Journal articles: 'Intercultural communication Saudi Arabia'

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Abed, Lowai. "Effects of Various Social Media on Users’ Intercultural Communication Competence in Saudi Arabia." Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Social Sciences 14, no. 3 (September 5, 2022): 76–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.54940/ss19095079.

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Intercultural communications have been transformed in recent years, largely due to the proliferation of social media applications. People from different countries and diverse cultures are now able to communicate with each other digitally, using multiple web-based communication platforms that have rapidly become an integral part of people’s daily lives. Thus, the effects of social media use on the intercultural communication competence (ICC) of individuals has attracted the attention of many scholars. This study examines, in a Saudi Arabian context, the extent to which different social media applications affect users’ ICC. The study is based on quantitative research methods, namely an online questionnaire to which 267 users responded. The study aims to explore participants’ perceptions of the effects of different social media applications on their own ICC, taking into account various demographic factors such as the age, gender, and level of education attained by each participant. In addition, the study investigates which social media applications are most common in Saudi Arabia, and which have the greatest influence on users’ ICC. The study’s findings show that while WhatsApp is the most commonly used social media application in Saudi Arabia, Twitter is perceived to have the greatest effect on users’ ICC.

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Zhao, Guangcun. "Research on intercultural adaptation of Chinese enterprise personnel in Saudi Arabia." Higher Education Studies 9, no. 3 (July 27, 2019): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/hes.v9n3p105.

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Chinese enterprise personnel are faced with the problem of intercultural adaptation. Based on Black's theory of "three-dimensional" model of intercultural adaptation, this paper proposes a "four-dimensional" model of intercultural adaptation, namely, life adaptation, work adaptation, interpersonal adaptation and Chinese image adaptation. The research method of semi-structured in-depth interview is used to interview 23 Chinese people from one Chinese enterprise in Saudi Arabia, who have worked there for at least one year. We get findings as follows: (1) Life adaptation: maladjustment is mainly reflected in religious restriction. Especially, religious regulations and taboos make the life of Chinese enterprise personnel restricted. However, there are also many aspects of adaptation, such as Saudi cuisine, living environment and leisure life, which bring the satisfaction of life demands to Chinese enterprise personnel. (2) Work adaptation: foreign companies must employ a certain proportion of local people to work in their companies; the roles of buyers and sellers in Saudi Arabia and in China are different; the concept of time is different. (3) Interpersonal adaptation: Chinese people in Saudi Arabia still have the most frequent contact with their Chinese compatriots, and it is difficult for them to develop close friendship with foreigners. Chinese people are good at creating harmonious interpersonal relationships for work through some after-work activities, such as drinking tea, eating out and holding football matches. (4) Chinese image adaptation: Chinese enterprise personnel in Saudi Arabia have decent income, and Saudi police fail to check Chinese cars, all of which make the Chinese people have a positive face value. In view of the above four adaptation situations of Chinese enterprise personnel in Saudi Arabia, the following suggestions are proposed: (1) Be strict with yourself in life, respect local social and religious customs, and also keep a careful attitude and actively deal with disadvantageous factors. (2) While benefiting from working or doing business in Saudi Arabia, we should make contributions for the development of local economy and society, providing employment and training for local people. (3) We should observe the local laws and regulations, and also follow the local and international market rules. (4) In interpersonal communication, we should combine the maintenance mode of Chinese "guanxi" (relationship) with western "principle" on the one hand, and make a difference between them on the other hand. (5) In terms of image adaptation, besides maintaining a good image politically and economically, it is also necessary to improve our individual quality and our cultural cultivation overseas, be a communicator bridging Chinese and foreign excellent culture, and build a positive national image and individual image.

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Cass, Philip. "REVIEW: Noted: Al Jazeera a classic example of soft power." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 23, no. 2 (November 30, 2017): 227–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v23i2.342.

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Intercultural Communications as a Clash of Civilisations: Al-Jazeera and Qatar's Soft Power, by Tel Samuel-Azran. New York: Peter Lang, 2016. 172 pages. ISBN 978-1-4331-2264-4 WITH the current stand-off between Qatar and Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and their allies, Samuel-Azran’s book is extremely timely. Launched in 1996, Al-Jazeera now broadcasts on multiple channels and in four languages at a cost of $650 million a year. It reaches 260 million homes in 130 countries.

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Damanhouri, Miramar. "The advantages and disadvantages of body language in Intercultural communication." Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 21, no. 1 (April 2018): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2018.21.1.68.

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This study is an attempt to explore the advantages and disadvantages of non-verbal communication, specifically body language, in intercultural settings, and the extent to which non-verbal factors contribute to the success of communication , by interviewing 31 English language instructors at the English language Institute at King Abdulaziz University. The instructors came from different cultural backgrounds and their length of stay in Saudi Arabia varies from 1 year to more than 7 years. The findings show that although the main function of body language in an intercultural setting is to clarify meaning when language is a barrier, the difference in cultural backgrounds sometimes leads to miscommunication or misinterpretation of nonverbal messages. However, almost all the participants considered body language a positive tool in facilitating communication and compensating for the lack of vocabulary in intercultural communication. More research on the similarities and differences between cultures with regard to nonverbal communication is recommended, in order to avoid or minimize misunderstandings that may result from cultural and linguistic differences.

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Kniffka, Hannes. "Cultural identity, life-cycles and intercultural communication: teaching German to adults in Saudi Arabia." Language Learning Journal 5, no. 1 (March 1992): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09571739285200251.

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Deraney, Philline M. "Teaching with Relevance: Saudi Students’ Perceptions of a Foundation Course in Communication Skills." International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research 20, no. 2 (February 28, 2021): 197–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.20.2.11.

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This study explores undergraduate students' perceptions of a foundation-year communication skills course at a large public university in Saudi Arabia from the aspects of perceived course effectiveness and relevance using a cross-sectional survey research design. The survey yielded scaled and short-answer responses, which were then analyzed using statistical and thematic analyses. The results revealed that first-year undergraduate students (n=209) in this study perceive communication skills as important for their future career and in major areas of their lives, and consider being a ’good’ communicator as part of their cultural and religious heritage. Participants further define communication skills as predominantly an oral, information transfer that builds relationships with others from interpersonal and intercultural aspects. The findings also revealed disagreement and uncertainty about the communication course focus and requirement, relevance of course assignments and materials, and language of instruction. Recommendations for teaching communication skills with relevance in this context include explicit, focused communication instruction, student-centered practical activities with cultural relevance, and, moving forward, coursework that integrates the communication discipline with the needs of the students’ academic fields. Future research in this area could enhance teaching communication skills in the Saudi context and lead to more relevant instruction that could positively impact students in their professional lives.

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Dean, Ozzie, and Gary E. Popp. "Intercultural communication effectiveness as perceived by American managers in Saudi Arabia and French managers in the U.S." International Journal of Intercultural Relations 14, no. 4 (January 1990): 405–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(90)90028-u.

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Alfahadi, Abdurrahman M. "Glocal Intercultural Communicative Competence among Young EFL Learners from English Native-teacher’s Perspective within Saudi Vision 2030." Studies in Social Science Research 2, no. 1 (January 21, 2021): p11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sssr.v2n1p11.

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This qualitative research aims, first, to address key issues in the language classroom with regards to fostering the development of Intercultural Communicative Competence among Saudi EFL foreign language young learners under the influence of VAS 2030, and second, to provide practical ideas for EFL teachers to promote Intercultural Communicative Competence at the GLOCAL level in a more integral way. It intends to investigate glocal intercultural communicative competence among young EFL learners from English native-teachers’ perspective within Saudi vision 2030. The sample of the study included 4 English native teachers from America, England, South Africa and Canada. This qualitative-quantitative research used questionnaire survey and texts as data collection instruments. The data was analyzed textually and numerically. The findings of the study showed that the participants showed their consciousness about the significance of glocal intercultural communicative competence in developing young EFL learners’ language skills within Saudi Vision 2030. Also, the results showed the significance of the glocal intercultural communicative competence in developing Saudi EFL learners’ language skills (competence). Also, it is concluded that raising young Saudi EFL learners’ awareness about the importance of the glocal intercultural communicative competence should be incorporated in EFL textbooks, course material and teaching curriculum in Saudi Arabia. This study recommends that further future research be conducted in this regard.

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Aldroubi, Tuqa, and Aida Nayer. "Proposal to Establish Intercultural Hub and Library in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia." Civil Engineering and Architecture 10, no. 5 (September 2022): 2172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/cea.2022.100535.

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Albagawi, Bander S., and Linda K. Jones. "Quantitative exploration of the barriers and facilitators to nurse-patient communication in Saudia Arabia." Journal of Hospital Administration 6, no. 1 (December 7, 2016): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jha.v6n1p16.

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Nurses with effective communication skills play a critical role in minimising the stress associated with hospitalisation for both patients and their families. Effective communication has become increasingly reported as a key component in effective health care outcomes, which is even more crucial in countries such as Saudi Arabia with a large foreign healthcare workforce. The presence of a large expatriate workforce with a different language from the host society and the ensuing complexity of sociocultural linguistic and heath beliefs systems has been poorly researched. This study aimed to investigate barriers and facilitators of nurse-patient communication in Saudi Arabia using the Nurses’ Self-Administered Communication Survey. The survey was distributed to a random sample of 291 nurses working in medical and surgical departments at five hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The results indicate that the Philippine and Saudi Arabian nurses perceived greater barriers to communication with respect to personal/social characteristics, job specifications and environmental factors then nurses of other nationalities. In addition, nurses with shorter experience in Saudi Arabia perceived greater barriers to communication with respect to the clinical situation of patient and environmental factors than the nurses with longer experience. Lastly, nurses who had not attended specialist courses on communication skills acquisition perceived greater barriers to communication with respect to personal characteristics and job specifications than nurses who had attended such courses. This study highlights the need to better prepare expatriate nurses before they enter the workforce in Saudi Arabia on cultural competence and language skills.

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Asfahani, Ahmed M. "Sojourner Culture Shock: Assessing the Role of Exposure in Intrapersonal Identity Conflict." International Journal of Psychological Studies 9, no. 3 (June 14, 2017): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v9n3p12.

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This research assesses the relationship between intercultural exposure variables—the length of time spent in the United States, the length of previous experience outside Saudi Arabia, the length of time studying English as a second language, and the frequency and nature of interactions with Americans—and intrapersonal identity conflict. To assess this relationship, the researcher conducted a survey of Saudi Arabian students studying in the United States, which collected information on exposure variables, as well as employing Leong and Ward’s (2000) Ethno-Cultural Identity Conflict Scale (EICS). A Pearson correlation test was conducted to examine the relationship between the Saudi sojourners’ intercultural exposure and their identity conflict scores to conclude that there is not a relationship between exposure and identity conflict.

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Havril, Agnes Katalin. "Improving Intercultural Competence of Female University Students in EFL within Saudi Arabia." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 192 (June 2015): 554–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.06.091.

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Gołębiowski, Daniel. "The EU Delegation in Saudi Arabia and the GCC: Communication, Visibility and Culture." Politeja 18, no. 4(73) (November 29, 2021): 221–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.18.2021.73.12.

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The paper examines communication and visibility (C&V) aspect in the operations of the EU Delegation in Saudi Arabia and the GFA Consulting Group. The author assumes that properly designed communication using adequate contents may significantly affect the EU external relations. To verify this statement, the twofold approach was used. First, through the lens of Soft Power and EU actorness, it looks into the theoretical dimension of the international relations and its possible links with communication process. Second, drawing on existing internal EU documents (Communication and Visibility in EU-financed External Actions – Requirements for Implementing Partners 2018 by the EU Delegation in Saudi Arabia, and Information and Communication Handbook for EU Delegations in the Third Countries and International Organizations, published in 20122) the paper offers analytical framework to explore the qualitative and quantitative nature of the online communication undertaken in social media platform both by the EU Delegation in Saudi Arabia and the GFA.

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Etri, Walead. "Employing Bennett’s Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS) to Understand Intercultural Sensitivity in ELT." World Journal of English Language 13, no. 1 (November 18, 2022): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v13n1p39.

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This paper attempts to explain the nature and practice of intercultural sensitivity among international teachers of English using stage descriptions of Bennett’s Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS). It draws on qualitative data generated from focus group interviews, individual interviews, recorded classroom observations and diary entries from 19 expatriate teachers in an English medium university in Saudi Arabia. The study showed that most of the actions and behaviours of teachers indicate intercultural sensitivity frames that reflect descriptions of the DMIS ethnocentricity stages of defence and minimisation. Many views some teachers put forward about pedagogy and intercultural communicative competence (ICC) development in ELT however, indicated higher stages of intercultural sensitivity that reflect some of the ethnorelative dimensions of acceptance and adaptation.

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Alotaibi, Obaid Ghazi, and Abdulaziz Khalaf Alanazi. "Evaluating the Extent of Language Barriers Among Health Professionals in the Saudi Arabian Health System." Galore International Journal of Applied Sciences and Humanities 6, no. 3 (September 23, 2022): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/gijash.20220716.

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This paper evaluates the cause, extent, and effects of language and cultural barriers within the Saudi Arabia healthcare system that have an indirect or direct effect on both the patient's perceived quality of care and the actual quality of care delivered. A systematic search of different databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, ProQuest, MEDLINE, and ScinceDirect.) was conducted. Using the following search terms language barrier’ AND ‘health’ AND ‘Saudi Arabia’. Additionally, the search terms ‘safety’ AND ‘quality’. The findings illustrate that the Saudi Arabian healthcare system is subject to significant impacts due to poor communication as a result of evident language barriers. Accordingly, it is proposed that individual level and an overall strategy for enhancing language and communication in healthcare across the Kingdom are implemented, including both technological solutions and organisational and human resource-based solutions. A proposed timeline for implementing these various strategies has been provided. Keywords: language barriers, Saudi Arabia healthcare system, language and communication in healthcare

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Determann, Matthias. "Edge of Arabia: Contemporary Art from Saudi Arabia." Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication 2, no. 1 (2009): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187398609x430679.

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Al Nasser, Ali, and Juraifa Jais. "HR Development in Saudi Public Universities: The Role of Organizational Culture and Communication." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS 19 (August 29, 2022): 1318–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23207.2022.19.118.

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Universities in Saudi Arabia are expected to improve their quality, standard, effectiveness, and efficiency to achieve their objective of becoming world-class universities. Moreover, organizational communication tends to affect human resources development performance. This study seeks to examine the organizational culture and communication influence on HRD performance among academicians. A total of 425 academicians at institutions of higher learning in Saudi Arabia responded to a questionnaire survey. The result indicated that organizational culture and communication positively impact HRD performance. Decision makers in higher education have to focus more in implementing effective communication and organizational culture to improve the HRD performance of universities.

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Alkhamees, Mohammad, Jackie Lea, Md Shahidul Islam, Ibrahim Alasqah, Haitham Alzghaibi, Mohammad F. Alharbi, Fahad Albejaidi, Yasir Hayat Mughal, and Vicki Parker. "A Qualitative Investigation of Factors Affecting Saudi Patients’ Communication Experience with Non-Saudi Physicians in Saudi Arabia." Healthcare 11, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11010118.

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(1) Background: Communication is the main issue between the patient and physician. Communication gaps lead to medical errors, mistakes, and wrong diagnoses and treatments. It would certainly be a cause of patient dissatisfaction, the physicians’ job dissatisfaction, and the increase in the cost of health services. (2) Objectives: The objective of the study was to explore the perception of Saudi patients when they meet non-Saudi consultants at hospitals. (3) Material and Methods: This study is exploratory in nature. Semi-structured face to face interviews were conducted. Study participants were patients from the outpatient department of the Hospitals of Qassim province, Saudi Arabia. A total of eight respondents, four male and four female, participated in the study. (4) Results: Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. Two main themes emerged: the first theme is encountering difference, with three sub-themes, while the second one is the absence of partnering, with four sub-themes. (5) Conclusions: The analysis of the patients’ experiences of their medical encounters revealed that the effectiveness of the physician-patient communication was jeopardized by two challenges: encountering differences and the absence of partnering. (6) Limitations: This study was conducted in one site only and hence findings must be tested in application to other sites in other parts of Saudi Arabia and in other similar countries. A further limitation of this study was the cultural barrier that was encountered by the researcher during the interview process.

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Alsulaiman, Saud, and Terry Rentner. "The 2018 Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca: Application of Grunig’s Theory of Excellence Two-Way Communication Efforts to Avoid a Crisis." Volume 2 2, no. 2019 (March 2019): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.30658/icrcc.2019.1.

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Every year, millions of Muslims converge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) to perform the Hajj pilgrimage. So how does a government prepare for a potential crisis when hosting an event of this magnitude? A content analysis guided this study on crisis communication strategies taken by the Saudi government before, during, and after Hajj 2018 and how Saudi Arabia utilized the media to deliver proactive messages to ensure a successful Hajj season. The study found that the government created and built a positive image in the media through the use of effective management, preemptive messages, and multiple communication channels.

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Althobaiti, Hamoud. "The Significance of Learning English in Saudi Arabia." Journal of Critical Studies in Language and Literature 1, no. 3 (August 18, 2020): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.46809/jcsll.v1i3.25.

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English as an international language is the main means of communication worldwide. Many people strive to learn English language greatly, and this has contributed to the customization of international special curricula in English language. In Saudi Arabia, learning English is becoming highly important; as it has been introduced into the Saudi Secondary School classroom and curriculum from grade seven. This paper aims to outline the significance of developing English language learning for Saudi Arabia’s students and government.

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Mobeireek, A. F., F. A. al-Kassimi, S. A. al-Majid, and A. al-Shimemry. "Communication with the seriously ill: physicians' attitudes in Saudi Arabia." Journal of Medical Ethics 22, no. 5 (October 1, 1996): 282–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.22.5.282.

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Bashehab, Omar Salem. "Status of Knowledge Based Economy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An Analysis." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 4, no. 6 (June 30, 2013): 268–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v4i6.761.

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This paper highlights on the emerging issues that compelled Saudi Arabia in transforming its economy to a knowledge-based one. It discusses the pillars of a knowledge-based economy i.e. the institutional model; education; research and development (R&D); and information and communication technology (ICT) adopted by the World Bank Institute framework to analyze the status of a knowledge-based economy in Saudi Arabia. The primary objective of this article is to understand the status of the knowledgebased economy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Secondary data was collected for writing the paper. The nine developmental plans of Saudi Arabia (Ministry of Economy and Planning), Ministry of Education reports, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology reports, and Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency (SAMA) reports are some of the important sources of data. The government of Saudi Arabia has laid the foundation for transforming its economy to a knowledge-based one but more is required especially in the field of human resource development and innovation to expedite the easiness of the transforming process.

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Algouzi, Sami, and Atamna Elkhiar. "An Ethnographic Approach to Developing Intercultural Awareness: A Case Study of EFL Learners at Najran University." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 11, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 788–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1107.04.

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The teaching of culture in foreign language classrooms has gained widespread acceptance in today's globalized world. However, the teaching resources and curricula at present in use promote stereotypes and otherization by supplying pupils with a "us vs them" worldview and knowledge. As a result, learners with little or no intercultural experience are unable to effectively communicate in an intercultural environment. The aim of this study is to assist learners in becoming active cultural observers and interpreters, in improving their comprehension of others, in anticipating and dealing with misunderstandings, and in decentring themselves during intercultural encounters. It is a retrospective account of an experiment that explores why and how intercultural awareness can be developed through an ethnographic-based intercultural syllabus at Najran University in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Thirty two male students participated in the experiment. A pre-and post-tests were used to determine whether or not participants improved their intercultural comprehension. The findings indicate that teaching culture through an ethnographic lens is feasible and worthy of developing learners' intercultural awareness and analytic attitude against culture and intercultural interactions.

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Alsharari, Yaser Salman, Fadzil Shah Bin Aziz, Che Azlan Bin Taib, and Rushami Zien Yusoff. "The Association between Communication, Customer Relationship Management and Organisational Performance: Evidence from the Saudi Arabia Hospitals." Journal of Management Research 9, no. 4 (September 7, 2017): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jmr.v9i4.11776.

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This research aims to examine the influence of the communication, customer relationship management on organisational performance among Saudi Arabia Hospitals. Furthermore, to exam the study model, the survey questionnaire was used to collect data 154 hospitals randomly chosen from 259 government hospitals in Saudi Arabia. For data analysis, the Partial Least Squares (PLS) structural equation modeling was used. In addition, this study found a positive and significant association between communication, customer relationship management, and organisational performance. Ultimately, this study offers some limitations and suggestions for future researchers.

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Bakur, Alaa. "Hearing Foreigners’ Voices: Unprecedented Communication for Hearing Foreigners’ Voices in Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Social Science Studies 5, no. 12 (October 31, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v5i12.2747.

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After the Arab Spring uprisings, specifically the events in 2012, the Saudi Arabian Ministry of Labor inaugurated a participatory management department to engage with citizens via the introduction of new policies to meet Saudi citizens’ needs. The department adopted two approaches with which to promote citizen participation and hear and respond to the public’s voice. The approaches were social dialogue and the use of digital communication. The objective of this study is to investigate whether the Ministry of Labor allowed foreigners to participate in and engage with other Saudis to meet their interests in terms of employment, education, and other needs to enjoy the life in Saudi Arabia. The theoretical framework adopted for this paper is based on Nico Carpentier’s work. Data for the present study were collected through document analyses, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions. The paper shows that opportunities for foreigners to engage and make their voices heard were given to specific groups. These groups, who hold various types of power, were included with ordinary Saudi citizens in terms of the level of participation given by the Saudi government. These foreigner groups were listened to because they had the power to persuade the Minister of Labor to include them with other Saudis. Additionally, ignoring these powerful foreigner groups could have lead them to act against the Saudis’ best interests, which was a main consideration of the Saudi government and Ministry of Labor.

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Junaidi, Junaidi. "Communication Strategy of the Indonesian Ministry of Religion to Leave 20 Countries that Area Prohibited from Entering Saudi Arabia." PROPAGANDA 2, no. 1 (January 24, 2022): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37010/prop.v2i1.445.

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The Saudi government's decision to close access for Indonesia to be allowed to enter its territory made Indonesia for the second time cancel its annual pilgrimage, namely the pilgrimage. This study aims to identify and describe the communication strategy of the Ministry of Religion (Kemenag) so that Indonesia is not included in the 20 countries that are prohibited from entering Saudi Arabia. Because some countries whose COVID-19 numbers are higher or equal to Indonesia are not included in the 20 banned countries. To what extent is the communication strategy developed by the Ministry of Religion in order to convince Saudi Arabia that the implementation of Indonesian health protocols is very strict. Are the policies of the Ministry of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia in line with the policies of the Government of Saudi Arabia. This study also took samples of several news reports according to media/media framing from Republika.co.id and several news stories from other media that were relevant to answer this research. This study shows that the Ministry of Religion's communication policies and strategies have not optimally involved civil society groups. And the communication strategy developed by the government and organizations does not show good organized interests.

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Ades, Andaleep. "The Quality of Family Interpersonal Communication during COVID-19." Open Public Health Journal 14, no. 1 (August 11, 2021): 304–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944502114010304.

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Background: The occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the general lifestyle of people across the globe, especially with the new safety directives, which have affected people’s interactions in many different ways. Objective: The aim of the study was to examine the quality of interpersonal communication among family members during COVID-19 restrictions in Saudi Arabia. The study objective was achieved through investigating the three main questions: How is the pandemic influencing the connection and communication between the family members? How do the family members stay connected during the COVID-19 restrictions in Saudi Arabia? And lastly, what type of social media platforms are families using to stay connected with each other? Methodology: The present research used a Google survey form as a tool to receive responses from 400 participants in Saudi Arabia. Results The results have shown that COVID-19 has greatly affected people's interactions, including family interpersonal communication. Families have been forced to adapt modern forms of communication rather than indulging in normal face-to-face interactions, as various governments across the world encourage virtual communication. Conclusion: IMO has become very popular among various family members; however, some other applications have also been used to stay connected with the family, like Twitter, Facebook, and WhatsApp.

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Hassounah, Marwah, Hafsa Raheel, and Mohammed Alhefzi. "Digital Response During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Saudi Arabia." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): e19338. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/19338.

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Background The first case of COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia was confirmed on March 3, 2020. Saudi Arabia, like many other countries worldwide, implemented lockdown of most public and private services in response to the pandemic and established population movement restrictions nationwide. With the implementation of these strict mitigation regulations, technology and digital solutions have enabled the provision of essential services. Objective The aim of this paper is to highlight how Saudi Arabia has used digital technology during the COVID-19 pandemic in the domains of public health, health care services, education, telecommunication, commerce, and risk communication. Methods We documented the use of digital technology in Saudi Arabia during the pandemic using publicly available official announcements, press briefings and releases, news clips, published data, peer-reviewed literature, and professional discussions. Results Saudi Arabia’s government and private sectors combined developed and launched approximately 19 apps and platforms that serve public health functions and provide health care services. A detailed account of each is provided. Education processes continued using an established electronic learning infrastructure with a promising direction toward wider adoption in the future. Telecommunication companies exhibited smooth collaboration as well as innovative initiatives to support ongoing efforts. Risk communication activities using social media, websites, and SMS text messaging followed best practice guides. Conclusions The Saudi Vision 2030 framework, released in 2017, has paved the path for digital transformation. COVID-19 enabled the promotion and testing of this transition. In Saudi Arabia, the use of artificial intelligence in integrating different data sources during future outbreaks could be further explored. Also, decreasing the number of mobile apps and merging their functions could increase and facilitate their use.

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Al Shamsi, Hilal Salim, Abdullah Ghthaith Almutairi, and Sulaiman Salim Al Mashrafi. "Assessing the Quality of the Saudi Healthcare Referral System: Potential Improvements Implemented by Other Systems." Global Journal of Health Science 10, no. 11 (October 13, 2018): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v10n11p113.

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INTRODUCTION: The referral system authorizes and transfers the responsibility for healthcare services from one provider to another. A key component of the system is the communication between primary-care and specialist providers. Poor communication between them is detrimental to and can cause significant issues with coordination of effective care. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this review was to evaluate current healthcare referral systems, focusing on the communication among providers, and to suggest practices that could make the Saudi healthcare referral system more effective. DESIGN: This systematic review identified published studies of the quality of the healthcare referral system in Saudi Arabia and other countries using two databases, Medline and PubMed. Data were summarized and extracted into two tables. RESULTS: The review included 12 studies that met its selection criteria. These studies were conducted in various regions of Saudi Arabia, but mostly the west and north. The 12 studies included 181,192 participants, with numbers of participants ranging from 21 to 138,484. The present review found that more than 50% of the referral documents and feedback reports in these studies had incomplete patient information. Implementation of electronic referrals (e-referrals) in several countries, including Australia, New Zealand and the United States, improved their referral systems, particularly by solving the problem of incomplete referral documents. In addition, the present review found that in some specialist clinics, referral cases contributed to increased workloads. One study reported on implementation of Lean Six Sigma principles in a military hospital in western Saudi Arabia, which reduced the number of referrals delayed, inappropriate referrals and the response time to referrals (7%). E-referrals and Lean Six Sigma principles may be applicable in Saudi Arabia as solutions to referral and response-time problems. CONCLUSIONS: An increase in healthcare referrals in Saudi Arabia has caused an increase in missing essential information in referral letters and feedback reports as well as overcrowding in specialist clinics. The results of the present review suggested that implementing e-referral and Lean Six Sigma principles may improve the quality of Saudi Arabia’s healthcare referral system.

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Ali, Anis. "Industrial Establishments of Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Information Technology Project Management 13, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitpm.311841.

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The growth and development of a developing economy depend on the sustainable growth and development of the industrial sector of the nation. The study is based on the secondary data and chain-based index numbers calculated to get the growth trend of the industrial establishments that explains the extreme polar developing industrial establishments defined as economic activity. The analysis and interpretations explain that the establishments highest in number produce household or personal accessories while the minerals, petroleum, and pharmaceutical preparation establishments lowest in Saudi Arabia. The fastest-growing establishments related to mining and petroleum or wearing apparel and wooden products while establishments related tobacco products, furniture, paper products. Possibly, low demand for the products, unavailability of finance and skilled human resources, complex labor laws, regulatory systems, and insufficient technical and financial assistance affects the lowest number and slowest growing industrial establishments in Saudi Arabia.

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Binlibdah, Saud. "The Representation of the Driving Ban in Saudi Media." Studies in Media and Communication 10, no. 2 (October 14, 2022): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/smc.v10i2.5739.

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The present study aims to analyse the impact of printed media on lifting the driving ban for women in Saudi Arabia. In this relation, the study examines the way in which media represents the driving ban and the challenges and barriers faced by women in Saudi Arabia. For the purpose of addressing the objectives of the research, a secondary qualitative method has been used. Discourse analysis has been conducted under which the newspaper reports have been analysed to examine the perception of the media about the driving ban for women. The results of the study show that women in Saudi Arabia are not treated equally to men and thus there are deprived of basic rights like driving. It can further be analysed from the research findings that for long time media has played an essential role in presenting and covering the major events in Saudi Arabia. The media of Saudi Arabia has highly lifted the event of a driving ban for women in Saudi Arabia and has helped women in raising their issues related to equality.

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Altawyan, Ahmed A. "The Importance of Reinforcing the Rules against Corruption: Whistleblowing to Improve the Saudi Economic Environment for Saudi Vision 2030." Arab Law Quarterly 34, no. 1 (February 11, 2020): 74–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15730255-12341023.

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Abstract As international efforts mount to combat corruption, whistleblower protections have become increasingly important. As a G20 nation, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has made commitments to reinforce the rules relating to such communication. However, the lack of comprehensive laws has become an obstacle. This study examines the current whistleblowing laws and offers suggestions through which Saudi Arabia can achieve its goals for Saudi Vision 2030. To attract foreign investments and businesses, the Saudi Kingdom will need to prove that there are mechanisms in place to prevent instances of corruption. As there are already relevant examples provided by other nations, Saudi legislative bodies should be able to look to these examples to develop valid countermeasures to corruption.

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Lundgren, Larae D. "The Technical Communicator's Role in Bridging the Gap between Arab and American Business Environments." Journal of Technical Writing and Communication 28, no. 4 (October 1998): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/u8ah-mqwd-f9l7-qafa.

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Communication between the West and the Middle East has at times been tenuous, disjointed, and ineffective. Due to the ever-increasing global market, it has become essential that American technical communicators cross these geographic, cultural, and language barriers to bridge this historical communication gap. Business with Saudi Arabia particularly has prompted American technical communicators to delve into all cultural and language dynamics of an Arab audience. In essence, the technical communicator must comprehend the impact of Islamic doctrine on the Arab business person; identify the philosophical, religious, historical, and social dynamics of the English/Arab communication process; recognize the fundamental differences between the English language and the Arabic language; and, after assessing the Arab audience and language level, implement the most effective communication strategies for effective communication with a high-context society such as Saudi Arabia.

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Rawash, Ahmed, and Mohamed Abdelrahman. "Digital Transformation of the Health Sector During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Computer Science & Engineering Survey 13, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijcses.2022.13401.

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Background: In March 2020, the first case of COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia was confirmed. In reaction to the outbreak, Saudi Arabia ordered the closure of the majority of governmental and private services. Technology and digital solutions have made it possible to provide essential services after the implementation of these severe protection requirements. Objective: This study aims to show how Saudi Arabia used digital technology during the COVID-19 epidemic in the fields of public health and health care services, and shedding insight on the efficacy of digital transformation in Saudi Arabia for preventing the spread of Covid-19. Methods: Using public announcements, press briefings and releases, news clips, published statistics, peerreviewed literature, and professional debates, we documented Saudi Arabia's usage of digital technologies throughout the epidemic. Results: The government and business sectors of Saudi Arabia jointly created and released around 19 applications and platforms that support public health duties and offer health care. Detailed descriptions of each are given. Companies in the telecommunications industry collaborated well and took steps to assist continuing efforts. Using social media, websites, and SMS text messages, risk communication initiatives adhered to best practice guidelines. Conclusions: An important step toward digital transformation has been taken by Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 framework. This shift was made possible by COVID-19. For future epidemics in Saudi Arabia, artificial intelligence might be used to integrate data from several sources. Reducing the number of applications and combining their operations may also boost and make it easier for people to utilize them.

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Alomi, Yousef Ahmed, Faiz A. Bahadig, Saima Qaism, Khurram Shahzad, Budoor Emad Aloumi, Bayan Ibrahim Alghuraybi, and Reem Saad Alsubaie. "Communication and Relationships Factors of Pharmacy Career Satisfaction in Saudi Arabia." Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports 5, no. 3 (August 17, 2019): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/ptb.2019.5.23.

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Hazaea, Abduljalil. "Investigation of Intercultural Competence: CDA of EFL Students’ Baseline Portfolios." BELT - Brazilian English Language Teaching Journal 9, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/2178-3640.2018.2.31948.

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In monocultural classes, Saudi English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students have to acquire not only linguistic competence but also to develop Intercultural Competence (IC) when they read and write in English. This article investigates IC scattered in EFL students’ baseline portfolios collected in an enrichment critical reading class at the Preparatory Year of Najran University. IC is operationalised as intercultural attitude, intercultural knowledge and intercultural skills evident as discourses in intercultural texts. The data comprises semi-structured interview and intercultural assignment, which is an encounter discourse to intercultural text. A qualitative empirical research design was used to analyze the data through Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) techniques. The findings indicate that IC is underdeveloped. Most of the participants represent negative attitude towards intercultural communication. They also lack appropriate intercultural knowledge and effective intercultural skills. The findings suggest that EFL teaching and learning practices need to shift towards a more intercultural perspective.

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Alqahtani, Abdullah Saleh, Robert Goodwin, and Denise de Vries. "Structural Equation Modelling of the Factors Influencing the Adoption of E-Commerce in Saudi Arabia." Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations 17, no. 4 (October 2019): 58–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jeco.2019100105.

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This article presents findings from a study examining the diffusion and adoption of e-commerce in Saudi Arabia. Although the country has the largest and fastest growing information and communication technologies (ICT) sector in the Arab region, growth in e-commerce activities has not progressed at a commensurate rate. In general, e-commerce online shopping has not kept pace with the global growth of online retailing. The authors have conducted research to identify and explore key issues that influence e-commerce in Saudi Arabia in deciding whether or not to adopt online channels. As part of a larger research project using mixed methods, this article focuses on a quantitative analysis of responses obtained from a survey of the online shopping users in Saudi Arabia.

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Alkinani, Edrees A. "Factors Affecting The Use Of Information Communication Technology In Teaching And Learning In Saudi Arabia Universities." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): 1012–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i1.849.

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Technology and machine learning are becoming increasingly important in Saudi Arabia educational system. There is a growing demand for educational institutions to use machine learning to teach the skills and knowledge students need for the digital age towards Saudi Vision 2030. The integration and adoption ofdigital technologies into learning and teaching brings more opportunities for Saudi universities students and teachers to better embrace the globalized digital age. There is huge potential for the Saudi educational system to perceive the key role of digital technologies inenhancing the education process quality. The aim of this article is investigating the barriersthat affectteachers’ integration and adoptionof information communication technologies(ICT) in universityclassroom. The study adopted a qualitative research design to collect the data through the semi-structured interview. The sample of the study is four Saudi ICT-experts professors from four public universities in Saudi Arabia. The findings of the study showed that there are three types of barriers namely; teachers’ level barriers e.g. attitudes, knowledge, access, resistance to change. Technology level barriers e.g. compatibility, perceived of useful, institutional barriers. Institutional level e.g. leadership support, resources. The recommendation and suggestion for studies were suggested in light of the findings.

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Sharma, Raj Bahadur, and Nabil Ahmed M. Senan. "A Study on Effectiveness of Internal Control System in Selected Banks in Saudi Arabia." Asian Journal of Managerial Science 8, no. 1 (February 5, 2019): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajms-2019.8.1.1449.

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The study is to attempt to examine effectiveness of internal control system in selected Saudi Banks in Saudi Arabia. The effectiveness of internal control depends and interrelated to five components viz., Control Environment, Risk Assessment, Accounting Information System and Communication System, Control Activities, and Self-Monitoring. These components derived from management and integrated with the management process. Although the components are applicable to all banks, small and medium, sized banks can apply them separately on a large scale. Its control can be less formal and less structured, yet a small bank can control effective internal controls. The study concluded that the Banks in Saudi Arabia have satisfactory internal control system. The Al Rajhi bank has top most internal control system in selected banks. It recommended that there still need to improve in control environment, risk assessment and communication system in banks. The study statistically proved that there is significant difference in effectiveness of Internal Controls in the Selected Saudi Banks.

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Kraidy, Marwan. "Reality Television, Gender, and Authenticity in Saudi Arabia." Journal of Communication 59, no. 2 (June 2009): 345–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01419.x.

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Al Khateeb, Ahmed, and Mohamed Hassan. "Telecollaboration and Intercultural Communicative Competence: Revealing Students’ Experiential Insights in Saudi Arabia and the U.S." World Journal of English Language 12, no. 8 (September 26, 2022): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v12n8p20.

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As several intercultural communicative competence studies integrated telecollaboration, this practice has become popular in academia and other relevant disciplines such as bridging cultural differences. Nevertheless, most of such research has been conducted in South Asian countries such as China, Japan and Taiwan, as well as in North America and Europe, with the focus mainly on European languages, specifically English. The driving force of this research was because there has been a rapid increase in the number of learners of English and Arabic as foreign languages, who have rarely interacted together, either because of an existing limited understanding or narrow cultural awareness of each other’s cultures and perhaps languages. Accordingly, the researcher presented a comparative analyses of language learners' insights prior to and after their engagement in a telecollaborative experience. The research indicated that, in the past, there have been limited studies conducting similar investigations of those two settings, due to the tremendous differences in both the languages and cultures. The findings have shown the necessity of participants to understand each other’s needs and interests to result in successful telecollaboration during ICC process.

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Abdalla, Amir H. "An Investigation into the Benefits of the Intercultural Approach to EFL Learning and Teaching: A Case Study of Taif University, KSA." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0801.07.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential benefits of using the intercultural approach to teaching English as a foreign language in the preparatory –year programme (male branch), Taif University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The intercultural approach is considered a viable means of foreign language education that seeks to address issues of culture in foreign language learning and teaching and how best to address them. Hence, this study intends to explore the attitudes of first year EFL Taif university students to the potential benefits of the intercultural approach to EFL. A sample of 200 EFL students participated in the study. Participants’ views on the topic of the study are collected via a questionnaire the researcher designed and administered to the participants. In addition, the views of 50 EFL instructors teaching in the preparatory programme were gathered by a questionnaire regarding the topic researched. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the collected data.

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Alsufyani, Abdulaziz M., Khalid E. Almalki, Yasir M. Alsufyani, Sayer M. Aljuaid, Abeer M. Almutairi, Bandar O. Alsufyani, Abdullah S. Alshahrani, Omar G. Baker, and Ahmad Aboshaiqah. "Impact of work environment perceptions and communication satisfaction on the intention to quit: an empirical analysis of nurses in Saudi Arabia." PeerJ 9 (March 17, 2021): e10949. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10949.

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Objective In consideration of the current nursing shortage in Saudi Arabia, we aimed to investigate the association among perceptions of work environment, communication satisfaction, and intentions to quit nursing profession among nurses. In addition, we aimed to investigate the mediating effect of communication satisfaction on the association between nurses’ perception of work environment and their intentions to quit nursing profession. Methods This predictive correlational study was conducted at one of the major hospitals in Saudi Arabia from January 2020 to March 2020. It included a convenience sample of 367 full-time registered nurses who completed three types of close-ended questionnaires. We used IBM SPSS version 24.0 to analyze the collected data. Regression analyses were used to test the study’s hypotheses. All regression assumptions were assessed and confirmed. Significance for all tests was set at p ≤ .05. Results The findings indicated an affirmative association between work environment perception and communication satisfaction (b = .764, p < .05) among nurses. In addition, findings showed that work environment perception (b = −.187, p < .05) and communication satisfaction (b = −.226, p < .05) have negative impacts on the nurses’ intentions to quit; indicating that as work environment perception or communication satisfaction increases, the intention to quit decreases among nurses. Further, a mediation effect of communication satisfaction on the relationship between work environment perception and intention to quit was confirmed. Conclusion This study presents a novel conceptual framework developed based on the literature about the predisposing factors for nurses’ intentions to quit nursing profession. Our results suggest that work environment perception and communication satisfaction among the most contributing factors for nurses resignation. Effective communication was established as a crucial factor for establishing attractive and healthy working environment. Nursing managers can benefit by applying these findings to develop appropriate strategies to inhibit the shortage of nurses in Saudi Arabia.

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AlJohi, Amani A., Fatimah M. AlKathiri, Kawthar F. Ajaj, Syamala Buragadda, and Sanaa M. Madi. "Barriers to cancer rehabilitation: healthcare professionals’ perspective in Saudi Arabia." Physikalische Medizin, Rehabilitationsmedizin, Kurortmedizin 58, no. 06 (June 25, 2019): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0901-1252.

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Abstract Background Cancer has a major impact on societies across the world and there is a significant rise in the global cancer burden. Due to advancements in cancer diagnosis and treatment, the number of cancer survivors is increasing. However, they face physical and cognitive challenges, which may affect their quality of life. The study aims to identify current clinical practice patterns and barriers to cancer rehabilitation from the perspective of Saudi healthcare professionals. Method All healthcare professionals providing care for cancer patients at King Fahad Medical City were invited to participate. Two semi-structured focus groups and 9 interviews were conducted. Participants were physicians and allied health professionals. The researcher led the discussions and recorded comments, facial expressions, and other non-verbal communication nuances. Content analysis was performed to identify and summarize themes. Results Four key themes related to barriers in cancer rehabilitation are identified: healthcare providers’ competencies and knowledge, communication barriers, limited rehabilitation services for cancer patients, and patient- and family-related barriers. Conclusion The study identifies current clinical practice patterns and various barriers to cancer rehabilitation from Saudi health care professionals’ perspective. The findings may help policy makers and stake holders to design effective rehabilitation guidelines for cancer rehabilitation.

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Alomi, Yousef Ahmed, Faiz A. Bahadig Rph, Reem Saad Alsubaie, Bayan Ibrahim Alghuraybi, and Budoor Emad Aloumi. "Pharmacy Technician Job Satisfaction with Communication and Relationships Factors in Saudi Arabia." Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports 5, no. 3 (August 17, 2019): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/ptb.2019.5.26.

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Alotaibi, Fawaz, and Abdullah Alsaeedi. "Attitudes of medical students toward communication skills learning in Western Saudi Arabia." Saudi Medical Journal 37, no. 7 (July 6, 2016): 791–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15537/smj.2016.7.14331.

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Almaslukh, Faisal Mohammed O., Haliyana Khalid, and Alaa Mahdi Sahi. "The Impact of Internal Marketing Practices on Employees’ Job Satisfaction during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Case of the Saudi Arabian Banking Sector." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (July 29, 2022): 9301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159301.

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Based on the social exchange theory, the current study aimed to develop and test a conceptual model that integrates the relationships among internal marketing dimensions (i.e., supportive and participative leadership, training and development, information and communication, and selection and appointment) and job satisfaction in the banking sector of Saudi Arabia, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. We collected data from 329 employees working in different private and public banks in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Overall, the findings confirmed the significant and positive effects of supportive and participative leadership, training and development, information and communication, and selection and appointment on employees’ job satisfaction. The current research contributes to the understanding of the broad role played by internal marketing practices in maintaining the job satisfaction of banking sector employees, during and possibly after the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Suliman T Alatawi, Salem, Norris Syed Abdullah, and Suraya Miskon. "Research on student portal usage and its issues: a case study on Saudi Arabia universities, academic perspective." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 9, no. 1 (February 25, 2020): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v9i1.30149.

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With the rapid development of information and communication technologies (ICTs), having a website is inevitable for the organizations. Ministry of Saudi Arabia has adopted a policy to use ICT to universities to improve their university portals and services that they offer. Although having good ICT infrastructure in the Saudi Arabian universities, the usage of university portal still low. This paper aims to identify the current situation of student’s portal usage and its content issues that face student in Saudi Arabia universities, and how to solve these issues to produce good quality of portal content that can encourage the students to use the student portal. An online survey questionnaire was collected from 40 academic staff from various universities in Saudi Arabia, and reviewed a numbers of papers. The findings reveal that there is a lack of student’s portals contents, awareness of using ICT, and training and guidance. By enhancing quality of content that will increase the student satisfaction to use the portal, and that will help the university to produce good portal to their students.

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Abuljadail, Mohammad Hatim, and Louisa Ha. "What do marketers post on brands’ Facebook pages in Islamic countries?" Journal of Islamic Marketing 10, no. 4 (November 11, 2019): 1272–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jima-11-2017-0131.

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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the “posting” behavior of marketers on brands’ Facebook pages and whether these “posting” behaviors differ between local and global brands in Saudi Arabia. Design/methodology/approach The study randomly selected a total of 400 Facebook brand page posts from a matching sample of top 20 global and 20 local brands in Saudi Arabia using content analysis. Findings One of the notable findings show that global brands are more likely to post content that consists of prizes/giveaways, games/competitions and socializing than local brands, while local brands are more likely to post informative content than global brands. The findings also show that local brands are more likely to use content that includes Islamic messages, women in modest clothing, Arabic language and Saudi dialect than global brands. Research limitations/implications This study is limited to 20 global and 20 local brands. More product categories are needed. Practical implications The findings of this study have implications for marketers in regards to what types of communication content is more likely to be posted on brands’ Facebook fan pages in Saudi Arabia – especially for those global brands that are interested in having a localized brand Facebook fan page for Saudi Arabia. Originality/value The first study to compare Facebook strategies used by global brands and local brands in the same market.

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Sorour, Noura H. Al, and Mohamed Osman M. El-hussein. "A Suggested Proposal to Develop Distance Learning Programs in Border Schools in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia." Higher Education Studies 12, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/hes.v12n1p60.

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The aim of this research is to find a proposed vision for developing distance education programs in border schools in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and to explore the reality of the proposed educational programs for developing distance education programs. In order to achieve the research objectives, the descriptive and analytical approach was used for its suitability for this research, as the questionnaire was used as a research tool. The research sample consisted of (150) female teachers from border schools. The results of the research revealed that the reality of female teachers ’practice on distance learning programs in border schools in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is central. And that the use of technology is the most important requirement for developing distance education programs in border schools from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The results also showed the achievement of leadership in diversifying and developing teaching and learning methods through the distance education system based on employing modern information and communication technology, equipping schools with all technological equipment, and supporting students with modern equipment and teachers with modern training to achieve the goals of distance education. In light of the results, the research paper presented a proposal for developing distance education programs in border schools in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Intercultural communication Saudi Arabia'

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