Academic literature on the topic 'Interchange Program'

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Journal articles on the topic "Interchange Program"

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Bergstrom, Kimberly, Michael Ellis, Marilyn Keenan-Milligan, John W. Mucenski, and Donald H. Williams. "Strategies for Therapeutic Interchange of Biotechnology Medicines: Proceedings of an Invitational Conference." Hospital Pharmacy 35, no. 4 (April 2000): 377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001857870003500411.

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An invitational conference was held to plan a therapeutic interchange program for biotechnology products. The expanding use of biotechnology products has created new challenges and opportunities for organizations who want to implement these programs — with the dual goal of cutting costs and improving quality of care. Successful therapeutic interchange programs can use a variety of strategies, from gentle persuasion based on clinical effectiveness and cost savings to mandatory compliance and automatic substitution. After outlining risk-management considerations and motivations, as well as the barriers to the therapeutic interchange of biotechnology products, the participants identified the following key steps: (1) list biotechnology products that are potential candidates for therapeutic interchange; (2) establish an overall plan for therapeutic interchange programs; (3) select the specific biotechnology products that will be considered for therapeutic interchange; (4) devise a strategy for therapeutic interchange of the selected products; (5) implement the plan; and (6) track program success. The strategy must include a process for ongoing monitoring of clinical and economic outcomes to ensure that the program is meeting its objectives and provide feedback to program participants.
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Epstein, Howard I. "ASCE's Professional Interchange Program in Retrospect." Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering 114, no. 2 (April 1988): 192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1052-3928(1988)114:2(192).

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Mogalli, Maged Abdullah, Abdullah Ibrahim Al-Mansour, and Seongkwan Mark Lee. "Performance Evaluation of Diverging Diamond Interchange Compared to Conventional Diamond Interchange: A Case Study in Riyadh City." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 736–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.8712.

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The road users usually suffer from several kinds of congestion and delay especially at intersections. The traffic flow congestion due to increasing traffic volumes can be decreased by implementing some suitable alternative designs of interchanges such as Diverging diamond interchange (DDI) and conventional diamond interchange (CDI). In this study, a comparison between the DDI and CDI in traffic conditions in Riyadh city is conducted. The analysis involved different measures of effectiveness that includes delay, queue length, and number of stops. In this context, each interchange type was evaluated for traffic volumes at certain peak hours using micro-simulation program named as “Synchro.” The finding of this study shows that DDI provides a better result when compared with CDI in terms of delay, queue length and number of stops. The control delay for the DDI is approximately one third of the CDI. Also, the queue length for the DDI is about one half of the CDI. Furthermore, the number of stops for the DDI is as one half as the CDI.
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Archer, Ronald D., John S. Wood, Michael J. Cook, and Maryelise S. Lamet. "UEA/UMass Interchange Program, 1978 to Date." Journal of Chemical Education 74, no. 5 (May 1997): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed074p486.

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Sodorff, Michelle M., Kimberly A. Galt, and Michael A. Galt. "Pharmacists’ perceptions of a therapeutic-interchange program." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 57, no. 10 (May 15, 2000): 999–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/57.10.999.

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A. Lawler, L. M., P. A. Logan-Sinclair, L. E. Holland, and G. Troutma n. "Black and White Learning Interchange." Australian Journal of Primary Health 6, no. 4 (2000): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py00050.

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The unchanging status of Aboriginal health initiated the need for changes to training for Aboriginal Health Workers. Charles Sturt University, in partnership with the Remote and Rural Health Training Unit (RARHTU) initiated, in consultation with the local Indigenous community, a program for upgrading qualifications of Aboriginal Health Workers to degree level. Several unique features were incorporated in the program design: an educational facilitator without a health career background; a challenging first subject based upon student's familial personal history; specialist sessions provided by professional health workers; recognition of prior learning taking into account the many varied levels of existing regional health services training. This paper discusses the course design and evaluation results, including the impact of the program upon lecturer's teaching style, students' personal and working lives and the effects the course may have regarding the status of Aboriginal health in the local area. Results of the initial program evaluation are presented and discussed in this paper.
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Fox, Erin R., M. Christina Beckwith, and Linda S. Tyler. "Pharmacy-Administered IV to Oral Therapeutic Interchange Program: Development, Implementation, and Cost-Assessment." Hospital Pharmacy 38, no. 5 (May 2003): 444–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001857870303800512.

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This study describes the development, implementation, and estimated vs. actual cost benefits of an IV to oral therapeutic interchange program. Secondary objectives were determining patient eligibility criteria and selecting medications for future inclusion in the program. Medical charts were reviewed to determine which patients were appropriate candidates for the interchange. Targeted medications were selected by reviewing the literature and the institution's drug expenditures. Five medications — famotidine, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, fluconazole, and azithromycin — were selected for the initial stages of the program. Preimplementation cost analysis suggested that the interchange would yield cost savings of more than $30,000 per year in medication costs alone. The interchange was piloted on a single nursing unit to determine best procedures and possible barriers to implementation. Data collected in the first 6 months after implementation indicated greater potential cost benefits than originally estimated. Including more medications in the interchange would further reduce drug acquisition costs.
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Oh, Taeho, and Thomas G. Franko. "Comprehensive therapeutic interchange program in a community hospital." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 48, no. 7 (July 1, 1991): 1471–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/48.7.1471.

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Chase, Sandra L., Andrew M. Peterson, and Cindy J. Wordell. "Therapeutic-interchange program for oral histamine H2-receptor antagonists." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 55, no. 13 (July 1, 1998): 1382–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/55.13.1382.

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Lcdr Clay, Derrik R., Michael P. Bourg, and David B. Lawrence. "Outcomes of an amlodipine-to-felodipine therapeutic interchange program." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 57, no. 17 (September 1, 2000): 1604–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/57.17.1604.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Interchange Program"

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Thomas, Chester. "Georgia intersection safety improvement program." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24620.

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Snyder, Sheldon L. "Efficient XML Interchange (EXI) compression and performance benefits development, implementation and evaluation /." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2010/Mar/10Mar%5FSynder.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Modeling, Virtual Environments and Simulation (MOVES))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2010.
Thesis Advisor(s): Brutzman, Don ; McGregor, Don. "March 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 23, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Extensible Markup Language (XML), Efficient XML Interchange (EXI), Compression. Includes bibliographical references (p. 337-353). Also available in print.
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Pochowski, Alek L. "An analytical review of statewide roundabout programs and policies." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/37285.

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As the modern roundabout continues to grow in popularity within the United States, more states are considering or implementing statewide roundabout programs and policies. To assist states with the implementation of statewide roundabout programs and policies, an analytical review of statewide roundabout programs and policies was conducted through an examination of literature, interviews, and data pertaining to the construction of roundabouts. The roundabout policy type for each state and the District of Columbia was located, and assigned to a roundabout policy type based on the strength of the identified policy type. In addition, a series of per capita analyses of the statewide roundabout policies was performed, as was a qualitative SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis. The results of the analysis show that the strength of a statewide roundabout policy is correlated to the number of roundabouts in a state, and states should consider implementing or strengthening their policies if they seek to expand the use of roundabouts in their jurisdiction. In addition, the perception of roundabouts, both by the general public and internal to the state DOTs, also continues to hinder the further implementation of roundabouts, and education should be utilized to minimize these obstacles. Furthermore, states should utilize identified successful implementation procedures, and should be cognizant of reasons for implementation failure, as they pursue the further use of roundabouts by their agency.
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Hao, Yiyao. "Micro-payment exchange system." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2838.

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The purpose of this project is to investigate the infrastructure requirements for a currency exchange market for holders of currencies issued through the Lightweight Currency Protocol. The Lightweight Currency Protocol was designed as a means for entities to issue currencies for the purpose of cultivating low value business transactions between collaborating nodes in a peer-to-peer market.
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Faruqui, Saif Ahmed. "Utility computing: Certification model, costing model, and related architecture development." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2756.

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The purpose of the thesis was to propose one set of solutions to some of the challenges that are delaying the adoption of utility computing on a wider scale. These components enable effective deployment of utility computing, efficient look-up, and comparison of service offerings of different utility computing resource centers connected to the utility computing network.
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Wen, Wan-Ting, and 溫婉婷. "Using economic evaluations to select the most cost-effective statin among statins to implement the therapeutic interchange program." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97167264232425592263.

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碩士
國防醫學院
藥學研究所
97
Background: In order to control the rising health care costs, the Bureau of National Health Insurance (BNHI) in Taiwan implemented the hospital global budget system in July 1, 2002. When the budget is fixed, the more medical resources the hospital is using, the worse of the financial situation will be. Therefore, under limited medical resources, to restrict number of drugs used in the formulary or reduce the number of drugs doctor can choose may be a method for the hospital manager. In the United States, the therapeutic interchange program was used in the formulary management in 1993. Therapeutic interchange is defined as under approval of P&T Committee, pharmacists substitute and dispense a drug that is therapeutically equivalent to but chemically different from the drug originally prescribed by a physician. This study used the concept of therapeutic interchange and developed methodologies that can be used for pharmacist practice in the hospital setting to suggest physicians to use the most cost-effective drug among drugs which are therapeutically equivalent to contain medication and health care costs of the hospital. Objective: To develope methodologies to select the most cost-effective statin among statins which are therapeutically equivalent to use in the hospital setting. Methods: The study used the cost-effectiveness analysis to compare the health care costs and effectiveness of the six statins and recommend the most cost-effective statin among the six statins which are therapeutically equivalent. Direct medical costs were derived from BNHI claimed-database, including the cost of drugs, physician services, dispensing services and laboratory tests of the patients with mixed dyslipidemia or primary hypercholesterolemia. The time horizon is six months which starts from the first dispensing date of that specific statin for the naïve patients. The effectiveness was derived from the systematic review of statins which was published by Oregon Health and Science University. Subsequently, the decision rule algorithm of cost-effectiveness analysis established by Karlsson and Johanesson was adopted to determine the best choice of statin(s). Results: With respect of the cost, rosuvastatin had the lowest cost of six months ambulatory care per patient (NT$6,850), whereas pravastatin had the highest (NT$9,078). Concerning the effectiveness, rosuvastatin was associated with the greatest effectiveness in terms of the reduction of LDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C and the proportion of patients achieving the ATP Ⅲ LDL-C goal, whereas fluvastatin had the lowest effectiveness. In the base-case and sensitivity analysis, rosuvastatin dominate the other five statins. Compare to do-nothing, the incremental cost per additional 1% reduction in LDL-C was NT$153 for rosuvastatin. Conclusion: Rosuvastatin dominates the other five statins because it is most effective and least costly. In order to minimize the total health care cost and maximize the aggregate effectiveness, we recommend that P&T committee uses rosuvastatin in stead of the other five statins for patients with mixed dyslipidemia or primary hypercholesterolemia. Key words: therapeutic interchange, dyslipidemia, statin, cost-effectiveness analysis, claimed-database analysis
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Putnam, Betty J., and Dan C. Boger. "Defense transportation issues: MSC - breakbulk shipping; MAC - Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF)--program; and MTMC - Defense Freight Railway Interchange Fleet (DFRIF)." Thesis, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/22723.

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Pather, Maree. "A framework for promoting interoperability in a global electronic market-space." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2510.

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The primary contributions to the area of electronic business integration, propounded by this thesis, are (in no particular order):  A novel examination of global Business-to-Business (B2B) interoperability in terms of a "multiplicity paradox" and of a "global electronic market-space" from a Complex Systems Science perspective.  A framework for an, integrated, global electronic market-space, which is based on a hierarchical, incremental, minimalist-business-pattern approach. A Web Services-SOA forms the basis of application-to-application integration within the framework. The framework is founded in a comprehensive study of existing technologies, standards and models for secure interoperability and the SOA paradigm. The Complex Systems Science concepts of "predictable structure" and "structural complexity" are used consistently throughout the progressive formulation of the framework.  A model for a global message handler (including a standards-based message-format) which obviates the common problems implicit in standard SOAP-RPC. It is formulated around the "standardized, common, abstract application interface" critical success factor, deduced from examining existing models. The model can be used in any collaboration context.  An open standards-based security model for the global message handler. Conceptually, the framework comprises the following:  An interoperable standardized message format: a standardized SOAP-envelope with standardized attachments (8-bit binary MIME-serialized XOP packages).  An interoperable standardized message-delivery infrastructure encompassing an RPC-invoked message-handler - a Web service, operating in synchronous and/or asynchronous mode, which relays attachments to service endpoints.  A business information processing infrastructure comprised of: a standardized generic minimalist-business-pattern (simple buying/selling), comprising global pre-specifications for business processes (for example, placing an order), standardized specific atomic business activities (e.g. completing an order-form), a standardized document-set (including, e.g. an order-form) based on standardized metadata (common nomenclature and common semantics used in XSD's, e.g. the order-form), the standardized corresponding choreography for atomic activities (e.g. acknowledgement of receipt of order-form) and service endpoints (based on standardized programming interfaces and virtual methods with customized implementations).
Theoretical Computing
PHD (INFORMATION SYSTEMS)
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Ramsokul, Pemadeep Kumar Computer Science &amp Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Modelling and verification of web services protocols." 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43294.

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Among the plethora of solutions to the Business-to-Business interoperability problem, no other solution has obtained as much attention asWeb Services Technology (WST), which allows entities to exchange data regardless of their underlying platforms. WST also allows services to be composed in order to provide high quality customer service over the web. In order to perform transactions across different service providers, standard protocols need to be supported by participating providers. Many useful protocols are coming into the market, but are often ambiguously specified by protocol designers and not fully verified. Furthermore, even if the specifications are reasonably clear, programmers often make subtle assumptions, possibly leading to errors that are hard to detect and locate, especially when the number of participating entities is dynamic. Consequently, these can lead to interoperability problems among implementations of the same protocol and high software maintenance costs. To address these issues, a hierarchical automata-based framework is proposed to model the functional aspects of Web Services (WS) protocols that also assists in verifying their correctness. The modelling formalism has a sound mathematical foundation and aims to reconcile desirable features while still maintaining syntactic and semantic simplicity. The properties to be verified are specified using a pattern system and/or 'observer' states, which have been adapted for WS protocols. In particular, always in a positive observer state implies proper termination and partial functional correctness while reachability of a negative observer state signifies deadlock and/or violation of a safety property. Verification itself is handled by automatic translation of the model and its properties into a model-checker's input code and interpretation of the output produced by the model-checker. A test-bed is proposed to check the conformance of a protocol implementation to its specification It helps in locating errors in the implementations of WS protocols especially where the number of participating entities is dynamic. Conformance checking is achieved by capturing sequences of exchanged messages of the actual implementations and checking them against the formal specification. Experience using the framework is also described and illustrated using two non-trivial WS protocols, namely WS-BusinessActivity and WS-AtomicTransaction.
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Books on the topic "Interchange Program"

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FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION. National Airspace Data Interchange Network (NADIN) II program implementation plan. [Washington, D.C.?]: Dept. of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, 1994.

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National Automated Clearing House Association. Guide to implementing a point-of-purchase entry program. Herndon, VA: NACHA, 2000.

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Brian, Robinson. Electronic document handling using SGML: Hypertext interchange and SGML. London: British Library Research and Development Department, 1994.

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Deitel, Harvey M. E-Business and e-commerce: How to program. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice-Hall, 2001.

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United States. Bureau of Land Management. California State Office. California interchange program between Bureau of Land Management, California and Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region. Sacramento, Calif.]: Bureau of Land Management, 1985.

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Office, United States Bureau of Land Management California State. California interchange program: Minerals supporting document between Bureau of Land Management, California [and] Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region. Sacramento, Calif.]: Bureau of Land Management, 1985.

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Becker, Joseph F. Interchange for joint research entitled, Measurement of stable nitrogen and sulfur isotopes: Final report : September 1995 to August 1997. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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Office, General Accounting. Defense IRM: Business strategy needed for electronic data interchange program : report to the Chairman, Committee on Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1993.

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Abdulezer, Loren. Excel Best Practices for Business. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2003.

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GOVERNMENT, US. An Act to Make Available Certain Voice of America and Radio Marti Multilingual Computer Readable Text and Voice Recordings. [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Interchange Program"

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Gosling, Peter. "PIP, the Peripheral Interchange Program." In Using CP/M, 14–20. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-07676-5_4.

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Lim, Jie-Hyun, and Eve Rosenhaft. "Introduction: Mnemonic Solidarity—Global Interventions." In Entangled Memories in the Global South, 1–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57669-1_1.

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AbstractLim and Rosenhaft introduce “mnemonic solidarity” as a scholarly and political program, situating it in the context of the wider project and publication series “Entangled Memories in the Global South.” Their programmatic approach arises from the observation that a global memory formation has emerged since the late twentieth century, involving interchanges of various kinds between national memory cultures and structured by the terms of Holocaust memory. This development and its political implications have been addressed in various ways by scholars under the rubrics of “cosmopolitan,” “multidirectional,” “traveling,” “prosthetic,” “transnational,” and “agonistic” memory, but the new field of memory studies remains Eurocentric and relatively insensitive to the double-edged character of globalized memory—the interplay between de-territorialization and re-territorialization. This volume aims to reset the agenda.
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Kazdin, Alan E. "Psychosocial Treatments for Conduct Disorder in Children and Adolescents." In A Guide to Treatments that Work, 71–104. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195304145.003.0003.

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Antisocial and aggressive behavior in children (conduct disorder) is extremely difficult to treat in light of the stability of the problem, untoward long-term prognosis, and the diverse domains of dysfunction in the child, parent, and family with which the problem is associated. Significant advances have been made in treatment. Seven treatments with strong evidence in their behalf with children and adolescents are reviewed and include parent management training, multisystemic therapy, multidimensional treatment foster care, cognitive problem-solving skills training, anger control training, functional family therapy, and brief strategic family therapy. Parent management training is directed at altering parent-child interactions in the home, particularly those interactions related to child-rearing practices and coercive interchanges. Multisystemic therapy focuses on the individual, family, and extrafamilial systems and their interrelations as a way to reduce symptoms and to promote prosocial behavior. The multidimensional treatment foster care model focuses on youth who are in placement and who are to return to their parents or more permanent foster care. Behavioral treatments in the placement and in the setting to which the child is returned are part of a comprehensive effort to integrate treatment and community life. Cognitive problem-solving skills training focuses on cognitive processes that underlie social behavior and response repertoires in interpersonal situations. Also cognitively based, anger control training includes problem-solving skills training in the context of groups in the schools. The program has an additional component that includes parent management training. Functional family therapy utilizes principles of systems theory and behavior modification for altering interaction, communication patterns, and problem solving among family members. Brief strategic family therapy focuses on the structure of the family and concrete strategies that can be used to promote improved patterns of interaction. This treatment has been developed with Hispanic children and adolescents and has integrated culturally pertinent issues to engage the families. Questions remain about the long-term impact of various treatments, the persons for whom one or more of these treatments is well suited, and how to optimize therapeutic change. Even so, the extensive evidence indicates that there are several viable treatments for conduct disorder. Disseminating these to professionals and children and families remains a key challenge.
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Conference papers on the topic "Interchange Program"

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Mikaeel, Mina A., Timothy Snow, Kenneth T. Kimmel, and Aravinda Ramakrishna. "NJTA Interchange 6 to 9 Widening Program Section II: Drilled Shaft Foundations Load Testing Program." In Geo-Shanghai 2014. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413449.008.

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Costello, C. F., F. A. Costello, Virginia Herndon, and Joseph Skladany. "BIFAC: A Program for Computing Thermal Radiant Interchange Among Non-Idealized Surfaces." In International Conference On Environmental Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/932259.

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Ning Zhou, Pavel V. Etingov, Yuri V. Makarov, Ross T. Guttromson, and Bart McManus. "Improving area control error diversity interchange (ADI) program by incorporating congestion constraints." In IEEE PES T&D 2010. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdc.2010.5484446.

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Rudig, David A., and Therese E. Koutnik. "Implementation of a Pile Load Test Program in the Design Phase: Marquette Interchange Project." In 13th Great Lakes Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Conference. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40821(181)7.

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Stokes, Harlan. "IGES Success on a Shoestring: A Management Case Study of CAD/CAM Data Exchange." In ASME 1991 International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/cie1991-0043.

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Abstract In the Autumn of 1988, the Materials Operations at Control Data Corporation’s Computer Products Group began a program to electronically exchange mechanical CAD models with its suppliers. The “Supplier CAD-Link” program provided many immediate benefits and offers a unique learning experience about electronic data interchange. Existing technologies are used, so the program operates on a shoestring budget with no major dollar investments required of CDC or the suppliers. The program uses the IGES standard file format, so suppliers can apply the lessons learned to CAD/CAM data exchanges with other companies. Now, with the continuing success of the CAD-Link program. Computer Products is re-evaluating many of the old paper based methods of doing business. This paper explores some of the issues for managing a CAD/GAM data exchange program.
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Dunham, John. "A New Endwall Model for Axial Compressor Throughflow Calculations." In ASME 1994 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/94-gt-075.

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It is well recognised that the endwall regions of a compressor — in which the annulus wall flow interacts with the mainstream flow — have a major influence on its efficiency and surge margin. Despite many attempts over the years to predict the very complex flow patterns in the endwall regions, current compressor design methods still rely largely on empirical estimates of the aerodynamic losses and flow angle deviations in these regions. This paper describes a new phenomenological model of the key endwall flow phenomena treated in a circumferentially-averaged way. It starts from Hirsch and de Ruyck’s annulus wall boundary layer approach, but makes some important changes. The secondary vorticities arising from passage secondary flows and from tip clearance flows are calculated. Then the radial interchanges of momentum, energy and entropy arising from both diffusion and convection are estimated The model is incorporated into a streamline curvature program. The empirical blade force defect terms in the boundary layers are selected from cascade data. The effectiveness of the method is illustrated by comparing the predictions with experimental results on both low speed and high speed multistage compressors. It is found that the radial variation of flow parameters is quite well predicted, and so is the overall performance, except when significant endwall stall occurs.
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Hurst, Terril N. "Automated Model Generation Using the KIF Declarative Language." In ASME 1991 International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/cie1991-0018.

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Abstract Logic-based artificial intelligence researchers propound the declarative programming paradigm as a solution to problems arising from conventional procedural programming methods. A formal language possessing a declarative semantics, called Knowledge Interchange Format (or KIF), has been used for interchanging information between disparate programs, each containing specialized internal representations to support specific requirements. A simple system has been developed to evaluate the utility of KIF and declarative programming. The domain chosen for this evaluation was lumped-parameter dynamic systems analysis, due to its well-established vocabulary and concepts. In particular, bond graph theory formed the basis of the knowledge representation which was written in KIF. Models were generated to analyze the physical dynamics of a servomechanism used in a compact disc player. Fully automated model construction and solution was achieved, beginning with a set of library elements written in KIF and ending with solution of a set of first-order differential equations which characterize dynamic behavior. Work has begun to include assembly as well as bond graph information in order to evaluate the system’s utility for managing constraints in multiple domains. Based on demonstrated success in the dynamics and assembly domains, the next step will be to apply declarative programming to more-open domains, such as functional tolerancing, for which a comprehensive vocabulary and conceptual framework is still lacking. The hope is that the declarative paradigm will contribute to the formalization of several domains which can then be more easily integrated within a concurrent engineering environment, thus fostering conceptual product designs which are more robust with respect to manufacturability constraints.
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