Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Interactions entre tissus'
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Monnot, Pauline. "Rôle des interactions mécaniques entre tissus dans la mise en place du circuit olfactif du poisson-zèbre." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS113.
Full textWhereas the biochemical signals guiding axon growth and neuronal migration are extensively studied, the contribution of mechanical cues in neuronal circuit formation is still poorly explored in vivo. We aim at investigating how mechanical forces influence the construction of the zebrafish olfactory circuit. This circuit forms during the morphogenesis of the olfactory placode (OP) by the passive displacement of neuronal cell bodies away from the tip of their axons. My PhD work focuses on the mechanical contribution of the adjacent eye tissue, which develops underneath the OP through extensive evagination and invagination movements, to this passive neuronal migration and to their associated axon elongation. Quantitative live cell imaging analysis during OP morphogenesis first revealed that OP and eye cells undergo correlated movements. In embryos lacking eyes, the movements of OP cell bodies are affected, resulting in thinner placodes and shorter axons, and the mechanical stress along the direction of axon elongation within the OP is reduced. Finally, extracellular matrix was observed to accumulate at the eye/OP interface, and its enzymatic degradation decreased the correlation between OP and eye cell movements. Altogether, these results suggest that the developing eye exerts traction forces on the OP through extracellular matrix, mediating proper neuronal movements and axon extension. This work sheds new light on the role of mechanical forces exchanged between developing neurons and surrounding tissues in the sculpting of neuronal circuits in vivo
Duriez, Christian. "Simulation temps-réel d'interventions médicales impliquant des déformations et des interactions mécaniques entre les tissus et les outils (Manuscrit en anglais)." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00785118.
Full textWisnewsky-Aron, Judith. "Interactions entre altérations des caractéristiques des tissus adipeux et pathologie hépatique au cours de l’obésité humaine : impact des comorbidités et de l’histoire individuelle." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066635.
Full textMy first hypothesis is that chronic intermittent hypoxia due to obstructive sleep apnea is responsible for increased severity of NAFLD lesions and adipose tissue characteristics’. Using several models, I demonstrated that CIH exacerbate liver pathology in morbid obesity and induces NAFLD in normal weight mice. By contrast, HIC only induces angiogenesis in adipose tissue without affecting inflammation or fibrosis levels. In a second work, I evaluated the influence of age and obesity duration on adipose tissue characteristics and on NAFLD severity during morbid obesity. The results display differences in adipose tissue between young adults and mature adults suggesting an effect of age but no additional impact of obesity duration. By contrast, both age and obesity duration exacerbate NAFLD severity. In conclusion: during obesity some individual factors and obesity related comorbidity impact on the characteristics of storage organs such as liver and adipose tissue. Nevertheless, the effect on liver is much more pronounced. This tissue phenotyping could help better stratify obesity in order to draw some preventive health care measures or even, take care of obesity earlier and more aggressively
Gazquez, Elodie. "Études des interactions fonctionnelles entre l'endothéline-3, les intégrines beta1 et les propriétés élastiques du tissu embryonnaire au cours du développement du système nerveux entérique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2016PA066240.pdf.
Full textThe enteric nervous system (ENS) is derived from enteric neural crest cells (ENCC) that migrate along the length of the intestine through the gut mesenchyme. During this process, ENCC proliferate and differentiate into glial cells and neurons, which aggregate into ganglia. The aim of my thesis is to study how biochemical and mechanical properties of the gut tissue influence ENCC colonization and fate during embryogenesis. The absence of endothelin-3 (EDN3), a small peptide trapped in the embryonic gut mesenchyme, is one of the causes leading to hirschsprung disease, characterized by an aganglionosis of the distal colon. We highlighted for the first time that EDN3 increases ENCC adhesion properties throught 1-integrins focal adhesions and modulates their protrusion dynamics. Moreover, we evidenced a genetic interaction between Edn3 and Itgb1 during ENS development. Also, it is now well established that mechanical properties of the microenvironment influence fundamental mechanisms such as cell migration and cell fate determination. Thus, we analysed whether the mechanical properties of the ENCC’s environment influence their behaviours. Using biophysical approaches, we evidenced a physiological stiffening of the embryonic gut during its development and showed that ENCC migration in 3D is inhibited above a certain rigidity threshold. Finally, we begun to analyse the influence of the elastic properties of the environment onto enteric progenitor cells differenciation, taking advantage of the neurosphere culture system. All together, our results contribute to the understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms driving physiological and pathological ENS ontogenesis
Gazquez, Elodie. "Études des interactions fonctionnelles entre l'endothéline-3, les intégrines beta1 et les propriétés élastiques du tissu embryonnaire au cours du développement du système nerveux entérique." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066240/document.
Full textThe enteric nervous system (ENS) is derived from enteric neural crest cells (ENCC) that migrate along the length of the intestine through the gut mesenchyme. During this process, ENCC proliferate and differentiate into glial cells and neurons, which aggregate into ganglia. The aim of my thesis is to study how biochemical and mechanical properties of the gut tissue influence ENCC colonization and fate during embryogenesis. The absence of endothelin-3 (EDN3), a small peptide trapped in the embryonic gut mesenchyme, is one of the causes leading to hirschsprung disease, characterized by an aganglionosis of the distal colon. We highlighted for the first time that EDN3 increases ENCC adhesion properties throught 1-integrins focal adhesions and modulates their protrusion dynamics. Moreover, we evidenced a genetic interaction between Edn3 and Itgb1 during ENS development. Also, it is now well established that mechanical properties of the microenvironment influence fundamental mechanisms such as cell migration and cell fate determination. Thus, we analysed whether the mechanical properties of the ENCC’s environment influence their behaviours. Using biophysical approaches, we evidenced a physiological stiffening of the embryonic gut during its development and showed that ENCC migration in 3D is inhibited above a certain rigidity threshold. Finally, we begun to analyse the influence of the elastic properties of the environment onto enteric progenitor cells differenciation, taking advantage of the neurosphere culture system. All together, our results contribute to the understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms driving physiological and pathological ENS ontogenesis
Keophiphath, Mayoura. "Interactions entre les préadipocytes et les macrophages au sein du tissu adipeux humain." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066180.
Full textCharland, Pierre-Luc. "Interaction entre l'angiotensine II et la signalisation de l'insuline dans le tissu adipeux." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2003. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/3329.
Full textLima, Florence. "Interactions entre l'activation des récepteurs des estrogènes et la transduction biologique des contraintes mécaniques sur l'activité biologique de cellules ostéoblastiques." Saint-Etienne, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004STET4008.
Full textThe interactions between mechanical strain and estrogens on bone metabolism have been previously investigated. There is good evidence that at the cellular level, these interactions occur in osteoblasts. Osteoblasts express both forms of estrogen receptors (ER) ERalpha and ERbeta, and previous studies have suggested a specific role for each receptor. Therefore, our working hypothesis was that interactions between E and mechanical strain on osteoblast activity vary depending on which ER is preferentially activated. We the evaluated the interactions between mechanotransduction and E2-induced biochemical cascade through transcription factor (NFkB) activation. On ROS17/2. 8, MS alone increased cytosolic level of free NFkB whereas no modification was observed after administration of MS with E2 suggesting that E could blunt the activation of this pathway under mechanical strain. Because of the stimulatory effect of the latter on osteoclastogenesis, this interaction could explain at least in part, the synergism observed in vivo between E and exercise
Guillotin, Bertrand. "Etude in vitro des interactions cellulaires et moléculaires entre les cellules endothéliales et les ostéoprogéniteurs humains." Bordeaux 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR21147.
Full textOsteogenesis relies on a tightly regulated balance between bone formation and bone resorption. This process also occurs in striking interaction with angiogenesis. Assuming that endothelial cells are located in the very close vicinity of bone formation sites, we have been inerested in the potential involvement of endothelial cells and the gap jonctionnal Connexin43 in osteoprogenitors differentiation. To assess this question, we took advantage of the in vitro model of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells and Human Osteoprogenitors in a co-culture with physical contact. In order to analyze any effect of the co-culture on the phenotype of the HOP specifically, we validated an immuno-magnetic based cell enrichment method. Then, we are able to show that the co-culture triggers complex transcriptome alterations in the HOP, in terms of osteoblatic lineage differentiation as well as bone-related matrix production. Cx43 should be involved in this process
Pathak, Atul. "Rôle du système nerveux autonome dans les interactions entre le tissu adipeux et le cœur : approches expérimentales et cliniques." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30001.
Full textObesity alone lead to a specific cardiovascular outcome. The excessive development of adipose tissue has a direct impact on heart through peptides secreted by adipocytes and autonomic nervous system modulation. In dogs, diet-induced obesity, through autonomic tone modulation induces dynamic ventricular repolarisation abnormalities. We validated this parameter as a prognostic factor for sudden cardiac death in heart failure patients. We also report the same repolarisation abnormalities in patients with uncomplicated obesity and show their normalisation by weight loss. A systemic study of cardiac transcriptome both in obese hypertensive dogs and in patients showed that obesity is characterised by an early, dynamic and specific molecular pattern. Finally, we identified adrenomedullin as an adipocyte secreted peptide able to upregulate M2-muscarinic receptor in cardiomyocytes derived from P19 cell line. Insulin, another elevated circulating peptide in obesity, downregulates M2-muscarinic receptor in cardiomyocytes derived from rats atrium, thus explaining obesity-related cardiovascular complications
Majorczyk, Vincent. "Modélisation des interactions entre solides déformables et films fluides pour la simulation médicale temps-réel." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10014/document.
Full textThis thesis provides a solution to the coupling of a fluid with a deformable solid in the context of real-time medical applications. This work focuses on the special case of a fluid film embedded within two layers of soft tissues. The first contribution of this document is related to a semi-Lagrangian fluid method. We propose a modification of an existant method to use it as a 2.5D fluid model. The second contribution concerns the coupling model, where the behavior of the fluid-solid interface is predicted during the fluid computation. The third contribution highlights 2 medical applications which rely on this approach, in the fields of eye surgery and reconstructive surgery
Anty, Rodolphe. "Les stéatopathies métaboliques au cours de l'obésité morbide : recherche de nouveaux acteurs impliqués dans les interactions entre le foie et le tissu adipeux." Nice, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NICE4045.
Full textMetabolic fatty liver diseases are common and associated with insulin resistance and visceral obesity. Chronic low-grade inflammation is associated with obesity and its metabolic complications. A cohort of morbidly obese patients (body mass index up to 40kg/m²) treated by bariatric surgery has been characterized. Liver, visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies have been collected. C reactive protein (CRP) and hepcidin, two acute phase proteins have been studied. Adipose tissue is a new source of production of CRP and hepcidin. IL6 is implicated in both productions. High hepcidin production in morbidly obese patients could be implicated in the increased prevalence of iron depletion observed in 53% patients. Systemic inflammation and iron depletion are both improved 6 months after bariatric surgery
Péant, Cécile. "Caractérisation in vivo et in vitro de la dégénérescence rétinienne de la souris transgénique NSE-Hu-Bcl-2 (lignée 71) : étude des interactions entre un tissu rétinien en dégénérescence et les cellules souches neurales." Dijon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DIJOS076.
Full textThe aim of this work was to characterize the retinal degeneration of the NSE-Hu-Bcl-2 transgenic mouse (line 71) both in vivo and in vitro and to study interactions between degenerating retinae and neural stem cells in an in vitro system. The NSE-Hu-Bcl-2 transgenic mouse (line 71) shows a retinal dystrophy initiated by Müller glial cell (MGC) death. Recent studies using neural stem cells transplanted in injured or dystrophic brains or spinal cords showed a reciprocal effect between the transplanted cells and the host tissue in term of survival, differentiation and plasticity. We thus assessed in culture if such interactions were existing between neural stem cells isolated from ganglionic eminences of mouse embryos and degenerating retinae of NSE-Hu-Bcl-2 transgenic mice. Our study highlighted first the necessity of assessing the behaviour of explants in culture and secondly the reciprocal effect between neural stem cells and retinae in term of survival, differentiation and plasticity. These results allow us to envisage the transplantation of these neural stem cells in animal models with retina dystrophy
Cyr, Yannick. "Interaction entre les apoB-lipoprotéines et le tissu adipeux blanc dans la régulation du risque cardiométabolique chez l’humain." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23510.
Full textPrediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2D) affect approximately 9 million Canadians, which represents close to 30% of the population. T2D is characterized by insulin resistance (IR) that cannot be compensated by increased insulin secretion. White adipose tissue (WAT) dysfunction is at the root of this pathology and is characterized by increased lipid flux to peripheral tissues causing IR and hypersecretion of apoB-lipoproteins (apoB) by the liver, contributing to increased plasma apoB. In line, epidemiological studies show that plasma apoB is an independent predictor of T2D development 3 to 10 years before onset. In this thesis, we formulated the hypothesis that increased secretion of apoB-lipoprotein secondary to WAT dysfunction promotes further development of this dysfunction in a feed-forward cycle that contributes to increased metabolic risk. To investigate this, we have combined in vitro experiments as well as post hoc analyses of in vivo and ex vivo data from a cohort of men and postmenopausal women recruited from two metabolic studies conducted at Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal between 2006 and 2019. In circulation, more than 90% of apoB-lipoproteins are in the form of LDL. The number of apoB-lipoproteins (measured by plasma apoB), is associated to the development of WAT dysfunction in humans via different mechanisms. Postprandial enrichment of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) by WAT-secreted apoC-I has been proposed as one of them. In a first manuscript, we show that subjects (N=39) with dysfunctional WAT secrete greater amount of apoC-I, which is associated specifically to delayed postprandial chylomicrons clearance in a mechanism that appears to be dependent on apoC-I-mediated inhibition of adipocyte lipoprotein lipase. This constitutes a new mechanism linking adipose tissue dysfunction to increased plasma apoB. Proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a circulatory enzyme that targets apoB-lipoprotein receptors, such as the LDLR and CD36, for degradation. Low circulating PCSK9 relative to high plasma apoB, expressed as a higher apoB-to-PCSK9 ratio, is strongly associated to WAT dysfunction and IR, suggesting that increased receptor-mediated uptake of apoB-lipoproteins plays an important role in these pathologies. In parallel, apoB-lipoproteins, mostly native and oxydized LDL, activate the NLRP3 inflammasome (Nucleotide-binding domain and Leucine-rich repeat Receptor, containing a Pyrin domain 3). The NLRP3 inflammasome is an intracellular receptor responsible for interleukin-1 beta (IL-1) secretion, which is known to be implicated in the pathogenesis of T2D. In a second manuscript, we demonstrate in overweight and obese subjects (N=31) that the apoB-to-PCSK9 is indeed an index of WAT surface-expression of LDLR and CD36 both at fasting and in the postprandial state. Similarly, the apoB-to-PCSK9 ratio is associated with chronic NLRP3 inflammasome priming at fasting and with postprandial macrophage infiltration and concomitant NLRP3 upregulation within WAT. Finally, recent epidemiological studies suggest an increased risk for T2D in subjects with low plasma LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) secondary to loss-of-function genetic variants in PCSK9, or secondary to cholesterol-lowering therapies. In a third manuscript, we show that in subjects with low LDL-C (<3.5mM, N=28), lower plasma PCSK9 identifies subjects with higher WAT LDLR and CD36 surface-expression. Despite having lower LDL-C, subjects with lower plasma PCSK9 show dysfunction WAT and decreased disposition index. Mechanistically, human SGBS adipocytes chronically exposed to native LDL show impaired differentiation and concomitant dysfunction. While this phenomenon cannot be described by NLRP3 inflammasome activation, since it is not expressed in these adipocytes, native human LDL increase the ratio of secreted active Il-1 relative to inactive pro-IL-1 suggesting activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in human THP-1 macrophages. In conclusion, these observations suggest that dysfunctional WAT promotes delayed postprandial lipoprotein clearance via increased apoC-I secretion, thus promoting hyperapoB and increased cardiometabolic risk. In turn, upregulated receptor-mediated uptake of apoB-lipoproteins appears to be connected to the development of WAT dysfunction and associated cardiometabolic risk factors. At the cellular level within WAT, this could be secondary to a concomitant effect of LDL on preadipocytes inducing their reduced differentiation and function and on macrophage inducing activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.
Xu, Yanjun. "Regulation of Drosophila melanogaster body fat storage by store-operated calcium entry." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0023-3E5A-7.
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