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Journal articles on the topic 'Intercondylar notch'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Kass, P. H., J. P. Toombs, and S. W. Aiken. "Intercondylar Notch Width in Dogs With and Without Cranial Cruciate Ligament Injuries." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 08, no. 03 (1995): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1632443.

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SummaryThis prospective study evaluated the intercondylar notch width in dogs with naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) injuries. The intercondylar notch width was measured in 45 stifles with CCL injuries and 98 normal stifle joints to determine if stifles with CCL injuries have outlet stenosis of the intercondylar notch. A notch width index was calculated in order to compensate for the variety of dog sizes. Stifles with CCL injuries had significantly smaller notch width indices as compared to normal stifles. We concluded that intercondylar notchplasty should be performed if an intra-articular repair of the CCL deficient stifle is planned in order to minimize impingement of the stenotic intercondylar notch on the intra-articular graft.An intercondylar notch width index was determined in 45 stifles with cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) injuries and 98 normal stifle joints. Stifles with CCL injuries were found to have significantly smaller intercondylar notch width indices as compared to normal stifles.

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2

Sellmeyer, T. W. H., E. R. Wilson, J. A. Lineberger, T. D. Henrikson, T. W. Lehenbauer, and D. A. Allen. "The effect of computed tomographical gantry angle on the measurement of the canine intercondylar notch." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 02, no. 02 (2007): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/vcot-06-03-0024.

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SummaryThis study was conducted to evaluate the clinical application of computed tomography of the canine femoral intercondylar notch. The canine femoral intercondylar notch is angled 12 degrees from the dorsal plane and obliqued 7 degrees proximolateral to distomedial in the sagittal plane. Measurements of the notch were performed with eight, 12, and 16 degrees of gantry tilt. With the exception of proximal opening notch angle, significant differences were not detected in measurements referenced to 12 degrees of gantry tilt. Evidence from this study indicated that a ± 4 degree variation in gantry tilt angle from a desired angle of 12 degrees did not significantly affect clinical interpretations of intercondylar notch measurements or notch width index ratios.

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3

Stijak, Lazar, Milos Malis, Ruzica Maksimovic, Milan Aksic, and Branislav Filipovic. "The influence of the morphometric parameters of the intercondylar notch on rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament." Vojnosanitetski pregled 69, no. 7 (2012): 576–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp101224012s.

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Background/Aim. Morpohometric parameters of the intercondylar notch of femur present one of the substantial risk factors for rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). In morphometric studies of the knee the most often referred indexes are notch width index and notch shape index. The aim of this study was to identificate the morphometric parameters of the intercondylar notch as risk factors for ACL rupture. Methods. This study included 99 patients divided into two groups: the study group (n = 57) composed of patients with chronic instability of the knee because of previos rupture of the ACL, and the control group (n = 42) composed of patients with lesion of the knee, but without rupture of the ACL. Measuring the width and height of intercondylar notch and epicondylar width was observed on a horizontal MR section. According to these values notch width and notch shape indexes were calculated. Results. The study group had statistically significantly higher (p < 0.05) intercondylar notch and lesser notch shape index than the control group (p < 0.05). The difference was highly statistically significant (p < 0.01) only in males, but not in females (p > 0.05). Absolute dimensions of the morphometric parameters of the distal part of the femur had highly statatistically significant larger values (p < 0.01) in males than females, exept in case of the intercondilar height in the control group (p > 0.05). Conclusion. Enhanced height of the intercondylar notch as well as lesser value of the notch shape index are associated with rupture of the ACL in males but not in females.

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4

Allen, D. A., T. D. Henrikson, T. W. Lehenbauer, and B. A. Lewis. "Computed tomographic evaluation of the canine intercondylar notch in normal and cruciate deficient stifles." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 21, no. 02 (2008): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-07-04-0032.

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SummaryIn the human and veterinary orthopaedic literature it has been implied that intercondylar notch stenosis is a mechanical factor in cranial cruciate ligament rupture and intraarticular graft failure. The patients in this study were classified as normal (32), unilateral cruciate rupture (23), or bilateral cruciate rupture (17). The dogs were placed under general anaesthesia and both stifles were scanned via computed tomography (CT) as previously described. Three CT slices at predetermined levels were evaluated within the notch. Measurements included opening notch angle, notch width and height, condyle width, and notch width index (notch width/ condyle width) at two different heights within the notch. Intercondylar notch measurements at the most cranial extent were significantly more narrow in unilateral and bilaterally affected stifles when compared to the normal population. Significant differences were noted in the opening notch angle (ONA), notch width index (NWI), NWI at two thirds notch height (NWI2/3), and tibial slope index (TSI). No significant differences were noted between unilateral and bilateral affected stifles. Increased mechanical contact of the cranial cruciate ligament with a stenotic intercondylar notch may predispose the ligament to mechanical wear and structural weakening. Intercondylar notch measurements have been used as a tool to predict the risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury in young human athletes, and to assess the risk factors for intra-articular graft replacements. Our findings may be useful in developing similar predictive models using stifle CT scans.

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5

Stijak, L., V. Nikolic, Z. Blagojevic, V. Radonjic, and S. Malobabic. "Morphometric parameters of the intercondylar notch: Gender and age differences." Acta chirurgica Iugoslavica 56, no. 1 (2009): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aci0901053s.

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Introduction: Narrow intercondylar notch of femur can lead to lean anterior cruciate ligament on femur's condyle, constraint and rupture. Purpose: Purpose of this study is description and comparasion gender and oldage differences of morphometric factors of intercondylar notch important for rupture LCA. Method: The measurements were taken on 50 cadaverous knees (32 male and 18 female) with intact anterior cruciate ligament, aged from 15 to 53 years. We measured intercondilar height and epicondylar width, intercondylar width, width of lateral and medial condyle in level of popliteal sulcus and on the widest place of the distal part of femur. We calculated notch width (NWI) and notch shape (NSI) indices from absolute measurements. Results: Notch width and epicondylar width have larger values (p<0.01) on the male (22.3 i 79.6 mm) than the female (18.2 i 68.7 mm). There is no statistical significant differences (p<0.05) about notch width and notch shape indices between male (NWI: 0.28; NSI: 0.77) and female (NWI: 0.27; NSI: 0.68). Aging epicondylar width rise.

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6

Farrow, Lutul D., Michael R. Chen, Daniel R. Cooperman, Brian N. Victoroff, and Donald B. Goodfellow. "Morphology of the Femoral Intercondylar Notch." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume 89, no. 10 (October 2007): 2150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/00004623-200710000-00008.

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7

Farrow, Lutul D., Michael R. Chen, Daniel R. Cooperman, Brian N. Victoroff, and Donald B. Goodfellow. "Morphology of the Femoral Intercondylar Notch." Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery 89, no. 10 (October 2007): 2150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.f.01191.

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8

Alonge, Temitope O., Olusola O. A. Oni, and Colin J. Morrison. "A Comparison of the Compressive and Shear Stiffness of Periarticular Osteophytes, Hypertrophic Femoral Intercondylar Notch and Normal Articular Cartilage." Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 02, no. 03 (September 1998): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021895779800024x.

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The compressive and shear stiffness of periarticular osteophytes, hypertrophic femoral intercondylar notch and normal articular cartilage were compared by obtaining force-indentation curves and applying a shear force to the cartilage/bone interface. The primary stiffness (at 0–100N load) was similar for osteophytes (391N/mm), intercondylar notch (400N/mm) and normal articular cartilage (401N/mm). By contrast, the secondary stiffness (at 100–500N load) was much higher for the intercondylar notch (493N/mm) compared to the osteophytes (410N/mm). There were two varieties of osteophytes, "pink" and "white". Compared with "pink" osteophytes, "white" osteophytes exhibited features similar to a progressively hardening material and appear to be a more mechanically suitable material as an osteochondral graft for full thickness articular cartilage defect. The shear characteristics of all the samples were similar.

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9

Shelbourne, K. Donald, Tinker Gray, and Rodney W. Benner. "Intercondylar Notch Width Measurement Differences between African American and White Men and Women with Intact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Knees." American Journal of Sports Medicine 35, no. 8 (August 2007): 1304–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546507300060.

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Background A recent report of professional women's basketball found that white European American female players were 6.5 times more likely to tear their anterior cruciate ligament than their nonwhite European American counterparts. African Americans accounted for 95% of the nonwhite European American group. Hypothesis African American men and women have wider intercondylar notches than white men and women. Study Design Cohort study (prevalence); Level of evidence, 2. Methods We obtained 45° flexed weightbearing posteroanterior radiographs on 517 patients who had knee problems other than an anterior cruciate ligament injury or arthrosis. One experienced observer measured the intercondylar notch width with no knowledge of race or gender, and the measurements were analyzed based on race and gender. Results The mean intercondylar notch width was 15.5 mm (SD = 2.8; range, 9-22) for African American women and 14.1 mm (SD = 2.5; range, 8-21) for white women; this difference was statistically significant (P = .009). Similarly, the mean intercondylar notch width was 18.0 mm (SD = 3.6; range, 10-27) for African American men and 16.9 mm (SD = 3.1; range, 9-27) for white men; these values were statistically significantly different (P = .003). Conclusion We conclude that African Americans have statistically significantly wider intercondylar notch widths on 45° flexed weightbearing posteroanterior radiographs than whites of the same gender. This relationship may offer an explanation for the difference between races with regard to risk of anterior cruciate ligament tears.

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10

Stijak, L., V. Nikolic, Z. Blagojevic, V. Radonjic, G. Santrac-Stijak, G. Stankovic, and N. Popovic. "Influence of morphometric intercondylar notch parameters in ACL ruptures." Acta chirurgica Iugoslavica 53, no. 4 (2006): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aci0604079s.

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The most important anatomic risk factors in ACL lesions are the morphometric parameters of intercondylar notch. In the morphometric studies index of notch width and index of notch shape (NWI and NSI) are commonly used. The certain morphologic parameters of distal femoral part are used in calculation. Beside standard parameters we measured the maximal width of intercondylar notch and distal part of femur, which we used for calculation of maximal index of notch width and maximal index of notch shape (NWI max and NSI max). We compared two different methods of calculation of intercondylar notch indexes to find out which one represent anatomic risk factor and influence the ACL lesions. The indexes were measured in the two groups of patients (33) who have the history of knee injuries, the first group has document of ACL injuries and the second without ACL injuries (control one). The important difference between two groups was founded in NWI (p<0.01) and NSI (p<0.05). NWImax and NSImax do not show the difference (p>0.05). The NWI and NSI importance is higher in males, and smaller in females. There is no difference in NWImax and NSImax (p>0.05) comparing to the gender.

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11

Moon, Hyun-Soo, Chong-Hyuk Choi, Min Jung, Dae-Young Lee, Hsienhao Chang, and Sung-Hwan Kim. "Do Rotation and Measurement Methods Affect Reliability of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tunnel Position on 3D Reconstructed Computed Tomography?" Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 232596711988588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119885882.

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Background: The literature has seldom investigated the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tunnel position while considering the effect of rotation of 3-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) images during measurements. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that (1) measurement of the ACL tunnel position in the femur and tibia through use of 3D-CT is considerably influenced by rotation of the 3D model and (2) there exists a reliable measurement method for ACL tunnel position least affected by rotation. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: The 3D-CT images of 30 randomly selected patients who underwent single-bundle ACL reconstruction were retrospectively reviewed. For femoral tunnel assessments, rectangular reference frames were used that involved the highest point of the intercondylar notch and outer margins of the lateral femoral condyle (method 1), the highest point of the intercondylar notch and outer margins of the lateral wall of the intercondylar notch (method 2), and the lowest point of the intercondylar notch and outer margins of the lateral femoral condyle (method 3). For tibial tunnel assessments, rectangular reference frames with the cortical outline at the articular surface of the tibia (method A) and the cortical outline of the proximal tibia (method B) were used. For both femoral and tibial assessments, the tunnel positions at 5°, 10°, and 15° of rotation of the 3D model were compared with that at a neutral position. Results: The values measured by methods 1 and 3 showed significant differences at greater than 5° of rotation compared with the value at the neutral position, whereas method 2 showed relatively consistent results. However, the values measured with both methods A and B showed significant differences at greater than 5° of rotation compared with the value at the neutral position. Conclusion: The tunnel position on 3D-CT images was significantly influenced by rotation during measurements. For femoral tunnel position, measurement with a reference frame using the lateral wall of the intercondylar notch (method 2) was the least affected by rotation, with relatively consistent results. Clinical Relevance: This study demonstrates that measurement using the lateral wall of the intercondylar notch might be a consistent and reliable method for evaluating the ACL femoral tunnel position considering the effect of 3D-CT image rotation during measurements. However, both methods to measure tibial tunnel position described in this study were similarly affected by rotation.

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12

Wada, M., H. Tatsuo, H. Baba, K. Asamoto, and Y. Nojyo. "Femoral intercondylar notch measurements in osteoarthritic knees." Rheumatology 38, no. 6 (June 1, 1999): 554–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/38.6.554.

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13

Charlton, William P. H., Thomas A. St John, Michael G. Ciccotti, Nichol Harrison, and Mark Schweitzer. "Differences in Femoral Notch Anatomy between Men and Women." American Journal of Sports Medicine 30, no. 3 (May 2002): 329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465020300030501.

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Background Research has shown that variations in femoral intercondylar notch morphometry may be a predisposing factor for noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury. Hypothesis There are anatomic differences in the anterior cruciate ligament and femoral notch between men and women. Study Design Descriptive anatomic study. Methods Using magnetic resonance imaging, we performed a three-dimensional analysis of the femoral intercondylar notch morphometry to look for differences in femoral notch and anterior cruciate ligament volumes between men and women. Axial plane magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed on 96 knees in 48 asymptomatic subjects. Digital measurements were taken of femoral notch area, anterior cruciate ligament area, notch width, and bicondylar width, within defined parameters of the femoral notch. The notch and anterior cruciate ligament volumes were then calculated. Analysis of variance was performed using sex, height, and weight as covariates. Results The volume of the femoral notch was found to be statistically smaller in women compared with men; this difference was primarily related to height. A similar relationship was found for anterior cruciate ligament volume. A statistically significant correlation was found between femoral notch volume and anterior cruciate ligament volume; patients with smaller notches also had smaller anterior cruciate ligaments. Conclusions Our results suggest that there is a difference in femoral notch and anterior cruciate ligament volume between men and women, which, in turn, is related to differences in height and weight.

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14

Saeki, Kazuhiko, Yuzoh Fukahori, Kosuke Ogata, and Hiroshi Nomiyama. "Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; Associated Intercondylar Notch Stenosis." Orthopedics & Traumatology 42, no. 3 (1993): 1357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5035/nishiseisai.42.1357.

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15

Kyung, Hee Soo, and Joo Chul Ihn. "MRI Measurement of the Intercondylar Notch of Femur." Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association 32, no. 2 (1997): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.4055/jkoa.1997.32.2.422.

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16

Fung, David T., and Li-Qun Zhang. "Modeling of ACL impingement against the intercondylar notch." Clinical Biomechanics 18, no. 10 (December 2003): 933–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0268-0033(03)00174-8.

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17

McConkey, J. P. "Intercondylar Notch Size and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries." Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 4, no. 1 (January 1994): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042752-199401000-00012.

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18

Tachiyama, Hideto, Naotaka Shimodaira, Toshiharu Kakizaki, Yoshikazu Honda, and Kazuhiko Saitou. "390. Study of Intercondylar Notch in Knee Joint." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 48, no. 8 (1992): 1473. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.kj00003500786.

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19

Anderson, Allen F., A. Brant Lipscomb, Kevin J. Liudahl, and Ronald B. Addlestone. "Analysis of the intercondylar notch by computed tomography." American Journal of Sports Medicine 15, no. 6 (November 1987): 547–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036354658701500605.

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20

Liu, Raymond W., Lutul D. Farrow, Patrick J. Messerschmitt, Allison Gilmore, Donald B. Goodfellow, and Daniel R. Cooperman. "An Anatomical Study of the Pediatric Intercondylar Notch." Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics 28, no. 2 (March 2008): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/bpo.0b013e318165219b.

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21

Carro, L. Perez, and G. Garcia Suarez. "Intercondylar Notch Fibrous Nodule After Total Knee Replacement." Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery 15, no. 1 (January 1999): 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/ar.1999.v15.015010.

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22

Leung, Allen H., Leon D. Rybak, Donald J. Rose, and Panna Desai. "Myositis ossificans within the intercondylar notch treated arthroscopically." Skeletal Radiology 39, no. 9 (June 8, 2010): 927–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00256-010-0928-y.

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23

Stijak, Lazar, Vidosava Radonjic, Milan Aksic, B. Filipovic, M. Sladojevic, and G. Santrac-Stijak. "Correlation between femur's length and morphometric parameters of distal femur important in rupture anterior cruciate ligament." Acta chirurgica Iugoslavica 56, no. 2 (2009): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aci0902061s.

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INTRODUCTION: Frequency of anterior cruciate ligament rupture depends of anatomical parameters of distal femur and intercondylar notch. PURPOSE: Purpose of this work is identification relation between femur length and morphometrical parameters intecondylar notch, measuring in two levels. METHOD: A hundred femur's (medley population of 48 right and 52 left femurs), from osteological collection Department of Anatomy 'dr. Niko Miljanic' in Belgrade measured. Measurement was in two levels. Epicondilar width, width of medial and lateral condyls and intercondylar width, had been measured in level of popliteal sulcus and on the widest place, after that notch width index had been determinated. RESULTS: Absolute values of morphometrical parameters distal femur's are in positive relation with her length (p <0.01), but notch width index is not, as in level of popliteal sulcus, as on the widest place (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Femur's length increasing also produces increasing of absolute anatomical parameters of distal femur which can produce rupture of anterior cruciate ligament, while relative dimensions do not show femur's length increasing.

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Görmeli, Cemile Ayşe, Gökay Görmeli, Yağmur Burak Öztürk, Zeynep Özdemir, and Ayşegül Kahraman. "The Effect of The Intercondyler Notch Width Index on Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2, no. 11_suppl3 (November 1, 2014): 2325967114S0020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967114s00204.

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Objectives: To evaluate the relationship of the intercondylar notch width with unilateral and bilateral ACL injury by using MR images. Methods: The intercondylar notch width index was measured on the MR images of 18 patients with a bilateral ACL injury, 38 patients with a unilateral ACL injury and 53 healthy subjects with a normal ACL and the results of all groups were compared with each other. Results: The mean NWI values were 0.227 (±0.008) in bilateral injured; 0.245 (±0.009) in unilateral injured and 0.272 (±0.01) in control groups and 0.251(±0.01) in unaffected side of the unilateral group. There were statistically significant differences in intercondylar notch width index (NWI) values between all groups and there was a significant difference between the affected and the unaffected sides in group with unilateral ACL injury. A cutoff value of 0.25 for NWI gave an odds ratio of 26.5 for bilateral and 3.23 for unilateral ACL injuries. Conclusion: The finding that NWI is significantly narrowed in patients with bilateral and unilateral ACL tears compared with the healthy controls suggest a relationship between a narrow NWI and an increased risk of ACL injury. The patients with a narrow NWI should also be screened contralaterally for assessment of ACL injury risk on the other knee. So, specialized training programmes for the people with narrow NWI can be prepared for preventing ACL injuries.

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25

S, Ashwini N. "An osteological study of distal end of femur in adult south Indian population." Medpulse International Journal of Anatomy 19, no. 1 (2021): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26611/10011913.

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Background: Need for the study: Anthropometric studies across different population groups have exhibited significant difference between races. Hence the usage of implant for total knee arthroplasty has to be gender specific and race specific. This study was undertaken to analyse the morphometry of distal end of femur in South Indian population. Aims and objectives: To analyse the morphometry of distal end of femur and to study the anteroposterior dimensions of condyles of femur, bicondylar width, intercondylar notch width. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 150 femur (80 right and 70 left) obtained from Department of Anatomy of a private medical college. Measurements of anteroposterior dimensions of condyles of femur, bicondylar width, intercondylar notch width were taken using a sliding calipers. Conclusions: In the present study, mean Bicondylar width noted in the present study is 72.63 ±4.13 mm on the right side and 71.25±3.14mm on the left side The mean intercondylar width observed is 21.27±4.18mm on the right side and 20.35±2.14mm on the left side. There was no statistically significant differences observed in the values of anteroposterior length of medial and lateral condyles, bicondylar width, intercondylar width between right and left sides. The results of the study has application in the field of biomedical engineering to design knee implants specific for South Indian population.

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Zhang, L. Q., D. T. Fung, C. Ahn, H. S. Park, Y. Ren, J. L. Koh, R. W. Hendrix, and S. Q. Liu. "Noncontact ACL injury through impingement against the intercondylar notch." Journal of Biomechanics 39 (January 2006): S495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(06)85025-6.

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Mann, Thomas A., Kevin P. Black, Daniel J. Zanotti, Michelle Barr, and Thomas Teater. "The Natural History of the Intercondylar Notch After Notchplasty." American Journal of Sports Medicine 27, no. 2 (March 1999): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465990270021201.

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28

Farrow, Lutul D., Michael R. Chen, Daniel R. Cooperman, Donald B. Goodfellow, and Mark S. Robbin. "Radiographic Classification of the Femoral Intercondylar Notch Posterolateral Rim." Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery 24, no. 10 (October 2008): 1109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2008.04.072.

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29

León, Heriberto Ojeda, Carlos E. Rodríguez Blanco, Todd B. Guthrie, and Oscar J. Nordelo Martínez. "Intercondylar notch stenosis in degenerative arthritis of the knee." Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery 21, no. 3 (March 2005): 294–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2004.11.019.

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30

Anderson, Allen F., Christian N. Anderson, Troy M. Gorman, Michael B. Cross, and Kurt P. Spindler. "Radiographic Measurements of the Intercondylar Notch: Are They Accurate?" Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery 23, no. 3 (March 2007): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2006.11.003.

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31

Hirtler, Lena, Katrin Tschematschar, Franz Kainberger, and Sebastian Röhrich. "Applicability of Semi-Quantitative Evaluation of the Intercondylar Notch." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (June 25, 2021): 5921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11135921.

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The intercondylar notch (IN) can differ in morphology and size, influencing the contained ligaments. For a better understanding of the influence of the IN’s anatomy on knee pathologies, a classification of different shapes was proposed. However, a detailed evaluation of the reliability of these classifications is lacking thus far. In coronal knee MRIs of 330 patients, the IN width was measured and three shapes were calculated to generate objective control results. Notch shapes were classified by two blinded investigators, first without and then with visual assistance to guide the shape classification. The distribution of the three different shapes was as follows: A-shape: n = 43, 13.0%; inverse U-shape: n = 100, 30.3%; Ω-shape: n = 183, 56.7%. The semi-quantitative evaluation distribution was as follows: A-shape: n = 44, 13.3%; inverse U-shape: n = 37, 11.2%; Ω-shape: n = 249, 75%; there was fair (κ = 0.35) agreement compared to that of the control results. The assisted semi-quantitative evaluation distribution was as follows: A-shape: n = 44, 13.3%; inverse U-shape: 103, 31.2%; Ω-shape: n = 183, 55.3%; there was very good (κ = 0.92) agreement compared to that of the control results. In the shape evaluation of the IN, rigid guidelines and visual assistance must be used to ensure reliability. The utilization of visual assistance led to higher inter- and intra-rater agreements in the semi-quantitatively evaluation of the IN shape when compared to those in the classification without visual assistance.

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32

Barnum, Michael S., Evan D. Boyd, Pamela Vacek, James R. Slauterbeck, and Bruce D. Beynnon. "Association of Geometric Characteristics of Knee Anatomy (Alpha Angle and Intercondylar Notch Type) With Noncontact ACL Injury." American Journal of Sports Medicine 49, no. 10 (July 8, 2021): 2624–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465211023750.

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Background: The femoral intercondylar notch type and the alpha angle (the angle between the femoral notch roof and the long axis of the femur) are easily measured in clinical settings; however, their associations with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury remain unclear. Hypothesis/Purpose: The purpose was to determine if the alpha angle and the femoral notch type are associated with noncontact ACL injury univariately and in combination with previously identified knee geometric risk factors. We hypothesized that the alpha angle and the femoral notch type are associated with noncontact ACL injury and that the association differs between men and women. Study Design: Case control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: The alpha angle and the femoral notch type were measured via 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acquired from 61 women and 25 men with a first-time noncontact ACL injury. Each injured patient was matched with a control participant based on age, sex, and participation on the same sports team. A conditional logistic regression was used to assess univariate associations with ACL injury as well as multivariate associations using MRI-based risk factors of knee geometry identified in previous analyses: femoral intercondylar notch width at the anterior outlet, femoral intercondylar notch anteromedial ridge thickness, volume of the ACL, tibial plateau lateral compartment subchondral bone slope, lateral compartment middle articular cartilage slope, lateral compartment meniscus-cartilage height, lateral compartment meniscus-bone angle, and medial tibial spine volume. Results: For female athletes, the alpha angle (odds ratio, [OR], 1.82 per 1-degree increase; P = .001), the tibial lateral compartment articular cartilage slope (OR, 1.25 per 1-degree increase in the posterior-inferior directed slope; P = .022), and the femoral notch anteromedial ridge thickness (OR, 3.36 per 1-mm increase; P = .027) were independently associated with ACL disruption. For men, no other variables entered the models after the alpha angle was inputted as the first step (OR, 2.19 per 1-degree increase; P = .010). Conclusion: For women, ACL injury was most strongly associated with increased alpha angle, increased tibial plateau slope, and increased femoral notch ridge thickness. For men, increased alpha angle was the most significant factor associated with ACL injury. The mechanism of injury might be associated with a combination of impingement of the ACL against the bone and increased ligament loading.

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Basukala, Bibek, Amit Joshi, and Ishor Pradhan. "The Effect of the Intercondylar Notch Shape and Notch Width Index on Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries." Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 17, no. 4 (January 21, 2020): 532–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v17i4.1858.

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Background: Anterior cruciate ligament is one of the commonly injured ligaments in knee. The shape and dimension of the femoral notch has been linked with the risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury. The aim of this study was to study the risk of Anterior cruciate ligament injury with notch morphology in the Nepalese population.Methods: This study is a case control study. Cases undergoing arthroscopic surgery at 2 tertiary level centers were enrolled. Patients with arthroscopic confirmation of Anterior cruciate ligament tear were taken as case and those without tear were taken as control. Axial Magnetic resonance Imaging sequence was used to study notch. Sections at the level of popliteal groove was taken for study and shapes were identified as A, U and W type, and notch width index was calculated. These variables were correlated with presence or absence of Anterior cruciate ligament tear.Results: Out of 118 cases, 59 had tear, and 59 had no tear. Tear was found in 74% of Type A notch compared to 30.15% in Type U notch. The femoral notch width index was low in 42.59% of A type notch patients compared to 20.63% with U type notch. Analysis of notch width index among patients with Anterior cruciate ligament tears, showed that 40.67% of Anterior cruciate ligament torn knee had narrow notch compared to 22% in non- injured group, which was statistically significant.Conclusions: Type A notch and narrow notch both are risk factors for Anterior cruciate ligament tear.Keywords: Anterior cruciate ligament; injury; notch.

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Sutter, E. Grant, Betty Liu, Gangadhar M. Utturkar, Margaret R. Widmyer, Charles E. Spritzer, Hattie C. Cutcliffe, Zoë A. Englander, Adam P. Goode, William E. Garrett, and Louis E. DeFrate. "Effects of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency on Tibiofemoral Cartilage Thickness and Strains in Response to Hopping." American Journal of Sports Medicine 47, no. 1 (October 26, 2018): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546518802225.

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Background: Changes in knee kinematics after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury may alter loading of the cartilage and thus affect its homeostasis, potentially leading to the development of posttraumatic osteoarthritis. However, there are limited in vivo data to characterize local changes in cartilage thickness and strain in response to dynamic activity among patients with ACL deficiency. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose was to compare in vivo tibiofemoral cartilage thickness and cartilage strain resulting from dynamic activity between ACL-deficient and intact contralateral knees. It was hypothesized that ACL-deficient knees would show localized reductions in cartilage thickness and elevated cartilage strains. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Magnetic resonance images were obtained before and after single-legged hopping on injured and uninjured knees among 8 patients with unilateral ACL rupture. Three-dimensional models of the bones and articular surfaces were created from the pre- and postactivity scans. The pre- and postactivity models were registered to each other, and cartilage strain (defined as the normalized difference in cartilage thickness pre- and postactivity) was calculated in regions across the tibial plateau, femoral condyles, and femoral cartilage adjacent to the medial intercondylar notch. These measurements were compared between ACL-deficient and intact knees. Differences in cartilage thickness and strain between knees were tested with multiple analysis of variance models with alpha set at P < .05. Results: Compressive strain in the intercondylar notch was elevated in the ACL-deficient knee relative to the uninjured knee. Furthermore, cartilage in the intercondylar notch and adjacent medial tibia was significantly thinner before activity in the ACL-deficient knee versus the intact knee. In these 2 regions, thinning was significantly influenced by time since injury, with patients with more chronic ACL deficiency (>1 year since injury) experiencing greater thinning. Conclusion: Among patients with ACL deficiency, the medial femoral condyle adjacent to the intercondylar notch in the ACL-deficient knee exhibited elevated cartilage strain and loss of cartilage thickness, particularly with longer time from injury. It is hypothesized that these changes may be related to posttraumatic osteoarthritis development. Clinical Relevance: This study suggests that altered mechanical loading is related to localized cartilage thinning after ACL injury.

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Lima, Fernando M., Pedro Debieux, André Y. Aihara, Fabiano N. Cardoso, Carlos Eduardo Franciozi, Alexandre Grimberg, and Artur R. C. Fernandes. "The development of the intercondylar notch in the pediatric population." Knee 27, no. 3 (June 2020): 747–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.knee.2020.04.020.

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Souryal, Tarek O., and Tandy R. Freeman. "Intercondylar notch size and anterior cruciate ligament injuries in athletes." American Journal of Sports Medicine 21, no. 4 (July 1993): 535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036354659302100410.

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van Eck, Carola F., Cesar A. Q. Martins, Shail M. Vyas, Umberto Celentano, C. Niek van Dijk, and Freddie H. Fu. "Femoral intercondylar notch shape and dimensions in ACL-injured patients." Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy 18, no. 9 (April 14, 2010): 1257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00167-010-1135-z.

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Cetinkaya, Engin, Sarper Gursu, Murat Gul, Umit Aykut, and Rasit Ozcafer. "Surgical Repair of Neglected Bucket-Handle Meniscal Tears Displaced into the Intercondylar Notch: Clinical and Radiological Results." Journal of Knee Surgery 31, no. 06 (July 18, 2017): 514–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1604146.

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AbstractThe literature contains very limited articles wherein the treatment results of bucket-handle meniscal tears according to various types are evaluated and wherein results for repair of chronic tears are discussed. The objective of this study is a clinical and radiologic evaluation of arthroscopic repair for patients suffering flipped, neglected chronic bucket-handle meniscal tear in the intercondylar notch. A total of 26 patients were evaluated retrospectively. The mean age at the time of surgery was 27 years (range, 16–44). Mean period from meniscal injury to surgery was 28 months (range, 4–96). The mean follow-up period was 31 months (range, 11–67). During the follow-up, the patients were evaluated clinically, functional scores from the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), Lysholm, and Tegner as well as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The mean preoperative Lysholm score of 24 increased to 85 postoperatively. Mean IKDC score was 56.3 preoperatively and 84.5 postoperatively. The mean Tegner score of 3.4 increased to 5.6 postoperatively. Mean Lysholm, IKDC, and Tegner scores in the first group were 84, 74, and 5.1, respectively, and in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction group; 86, 85.9, and 5.8. While 20 (77%) out of 26 patients had none of the clinical findings, 6 patients (23%) presented with these findings. Postoperative MRI assessment revealed meniscal healing in 21 patients (27% complete, 54% partial healing) and no healing in 5 patients (19%). A clinical healing rate of 77% and a radiological healing rate of 81% along with statistically significant increases in Lysholm, IKDC, and Tegner scores prove that the repair option is effective for neglected, chronic bucket-handle meniscal tears flipping to the intercondylar notch. This study showed that good results could be achieved with the repair of neglected, chronic period bucket-handle meniscal tears flipping to the intercondylar notch, whether with an accompanying ACL tear or not.

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Stijak, Lazar, Marko Bumbasirevic, Marko Kadija, Gordana Stankovic, Richard Herzog, and Branislav Filipovic. "Morphometric parameters as risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament injuries: A MRI case-control study." Vojnosanitetski pregled 71, no. 3 (2014): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp1403271s.

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Background/Aim. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the most frequently injured ligament of the knee, representing 50% of all knee injuries. The aim of this study was to determine the differences in the morphometry of knee injury patients with an intact and a ruptured anterior cruciate ligament. Methods. The study included 33 matched pairs of patients divided into two groups: the study group with the diagnosis of anterior cruciate ligament rupture, and the control group with the diagnosis of patellofemoral pain but no anterior cruciate ligament lesion. The patients were matched on the basis of 4 attributes: age, sex, type of lesion (whether it was profession- related), and whether the lesion was left- or right-sided. Measurements were carried out using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results. The anterior and posterior edges of the anterior cruciate ligament in the control group were highly significantly smaller (p < 0.01; in both cases). The control group showed a statistically significantly larger width of the anterior cruciate ligament (p < 0.05). A significant correlation between the width of the anterior cruciate ligament and the width (p < 0.01) and height (p < 0.05) of the intercondylar notch was found to exist in the control group, but not in the study group (p > 0.05). The patients in the control group showed a shorter but wider anterior cruciate ligament in comparison to their matched pairs. The control group of patients was also characterized by the correlation between the width of the intercondylar notch and the width of the anterior cruciate ligament, which was not the case in the study group. Conclusions. According to the results of our study we can say that a narrow intercondylar notch contains a proportionally thin anterior cruciate ligament, but we cannot say that this factor necessarily leads to rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament.

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Gungor, Harun Resit, Esat Kiter, Semih Akkaya, Nusret Ok, and Cagdas Yorukoglu. "Obliteration of Intercondylar Notch Mimicking Flexion-Extension Gap Imbalance in a Cruciate Retaining Total Knee Arthroplasty." Case Reports in Orthopedics 2015 (2015): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/716148.

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Following total knee arthroplasty (TKA), the most frequent cause of extension deficit and limitation of range of motion in early postoperative period is related to improper tensioning of soft tissues and failure to balance extension and flexion gaps. If a cruciate retaining (CR) prosthesis is the planned implant, then attention should be given to balancing the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), and any factor that alters this balance may also cause deterioration of knee balance in postoperative period. Here, we report on an unusual case referred from another hospital because of continuous pain and restriction of knee motion in early postoperative period following CR-designed TKA that was initially thought to be due to flexion-extension imbalance. However, during the revision procedure, extruded cement to the intercondylar notch was found to be both mechanically blocking terminal extension and limiting flexion by possible mechanism of irritation of the synovial nerve endings around the stretched anterior fibers of PCL during flexion. This case was successfully treated by removal of extruded cement from intercondylar notch to decompress PCL, polyethylene exchange, and secondary patellar resurfacing.

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LaPrade, Robert F., Glenn C. Terry, Ronald D. Montgomery, David Curd, and David J. Simmons. "The Effects of Aggressive Notchplasty on the Normal Knee in Dogs." American Journal of Sports Medicine 26, no. 2 (March 1998): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465980260020801.

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We assessed the possible association between an aggressive intercondylar notchplasty and histopathologic, radiographic, and gait changes to the knee. Three groups of six adult greyhounds were observed for 6 months. Group I dogs had a sham operation. Group II dogs had a 4-mm notchplasty of the lateral femoral condyle where it articulates with the lateral tibial spine. Group III dogs had a 7- to 8-mm notchplasty of the lateral femoral condyle to simulate the long-term effects of an overly aggressive notchplasty. Force plate gait analyses were not significantly different for any dogs at 3 and 6 months. Histopathologic studies (hematoxylin and eosin and safranin O stains) revealed notchplasty area remodeling with a thin layer of lamellar bone covered by fibrous connective tissue. Both Group II and III dogs had significant loss of lateral femoral condyle and trochlear groove articular surface proteoglycans. The radiographic notch width index remained unchanged throughout the study for Group I; the indexes increased immediately after surgery in Groups II and III because of the notchplasty, but after 6 months these values returned to near-preoperative measurements. An aggressive intercondylar notchplasty caused articular cartilage histopathologic changes at 6 months consistent with those found in knees with early degenerative arthritis. Significant refilling of a non-impinged notchplasty occurred by 6 months after surgery. Our results raise concern about the effects of aggressive intercondylar notch widening in humans.

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Ranuccio, Francesco, Filippo Familiari, Giuseppe Tedesco, Francesco La Camera, and Giorgio Gasparini. "Effects of Notchplasty on Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review." Joints 05, no. 03 (August 8, 2017): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1605551.

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Purpose Notchplasty is a complementary surgical procedure often performed during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) with the aim to widen the intercondylar notch and to avoid graft impingement. The aim of this review was to analyze the current literature evidence concerning the effects of notchplasty on clinical outcome after primary ACLR. Methods Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, and MEDLINE were used to search English language studies, from January 1990 to July 2015, concerning the effects of the notchplasty on ACLR, using the following keywords: “ACL” OR “anterior cruciate ligament” OR “ACL reconstruction” OR “anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction” AND “notch” OR “notchplasty” OR “intercondylar notch”. Randomized and nonrandomized trials, case series, technical notes, biomechanical studies and radiological study were included. Results At the final screening 16 studies were included. Despite widely used, the usefulness of notchplasty during ACLR remains unclear. Some concerns emerged regarding potential harmful effects of notchplasty, mostly related to the knee biomechanics and postoperative blood loss. Notchplasty can be useful in the treatment of arthrofibrosis and in presence of bony spurs of the notch both in primary and revision surgery. However, the level of evidence of available literature is poor and there is a strong need for randomized controlled trials investigating the role of notchplasty on ACLR. Conclusion We suggest being aware of potential complications following notchplasty during ACLR before deciding to perform notchplasty in primary ACLR, reserving it for the surgical management of arthrofibrosis, treatment of notch osteophytosis and revision ACLR. Level of Evidence Level IV, systematic review of level II-IV studies.

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LaPrade, Robert F., and Quinter M. Burnett. "Femoral Intercondylar Notch Stenosis and Correlation to Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries." American Journal of Sports Medicine 22, no. 2 (March 1994): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036354659402200208.

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GOOD, LARS, MAGNUS ODENSTEN, and JAN GILLQUIST. "Intercondylar Notch Measurements With Special Reference to Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery." Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research &NA;, no. 263 (February 1991): 185???189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003086-199102000-00022.

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Fernández-Jaén, Tomás, Juan Manuel López-Alcorocho, Elena Rodriguez-Iñigo, Fabián Castellán, Juan Carlos Hernández, and Pedro Guillén-García. "The Importance of the Intercondylar Notch in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 3, no. 8 (August 2015): 232596711559788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967115597882.

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Vaswani, Ravi, Sean J. Meredith, Jayson Lian, Ryan Li, Michael Nickoli, Freddie H. Fu, and Volker Musahl. "Intercondylar Notch Measurement During Arthroscopy and on Preoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging." Arthroscopy Techniques 8, no. 10 (October 2019): e1263-e1267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eats.2019.06.017.

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Figueroa, David, Rafael Calvo, Alejandro Vaisman, Sergio Arellano, Francisco Figueroa, Rodrigo Donoso, Nazira Bernal, and Luis A. O'Connell. "Arthroscopic Intercondylar Notch Bone Marrow Aspiration During Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction." Arthroscopy Techniques 8, no. 12 (December 2019): e1437-e1441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eats.2019.07.022.

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Domzalski, Marcin E., Marc S. Keller, Piotr Grzelak, and Peter Gabos. "MRI evaluation of the development of intercondylar notch width in children." Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy 37, no. 6 (January 23, 2015): 609–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00276-015-1433-8.

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Fujii, Masataka, Takayuki Furumatsu, Shinichi Miyazawa, Yukimasa Okada, Takaaki Tanaka, Toshifumi Ozaki, and Nobuhiro Abe. "Intercondylar notch size influences cyclops formation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction." Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy 23, no. 4 (February 19, 2014): 1092–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00167-014-2891-y.

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Vaswani, Ravi, Sean J. Meredith, Jayson Lian, Ryan Li, Michael Nickoli, Freddie H. Fu, and Volker Musahl. "Intercondylar Notch Size Can Be Predicted on Preoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging." Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation 2, no. 1 (February 2020): e17-e22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asmr.2019.10.004.

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