will vary in the future.

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Gomes, Wilton Luis da Silva. "Inovações no regime jurídico das desapropriações." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2134/tde-16042010-093843/.

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A desapropriação, instituto de direito público, ao longo dos tempos, vem sofrendo profundas modificações, as quais são abordadas no presente trabalho, analisadas a partir da evolução histórica da matéria no direito alienígena e no brasileiro. Após discorrermos sobre o conceito de desapropriação, seus elementos e características, bem como tecermos comentários sobre as diversas espécies de desapropriação, passamos ao estudo de três normas recentes que tiveram relevante impacto sobre os contornos do instituto: a Lei de responsabilidade fiscal (Lei Complementar 101/00), que exige um planejamento financeiro administrativo antes de que seja dado início ao processo expropriatório; o Estatuto da Cidade (Lei 10.257/2001) que criou duas novas modalidades de desapropriação; e, por fim, o Código Civil de 2002 que, com claro escopo social, regulamenta uma outra forma de desapropriação, a chamada desapropriação judicial. Além disso, esta mesma legislação afeta diretamente a prática da ação de desapropriação indireta, especialmente no que se refere ao prazo prescricional. Desta maneira, concluímos nosso trabalho com a caracterização da desapropriação como um instituto que adquiriu sua feição atual por meio de um processo contínuo de modificações originadas não somente por questões jurídicas, mas também por aspectos políticos e sociais, que fazem com que a desapropriação se encontre em constante desenvolvimento e demande profundos estudos por parte da doutrina.
The expropriation (or compulsory purchase), a public Law institution, throughout time, has been passing through extreme modifications, that are discussed in this essay, analyzed from the subjects historic evolution in foreign and Brazilian law. After the study of the expropriation concept, its elements and characteristics, as well as the commentary of the expropriations diverse species, we pass to the study of three recent laws that had relevant impact over the outline of the institution: Fiscal Responsibility Law (LC 101/00), that demands a financial and administrative planning before the expropriation process beginning; City Statute (L. 10.257/2001), that created two new expropriation models; and, finally, 2002 Civil Code, that with indubitably social purpose, regulate another expropriation form, called judiciary expropriation. Besides that, this same legislation affects directly the taking, or injurious affection, action practice, especially in which concerns to the prescription deadline. In this matter, we conclude our essay with the expropriations characterization as an institution that acquired its current feature by the means of a continuous process originated not only by juridical questions, but also by political and social aspects, that caused a constant developing expropriation, demanding deep doctrinaire studies.

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Dantas, Francisca Matias Ferreira. "Extinção da punibilidade nos crimes de sonegação fiscal sob a égide da lei nº. 8.137/90: uma proteção deficiente da ordem tributária." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5969.

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The current study has two goals. The first one analyses the juridical treatment against the Tax Order according to the Brazilian legislation , mainly the Law number 8.137/1990, in which the corpus of analyses , of the types of tributary crime it is , specifically tax evasion written on the 1º and 2º of the Law number 8.137/1990 , studying the beginning and the development of the tax offence and its ontological aspects , due to penal punishment , the significance principle act and its extinctive cause of punishment , focusing on the penalty under legal prevision of the article 34 of the Law 9.249/1995 , that revaluated referred form , before repealed from the texts of the Law which issued the matter. The second goal aims to study the divergence on the moment the payment should be done under doctrinaire view, Judicature and the position of the Federal Supreme Court, the Justice and their divergent points. To make this research, an evaluation of the efficacy of the Civil Law was made, its influence to work on the tributary obligation public safe reimbursement and taxpayer owed after dilation. As a result, it was considered the existence of a weak punitive system in relation to the crimes mentioned , thus it goes against the constitutional scope; the reform requirement that allows real implementation of the Democratic Law State and thus prevent tax evasion growth in the country
O presente estudo tem dois objetivos, tendo como primeiro objetivo uma análise ao tratamento jurídico dado aos Crimes Contra a Ordem Tributária segundo a legislação brasileira, em especial a Lei nº. 8.137/1990, em que o corpus de análise, dos tipos de Crimes Tributários, é, especificamente, os Crimes de Sonegação Fiscal previstos nos artigos 1º e 2º da Lei nº. 8.137/1990, estudando o nascimento e a evolução desta espécie de delito tributário e os seus aspectos ontológicos, especialmente ligados à punibilidade penal, o emprego do Princípio da insignificância e as causas de extinção da punibilidade dos mesmos, destacando o pagamento sob a previsão legal do artigo 34 da Lei nº. 9.249/1995 que revalidou referida forma anteriormente revogada dos textos de lei que tratavam da matéria. Já o segundo objetivo, visa analisar a divergência quanto ao momento em que o pagamento deverá ocorrer sob a ótica doutrinária, jurisprudencial e o posicionamento do Supremo Tribunal Federal e do Superior Tribunal de Justiça em seus pontos divergentes. Para consecução deste trabalho, fez-se um levantamento acerca da atuação eficaz do Direito Penal, sua influência para o cumprimento da obrigação tributário e o ressarcimento dos cofres públicos pelo contribuinte devedor após a denúncia. O que resultou nas considerações da existência deficiente do sistema punitivo no tocante aos crimes estudados, pois contraria o escopo constitucional; e da necessidade de reforma para permitir a real implementação do Estado Democrático de Direito e assim evitar o crescimento da Sonegação Fiscal no País

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Chen, Xiaodong. "The role of public sector in economic performance : theoretical analyses of the effect of fiscal policies on long-run growth with a self-interested government & empirical study of the economic relationship between the government and non-government sectors in China." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2014. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/72731/.

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This thesis responds to the development policy debate on whether the popular Beijing Consensus is an alternative, especially for developing countries, to the Washington Consensus of market-friendly policies. The advocates of the Beijing Consensus have overlooked the facts that China’s development model has much in common with the Washington Consensus, China has profited from the globalisation, and the reform for establishing a market-oriented economy is the key factor of the rapid development and outstanding achievements in China. The critics have reluctantly acknowledged the successful strategies employed by the policy makers in Beijing, however, they branded China as an authoritarian country, and are wilfully or unintentionally blind to the diversity, inclusiveness and competitiveness in the ‘quasi-nonpartisan’ Chinese political system. This thesis explain how a farsighted government can increase long-run growth by fiscal policies, why free market and the ambitious government are not contradictory in China, and why so many ‘democratic’ countries violate the first two prescriptions of the Washington Consensus: fiscal discipline, and public expenditure priority to pro-growth investment. The theoretical analyses show that the strategy of a farsighted government is to sacrifice the first several generations but benefit all future generations through cutting nonproductive public spending and giving expenditure priority to productivity-enhancing expenditure, so that a higher growth rate leads to a ‘quasi-Pareto improvement’ among generations. Nevertheless, farsighted fiscal policy together with ‘hedonistic citizens’ has a side effect, the welfare loss for both the government and the citizens. The Barro model is an exception in which a farsighted government has no place to increase the growth rate because welfare maximisation equals growth maximisation. The empirical results reveal the strong substitution relationship between the government and nongovernment capital, and thus the general CES technology rather than the Cobb-Douglas technology is the suitable structure containing the two types of capital in the production function. However, the government capital has become more complementary to the nongovernment capital due to the deepening reforms of SOEs and fiscal policies since 1992.

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Siqueira, João Vítor Pires de. "Crescimento econômico e política monetária endógena: a ZIRP como consequência de um baixo crescimento." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/9244.

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The discussion on monetary policies in the history of economic thought has shaped itself facing political and economic events throughout history. From the quantitative theory of money (QTM) and the Keynesian theory to the policies of inflation targeting and zero interest rates today. This recent interest in zero interest rate policy (ZIRP) or negative interest rate (NIRP) has attracted the attention of economists, academics and policy makers. The present work aims to evaluate and to identify if the reduction of economic growth imposes or not a technical limit for the formulation of policies of interest rates. In addition, it aims to incorporate population variables into the analysis to model possible demographic impacts on interest rates, as populations in most countries are showing lower or even negative population growth rates, shifting demographics of countries towards greater representation of the older population. The possible relationships between the variables will be tested through panel data models, where annual data of interest rates, economic growth, inflation rates and demographic growth/evolution for the period from 1960 to 2015 will be used for a set of countries which adopted zero and/or negative interest rates after the 2008 crisis. The conclusion is that the aging of the population seems to restrict the possible stimulus of monetary policy, generating lower interest rates over time.
Na história do pensamento econômico a discussão sobre políticas monetárias moldou-se diante dos acontecimentos e eventos políticos e econômicos ao longo da história. Desde a teoria quantitativa da moeda (TQM) e a teoria keynesiana até as políticas de metas de inflação e taxas de juros zero atualmente. Esta recente perspectiva de política de taxas de juros zero (ZIRP) ou taxa de juros negativa (NIRP) tem despertado a atenção de economistas, acadêmicos e de formuladores de políticas econômicas. O presente trabalho pretende avaliar e identificar se a redução do crescimento econômico impõe ou não um limite técnico para a formulação de políticas de taxas de juros. Somado a isso, pretende-se incorporar variáveis populacionais na análise visando modelar os possíveis impactos demográficos sobre as taxas de juros, dado que as populações na maioria dos países estão apresentando taxas de crescimento da população menores ou mesmo negativas, alterando a demografia dos países no sentido de maior representatividade da população mais velha. As possíveis relações entre as variáveis serão testadas por meio de modelos de dados em painel, onde serão utilizados dados anuais de taxas de juros, crescimento econômico, taxa de inflação e crescimento/evolução demográfica para o período de 1960 a 2015 para um conjunto de países que adotaram taxas de juros zero e/ou negativas após a crise de 2008. Concluiu-se que o envelhecimento da população parece restringir a possível capacidade de estímulo da política monetária, gerando taxas de juros mais baixas ao longo do tempo.
CAPES: 1574000

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41

Ramajo, Ismaël. "Politique budgétaire et taux d’intérêt en croissance ralentie." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTD022.

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Cette thèse questionne aussi bien la théorie macroéconomique conventionnelle que les doctrines de politique économique quant à leur capacité d’éclairer et de traiter les problèmes de politiques budgétaires depuis la crise de 2008. Le chapitre introductif propose une analyse descriptive. A la suite d’une longue période de progression de l’endettement public, les déficits plongent pendant la récession mais les taux d’intérêt continuent de baisser à l’exception de quelques pays confrontés à graves déséquilibres budgétaires. L’inflation se stabilise à un niveau faible mais les taux d’intérêt passent au négatif. La croissance potentielle continue de se ralentir et l’hypothèse d’une stagnation séculaire devient plausible. Le deuxième chapitre aborde le rôle des agences de notations et de leur pouvoir réel ou supposé. On a accusé les agences de notation d’accroître les risques de défaut en dégradant la notation des pays en difficulté, provoquant des hausses de taux d’intérêt. On mène une étude empirique sur la récente crise budgétaire qui a touché les GIIPS (Grèce, Irlande, Italie, Portugal et Espagne) au sein de la zone euro. On teste de manière systématique les relations causales entre les notations des trois principales agences (Moody’s, Standard and Poor’s et Fitch Ratings) et les cinq écarts de taux souverains. Ces tests indiquent que c’est plutôt la prime de risque qui cause une variation de la note, et non le contraire. L’agence de notation donne une information qui a déjà été anticipée sur les marchés financiers. Ce résultat doit être nuancé car on détecte une relation causale des avertissements de dégradation (outlook). Le troisième chapitre porte sur les facteurs explicatifs des taux d’intérêt réels. Le modèle standard (AS-AD) affirme que le taux d’intérêt d’équilibre doit augmenter à la suite d’une expansion budgétaire ou à la suite d’un ralentissement de la croissance potentielle, quel que soit le régime (classique, Keynésien ou intermédiaire). Des extensions du modèle nous permettent de tenir compte des influences extérieures, des primes de risque souveraines, de la croissance potentielle et des anticipations. Ceci n’inverse pas les prédictions du modèle et on réconcilie la théorie avec les faits seulement lorsque l’on remet en cause l’hypothèse keynésienne de la propension à consommer. L’introduction d’un comportement de consommation intertemporel (revenu permanent) permet une explication plausible de la conjonction entre croissance lente et taux d’intérêt bas. Nous avons estimé une relation économétrique sur des données annuelles pour un panel de 19 pays de l’OCDE. Ces tests confirment l’influence des facteurs suggérés par les modèles théoriques, en particulier le lien entre diminution des taux d’intérêt et ralentissement économique. Le quatrième chapitre développe une réflexion sur le risque de défaut souverain. Des doutes sur la soutenabilité de la dette dans certains pays développés ont ressurgi après la crise de 2008. La restructuration de la dette sous la forme de prêt conditionnel, s’est imposée comme solution multilatérale pour combattre l’apparition de défauts. Un autre moyen consiste à mutualiser les dettes des gouvernements d’une même zone. On construit un modèle statique susceptible de représenter ces trois notions alternatives (défaut de paiement, restructuration et mutualisation). On décrit une situation dans laquelle deux gouvernements peuvent décider de faire défaut ou de rembourser leurs dettes. Une application numérique calibrée sur le défaut de paiement de la Grèce en 2012 nous permet de catégoriser son défaut comme stratégique et de constater que la restructuration a fait basculer sa décision, rendant le remboursement bénéfique. L’existence en amont d’un eurobond ayant un taux d’intérêt commun inférieur à 3.5% aurait également empêché la mise en place du défaut grec et évité une coûteuse restructuration de dette
This thesis questions both conventional macroeconomic theory and economic policy doctrines about their ability to inform and address fiscal policy issues since the 2008 crisis. The introductory chapter proposes a descriptive analysis. After a long period of increasing public debt, budgetary deficits plunge during the recession, but interest rates continue to fall except in a few countries, whose governments were facing serious fiscal troubles. Inflation stabilizes at a low level, but interest rates turn negative. Potential growth continue to slowdown and the hypothesis of secular stagnation becomes plausible. The second chapter discusses the role of rating agencies and their real or perceived power. Rating agencies have been accused of increasing default risk by degrading the rating of troubled countries, causing interest rate hikes. We conduct an empirical study on the recent budgetary crisis that affected the GIIPS (Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain) within the euro area. The causal relationships between the ratings of the three main agencies (Moody’s, Standard and Poor’s and Fitch Ratings) and the five sovereign spreads are systematically tested. These tests suggest that it is rather the risk premium who causes a variation of the note, and not the opposite. The rating agency provides information that has already been anticipated by the financial markets. This result must be nuanced because a causal relationship of the warnings of degradation (outlook) is detected. The third chapter deals with the explanatory factors of real interest rates. The standard model (AS-AD) states that the equilibrium interest rate must increase following a fiscal expansion or as a result of a slowing of potential growth, regardless of the regime (classic, Keynesian or intermediate). Extensions of the model allow us to consider external influences, sovereign risk premiums, potential growth and expectations. This does not reverse the predictions of the model and the theory is reconciled with the facts only when the Keynesian hypothesis of propensity to consume is questioned. The introduction of intertemporal consumption behavior (permanent income) provides a plausible explanation for the combination of slow growth and low interest rates. We estimate an econometric relationship on annual data for a panel of 19 OECD countries. These tests confirm the influence of the factors suggested by the theoretical models, in particular the link between lowering interest rates and economic slowdown. The fourth chapter develops a reflection on the risk of sovereign default. Doubts about debt sustainability in some developed countries resurfaced after the 2008 crisis. Debt restructuring in the form of a conditional loan has emerged as a multilateral solution to fight the occurrence of defaults. Another way is to mutualize the debts of the governments of a same zone. We build a static model which can represent these three alternative notions (default, restructuring and mutualization). A situation is described in which two governments may decide to default or repay their debts. A calibrated numerical application on Greece’s default in 2012 allows us to categorize its defaults as strategic and to note that the restructuring has tipped its decision, making the repayment beneficial. The upstream existence of a Eurobond with a common interest rate of less than 3.5% would also have prevented the implementation of the Greek default and avoided an expensive debt restructuring

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42

Švadleňák, Michal. "Financování státního dluhu České republiky: příčiny a rizika aktuální situace na dluhopisových trzích." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264382.

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This thesis is focused on the comparison of methods of financing budget deficits and national debt management in the Czech Republic with other OECD countries in the context of the current situation on the global financial market. The first part describes the methods of financing budget deficits in the Czech Republic which are compared with selected OECD countries. The second part is aimed at the impact of foreign exchange interventions of the Czech National Bank on the domestic bond market and it is compared with negative interest rates policy. The last part analyses the impact of the Public Sector Purchase Programme on the Czech Republic's bond market. The thesis implies that besides other factors, foreign exchange intervention of the Czech National Bank have an impact on the current situation on the bond market. While the impact of the programme PSPP has not yet proved.

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Machová, Veronika. "Vývoj Eura v kontexte dlhovej krízy." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-202095.

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The main objective of this thesis is to provide an overview of developments and issues in the context of the European debt crisis. Euro as a central aspect of Economic and Monetary Union has a major impact on convergence and existing systemic problems of the EU. The first chapter provides a brief description of the european integration since World War II in the context of Economic and Monetary union. The second chapter defines the concept of nominal and real convergence and dedicates closer to the Maastricht convergence criteria and the Stability and Growth Pact, which was the result of efforts towards closer fiscal coordination. Moreover, it summarizes the main causes of the financial crisis and subsequently analyses its impact on the EUR/USD currency pair. The fourth chapter focuses on the systemic weaknesses of the eurozone with an emphasis on the imbalance in the current account balance of payments. The last chapter summarizes the approaches to solving the debt crisis assuming that current steps taken by eurozone leaders in cooperation with the governments of intebted members fail.

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Desfour, Mary-Hélène. "Contribution à la réflexion sur la notion de sanction pénale dans le droit positif contemporain français." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1103.

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La conception traditionnelle de la notion de sanction pénale est fondée sur un critère fonctionnel que l'on peut synthétiser en deux axiomes : seule la sanction pénale est punitive et toutes les sanctions pénales sont punitives. Cette conception conduit à l'assimilation de la notion de sanction pénale à celle de peine. L'hypothèse de cette réflexion est d'envisager si l'on peut se départir de cette conception en vérifiant si le critère matériel sur lequel elle repose est toujours pertinent. La première partie de la thèse tend à démontrer que le critère fonctionnel traditionnel est remis en cause dès lors que sa confrontation aux données du droit positif contemporain révèle un dualisme de conception de la fonction punitive. En effet, le droit commun interne et le droit des droits de l'homme n'admettent pas une conception unitaire de cette fonction ce qui conduira à un éclatement du jus puniendi qui rend obsolète le critère traditionnel. La seconde partie met en exergue l'admission d'un critère moderne unitaire de la notion de sanction pénale. En effet, le renouvellement du type de sanction à la marge de cette notion, allié à l'établissement d'un critère commun d'exclusion de ces sanctions de la sanction pénale, permettent d'établir que le droit positif contemporain (c'est-à-dire celui ayant pleinement assimilé le dualisme normatif qui prévaut désormais en droit pénal) admet désormais un critère moderne : la nature spécifique de l'intérêt bénéficiaire de la sanction pénale. Le renouvellement du critère permet alors in fine de poser une nouvelle définition de la sanction pénale et de proposer une justification à ses évolutions contemporaines
The traditional conception of the notion of criminal penalty is based on a functional criterion that can be synthesized in two axioms: only the criminal penalty is punitive and all criminal penalties are punitive. This conception leads to the assimilation of the notion of criminal sanction penalty to that of punishment. The hypothesis of this analysis is to consider whether one can abandon this conception by checking whether the material criterion on which it relies is still relevant. The first part of the thesis tends to demonstrate that the traditional functional criteria is challenged when confronted with contemporary positive law data. It reveals a dualism of conception of the punitive function. Indeed, the internal common law and the law of human rights do not admit a unitary conception of this function which will lead to a split of jus puniendi which obsoletes the traditional criterion. The second part highlights the acceptance of a modern unitary criterion of the criminal penalty notion. Indeed, the renewal of the type of penalty at the edges of this concept, combined with the establishment of a common exclusion criterion of these penalties from the criminal penalty enable to establish that contemporary positive law (that is to say that having fully assimilated the normative dualism that now prevails in criminal law) now admits a modern criterion: the specific nature of the beneficial interest of the criminal penalty. The renewal of the criterion in fine therefore allows to consider a new definition of the criminal sanction and provides a justification for its contemporary developments

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Cekici, Ibrahim-zeyyad. "Le cadre juridique français des opérations de crédit islamique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAA036.

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Le développement de la finance islamique a attiré l’attention non seulement des banquiers et des juristes, mais également des pouvoirs publics français depuis quelques années. Cette finance, qui obéit à la loi islamique, fonctionne non pas sur la stipulation de l’intérêt, mais sur deux autres modes de rémunération des bailleurs de fonds : elle applique, d’une part, le principe du partage des profits et des pertes en fondant les transactions sur les contrats de société, et d’autre part, sur une marge bénéficiaire lorsque l’opération s’adosse à un contrat de vente et de location.Parmi les produits bancaires islamiques, les crédits islamiques sont les plus caractéristiques qui écartent la stipulation du ribâ (intérêt). La fixation de leur régime juridique français est tributaire de deux corpus juridiques, a priori, opposés. Bien qu’ils n’aient ni des fondements juridiques, ni des régimes juridiques clairs et précis en droit français, ce dernier arrive à les encadrer. Cet encadrement présente non seulement des points de convergence, mais également des points de divergence avec le droit musulman. La flexibilité de ces systèmes juridiques nous a conduit à définir tant un cadre juridique général pour définir les régimes français de la rémunération du dispensateur de crédit islamique, qu’un cadre juridique spécial pour régir la structuration des opérations adossées à des contrats de vente (comme la mourabaha, le tawarruq, le salam et l’istisna), de location (l’ijara et l’ijara muntahia biltamlik) et de société (comme la moudaraba, la mousharaka et la mousharaka dégressive)
The development of the Islamic finance drew the attention of the French public authorities, bankers and lawyers since a few years. This finance, which rules by the Islamic law, does not apply the interest, but two other methods of payment of the financiers: on the one hand, the principle of the profit and loss sharing, by backing the transactions on partnership contracts, and on the other hand, on profit margin when the operation backs on a sale and lease contracts.Among the Islamic banking products, the Islamic credits are the most characteristic. The French legal framework of those transactions depends, in fact, on two legal systems which are apparently in contradiction. Although they have neither legal sources, nor clear and precise legal regulation in French law, the latter could rule them. This framework presents not only some points of convergence, but also points of difference with the Islamic Law. Nevertheless, the flexibility of both Laws led us to define a general legal framework of the remuneration of the Islamic credit provider, and a special legal framework to rule the structuration of the operations backed to partnership (moudaraba, mousharaka et degressive mousharaka), sale (mourabaha, le tawarruq, le salam et l’istisna), and lease contract (ijara et ijara muntahia biltamlik)

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46

エウニセ, アラスモレノナンシー, and Nancy Eunice Alas Moreno. "私企業に対する租税優遇措置等の裁判所による統制の研究 : アメリカ、スペイン及びメキシコの比較制度研究." Thesis, https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13115595/?lang=0, 2019. https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13115595/?lang=0.

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財政援助をコントロールする仕組みは、国によって様々であり、立法的な統制、行政的な統制又は司法的な統制等があるが、本稿では、特に、裁判所による財政支出の統制に焦点を当て、アメリカ合衆国、スペイン及びメキシコ合衆国について検討する。本稿においては、主として、アメリカ合衆国、スペイン及びメキシコ合衆国の裁判所が、私企業に対する財政支出をどのような場合において違憲又は違法とするのか、又はどのような場合において合憲又は適法とするのかということを検討し、これらの国々の裁判所がその結論に到達するために、どのような要件又は判断基準に基づいて、財政支出を統制するのかということについて考察する。
The mechanisms for controlling fiscal assistance vary from one country to another. Legislative, executive and judicial controls can be mentioned as broad examples of these mechanisms. This research will focus on the judicial control of fiscal expenditure in the United States of America, Spain and Mexico. It primarily examines in which cases financial expenditure on the private sector is declared unconstitutional or illegal and in which situations it is declared constitutional or legal by the American, Spanish and Mexican judiciary. It will also focus on an investigation of the legal requirements for fiscal stimulus, as well as in the judging criteria developed and used by the court of those countries to reach to those conclusions.
博士(法学)
Doctor of Laws
同志社大学
Doshisha University

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47

Teixeira, Aislane Oliveira. "O princípio da coerência fiscal no direito europeu." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/37142.

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O presente estudo vai analisar o princípio da coerência fiscal na sua forma de razão imperiosa de interesse geral através do exame de todos os acórdãos proferidos pelo Tribunal de Justiça da União Europeia (TJUE), onde o referido princípio é invocado por um Estado-Membro para justificar um tratamento desigual ou uma medida capaz de provocar infringir as liberdades fundamentais previstas no Tratado de Funcionamento da União Europeia. O princípio da coerência fiscal como causa justificativa surgiu a partir da jurisprudência do Tribunal de Justiça e passou a ser desenvolvido com a doutrina da coerência (cohesion doctrine). Deste modo, é de extrema importância o exame de todos os acórdãos que cuidam desta matéria, desde os acórdãos Bachmann e Comissão v Bélgica (C-300/90), onde o argumento pela necessidade de preservar a coerência do sistema fiscal foi aceite pela primeira vez; até os mais recentes, a exemplo dos casos K e Timac Agro, onde o princípio foi também admitido pelo Tribunal. Nesse contexto, é construído e moldado o conceito do princípio da coerência fiscal enquanto razão imperiosa de interesse geral, o que demonstra que apesar da dificuldade na sua definição e de muitas vezes, do seu posicionamente rígido, o Tribunal nunca afastou a aplicabilidade deste princípio como argumento a ser invocado pelos Estados-Membros para justificar os seus sistemas fiscais nacionais. Assim, neste estudo vamos tentar descrever o desenvolvimento desse princípio em todas as decisões, para provar que a jurisprudência nesta matéria não está completamente consolidada. Ao mesmo tempo, descreveremos a influência destas decisões na literatura doutrinária para criarmos a convicção de que o Tribunal é incoerente.
This study will analyze the principle of tax coherence heading as an imperative reason relating to the public interest by the examination of all decisions handed down by the European Court of Justice (ECJ), where that principle is invoked by a Member State to justify an unequal treatment or a measure capable of infringement the fundamental freedoms established in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The principle of tax coherence as a ground for justification has arisen from the ECJ case law and it has been developed as the coherence doctrine. That way, it is extremely important to examine all the case law which deals with this matter, since the judgments Bachmann and Commission v Belgium (C-300/90), where the argument of the need to preserve the coherence of the tax system was accepted for the first time; to the most recent ones, as we have the cases K and Timac Agro, where the principle of tax coherence was also admitted by the Court. In this context, the concept of the principle of tax coherence heading as an imperative reason relating to the public interest is constructed and shaped, demonstrating that despite the difficulty in giving it a definition and many times, its rigid position, the Court has never ruled out the applicability of that principle as an argument to be invoked by the Member States to justify their national tax system. Thus, in this study we will make an attempt to describe the development of that principle in all decisions, to prove that the jurisprudence in this subject is not completely consolidated. At the same time, we will describe the influence of those decisions in the doctrinal literature to create the conviction that the Court is incoherent.

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48

Huang, Jung-chih, and 黃榮熾. "Fiscal Deficits, Debts Financing, and Interest Rates in Taiwan:The Empirical Analysis of Cointegration." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/j5735k.

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碩士
國立中山大學
公共事務管理研究所
96
Standard and Poor’s (S & P), a global leading corporation in providing credit rating, published the sovereign rating outlook of Taiwan which was “negative sign” at the end of 2007. The main reason was that the situation of public finance continued worsening. Based on traditional economic theory, the increased deficits or debts led to higher interest rates, and the increasing burden on enterprises for paying more loan cost, would have more adverse effects on the domestic investment activities. Therefore, this study is intended to explore the relationships among the long-term interest rates of public bonds, the outstanding debts, fiscal deficits, and government expenditure in Taiwan by analyzing 53 seasonal data from 1994:4 to 2007:4 as the samples. The findings indicate that no structure breaking points exist in every variable by using CUSUM test, and almost every variable is integrated of order one in unit root test. The results also reveal that there is no long-term relationship among the deficits, government expenditure, and interest rates using the cointegration analysis. There are probably two reasons for explanation: one is that people will increase saving automatically, and another is that the increased interest rates in the tax cut may be offset by the decreased interest rates in debts financing. Moreover, the outstanding debts and interest rates exist a significant negative relationship of long-term equivalence, and further variance decomposition shows that the effect of debts on interest rates is higher than the effect of interest rates on debts in the variable’s explanatory ability. To explain the significant negative relationship, the possible main causes are liquidity factor, and the psychological anticipation of saving in public bond form directly or indirectly; the secondary cause is the fluctuation of interest rates affects the willingness of government financing.

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49

Gonçalves, Ana Joaquina Peixoto Matos. "Cláusula geral anti-abuso : forma de prevenção do planeamento fiscal abusivo ou epicentro de um conflito de interesses inesgotável?" Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/30172.

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A presente dissertação possui como una finalidade a análise intensiva e reflexiva sobre a aplicação da Cláusula Geral Anti-abuso pela jurisprudência nacional. Deste modo, pretendemos não só demonstrar a evolução da mesma ao longo dos seus 18 anos de existência, como apontar os principais pontos de convergência existentes na jurisprudência portuguesa e respectiva implicância que tais consequências poderão vir a suscitar na relação jurídica Administração Tributária e Aduaneira e contribuinte. Essencialmente importa compreender se a autoridade tributária se encontra, efetivamente, a desenvolver o seu papel justo, eficiente, racional e coerente na utilização dos recursos públicos e, assim, na aplicação da lei, ou simplesmente demonstra uma atitude obsessiva e desproporcional face à atuação do sujeito passivo. Todavia, é evidente que, perante as constantes e, muitas vezes, impercetíveis inovações no âmbito da engenharia fiscal desenvolvidas pela suposta parte mais fraca da relação jurídica (diga-se o contribuinte) levam a uma abordagem quase esquizofrénica por parte das autoridades fiscais, pelo que não pretendemos defender uma e outra parte, mas realizar um balanço realista da aplicação da norma. Ademais, vislumbra-se uma abordagem essencialmente jurisprudencial (não excluindo de todo algumas observações sobre a atuação prévia administrativista) com vista ao esclarecimento de algumas questões face ao insistente conflito litigioso numa temática em que o cerne não é resoluto, mas implicativo.
The following academic project has the main purpose of conducting an intense and in depht analysis of General Anti-Avoidance Rule case laws. Even though this anti-abuse rule has been in existence for 18 years in our legal system, it is crucial to identify not only some of its problems as argued by Portuguese jurisprudence, but also its consequences, which might be relevant for taxpayers (or taxable organizations) and their relationship with the tax authorities. Essentially, we must understand if the tax authorities are effectively developing a fair, efficient, rational and coherent role in the application of law or, alternatively, merely displaying an aggressive, widespread and disproportionate behavior with regards to tax payers. In spite of this massive action by the authorities, GAAR is still considered to be the most efficient resource to deal with the economic innovations constantly introduced by the taxpayers, who are seen as the weaker part of the relationship, even with itself formal enforcement problems. Furthermore, it is indeed essential to reflect on its effectiveness as a preventive rule (making reference to certain contradictory academic opinions, in order to clarify some of the rule’s non-explained content) and prove that the current solution may not be viable.

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50

Silva, Bruna. "Agrupamentos Complementares de Empresas." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11110/1058.

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O tema escolhido para a minha tese de mestrado foram os Agrupamentos Complementares de Empresas (ACE). Na minha opinião, o tema dos ACE é um tema sempre atual, continuamos a verificar nos nossos dias o nascimento de diferentes ACE, por parte das empresas, e é por isso necessário percebermos o enquadramento dos ACE e como estes surgiram na nossa legislação. Os ACE surgiram no direito português pela lei nº 4/73, de 4 de Junho, e foi regulamentada pelo decreto-lei nº 430/73 de 25 de Agosto, tendo como objeto uma atividade auxiliar ou complementar daquelas que são exercidas por todos os que fazem parte do ACE. Ao referir-me aos ACE, não nos podemos esquecer de referir os AEIE – Agrupamentos Europeus de Interesses Económicos, uma figura similar aos ACE regulada pelo regulamento nº2137/85, do Conselho das Comunidades Europeias, de 25 de Junho e no DL nº 148/90 de 9 de Maio, este agrupamento é formado por membros de pelo menos dois estados diferentes da União Europeia. Estes dois agrupamentos estão devidamente regulados, possuem personalidade jurídica, são sujeitos de direitos e obrigações e têm como objetivo melhorar as condições de exploração ou os resultados das empresas agrupadas. Não posso falar de ACE nem AEIE sem me focar um pouco no regime que os sustem, o regime de transparência fiscal, este, consiste na imputação aos sócios da matéria coletável da sociedade determinada nos termos do CIRC, assim desconsidera-se o facto de existir uma sociedade coletiva e imputa-se a matéria coletável aos sócios. Os objetivos deste tipo de tributação são a neutralidade fiscal, o combate à evasão fiscal e evitar a dupla tributação.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Interesse fiscale'

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