Relevant bibliographies by topics / Interelectrode distance

Academic literature on the topic 'Interelectrode distance'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 8 June 2024

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Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers
  5. Reports

Journal articles on the topic "Interelectrode distance":

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Martínez-Villafañe, Jesús Fernando, Juan Carlos Ortiz-Cuellar, Jesús Salvador Galindo-Valdés, Francisco Cepeda-Rodríguez, Josué Gómez-Casas, Nelly Abigaíl Rodríguez-Rosales, Oziel Gómez-Casas, and Carlos Rodrigo Muñiz-Valdez. "Interelectrode Distance Analysis in the Water Defluoridation by Electrocoagulation Reactor." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (September 24, 2022): 12096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912096.

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In this research, the effect of the interelectrode distance (d) in the electrocoagulation (EC) reactor was studied. The experiments were carried out with varying d in values of 3, 5, and 9 mm during the treatment of water contaminated with fluoride (F−). The response variables analyzed were the treatment time necessary to reduce the residual concentration of F− to 1.5 mg L−1, the number of aluminum hydroxides formed, the potential drop in the reactor terminals, and the electric power consumption of the reactor. The software FLUENT version 6.3 was employed to simulate the liquid velocity profiles achieved in the reactor chamber. The results obtained show that the liquid velocity increases in the interelectrode spaces to 0.48, 0.65, and 0.86 m s−1 for interelectrode distances of 9, 5, and 3 mm, respectively, which favors not only the formation of flocs but also the elimination of fluoride. With a shorter interelectrode distance, the EC reactor not only consumes less electrical energy but also fewer electrodes, and the dispersion of generated flocs in the reactor chamber is major, which is more important than the quantity of flocs generated in it.
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Robinson, Lawrence R. "INTERELECTRODE DISTANCE: A METHOD FOR FIXING ELECTRODE SEPARATION." American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 71, no. 2 (April 1992): 122–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002060-199204000-00012.

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Epstein, Charles M., and Gail P. Brickley. "Interelectrode distance and amplitude of the scalp EEG." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 60, no. 4 (April 1985): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(85)90001-x.

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Zhang, Yaou, Xiangjun Yang, Qiang Gao, Jian Wang, and Wansheng Zhao. "Mechanism Analysis of Discharge Energy in the Electrostatic-Field-Induced Electrolyte Jet Micro-EDM." Micromachines 14, no. 10 (October 10, 2023): 1919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14101919.

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The discharge energy determines the machining resolution, minimum processable feature size, and surface roughness, which makes it a hot research topic in the microelectrical discharge machining (EDM) field. In this paper, a kind of novel discharge-energy-generation method in micro-EDM is investigated. In this method, the opposite induced charges on the electrolyte jet and workpiece serve as the source of the discharge energy. The operating mechanism of this discharge energy is revealed by analyzing the equivalent discharge circuit. The unique discharge current and voltage between the electrolyte jet and the workpiece are sampled and investigated. In contrast with the pulsating energy in conventional EDM, this study shows that the direct current (DC) voltage source can automatically generate a continuously periodical pulsating discharge in the electrostatic-field-induced electrolyte jet (E-Jet) EDM process. After further analyzing the electric signals in a single discharge process, it can be found that the interelectrode voltage experienced a continuous sharp electric breakdown, a nearly unchanging process, and a fast exponential recharging process. The discharge frequency increases as the electrolyte concentration and interelectrode voltage increase but decreases as the interelectrode distance increases. The discharge energy per pulse increases with the increasing interelectrode distance and electrolyte concentration but with the decreasing interelectrode voltage. Finally, the electrostatic-field-induced discharge-energy generation and change mechanisms are revealed, which provides a feasible method for micro-EDM with continuous tiny pulsed energy only using the DC power supply.
5

Maslyn, Jacqueline A., Pallab Barai, Kyle D. McEntush, Katherine J. Harry, Louise Frenck, Whitney S. Loo, Alec S. Ho, Dilworth Y. Parkinson, Venkat Srinivasan, and Nitash P. Balsara. "Plating and Stripping of Lithium Metal Stabilized by a Block Copolymer Electrolyte: Local Current Density Measurement and Modeling." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 170, no. 7 (July 1, 2023): 070510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ace12f.

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Plating and stripping of lithium protrusions in lithium metal symmetric cells containing a solid block copolymer electrolyte was studied as a function of time in 3D using time-resolved X-ray tomography. These measurements enabled determination of the spatial variation in current densities at the plating and stripping electrodes. The initial interelectrode distance was 27 μm. Correlation functions were calculated to reveal the relationships between current densities at the two electrodes and local electrolyte thickness. Current densities at opposing electrode locations during protrusion growth is uncorrelated until the local interelectrode distance decreases to less than 6 μm, just before the cell shorts. Mass balance was used to determine the area from which lithium ions that form a protrusion were stripped. Computational modeling of the plating and stripping process reveals the interplay between electrochemical and mechanical driving forces and their effect on nonuniform current distribution. Model predictions were compared with experiments without resorting to any adjustable parameters. The computed correlation functions were in qualitative agreement with experiments. Finally, the model was used to calculate contour plots of electrochemical potential within the electrolyte, shedding light on how geometry, salt concentration, interelectrode distance, and mechanical stress influence local rates of electrochemical reaction.
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Moldovan, Mihai, Alexandru Calin, Vishakhadatta M. Kumaraswamy, Diana Braver, and Mirela V. Simon. "Burst-Suppression Ratio on Electrocorticography Depends on Interelectrode Distance." Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 33, no. 2 (April 2016): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnp.0000000000000248.

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Chou, Yu-Lien, and Sheau-Ping Helen Pan. "The Optimal Interelectrode Distance for Sensory Nerve Action Potential." Rehabilitation Practice and Science 21, no. 1 (December 1, 1993): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.6315/3005-3846.1875.

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Калыгина, В. М., А. В. Цымбалов, А. В. Алмаев, and Ю. С. Петрова. "Влияние электродов на параметры солнечно-слепых детекторов УФ излучения." Физика и техника полупроводников 55, no. 3 (2021): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2021.03.50605.9545.

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The influence of electrode topology on the electrical and photoelectric characteristics of metal/semiconductor/metal structures was investigated. Gallium oxide films were obtained by radio-frequency sputtering of a Ga2O3 target onto sapphire substrates with the (0001) orientation. Two types of electrodes were formed on the surface of the oxide films: two parallel electrodes with an interelectrode distance of 250 mkm and interdigitated ones. The distance between the "fingers" of the detectors of the second type was 50, 30, 10, and 5 mkm. Regardless of the type of contacts, the structures exhibit sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength of λ = 254 nm. Detectors of the second type with an interelectrode distance of 5 μm demonstrate the highest values of the photocurrent Iph = 3.8 mA and detectivity D * = 5.54⋅10^15 cmHz^0.5W^-1.
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Fan, Rong Gui, Chun E. Li, Yong Xin Bai, Da Qing Huang, Liao Wei Fang, Hong Xing Liang, and Quan Cheng Wang. "Electrochemical Pretreatment of Wastewater from DDNP Production Using BDD Thin Film Electrode." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 2962–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.2962.

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The electrochemical oxidation of wastewater from DDNP production was investigated using a boron-doped diamond (BDD) thin film electrode. The effects of operating factors such as cell voltage, interelectrode distance and additive NaCl have been studied. This study showed that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction is most influenced by the applied cell voltage. Higher current densities resulting from higher cell voltages increase the formation of oxidative reagents resulting in an increased COD removal rate. The maximum COD removal was 57% after 210 min, with an energy consumption of 14.90 KWh·kg-1 COD when cell voltage was 12V, interelectrode distance was 3cm and additive NaCl concentration was 1g·L-1. The use of BDD thin film electrode for the treatment of DDNP production wastewater appears commercially feasible.
10

Rusyn, I., O. Medvediev, and V. Diachok. "Effect of interelectrode distance on bioelectric parameters of electro-biosystems." Ecological Sciences 36, no. 3 (2021): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32846/2306-9716/2021.eco.3-36.19.

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Journal articles

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Interelectrode distance":

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Mohd, Adnan Mohd Faidzul Hakim. "Mechanistic, interfacial and modeling studies of electro-precipitation during electrochemical advanced oxidation process in a thin-film reactor : case study with reclaimed municipal wastewater." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0249.

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Le but de ce travail a été de caractériser et de quantifier l'électro-précipitation minérale cathodique ayant eu lieu au cours d’un traitement d'électro-oxydation des eaux usées. Le processus d'électro-oxydation a été mené dans un réacteur électrochimique submillimétrique ayant une surface de 50 cm². La conception du réacteur submillimétrique, ou également appelé à couche mince, a été choisie en raison de l'énorme potentiel qu'il pourrait offrir pour les applications environnementales. Par exemple, le transfert de masse et les réactions d'oxydoréduction sont intensifiés et les coûts opérationnels sont diminués grâce à une forte réduction de la résistance interne de la cellule. En dépit de cet intérêt potentiel, peu de recherches ont été dirigées vers ce sujet. Plus précisément, aucune publication existe dans la littérature au regard de la formation de l’électro-précipitation dans une cellule électrochimique à couche mince, contrairement à celle faite sur le montage conventionnel à disque rotatif en laboratoire. Une fois que la cathode est totalement passivée par l'électro-précipitation, l'efficacité de l’électro-oxydation est sans aucun doute compromise. Cette problématique a motivé l’enchaînement des travaux de recherche menées dans cette thèse. Des paramètres déterminants sur la cinétique de l'électro-précipitation ont été examinés, tels que la densité de courant appliquée (japp), la distance interélectrode (delec), la matrice de l'effluent à traiter et le matériau de la cathode. Des modèles théoriques ont été proposés pour accompagner les résultats expérimentaux acquis. D’un point de vue pratique, l'objectif a été d'établir les conditions d'opération pour lesquelles la formation d’entartrage soit minimale, afin d’augmenter la pérennité de l’électro-oxydation. Dans les conditions de fonctionnement appliquées, seuls les précipités de Mg(OH)₂, CaCO₃ et Ca₃(PO₄)₂ étaient présents. Les autres précipités n'étaient pas thermodynamiquement favorisés. La précipitation de Mg(OH)₂ dépendait fortement de japp tandis que le CaCO₃ et le Ca₃(PO₄)₂ se produisaient facilement même à faible japp. Un modèle théorique corrélant le coefficient de transport de matière (km) avec une large gamme de delec (100 à 3000 µm) a été développé. Pour une estimation pratique en cas de l’ajustement d'échelle, une corrélation est également proposée pour le transfert de matière pour le réacteur microfluidique à partir du nombre de Sherwood. Concernant la configuration de la cellule électrochimique, un dépôt plus important a été observé sous condition submillimétrique due à l’évolution concomitante moins intense des bulles de H₂ que dans la configuration macrométrique. Lorsque la comparaison a été faite en utilisant des effluents réels, plus d’électro-précipitation a été produite en raison de la co-précipitation de la matière organique dissoute et probablement à cause de l'effet inhibiteur des sulfates dans l'effluent simulé. Lorsqu’une japp élevée a été adoptée, le polluant pharmaceutique (tylosine) a été plus dégradé et un dépôt moindre a été observé. Mais cela s'est accompagné d'une consommation énergétique significativement plus élevée et d’un relargage de sous-produits indésirables plus important. Enfin, l'utilisation d'une cathode carbonée poreuse n'a donné lieu qu'à une électro-précipitation plus intense et à une production plus importante de sous-produits nocifs
The thesis work evolves around the characterization and quantification of cathodic mineral electro-precipitation taking place during an electro-oxidation treatment of wastewater. The electro-oxidation process was conducted in scalable submillimetric electrochemical reactor with 50 cm² surface area. Submillimetric, or also denoted as microfluidic, reactor design was chosen owing to the potential that it could offer towards its environmental application. For instance, mass transfer and redox reactions were intensified with huge cut in total operational expense owing to significant drop in internal cell resistance. Despite its interest, the quantity of research work devoted to this topic has been underwhelming. Furthermore, no report has yet been made in the literature on the formation of electro-precipitation inside a thin film cell, as opposed to the mineral scaling study performed in conventional rotating disk setup. Once the cathode is totally passivated by the electro-precipitation, the electro-oxidation efficacy is undoubtedly compromised. Hence, it justifies the need for the sequence of research works conducted throughout this thesis. Decisive parameters on the kinetics of electro-precipitation were scrutinized, i.e. the applied current density (japp), the interelectrode distance (delec), the matrix of effluent to be treated and the cathode material. Theoretical predictive models were proposed alongside several experimental results acquired. The objective was to establish the operating conditions by which less mineral scaling was formed without giving an impacting on the electro-oxidation efficiency to maximize its durability.Under the operating conditions applied, only Mg(OH)₂, CaCO₃ and Ca₃(PO₄)₂ precipitates were present. Other precipitates were not thermodynamically favoured. Mg(OH)₂ precipitation was highly dependent on japp whilst CaCO₃ and Ca₃(PO₄)₂ easily occurred even at low japp. A theoretical model correlating mass transfer coefficient (km) and delec in wide range of delec (100 to 3000 µm) was developed. Mass transfer correlation for microfluidic reactor under the form of dimensionless Sherwood number was also proposed for convenient scale up/scale down application. With regard to electrochemical cell configuration, more deposition was observed in submillimetric range due to the involvement of more vigorous concomitant H₂ evolution in macrometric setup. When the comparison was made with real wastewater, more electro-deposition occurred due to co-precipitation of dissolved organics and inhibiting effect of sulfate in simulated effluent. When higher japp was adopted, more organic mineralization, higher pharmaceutics degradation and less mineral scaling were noticed but it was accompanied with higher power consumption and significantly higher release of undesirable byproducts. Finally, the use of porous carbonaceous cathode only yielded in more electro-precipitation and higher undesirable byproducts

Book chapters on the topic "Interelectrode distance":

1

Apollonov, V. V. "Feasibility of Increasing the Interelectrode Distance in an SSVD by Filling the Discharge Gap with Electrons." In High-Energy Molecular Lasers, 97–100. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33359-5_16.

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Braeken, D., R. Huys, D. Jans, Josine Loo, D. R. Rand, G. Borghs, G. Callewaert, and C. Bartic. "Local electrical stimulation of single myocytes using three-dimensional electrode arrays with small interelectrode distances." In IFMBE Proceedings, 212–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03887-7_59.

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Sorenson, Eric J. "Sensory Nerve Conduction Studies and Sensory Nerve Action Potentials." In Clinical Neurophysiology, edited by Devon I. Rubin, 325—C18.P131. 5th ed. Oxford University PressNew York, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190067854.003.0019.

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Abstract Sensory nerve action potentials are a valuable component of any neurophysiological assessment of the peripheral nerves. In the proper clinical environment these potentials can be invaluable in localizing lesions either proximal or distal to the dorsal root ganglia. They are among the most sensitive measures of peripheral nerve dysfunction and are more sensitive than motor conduction studies in most forms of peripheral neuropathy. Additionally, the responses may be able to provide some information about the pathophysiology of the neuropathy, suggesting demyelination or axonal loss in some cases. Because sensory nerve action potentials are much smaller than compound muscle action potentials (being microvolts in size, compared to millivolts of the compound muscle action potential), they are technically more difficult to perform and require greater expertise and caution. Temperature will have a greater impact on sensory potentials than motor potentials, with cooler limb temperatures leading to longer latencies, slower conduction velocities, and larger amplitudes. Background electrical interference may be a problem when recording sensory nerve action potentials. As a result, responses are commonly averaged three to five times to minimize the effect of the background noise on the waveforms. Distance from the electrical generator and interelectrode distance will also impact the appearance and size of the nerve potential waveform. All of these variables should be standardized wherever possible.
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Mcdowell, K., and J. D. Doll. "Quantum Monte Carlo and the Hydride Ion." In Quantum Monte Carlo, 20. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195310108.003.0020.

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Abstract These two papers introduced the term “Quantum Monte Carlo” to the scientific literature. Earlier in the same year McDowell0 and Berneb had used the term in abstracts for an American Chemical Society meeting, and later in the year Gordon, Rothstein, and Proctorc used it in the title of a paper submitted to the Journal of Computational Physics. The papers report investigations of variational QMC methods with Metropolis sampling using the hydride ion H- and the helium atom He as examples. As had been found by earlier workers it is shown that relatively simple trial functions explicitly incorporating the interelectron distance rij can produce a high level of accuracy comparable to those of configuration interaction (CI) calculations based on many-term trial functions without rij
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Mcdowell, K. "Assessing the Quality of a Wavefunction using Quantum Monte Carlo." In Quantum Monte Carlo, 20. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195310108.003.0021.

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Abstract These two papers introduced the term “Quantum Monte Carlo” to the scientific literature. Earlier in the same year McDowell0 and Berneb had used the term in abstracts for an American Chemical Society meeting, and later in the year Gordon, Rothstein, and Proctorc used it in the title of a paper submitted to the Journal of Computational Physics. The papers report investigations of variational QMC methods with Metropolis sampling using the hydride ion H- and the helium atom He as examples. As had been found by earlier workers it is shown that relatively simple trial functions explicitly incorporating the interelectron distance rij can produce a high level of accuracy comparable to those of configuration interaction (CI) calculations based on many-term trial functions without rij
6

Caffarel, M., and P. Claverie. "Development of a pure diffusion quantum Monte Carlo method using a full generalized Feynman-Kac formula. I and II." In Quantum Monte Carlo, 52. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195310108.003.0055.

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Abstract These two papers describe the development of a variant of diffusion QMC with importance sampling and its applications to a few simple systems. The method is based on the generalized FeynmanKac path integral formalisma and is termed the “full generalized Feynman-Kac” or FGFK method. Its major advantage, relative to other diffusion-based methods, is the elimination of branching or multiplication of walkers. Its major disadvantage is a greater complexity. The basic implementation is very nearly the same as that of standard diffusion QMC with importance sampling, and it incorporates diffusion with drift in the same way. The uses of trial functions, fixed nodes, extrapolation to zero time-step size, and other procedures except for branching are identical. However, the evaluation of mean quantities can be carried out in terms of ‘lj;2 sampling to obtain energies and other properties based on the FGFK formula. The applications described include ground and excited states of the harmonic oscillator and the helium atom and the ground state of the hydrogen molecule. For these the energies as well as a dozen other observables such as the averages of interelectron distances were determined. The results were found to be in good agreement with accepted values. A combination of FGFK with the released-node method was investigated for the case of the one-dimensional harmonic oscillator and found to be successful for that case.
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Kalia, R. K., P. Vashishta, and M. A. Lee. "Binding Energy Of Positively Charged Acceptors In Germanium - A Green’s Function Monte Carlo Calculation." In Quantum Monte Carlo, 32. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195310108.003.0033.

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Abstract Spectroscopic measurements of germanium crystals have revealed some of the characteristics of impurity complexes which can be explained in terms of charge acceptors interacting with surrounding holes to form so-called pseudoatoms. With suitable modifications, these complexes can be treated in the same way as real atoms and ions by conventional quantum methods, as described in earlier work, and by QMC methods as described first in this paper. The complexes of interest include double acceptor impurities Be and Zn binding three holes and quadruple acceptors binding four holes, equivalent to negatively charged infinite-mass nuclei (of charge -Z) surrounded by positively charged holes (of charge +1). with use of effective masses for the holes, an effective dielectric constant, and a modification of Fermi statistics to allow four holes in ls orbitals, these systems may be treated as simple atoms and ions in diffusion QMC with importance sampling. The systems treated were equivalent to nodeless H-, He+, He, He-, Li+, Li, and Li-. Both variational and diffusion calculations used the same trial wavefunctions, which were symmetrized ls orbital products with added correlation terms linear in the interelectron distances. For the one- and two-hole systems, the energies could be deduced from the analogous systems. For these the diffusion QMC calculations gave equivalent results. In all cases the diffusion calculations gave slightly lower energies than the variational calculations. In comparisons with experiment, agreement was good for double acceptors and poor for triple acceptors, for which the pseudoatom model was judged to be inadequate.

Conference papers on the topic "Interelectrode distance":

1

Parfenov, M. V., A. V. Tronev, P. M. Agruzov, I. V. Ilichev, and A. V. Shamrai. "SINGLE-MODE OPERATION REGIME OF AN INTEGRATED OPTICAL MODULATOR BASED ON TFLN USING NARROW INTERELECTRODE GAP." In Actual problems of physical and functional electronics. Ulyanovsk State Technical University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61527/appfe-2023.224-227.

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The results of investigation of modal filtering and providing quasi single-mode operation regime of an inherently multimode optical waveguide phase modulator based on thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) are presented. It was shown that decrease of interelectrode gap can induce different propagation losses to optical modes of an multimode waveguide. It was also shown that decrease of interelectrode gap and narrowing distance between edges of electrodes and the waveguide can provide high-order mode suppression at the level of 60 dB/cm.
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Young, A. J., and L. J. Hargrove. "Effects of interelectrode distance on the robustness of myoelectric pattern recognition systems." In 2011 33rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2011.6090962.

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Dusi, Waldes, Natalia Auricchio, Ezio Caroli, Ariano Donati, Paul Fougeres, Makram Hage-Ali, Gianni Landini, Eugenio Perillo, and Paul Siffert. "Spectroscopic behavior of CdTe detectors as a function of the interelectrode distance." In SPIE's International Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering, and Instrumentation, edited by Ralph B. James and Richard C. Schirato. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.366573.

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Crespo, M., S. Ruipérez Campillo, R. Casado-Arroyo, J. Millet, and F. Castells. "Assessment of the Interelectrode Distance Effect over the Omnipole with High Multielectrode Arrays." In 2023 45th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc40787.2023.10341063.

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Hassan, Mohab O., Kenichi Takahata, and Alireza Nojeh. "Mitigating the space charge effect in a thermionic energy converter by controlling the interelectrode distance in-situ." In 2020 33rd International Vacuum Nanoelectronics Conference (IVNC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ivnc49440.2020.9203318.

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Kawaguchi, Chihiro, Masateru Taniguchi, Makusu Tsutsui, Satoyuki Kawano, and Tomoji Kawai. "Electrical Detection of Pollen Allergen Using Electrode-Embedded-Micro-Channel." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2011 Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajk2011-36035.

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Hay fever is a disease that approximately 20 percent of the world population develop. Providing appropriate treatment for this plant-specific pollen allergy requires a method to identify various types of pollen. Here we introduce a technique that can be used for direct detections of single biological macromolecules such as pollen. Our method is based on two-probe current measurements using a microfluidic-channel-embedded-electrode system. A fabrication procedure of the device is as follows. First, we formed two gold nanoelectrodes by standard electron beam lithography and lift-off processes. The interelectrode gap distance was designed to be 500 nm. We then deposited a SiO2 layer. After that, we fabricated Cr etching mask. Finally, we dry-etched the sample by reactive ion etching and obtained a microfluidic-channel-embedded-electrode structure. We flowed HEPES(2-[4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl] ethanesulfonic acid) solution containing pollen of 500 nm size into the micro-channel and simultaneously measured current flowing through the two electrodes. Characteristic spike-like signals were observed; sharp rise of the current followed by a rather smooth decrease to the base current level. We exhibited control experiments in a HEPES solution wherein no pollen was added and observed only featureless current traces. We anticipate that the sharp current rise is associated with trapping of a single cedar pollen between the electrodes whereas the gradual current decrease represents the pollen detrapping. We propose the technique for identifying several kinds of pollens based on the height and the width of the current spikes.
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Braeken, D., R. Huys, D. Jans, J. Loo, S. Severi, F. Vleugels, G. Borghs, G. Callewaert, and C. Bartic. "Local electrical stimulation of single adherent cells using three-dimensional electrode arrays with small interelectrode distances." In 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2009.5333871.

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Takahashi, Asato, Naoto Kodama, Yasunobu Yokomizu, and Yusuke Kondo. "Rise Effect of DC Arc Voltage in Silica Sand: Various Interelectrode Distances and Arrangement of PA66-Cylinder." In 2019 5th International Conference on Electric Power Equipment - Switching Technology (ICEPE-ST). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icepe-st.2019.8928782.

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Reports on the topic "Interelectrode distance":

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Alwan, Iktimal, Dennis D. Spencer, and Rafeed Alkawadri. Comparison of Machine Learning Algorithms in Sensorimotor Functional Mapping. Progress in Neurobiology, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.60124/j.pneuro.2023.30.03.

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Abstract:
Objective: To compare the performance of popular machine learning algorithms (ML) in mapping the sensorimotor cortex (SM) and identifying the anterior lip of the central sulcus (CS). Methods: We evaluated support vector machines (SVMs), random forest (RF), decision trees (DT), single layer perceptron (SLP), and multilayer perceptron (MLP) against standard logistic regression (LR) to identify the SM cortex employing validated features from six-minute of NREM sleep icEEG data and applying standard common hyperparameters and 10-fold cross-validation. Each algorithm was tested using vetted features based on the statistical significance of classical univariate analysis (p<0.05) and extended () 17 features representing power/coherence of different frequency bands, entropy, and interelectrode-based distance. The analysis was performed before and after weight adjustment for imbalanced data (w). Results: 7 subjects and 376 contacts were included. Before optimization, ML algorithms performed comparably employing conventional features (median CS accuracy: 0.89, IQR [0.88-0.9]). After optimization, neural networks outperformed others in means of accuracy (MLP: 0.86), the area under the curve (AUC) (SLPw, MLPw, MLP: 0.91), recall (SLPw: 0.82, MLPw: 0.81), precision (SLPw: 0.84), and F1-scores (SLPw: 0.82). SVM achieved the best specificity performance. Extending the number of features and adjusting the weights improved recall, precision, and F1-scores by 48.27%, 27.15%, and 39.15%, respectively, with gains or no significant losses in specificity and AUC across CS and Function (correlation r=0.71 between the two clinical scenarios in all performance metrics, p<0.001). Interpretation: Computational passive sensorimotor mapping is feasible and reliable. Feature extension and weight adjustments improve the performance and counterbalance the accuracy paradox. Optimized neural networks outperform other ML algorithms even in binary classification tasks. The best-performing models and the MATLAB® routine employed in signal processing are available to the public at (Link 1).

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