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Journal articles on the topic 'Interband Cascade Laser (ICL)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

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1

Meyer, Jerry, William Bewley, Chadwick Canedy, Chul Kim, Mijin Kim, Charles Merritt, and Igor Vurgaftman. "The Interband Cascade Laser." Photonics 7, no. 3 (September 15, 2020): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics7030075.

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We review the history, development, design principles, experimental operating characteristics, and specialized architectures of interband cascade lasers for the mid-wave infrared spectral region. We discuss the present understanding of the mechanisms limiting the ICL performance and provide a perspective on the potential for future improvements. Such device properties as the threshold current and power densities, continuous-wave output power, and wall-plug efficiency are compared with those of the quantum cascade laser. Newer device classes such as ICL frequency combs, interband cascade vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers, interband cascade LEDs, interband cascade detectors, and integrated ICLs are reviewed for the first time.

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2

Han, Hong, Xumin Cheng, Zhiwei Jia, and K. Alan Shore. "Nonlinear Dynamics of Interband Cascade Laser Subjected to Optical Feedback." Photonics 8, no. 9 (August 31, 2021): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8090366.

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We present a theoretical study of the nonlinear dynamics of a long external cavity delayed optical feedback-induced interband cascade laser (ICL). Using the modified Lang–Kobayashi equations, we numerically investigate the effects of some key parameters on the first Hopf bifurcation point of ICL with optical feedback, such as the delay time (τf), pump current (I), linewidth enhancement factor (LEF), stage number (m) and feedback strength (fext). It is found that compared with τf, I, LEF and m have a significant effect on the stability of the ICL. Additionally, our results show that an ICL with few stage numbers subjected to external cavity optical feedback is more susceptible to exhibiting chaos. The chaos bandwidth dependences on m, I and fext are investigated, and 8 GHz bandwidth mid-infrared chaos is observed.

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3

Fordyce, J. A. M., D. A. Diaz-Thomas, L. O'Faolain, A. N. Baranov, T. Piwonski, and L. Cerutti. "Single-mode interband cascade laser with a slotted waveguide." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 21 (November 21, 2022): 211102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0120460.

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The design of a single-mode interband cascade laser (ICL) using a slotted waveguide is presented. This technique was explored as an inexpensive alternative to distributed feedback lasers since standard photolithography can be used in fabrication and complex techniques, such as e-beam lithography, re-growth steps, and/or metal gratings, can be avoided. The design of slotted waveguides must be carefully simulated before fabrication to ensure the efficacy of the photolithography masks with each ICL growth. Limitations and the behavior of key design parameters are discussed. Single-mode emission was achieved for certain temperature and injected current conditions, validating the operation of an Sb based slotted laser. The slotted ICLs were emitting from a single longitudinal mode at 3.5 μm and 2 mW of power per facet output at 20 °C with threshold currents around 80 mA.

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4

Meyer, Jerry R., Chul Soo Kim, Mijin Kim, Chadwick L. Canedy, Charles D. Merritt, William W. Bewley, and Igor Vurgaftman. "Interband Cascade Photonic Integrated Circuits on Native III-V Chip." Sensors 21, no. 2 (January 16, 2021): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020599.

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We describe how a midwave infrared photonic integrated circuit (PIC) that combines lasers, detectors, passive waveguides, and other optical elements may be constructed on the native GaSb substrate of an interband cascade laser (ICL) structure. The active and passive building blocks may be used, for example, to fabricate an on-chip chemical detection system with a passive sensing waveguide that evanescently couples to an ambient sample gas. A variety of highly compact architectures are described, some of which incorporate both the sensing waveguide and detector into a laser cavity defined by two high-reflectivity cleaved facets. We also describe an edge-emitting laser configuration that optimizes stability by minimizing parasitic feedback from external optical elements, and which can potentially operate with lower drive power than any mid-IR laser now available. While ICL-based PICs processed on GaSb serve to illustrate the various configurations, many of the proposed concepts apply equally to quantum-cascade-laser (QCL)-based PICs processed on InP, and PICs that integrate III-V lasers and detectors on silicon. With mature processing, it should become possible to mass-produce hundreds of individual PICs on the same chip which, when singulated, will realize chemical sensing by an extremely compact and inexpensive package.

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5

Ryczko, Krzysztof, Janusz Andrzejewski, and Grzegorz Sęk. "Towards Interband Cascade lasers on InP Substrate." Materials 15, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15010060.

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In this study, we propose designs of an interband cascade laser (ICL) active region able to emit in the application-relevant mid infrared (MIR) spectral range and to be grown on an InP substrate. This is a long-sought solution as it promises a combination of ICL advantages with mature and cost-effective epitaxial technology of fabricating materials and devices with high structural and optical quality, when compared to standard approaches of growing ICLs on GaSb or InAs substrates. Therefore, we theoretically investigate a family of type II, “W”-shaped quantum wells made of InGaAs/InAs/GaAsSb with different barriers, for a range of compositions assuring the strain levels acceptable from the growth point of view. The calculated band structure within the 8-band k·p approximation showed that the inclusion of a thin InAs layer into such a type II system brings a useful additional tuning knob to tailor the electronic confined states, optical transitions’ energy and their intensity. Eventually, it allows achieving the emission wavelengths from below 3 to at least 4.6 μm, while still keeping reasonably high gain when compared to the state-of-the-art ICLs. We demonstrate a good tunability of both the emission wavelength and the optical transitions’ oscillator strength, which are competitive with other approaches in the MIR. This is an original solution which has not been demonstrated so far experimentally. Such InP-based interband cascade lasers are of crucial application importance, particularly for the optical gas sensing.

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6

Massengale, J. A., Yixuan Shen, Rui Q. Yang, S. D. Hawkins, and J. F. Klem. "Long wavelength interband cascade lasers." Applied Physics Letters 120, no. 9 (February 28, 2022): 091105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0084565.

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InAs-based interband cascade lasers (ICLs) can be more easily adapted toward long wavelength operation than their GaSb counterparts. Devices made from two recent ICL wafers with an advanced waveguide structure are reported, which demonstrate improved device performance in terms of reduced threshold current densities for ICLs near 11 μm or extended operating wavelength beyond 13 μm. The ICLs near 11 μm yielded a significantly reduced continuous wave (cw) lasing threshold of 23 A/cm2 at 80 K with substantially increased cw output power, compared with previously reported ICLs at similar wavelengths. ICLs made from the second wafer incorporated an innovative quantum well active region, comprised of InAsP layers, and lased in the pulsed-mode up to 120 K at 13.2 μm, which is the longest wavelength achieved for III–V interband lasers.

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7

Abajyan, Pavel, Baptiste Chomet, Daniel A. Diaz-Thomas, Mohammadreza Saemian, Martin Mičica, Juliette Mangeney, Jerome Tignon, et al. "Mid-Infrared Frequency Combs based on Single Section Interband Cascade Lasers." EPJ Web of Conferences 287 (2023): 07006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202328707006.

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In this work we show Frequency Comb (FC) and short pulsed operation of mid-infrared Interband Cascade Lasers (ICLs) in a single long section. This is through the use of an adapted ultrafast Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors (QWIPs), and correlating the microwave beatnotes with high resolution spectra of the ICL. In particular, we will show active mode-locking (ML) of single -section ICL that does not require RF optimisation of the ICL device and highlight its temporal characteristics using Shifted Wave Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (SWIFTS) analysis to reconstruct the intensity in the time domain.

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8

Zhao, Maorong, Guangqiong Xia, Ke Yang, Shuman Liu, Junqi Liu, Qiupin Wang, Jianglong Liu, and Zhengmao Wu. "Nonlinear Dynamics of Mid-Infrared Interband Cascade Lasers Subject to Variable-Aperture Optical Feedback." Photonics 9, no. 6 (June 10, 2022): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9060410.

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In this work, we experimentally investigate the nonlinear dynamics of an interband cascade laser (ICL) under variable-aperture optical feedback implemented by a gold mirror combining with a ring-actuated iris diaphragm (RAID). By continuously varying the diameter of RAID (DR), the evolution of the dynamical state of ICL with the aperture of the optical feedback can be inspected. The characteristics of each dynamical state are characterized by time series, power spectra, phase portraits, and Lyapunov exponents. The results show that, with the decrease of DR, the dynamical state of the ICL under variable-aperture optical feedback presents an evolution from complex, simple to stable. Diverse dynamical states including period one state (P1), period two state (P2), multi-period state (MP), quasi-period state (QP), low-frequency fluctuation (LFF), chaotic state (C), and hyperchaos have been observed. Through mapping the evolution of dynamical states with DR for the ICL biased at different currents, different evolved routes of the dynamical states are revealed.

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9

Liao, Lihuan, Jingjing Zhang, and Daming Dong. "The driver design for N2O gas detection system based on tunable interband cascade laser." E3S Web of Conferences 78 (2019): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20197803002.

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In this paper, the driver circuit for N2O gas detection system based on tunable interband cascade laser (ICL) is developed. Considering the influence of power supply stability on the digital-analog hybrid drive circuit of tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDALS), the high-efficiency TPS5430 is used to design the positive and negative power supply circuit. The large electrolytic capacitor + post-stage LC filter combination filter is used to effectively filter out high and low frequency ripple and switching noise. The use of thick high current trace + via + multilayer printed circuit board (PCB) design makes the line temperature rise smaller, more stable and durable, and uses high frequency shielding inductance to effectively reduce radiation interference to ensure the stability of the drive. The STM32F407, a highperformance microcontroller based on the ARM Cortex-M4 core, is used as the master control chip and generates a sawtooth scanning signal. The direct digital synthesizer (DDS) chip ICL8038 is used to generate a sinusoidal modulated signal of a specific frequency. The two signals are superimposed by a reverse addition circuit, and the laser drive signal is generated by a developed positive feedback balanced voltagecurrent conversion circuit. Experimental results show that the driver circuit can well meet the drive development requirements of N2O gas detection systems based on tunable interband cascade laser.

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10

Schmitt, Katrin, Mara Sendelbach, Christian Weber, Jürgen Wöllenstein, and Thomas Strahl. "Resonant photoacoustic cells for laser-based methane detection." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 12, no. 1 (January 25, 2023): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-37-2023.

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Abstract. Against the background of the steady increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, a fast and inexpensive method for detecting methane is required. This applies to the direct measurement of the background concentration of methane in the atmosphere and also to the detection of leaks in natural gas pipelines. Photoacoustic (PA) sensors offer the possibility of highly sensitive gas detection and cost-effective design at the same time. In this work, we investigated a photoacoustic sensor for methane in low concentrations, focusing on a special cell design, the so-called T-cell. Different cylinder geometries of six T-cells and the influence on the sensor performance were examined. An interband cascade laser (ICL) with a central wavelength of 3270 nm was used for excitation and a micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) microphone as detector. The detection limits achieved were below the methane background concentration in air of 1.8 ppm.

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11

Bergau, Max, Thomas Strahl, Benjamin Scherer, and Jürgen Wöllenstein. "Real-time active-gas imaging of small gas leaks." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 12, no. 1 (February 2, 2023): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-61-2023.

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Abstract. To tackle global warming, the reduction of greenhouse gas leaks is of great public interest. While state-of-the-art optical gas imaging (OGI) cameras can visualize larger gas leaks with magnitudes of liters per minute in the case of methane, a much more sensitive laser-based approach is introduced here. This is accomplished using an infrared camera in combination with an interband cascade laser (ICL) as active illumination. The laser beam diverges such that it covers roughly half of the camera's field of view. Three-image batches are recorded to perform classic direct absorption spectroscopy (DAS) at the image scale. The obtained concentration length in parts per million meter (ppm m) is validated using measurements with varying known methane concentrations, different reflective elements, and varying distances. The real-time camera was able to record and quantify a methane leak as low as 40 mL min−1. Possible incorrect information due to moving objects is taken into account using an adapted frame-difference approach.

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12

Qu, Zhechao, Javis A. Nwaboh, Gang Li, Olav Werhahn, and Volker Ebert. "Measurements of N2, CO2, Ar, O2 and Air Pressure Broadening Coefficients of the HCl P(5) Line in the 1–0 Band Using an Interband Cascade Laser." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (June 3, 2021): 5190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11115190.

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We determine the CO2, N2, Ar, O2 and air pressure broadening coefficients of the H35Cl P(5) absorption line at 2775.77 cm−1 in the fundamental (1←0) band using a newly developed direct tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (dTDLAS)-based spectrometer employing a mid-IR interband cascade laser (ICL). For the first time, a reliable and consistent set of five different foreign pressure broadening coefficients for the same HCl P(5) line has been measured by a consistent metrological approach covering pressures from 100 to 600 hPa at temperatures of 294 and 295 K. The relative uncertainties of the stated CO2, N2, Ar, O2 and Air pressure broadening coefficients are in 1–3% range. The results are compared to previously available literature data—two broadening coefficients have been improved in accuracy and two have been determined for the first time in the sub 1000 hPa pressure range.

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13

Strahl, Thomas, Johannes Herbst, Eric Maier, Sven Rademacher, Christian Weber, Hans-Fridtjof Pernau, Armin Lambrecht, and Jürgen Wöllenstein. "Comparison of laser-based photoacoustic and optical detection of methane." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 10, no. 1 (February 22, 2021): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-25-2021.

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Abstract. The measurement of low methane (CH4) concentrations is a key objective for safety of industrial and public infrastructures and in environmental research. Laser spectroscopy is best suited for this purpose because it offers high sensitivity, selectivity, dynamic range, and a fast measurement rate. The physical basis of this technique is infrared absorption of molecular gases. Two detection schemes – direct absorption spectroscopy (DAS) and photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) – are compared at three wavelength regions in the near-infrared (NIR), mid-wavelength (MWIR), and long-wavelength (LWIR) infrared ranges. For each spectral range a suitable semiconductor laser is selected and used for both detection techniques: a diode laser (DL), an interband cascade laser (ICL), and a quantum cascade laser (QCL) for NIR, MWIR and LWIR, respectively. For DAS short absorption path lengths comparable to the cell dimensions of the photoacoustic cell for PAS are employed. We show that for DAS the lowest detection limit can be achieved in the MWIR range with noise-equivalent concentrations (NECs) below 10 ppb. Using PAS, lower detection limits and higher system stabilities can be reached compared to DAS, especially for long integration times. The lowest detection limit for PAS is obtained in the LWIR with a NEC of 7 ppb. The different DAS and PAS configurations are discussed with respect to potential applications.

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14

Li, Kun, Boyang Wang, Mingyao Yuan, Zhixiong Yang, Chunchao Yu, and Weijian Zheng. "CO Detection System Based on TDLAS Using a 4.625 μm Interband Cascaded Laser." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (October 7, 2022): 12828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912828.

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During industrial operations and in confined places, carbon monoxide (CO) may collect in harmful proportions if ventilation is insufficient or appliances are not properly maintained. When the concentration of CO is too high, it might result in suffocation, coma, or even death. The detection of tiny concentrations of CO plays an important role in safe production. Due to the selective absorption of specific wavelengths of light by gas molecules, lasers have a wide range of applications in the field of gas detection. In this paper, a tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) system for CO detection was constructed using an interband cascaded laser (ICL) with a central wavelength of 4.625 μm. The modulated signal generated by the FPGA module was output to the laser controller to modulate the laser. The signal received by the detector was input to the FPGA module. After lock-in amplification, the second harmonic signal of high frequency modulation was output. Several concentrations of CO that were dispersed via static gas distribution were identified. A CO detection system with an open optical path was constructed, and the detection distance was about 8 m. The minimum detectable concentration is around 10.32 ppmm. The concentration of CO in the open optical path was 510.6 ppmm, according to the calibration of the detected concentration. The remote detection system based on TDLAS using an ICL can be used to monitor CO in the open optical path.

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15

Kostinek, Julian, Anke Roiger, Kenneth J. Davis, Colm Sweeney, Joshua P. DiGangi, Yonghoon Choi, Bianca Baier, et al. "Adaptation and performance assessment of a quantum and interband cascade laser spectrometer for simultaneous airborne in situ observation of CH<sub>4</sub>, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, CO and N<sub>2</sub>O." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 3 (March 19, 2019): 1767–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-1767-2019.

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Abstract. Tunable laser direct absorption spectroscopy is a widely used technique for the in situ sensing of atmospheric composition. Aircraft deployment poses a challenging operating environment for instruments measuring climatologically relevant gases in the Earth's atmosphere. Here, we demonstrate the successful adaption of a commercially available continuous wave quantum cascade laser (QCL) and interband cascade laser (ICL) based spectrometer for airborne in situ trace gas measurements with a local to regional focus. The instrument measures methane, ethane, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide and water vapor simultaneously, with high 1 s–1σ precision (740 ppt, 205 ppt, 460 ppb, 2.2 ppb, 137 ppt and 16 ppm, respectively) and high frequency (2 Hz). We estimate a total 1 s–1σ uncertainty of 1.85 ppb, 1.6 ppb, 1.0 ppm, 7.0 ppb and 0.8 ppb in CH4, C2H6, CO2, CO and N2O, respectively. The instrument enables simultaneous and continuous observations for all targeted species. Frequent calibration allows for a measurement duty cycle ≥90 %. Custom retrieval software has been implemented and instrument performance is reported for a first field deployment during NASA's Atmospheric Carbon and Transport – America (ACT-America) campaign in fall 2017 over the eastern and central USA. This includes an inter-instrumental comparison with a calibrated cavity ring-down greenhouse gas analyzer (operated by NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, USA) and periodic flask samples analyzed at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). We demonstrate good agreement of the QCL- and ICL-based instrument to these concurrent observations within the combined measurement uncertainty after correcting for a constant bias. We find that precise knowledge of the δ13C of the working standards and the sampled air is needed to enhance CO2 compatibility when operating on the 2227.604 cm−1 13C16O2 absorption line.

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16

Li, Jinyi, Zhenhui Du, Zheyuan Zhang, Limei Song, and Qinghua Guo. "Hollow waveguide-enhanced mid-infrared sensor for fast and sensitive ethylene detection." Sensor Review 37, no. 1 (January 16, 2017): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-05-2016-0087.

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Purpose This paper aims to provide a sensor for fast, sensitive and selective ethylene (C2H4) concentration measurements. Design/methodology/approach The paper developed a sensor platform based on tunable laser absorption spectroscopy with a 3,266-nm interband cascade laser (ICL) as an optical source and a hollow waveguide (HWG) as a gas cell. The ICL wavelength was scanned across a C2H4 strong fundamental absorption band, and an interference-free C2H4 absorption line located at 3,060.76 cm−1 was selected. Wavelength modulation spectroscopy with the second harmonic detection (WMS-2f) technique was used to improve the sensitivity. Furthermore, the HWG gas cell can achieve a long optical path in a very small volume to improve the time response. Findings The results show excellent linearity of the measured 2f signal and the C2H4 concentration with a correlation coefficient of 0.9997. Also, the response time is as short as about 10 s. The Allan variance analysis indicates that the detection limit can achieve 53 ppb with an integration time of 24 s. Practical implications The ethylene sensor has many meaningful applications in environmental monitoring, industrial production, national security and the biomedicine field. Originality/value The paper provides a novel sensor architecture which can be a versatile sensor platform for fast and sensitive trace-gas detection in the mid-infrared region.

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Shao, Ligang, Jiaoxu Mei, Jiajin Chen, Tu Tan, Guishi Wang, Kun Liu, and Xiaoming Gao. "Simultaneous Sensitive Determination of δ13C, δ18O, and δ17O in Human Breath CO2 Based on ICL Direct Absorption Spectroscopy." Sensors 22, no. 4 (February 16, 2022): 1527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22041527.

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Previous research revealed that isotopes 13C and 18O of exhaled CO2 have the potential link with Helicobacter pylori; however, the 17O isotope has received very little attention. We developed a sensitive spectroscopic sensor for simultaneous δ13C, δ18O, and δ17O analysis of human breath CO2 based on mid-infrared laser direct absorption spectroscopy with an interband cascade laser (ICL) at 4.33 μm. There was a gas cell with a small volume of less than 5 mL, and the pressure in the gas cell was precisely controlled with a standard deviation of 0.0035 Torr. Moreover, real-time breath sampling and batch operation were achieved in gas inlets. The theoretical drifts for δ13C, δ18O, and δ17O measurement caused by temperature were minimized to 0.017‰, 0.024‰, and 0.021‰, respectively, thanks to the precise temperature control with a standard deviation of 0.0013 °C. After absolute temperature correction, the error between the system responded δ-value and the reference is less than 0.3‰. According to Allan variance analysis, the system precisions for δ13C, δ18O, and δ17O were 0.12‰, 0.18‰, and 0.47‰, respectively, at 1 s integration time, which were close to the real-time measurement errors of six repeated exhalations.

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18

Lu, Xingji, Yinbo Huang, Pengfei Wu, Dandan Liu, Hongliang Ma, Guishi Wang, and Zhensong Cao. "Distributed Feedback Interband Cascade Laser Based Laser Heterodyne Radiometer for Column Density of HDO and CH4 Measurements at Dunhuang, Northwest of China." Remote Sensing 14, no. 6 (March 19, 2022): 1489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14061489.

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Remote sensing of HDO and CH4 could provide valuable information on environmental and climatological studies. In a recent contribution, we reported a 3.53 μm distributed feedback (DFB) inter-band cascade laser (ICL)-based heterodyne radiometer. In the present work, we present the details of measurements and inversions of HDO and CH4 at Dunhuang, Northwest of China. The instrument line shape (ILS) of laser heterodyne radiometer (LHR) is discussed firstly, and the spectral resolution is about 0.004 cm−1 theoretically according to the ILS. Furthermore, the retrieval algorithm, optimal estimation method (OEM), combined with LBLRTM (Line-by-line Radiative Transfer Model) for retrieving the densities of atmospheric HDO and CH4 are investigated. The HDO densities were retrieved to be less than 1.0 ppmv, while the CH4 densities were around 1.79 ppmv from 20 to 24 July 2018. The correlation coefficient of water vapor densities retrieved by LHR and EM27/SUN is around 0.6, the potential reasons for the differences were discussed. Finally, in order to better understand the retrieval procedure, the Jacobian value and the Averaging Kernels are also discussed.

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Tütüncü, Erhan, Markus Nägele, Peter Fuchs, Marc Fischer, and Boris Mizaikoff. "iHWG-ICL: Methane Sensing with Substrate-Integrated Hollow Waveguides Directly Coupled to Interband Cascade Lasers." ACS Sensors 1, no. 7 (June 9, 2016): 847–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.6b00238.

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Lechevallier, Loic, Roberto Grilli, Erik Kerstel, Daniele Romanini, and Jérôme Chappellaz. "Simultaneous detection of C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C-CH<sub>4</sub> using optical feedback cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy in the mid-infrared region: towards application for dissolved gas measurements." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 6 (June 12, 2019): 3101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3101-2019.

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Abstract. Simultaneous measurement of C2H6 and CH4 concentrations, and of the δ13C-CH4 isotope ratio is demonstrated using a cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy technique in the mid-IR region. The spectrometer is compact and has been designed for field operation. It relies on optical-feedback-assisted injection of 3.3 µm radiation from an interband cascade laser (ICL) into a V-shaped high-finesse optical cavity. A minimum absorption coefficient of 2.8×10-9 cm−1 is obtained in a single scan (0.1 s) over 0.7 cm−1. Precisions of 3 ppbv, 11 ppbv, and 0.08 ‰ for C2H6, CH4, and δ13C-CH4, respectively, are achieved after 400 s of integration time. Laboratory calibrations and tests of performance are reported here. They show the potential for the spectrometer to be embedded in a sensor probe for in situ measurements in ocean waters, which could have important applications for the understanding of the source and fate of hydrocarbons from the seabed and in the water column.

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21

Agarwal, Sumit, Leopold Seifert, Denghao Zhu, Bo Shu, Ravi Fernandes, and Zhechao Qu. "Investigations on Pressure Broadening Coefficients of NO Lines in the 1←0 Band for N2, CO2, Ar, H2, O2 and He." Applied Sciences 13, no. 3 (January 20, 2023): 1370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13031370.

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A tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS)-based spectrometer employing a mid-infrared (Mid-IR) interband cascade laser (ICL) was developed and used to determine pressure broadening coefficients of two NO absorption transitions at 1914.98 cm−1 and 1915.76 cm−1 in the fundamental (1←0) band (R11.5 Ω1/2 and Ω3/2) for CO2, N2, Ar, O2, He, and H2. For the first time, a reliable and consistent set of six different pressure-broadening coefficients for the NO line has been measured by a consistent approach covering pressures from 100 to 970 mbar at a temperature of 294 K. Air pressure broadening has been calculated based on N2 and O2 coefficients. The stated pressure-broadening coefficients for N2, CO2, Ar, H2, O2, He, and Air have relative errors in the 0.5–1.5% range. For CO2 and H2, broadening results of NO (1←0) band (R11.5 Ω1/2 and Ω3/2) lines are reported for the first time. The results are also compared to previously available literature data. It was found that the broadening coefficients for O2 and Air are in agreement with literature values, whereas results for Ar and He show larger differences.

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22

Zhang, Hanquan, Mingming Wen, Yonghang Li, Peng Wan, and Chen Chen. "High-Precision 13CO2/12CO2 Isotopic Ratio Measurement Using Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy at 4.3 μm for Deep-Sea Natural Gas Hydrate Exploration." Applied Sciences 9, no. 17 (August 21, 2019): 3444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9173444.

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For the detection of deep-sea natural gas hydrates, it is very important to accurately detect the 13CO2/12CO2 isotope ratio of dissolved gas in seawater. In this paper, a 13CO2/12CO2 isotope ratio sensor is investigated, which uses a tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) technique at 4.3 μm. The proposed sensor consists of a mid-infrared interband cascade laser (ICL) operating in continuous wave mode, a long optical path multi-pass gas cell (MPGC) of 24 m, and a mid-infrared mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) detector. Aiming at the problem of the strong absorption intensity of the two absorption lines of 13CO2 and 12CO2 being affected by temperature, a high-precision temperature control system for the MPGC was fabricated. Five different concentrations of CO2 gas were configured to calibrate the sensor, and the response linearity could reach 0.9992 for 12CO2 and 0.9996 for 13CO2. The data show that the carbon isotope measurement precision was assessed to be 0.0139‰ when the integration time was 92 s and the optical path length was 24 m. The sensor is combined with a gas–liquid separator to detect the 13CO2/12CO2 isotope ratio of CO2 gas extracted from water. Results validate the reported sensor system’s potential application in deep-sea natural gas hydrate exploration.

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Stiefvater, Gerrit, Yvonne Hespos, Dominic Wiedenmann, Armin Lambrecht, Raimund Brunner, and Jürgen Wöllenstein. "A Portable Laser Spectroscopic System for Measuring Nitrous Oxide Emissions on Fertilized Cropland." Sensors 23, no. 15 (July 26, 2023): 6686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23156686.

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Nitrous oxide (laughing gas, N2O) is a relevant greenhouse gas. Agriculture contributes significantly to its emissions. As nitrogen fertilization has been identified as one of the main sources of N2O, controlled application and reduction of the amount of fertilizer adapted to crop demand is essential to reduce N2O emissions. This requires detailed studies of the local distribution of the N2O emission fluxes on different croplands. Consequently, frequent spatially resolved field measurements of N2O concentrations are needed. A precision in the ppb range close to the ambient N2O level of 333 ppb is necessary. Tunable laser absorption spectroscopy using quantum-cascade lasers (QCL) as a light source is an established technique for the measurement of N2O traces. We present the development and validation of a compact portable setup for on-site measurement of N2O emissions from the soil. The setup differs from previous solutions by using an interband cascade laser (ICL), which has significantly lower power consumption compared to a QCL. The portable measurement setup allows N2O emission fluxes to be determined with a precision of 3.5% with a measuring duration of 10 min. The developed system enables the detection of increased N2O emissions because of the fertilization of fields. High N2O emission fluxes are indicators of the overfertilization of the field. Directly after fertilization, N2O fluxes between 2.9 and 5.3 µL m−2 min−1 depending on the gas acquisition site are measured during the field tests. Over time, the fluxes decrease. The obtained results compare well with data from more precise but also more complex and maintenance-intensive instruments for atmospheric research. With this system, the soil moisture as well as the air humidity and air temperature are recorded. Strong influences on N2O fluxes by soil moisture were observed. The presented measurement system is a contribution to the establishment of mobile N2O screening systems that are robust in the field and suitable for comprehensive and routine detection of N2O emissions from soil.

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24

Kostinek, Julian, Anke Roiger, Maximilian Eckl, Alina Fiehn, Andreas Luther, Norman Wildmann, Theresa Klausner, et al. "Estimating Upper Silesian coal mine methane emissions from airborne in situ observations and dispersion modeling." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 11 (June 10, 2021): 8791–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8791-2021.

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Abstract. Abundant mining and industrial activities located in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) lead to large emissions of the potent greenhouse gas (GHG) methane (CH4). The strong localization of CH4 emitters (mostly confined to known coal mine ventilation shafts) and the large emissions of 448 and 720 kt CH4 yr−1 reported in the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR 2017) and the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR v4.3.2), respectively, make the USCB a prime research target for validating and improving CH4 flux estimation techniques. High-precision observations of this GHG were made downwind of local (e.g., single facilities) to regional-scale (e.g., agglomerations) sources in the context of the CoMet 1.0 campaign in early summer 2018. A quantum cascade–interband cascade laser (QCL–ICL)-based spectrometer adapted for airborne research was deployed aboard the German Aerospace Center (DLR) Cessna 208B to sample the planetary boundary layer (PBL) in situ. Regional CH4 emission estimates for the USCB are derived using a model approach including assimilated wind soundings from three ground-based Doppler lidars. Although retrieving estimates for individual emitters is difficult using only single flights due to sparse data availability, the combination of two flights allows for exploiting different meteorological conditions (analogous to a sparse tomography algorithm) to establish confidence on facility-level estimates. Emission rates from individual sources not only are needed for unambiguous comparisons between bottom-up and top-down inventories but also become indispensable if (independently verifiable) sanctions are to be imposed on individual companies emitting GHGs. An uncertainty analysis is presented for both the regional-scale and facility-level emission estimates. We find instantaneous coal mine emission estimates of 451/423 ± 77/79 kt CH4 yr−1 for the morning/afternoon flight of 6 June 2018. The derived fuel-exploitation emission rates coincide (±6 %) with annual-average inventorial data from E-PRTR 2017 although they are distinctly lower (−28 %/−32 %) than values reported in EDGAR v4.3.2. Discrepancies in available emission inventories could potentially be narrowed down with sufficient observations using the method described herein to bridge the gap between instantaneous emission estimates and yearly averaged inventories.

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25

Graydon, Oliver. "Interband cascade laser." Nature Photonics 12, no. 10 (September 27, 2018): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41566-018-0274-5.

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26

Folkes, Patrick A. "Interband cascade laser photon noise." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 41, no. 24 (November 27, 2008): 245109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/41/24/245109.

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27

Spott, Alexander, Eric J. Stanton, Alfredo Torres, Michael L. Davenport, Chadwick L. Canedy, Igor Vurgaftman, Mijin Kim, et al. "Interband cascade laser on silicon." Optica 5, no. 8 (August 16, 2018): 996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optica.5.000996.

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28

Biryukov, A. A., B. N. Zvonkov, S. M. Nekorkin, P. B. Demina, N. N. Semenov, V. Ya Aleshkin, V. I. Gavrilenko, et al. "A multifrequency interband two-cascade laser." Semiconductors 41, no. 10 (October 2007): 1209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063782607100168.

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29

Yang, Rui Q., J. L. Bradshaw, J. D. Bruno, J. T. Pham, D. E. Wortman, and R. L. Tober. "Room temperature type-II interband cascade laser." Applied Physics Letters 81, no. 3 (July 15, 2002): 397–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1494455.

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30

Suchalkin, Sergey, Mikhail V. Kisin, Serge Luryi, Gregory Belenky, Fred J. Towner, John D. Bruno, Carlos Monroy, and Richard L. Tober. "Widely tunable type-II interband cascade laser." Applied Physics Letters 88, no. 3 (January 16, 2006): 031103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2165289.

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31

Olafsen, L. J., E. H. Aifer, I. Vurgaftman, W. W. Bewley, C. L. Felix, J. R. Meyer, D. Zhang, C. H. Lin, and S. S. Pei. "Near-room-temperature mid-infrared interband cascade laser." Applied Physics Letters 72, no. 19 (May 11, 1998): 2370–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.121359.

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32

Deng, Yu, Bin-Bin Zhao, and Cheng Wang. "Linewidth broadening factor of an interband cascade laser." Applied Physics Letters 115, no. 18 (October 28, 2019): 181101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5123005.

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33

Christensen, Lance E. "Thermoelectrically cooled interband cascade laser for field measurements." Optical Engineering 49, no. 11 (November 1, 2010): 111119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3498767.

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34

Felix, C. L., W. W. Bewley, E. H. Aifer, I. Vurgaftman, J. R. Meyer, C. H. Lin, D. Zhang, S. J. Murry, R. Q. Yang, and S. S. Pei. "Low threshold 3 μm interband cascade “W” laser." Journal of Electronic Materials 27, no. 2 (February 1998): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11664-998-0192-2.

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35

Soibel, Alexander, Malcolm W. Wright, William H. Farr, Sam A. Keo, Cory J. Hill, Rui Q. Yang, and H. C. Liu. "Midinfrared Interband Cascade Laser for Free Space Optical Communication." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 22, no. 2 (January 2010): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2009.2036449.

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36

Kim, M., D. C. Larrabee, J. A. Nolde, C. S. Kim, C. L. Canedy, W. W. Bewley, I. Vurgaftman, and J. R. Meyer. "Narrow-ridge interband cascade laser emitting high CW power." Electronics Letters 42, no. 19 (2006): 1097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20062507.

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37

Weih, Robert, Julian Scheuermann, Martin Kamp, Johannes Koeth, and Sven Höfling. "Double-waveguide interband cascade laser with dual-wavelength emission." Applied Physics Letters 113, no. 25 (December 17, 2018): 251105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5079521.

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38

Becker, S., J. Scheuermann, R. Weih, L. Nähle, O. König, M. Fischer, J. Koeth, S. Höfling, and M. Kamp. "Laterally coupled DFB interband cascade laser with tapered ridge." Electronics Letters 53, no. 11 (May 2017): 743–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2017.0853.

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39

Bewley, William. "Ridge-width dependence of midinfrared interband cascade laser characteristics." Optical Engineering 49, no. 11 (November 1, 2010): 111116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3498772.

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40

Hillbrand, Johannes, Maximilian Beiser, Aaron Maxwell Andrews, Hermann Detz, Robert Weih, Anne Schade, Sven Höfling, Gottfried Strasser, and Benedikt Schwarz. "Picosecond pulses from a mid-infrared interband cascade laser." Optica 6, no. 10 (October 10, 2019): 1334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optica.6.001334.

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41

Zheng Wenxue, 郑文雪, 郑传涛 Zheng Chuantao, 姚丹 Yao Dan, 杨硕 Yang Shuo, 党佩佩 Dang Peipei, and 王一丁 Wang Yiding. "Development of a Mid-Infrared Interband Cascade Laser Methane Sensor." Acta Optica Sinica 38, no. 3 (2018): 0328013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos201838.0328013.

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42

Folkes, Patrick A. "Correlated photon fluctuations at threshold of an interband cascade laser." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 43, no. 24 (November 29, 2010): 245401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/43/24/245401.

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43

Felix, C. L., W. W. Bewley, I. Vurgaftman, J. R. Meyer, D. Zhang, C. H. Lin, R. Q. Yang, and S. S. Pei. "Interband cascade laser emitting >1 photon per injected electron." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 9, no. 11 (November 1997): 1433–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/68.634699.

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44

Hales, V. J., A. J. Poulter, and R. J. Nicholas. "Designs for a quantum cascade laser using interband carrier extraction." Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 7, no. 1-2 (April 2000): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1386-9477(99)00307-0.

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45

Bewley, W. W., J. A. Nolde, D. C. Larrabee, C. L. Canedy, C. S. Kim, M. Kim, I. Vurgaftman, and J. R. Meyer. "Interband cascade laser operating cw to 257K at λ=3.7μm." Applied Physics Letters 89, no. 16 (October 16, 2006): 161106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2363169.

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46

Lerttamrab, M., S. L. Chuang, R. Q. Yang, and C. J. Hill. "Linewidth enhancement factor of a type-II interband-cascade laser." Journal of Applied Physics 96, no. 6 (September 15, 2004): 3568–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1782269.

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47

Vurgaftman, Igor, Charles D. Merritt, Chadwick L. Canedy, Chul Soo Kim, Mijin Kim, William W. Bewley, Lukasz A. Sterczewski, Mahmood Bagheri, Clifford Frez, and Jerry R. Meyer. "Toward robust and practical interband cascade laser frequency combs: A perspective." Applied Physics Letters 119, no. 23 (December 6, 2021): 230503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0069548.

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48

Fan, Zhuo-Fei, Yu Deng, Chao Ning, Shu-Man Liu, and Cheng Wang. "Differential gain and gain compression of an overdamped interband cascade laser." Applied Physics Letters 119, no. 8 (August 23, 2021): 081101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0062500.

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49

Zhang Yi, 张. 一., 张. 宇. Zhang Yu, 杨成奥 Yang Cheng′ao, 谢圣文 Xie Shengwen, 邵福会 Shao Fuhui, 尚金铭 Shang Jinming, 黄书山 Huang Shushan, et al. "Research progress of 3-4 μm antimonide interband cascade laser(invited)." Infrared and Laser Engineering 47, no. 10 (2018): 1003003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/irla201847.1003003.

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50

Zhang, Yi, Fu-Hui Shao, Cheng-Ao Yang, Sheng-Wen Xie, Shu-Shan Huang, Ye Yuan, Jin-Ming Shang, et al. "Room-temperature continuous-wave interband cascade laser emitting at 3.45 μm." Chinese Physics B 27, no. 12 (December 2018): 124207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/27/12/124207.

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