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Academic literature on the topic 'Interactions commerciales'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 September 2022

Last updated: 18 September 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Interactions commerciales"

1

Rossi-Gensane, Nathalie, and Biagio Ursi. "Syntaxe et genre interactionnel : le cas des interrogatives directes partielles dans les interactions commerciales." Langages N°219, no. 3 (2020): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/lang.219.0147.

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Steiner, Philippe. "Marché, transaction et liens sociaux: l'approche de la Sociologie Économique." Revista de Sociologia e Política 20, no. 42 (June 2012): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-44782012000200009.

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L'article ici présenté discute quelques conceptions sur le marché, à partir de la perspective de la Nouvelle Sociologie Économique; en particulier, il traite des différentes relations sociales d'échange, en cherchant à distinguer celles qui appartiennent au marché (commerciales) des celles qui ne lui appartiennent pas. Dans ce sens, entre d'autres éléments, les échanges commerciaux - selon leur définition par les théories économiques classique et néoclassique - sont ajustés par les prix, caractérisés par l'impersonnalité et un anonymat potentiel et, dans les termes récents d'André Orlean, par les hypothèses connexes de la «nomenclature» et de la «parfaite prévisibilité»; tandis que les échanges qui ne s'incorporent pas au marché comprennent l'énorme spectre de relations sociales qui impliquent des interactions et des échanges matériels, affectifs, intellectuels, mais où sont absents les éléments précédents; autrement dit, au-delà du fait que l'on ne vérifie pas les hypothèses de la nomenclature et de la parfaite prévisibilité, les relations ne sont pas ajustées par le système de prix et (possiblement) sont caractérisées par des contacts affectifs ; un cas important d'échange non commercial c'est celui de l'aubaine. Pour illustrer ces différences diverses, on présente le cas des systèmes de don d'organes, où l'on souligne l'impropriété d'assimiler les échanges « tout court » aux relations commerciales.

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Piccoli, Vanessa. "Plurilinguisme, multimodalité et compétence d’interaction : parler de nombres dans des interactions commerciales entre locuteurs de langues romanes." SHS Web of Conferences 46 (2018): 01020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184601020.

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En adoptant une approche conversationnaliste, cette contribution étudie comment les participants parlent de prix et d’autres quantités numériques exactes lors de rencontres commerciales entre des locuteurs de langues romanes. Par le biais d’une analyse séquentielle et multimodale de données audiovisuelles d’interactions naturelles, cet article montre que, quand ils parlent de nombres, les participants utilisent une variété spécialement large de pratiques pour atteindre l’intercompréhension : des gestes, à la mobilisation de supports écrits, au recours à d’autres langues. Faisant ainsi, ils montrent leur créativité, leur flexibilité et leur conscience par rapport au contexte de communication. Nous considérons ainsi ces pratiques plurilingues et multimodales comme des marques d’une compétence d’interaction plurilingue.

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De Girolamo, Debbie. "(2012) 30 Windsor Y B Access Just 103 A VIEW FROM WITHIN: RECONCEPTUALIZING MEDIATOR INTERACTIONS." Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice 30, no. 2 (October 1, 2012): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/wyaj.v30i2.4371.

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This paper explores mediator interactions from within the mediation process. It is difficult to obtain access to mediations due to issues of confidentiality and litigation privilege, thus restricting direct empirical research. During a yearlong ethnographic study during which the author was a participant-observer of a number of commercial mediations, the nature of mediations was explored from an independent observational perspective – separate from the process yet within the process. In this study, real life patterns of interactions are examined through case study analysis. It offers a reconceptualization of the nature of mediator interventions, one that moves beyond the accepted understanding of third party intervention. It suggests that the mediator has a fugitive identity in mediation, reflecting a traditional neutral third party intervener role, a party role and an adviser role.Dans le présent document, l‟auteure explore les interactions des médiateurs dans le cadre du processus de médiation. Il est difficile d‟obtenir l‟accès aux séances de médiation en raison du secret professionnel et du privilège relatif au litige, et cette difficulté limite la recherche empirique directe. Au cours d‟une étude ethnographique qui s‟est déroulée sur une année et à laquelle l‟auteure a participé comme observatrice d‟un certain nombre de médiations commerciales, la nature des médiations a été explorée d‟un point de vue observationnel indépendant – distinct du processus bien qu‟au sein du processus. Dans la présente étude, des situations réelles d‟interaction sont examinées au moyen de l‟analyse d‟études de cas. L‟auteure offre une reconceptualisation de la nature des interventions du médiateur, qui va au-delà de ce qui est reconnu comme l‟intervention d‟une tierce partie. Le médiateur aurait une identité fugace dans le processus de médiation, cette identité s‟expliquant par un rôle traditionnel de tiers intervenant neutre, un rôle de partie et un rôle de conseiller.

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Ayele, J., B. Fabre, and M. Mazet. "Influence de l'origine et de la nature des substances humiques sur l'adsorption de l'atrazine sur charbon actif en poudre." Revue des sciences de l'eau 6, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 381–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705181ar.

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Les essais d'adsorption sur charbon actif en poudre, de sept acides humiques (H) ou fulviques (F) et pour trois pH (5,6 ; 7,0 ; 8,8) marquent que ces acides ont un comportement différent suivant leur origine. Lorsque le pH de la suspension de charbon est basique, l'adsorption des différentes fractions humiques diminue, ce qui est en relation avec l'augmentation de leur solubilité. Pour un même pH de la suspension, les acides humiques et fulviques d'origine aqueuse s'adsorbent mieux que ceux d'origine commerciale ou que ceux extraits de sol. La capacité maximale d'adsorption de l'atrazine sur charbon actif en poudre : 260 mg.g-1 (Langmuir), est plus fortement diminuée en présence d'acides fulviques que d'acides humiques d'une part, et plus inhibée (jusqu'à 40 %) par les acides fulviques extraits d'eau (F1, F2) que par ceux extraits de sol (F3) d'autre part. Par contre, les acides humiques provenant de substances commerciales (H4, H5) influencent moins l'adsorption de l'atrazine. L'ensemble des essais montre que l'origine et la nature des substances humiques joue un rôle prépondérant sur l'adsorption de l'atrazine sur charbon actif, le pH ayant une influence limitée. Enfin l'étude de l'influence de l'atrazine sur l'adsorption des substances humiques sur charbon actif en poudre indique également une différence de comportement entre les acides fulviques, pour lesquels on note peu de variation, et les acides humiques, pour lesquels on note à la fois une promotion de l'adsorption et une meilleure affinité d'adsorption sur le charbon actif en poudre en présence d'atrazine. Ce travail met en évidence l'importance du choix des substances humiques pour des essais d'évaluation des interactions substances humiques - pesticides lors de l'adsorption sur charbon actif en poudre.

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Terry, James P. "Erosion pavement formation and slope process interactions in commercial forest plantations, northern Portugal." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 40, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/40/1996/97.

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Johnson, David R. "A Differential Association Theory of Socialization to Commercialist Career Paths in Science." Science, Technology, & Human Values 45, no. 3 (June 3, 2019): 381–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0162243919854514.

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Drawing on sixty-one in-depth interviews conducted with commercial and noncommercial scientists at four universities in the United States, this paper examines why academic scientists embrace commercially oriented career paths in higher education. A central goal of this paper is to expand our descriptive and conceptual understanding of socialization in the academic profession by examining the explanatory power of differential association theory. Differential association theory emphasizes how patterns of behavior are learned through a process of interaction with different types of individuals with varying ideas about the acceptability of a particular course of action. The results demonstrate that socialization to commercialism is an interactive learning process in which scientists learn definitions that are favorable to commercial career trajectories. Such learning is often necessary because prior socialization can either lead to unfavorable views of commercialization or shelter doctoral students from techniques of and rationales for commercialization.

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Stamou, Anastasia G. "Studying the interactional construction of identities in Critical Discourse Studies: A proposed analytical framework." Discourse & Society 29, no. 5 (April 20, 2018): 568–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926518770262.

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The field of Critical Discourse Studies (CDS) needs to extend its analytical scope and cross-fertilize with interactional accounts of identity. One the one hand, there is a constant and reflexive re-crafting of identities in late modernity. On the other hand, interaction is considered to be the major lens through which such identities in flux are studied. To this aim, I propose an analytical framework based on a synthesis of well-established CDS analytical tools with interaction-oriented ones, which results in the formation of ‘discursive strategies of identity construction in interaction’. I put the proposed synthesis under a ‘multiperspectival’ research agenda, which involves the compilation of a ‘package’ based on different approaches, on the condition that the theoretical and epistemological assumptions of each approach are taken into account. By way of illustration, I briefly discuss fictional interactions from two Greek TV commercials for the representation of age identities. It is shown that fictional data, which involve represented identities in talk by institutional agents, could become one possible ‘meeting point’ of CDS with interaction-oriented discourse analytical strands.

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Hortensius, Ruud, Bishakha Chaudhury, Martin Hoffmann, and Emily Cross. "Tracking human interactions with a commercially-available robot over multiple days." Open Research Europe 2 (August 16, 2022): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.14824.1.

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Background: As research examining human-robot interaction moves from the laboratory to the real world, studies seeking to examine how people interact with robots face the question of which robotic platform to employ to collect data in situ. To facilitate the study of a broad range of individuals, from children to clinical populations, across diverse environments, from homes to schools, a robust, reproducible, low-cost and easy-to-use robotic platform is needed. Methods: We describe how a commercially available off-the-shelf robot, Cozmo, can be used to study embodied human-robot interactions in a wide variety of settings, including the user’s home. We describe the steps required to use this affordable and flexible platform for longitudinal human-robot interaction studies. First, we outline the technical specifications and requirements of this platform and accessories. We then show how log files containing detailed data on the human-robot interaction can be collected and extracted. Finally, we detail the types of information that can be retrieved from these data. Results: We present findings from a validation that mapped the behavioural repertoire of the Cozmo robot and introduce an accompanying interactive emotion classification tool to use with this robot. This tool combined with the data extracted from the log files can provide the necessary details to understand the psychological consequences of long-term interactions. Conclusions: This low-cost robotic platform has the potential to provide the field with a variety of valuable new possibilities to study the social cognitive processes underlying human-robot interactions within and beyond the research laboratory, which are user-driven and unconstrained in both time and place.

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Cameron, N. D., and M. K. Curran. "Estimation of sire with feeding regime interaction in pigs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1987 (March 1987): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600034619.

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Genetic improvement in commercially important traits of pigs produced under commercial conditions is generally achieved through selection of parents which are performance tested under special conditions. If pigs are performance tested in one environment and progeny tested in another environment, then the same animals may not be selected on the basis of the two tests, which would result in a genotype-environment interaction. The testing station and commercial unit often have feeding regime (ad-libitum, restricted or both) confounded with environment. This study estimated the genetic correlation between ad-libitum and restricted feeding in one environment for production traits to traits to determine the contribution 6T the genotype-feeding regime interaction to the genotype-environment interaction.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Interactions commerciales"

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Klein, Michel. "Une contribution a la compréhension et a l’explication d’un facteur de réussite commerciale des vendeurs : le travail émotionnel." Thesis, Montpellier, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021MONTD040.

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Wu, Yongqin. "La négociation commerciale : analyse des interactions verbales." Rouen, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ROUEL465.

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Notre recherche est inscrite dans le champ des études sur le fonctionnement langagier des échanges verbaux de commerce. Cette étude permet de voir de près le fonctionnement des interactions verbales dans la négociation commerciale, et notamment au regard de l'exploitation des divers éléments linguistiques et stratégiques mis en œuvre par les participants dans les quatre séances d'un corpus chinois et français. L'analyse interactionnelle du corpus a permis de travailler dans différentes dimensions : linguistique, commerciale et culturelle. Les recherches interculturelles ont permis de mettre en évidence les différentes manières dans la pratique des stratégies de l'argumentation et de la politesse. Basées sur des études croisées de l'interaction verbale et de la négociation commerciale, des propositions didactiques sont ébauchées dans la perspective de l'enseignement du cours de "négociation commerciale" du FLE en Chine
Our research is embedded into the scope of studies on the linguistics of verbal exchanges in business. This research allows us to fully understand the functioning of verbal exchanges in business negotiations and particulary in terms of the use of various linguistic and strategic elements used by the participants in the four sessions of a Chinese and French corpus. The interaction analysis of the corpus allowed us to work in different dimensions : linguistic, business and cultural. The inter-cultural researches permitted us to show the differences in behavior between Chinese and French businessmen : the different ways of using strategic argumentation as well as the politeness. Bases on crossed studies of the verbal interactions and the business negotiation, some didactic conclusions are raised. These are incorporated into the course of the FLE in China, entitled : "business negotiations"

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Myrick, Kimberly A. "Inside commercial interaction, audience research in interactive media." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0028/MQ30978.pdf.

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Zitouna, Mohamed Habib. "Libéralisation commerciale et interactions stratégiques des firmes multinationales : analyses théoriques et empiriques." Paris 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA010001.

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Les deux dernières décennies ont été marquées par un accroissement significatif de l'activité des firmes multinationales. Cet accroissement a coi͏̈ncidé avec un approfondissement, multilatéral et bilatéral de la libéralisation des échanges. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse vise à analyser, en termes théoriques et empiriques, les stratégies des firmes multinationales dans un environnement caractérisé par une libéralisation des échanges internationaux de biens. La première partie s'attache à étudier les choix des investisseurs : celui d'une organisation interne et d'une localisation adaptées à leurs objectifs. Le premier chapitre discrimine entre les différentes formes de multinationalisation des entreprises. Partant du constat qu'il existe une diversité des stratégies des firmes, nous proposons une typologie de ces stratégies que nous appliquons aux filiales étrangères en France. Le deuxième chapitre analyse, au moyen d'un modèle théorique, les déterminants du commerce intra-firme de biens intermédiaires. Le chapitre 3 aborde le choix de localisation des firmes multinationales, pour un mode d'entrée particulier : les fusions et acquisitions transfrontalières. La deuxième partie de la thèse examine le lien entre libéralisation des échanges et stratégies des firmes. Le modèle théorique développé dans le chapitre 4 met en exergue le rôle des ces entreprises dans les restructurations industrielles induites par l'ouverture commerciale. En effet, les fusions et acquisitions peuvent constituer une alternative à la sortie des entreprises. Ensuite, le chapitre 5 analyse le caractère discriminatoire que peuvent avoir les accords régionaux nord-sud. Les entreprises internes et externes à la zone peuvent interagir afin de s'évincer du marché constitué. Les intuitions issues de ce chapitre théorique sont par la suite appliquées aux conséquences de la formation de l'accord de Libre Échange Nord- Américain sur l'industrie automobile au Mexique (chapitre 6).

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Keil, Kerstin Sabine. "Psychological factors in the commercial use of computerised information systems." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328472.

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Jain, Rakhi. "Biological interactions of fibroblasts with smooth microtextured commercially-pure titanium thin films /." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486457871784368.

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Taghi, Nazari Alireza. "Interaction between thermal comfort and HVAC energy consumption in commercial buildings." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/597.

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The primary purpose of the current research was to implement a numerical model to investigate the interactions between the energy consumption in Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems and occupants’ thermal comfort in commercial buildings. A numerical model was developed to perform a thermal analysis of a single zone and simultaneously investigate its occupants’ thermal sensations as a non-linear function of the thermal environmental (i.e. temperature, thermal radiation, humidity, and air speed) and personal factors (i.e. activity and clothing). The zone thermal analyses and thermal comfort calculations were carried out by applying the heat balance method and current thermal comfort standard (ASHRAE STANDARD 55-2004) respectively. The model was then validated and applied on a single generic zone, representing the perimeter office spaces of the Centre for Interactive Research on Sustainability (CIRS), to investigate the impacts of variation in occupants’ behaviors, building’s envelope, HVAC system, and climate on both energy consumption and thermal comfort. Regarding the large number of parameters involved, the initial summer and winter screening analyses were carried out to determine the measures that their impacts on the energy and/or thermal comfort were most significant. These analyses showed that, without any incremental cost, the energy consumption in both new and existing buildings may significantly be reduced with a broader range of setpoints, adaptive clothing for the occupants, and higher air exchange rate over the cooling season. The effects of these measures as well as their combination on the zone thermal performance were then studied in more detail with the whole year analyses. These analyses suggest that with the modest increase in the averaged occupants’ thermal dissatisfaction, the combination scenario can notably reduce the total annual energy consumption of the baseline zone. Considering the global warming and the life of a building, the impacts of climate change on the whole year modeling results were also investigated for the year 2050. According to these analyses, global warming reduced the energy consumption for both the baseline and combination scenario, thanks to the moderate and cold climate of Vancouver.

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Cledy, Jean-Luc. "L'impact de l'utilisation des applicatifs informatiques sur le travail et les performances commerciales du conseiller clientèle." Nantes, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NANT4009.

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L'objet de la thèse est l'étude des incidences de l'utilisation des applicatifs informatiques sur le travail et les performances commerciales du conseiller clientèle. Alors que la pérennité et la performance des banques reposent largement sur le personnel en contact avec la clientèle, de nombreux témoignages de praticiens suggèrent que les logiciels ou progiciels mis a leur disposition améliorent le travail effectue et en corollaire leurs performances commerciales. Au-delà de ces effets, il convient de s'interroger sur les incidences du contexte de travail et des conditions de l'utilisation des applicatifs. La recherche soulève la question des effets de l'utilisation des applicatifs informatiques d'une part sur la manière de travailler du conseiller et sa qualité de vie au travail, et d'autre part, sur l'efficacité et l'efficience. L'impact de quatre variables modératrices est étudie : l'expérience du conseiller clientèle, la difficulté du contexte de travail, la satisfaction vis a vis des applicatifs, et la satisfaction vis a vis du management. Les résultats d'une étude portant sur les perceptions de 145 conseillers clientèles sont présentés. Ils permettent de conclure à un effet favorable de l'utilisation des applicatifs informatiques d'abord sur la préparation et le suivi du client, et en troisième lieu lors de l'entretien. Les seules relations significatives entre l'utilisation des applicatifs et les effets sur l'activité concernent la phase d'entretien proprement dite. Même si plusieurs des hypothèses de recherche ont pu être validées, les résultats doivent être nuances selon l'expérience du conseiller et sa satisfaction vis a vis de l'information et de la formation initiée en interne.

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Guo, Yi. "The interactions between slip band, deformation twins and grain boundaries in commercial purity titanium." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4547bd7f-5af3-430b-a1a8-8618d8e372e6.

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This thesis apply High Resolution Electron Back Scatter Diffraction (HR-EBSD) technique to a variety of microstructure features and their interactions in pure h.c.p polycrystals. By correlating high quality Kikuchi patterns with a reference pattern, the relative state and distribution of strain, stress, and geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density can be obtained with high strain sensitivity (10^-4) and angular resolution (10 radian). This technique is companied by a further investigation of subsurface features using Differential Aperture X-ray Micro-diffraction (DAXM) technique. The two technique have shown excellent agreement in capturing the magnitude and distribution of stress and GND. Stress field and GND distribution induced by slip band and grain boundary interactions, including blocked slip band with no observable slip transfer in SEM and slip transfer, were characterised. It was found that some blocked slip bands lead to high and localised stress concentration in the neighbouring grain while others did not, and no stress concentration were correlated with transferred slip bands. These three categories of interactions were rationalised using a slip transfer criteria (called LRB criteria) by investigating the geometric alignments between the impinging slip system and all possible slip systems in the neighbouring grain. The level of stress concentration were quantified into a stress intensity factor K, following the Frank, Eshelby, and Nabarro (FEN) model. It was found that the level of stress intensity correlates well with the number of dislocations within the pile up plane. The slip band and grain boundary interaction case that led to the highest magnitude of stress intensity factor was further investigated using DAXM experiments. The 3D data set informed us additional information hidden below the sample surface. The distribution of stress concentration in 3D is a ribbon conforming to the line of intersection between slip plane and grain boundary. Stress intensity factor calculation along this ribbon have shown large variations which led to a concern that sometimes 2D results might not be conclusive. For example, if damage is observed in sample surface, there is a possibility that large populations of damage already exist below sample surface as a result of the stress fluctuations. The level of stress concentration and distribution measured by both HR-EBSD and DAXM agree with each other and 3D lattice rotation gradient used in DAXM GND calculation was found to affect the range of GND distribution and how fast it decays away from grain boundary. Twinning is a deformation mechanism in HCP metal that is equally important as dislocation slip. The stress concentrations associated with twin propagation, approaching grain boundary, and thickening were characterised using HR-EBSD, from which the calculated stress tensor were used to generate a local Schmid factor (LSF) map. It was found that during twin propagation, local positive shear provides a favourable LSF condition that promote twin tip extension while supress it from thicken. When twin tip is approaching the grain boundary, the positive shear stress field no longer favour twin propagation, a narrow positive LSF field still exist at the tip of twin, promoting it to grow thick. During propagation and thickening process, the LSF seem to only affect the tip of twins and therefore these processes are possibly tip controlled.

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au, A. Wegner@murdoch edu, and Agathe Wegner. "Relationships with many facets: unpacking the interactions between protected area managers and commercial tour operators." Murdoch University, 2007. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20080131.140448.

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For protected areas worldwide, commercial tour operators are increasingly providing the services and products desired and needed by visitors to these areas. Given the engagement of both protected area managers and tour operators in protected areas, and inevitably with each other, it is critical that their relationship and its complexities are clearly understood. As such, the interests of managers and operators overlap insofar as that they work in the same locales, share some of the burden of service provision, and aim to offer a quality product. However, this study shows that they diverge in other ways, particularly given the commercial imperative that necessarily strongly influences the activities of their business, irrespective of its location. This thesis seeks to unpack the complexities of a relationship that is critically important both in terms of the quality of the tourism experiences offered by protected areas, and the conservation of such areas in the longer term. In order to obtain an understanding of the complexity of the interactions between protected area managers and tour operators, qualitative research methods were used, in which in-depth interviews provided a rich picture of the important diverse aspects and facets impacting on their relationships. This study found that both managers and operators considered the purpose of protected areas to be the conservation of biodiversity and their recreational use and enjoyment. Surprisingly, their similar values were unknown to them. A major influence on their relationships was their perceptions of power, with dominant power largely based on legislative and regulatory mandates, perceived to rest with the protected area managers. In contrast, this study also found evidence of resistant power. This form of Foucauldian power was held particularly by operators in one geographic locale, and was associated with the concepts of cultural groupings and groupthink. The underlying public policy context influenced the effectiveness of the collaborative efforts of managers and operators. Interwoven with these differences were variable expectations regarding the nature and purpose of communication and what collaboration might mean. These findings importantly suggest several future directions for both practice and research. First, managers and operators share values and hold both similar and different expectations and perceptions, similarities and differences which are significant. Secondly, understanding the importance of power and how it is exercised is critical if successful relationships between managers and operators are to be fostered. Finally, further unpackaging of the meaning of communication and collaboration for managers and operators, a process initiated in this study, is essential if relationships between these groups involved in conservation and recreation in protected areas are to be improved. Therefore, this study suggests that their collaboration can be enhanced at individual, organisational/locale and policy levels, by adopting and implementing an action research framework.

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Books on the topic "Interactions commerciales"

1

Mercelot, Gérard. Negociations commerciales et objectifs specifiques: De la description à l'enseignement des interactions orales professionnelles. Bern: Peter Lang, 2006.

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Monat, Liette. Ne vous arrêtez plus au rouge!: Démarquez-vous pour exceller dans vos interactions d'affaires. Cowansville, Québec: Éditions Y. Blais, 2010.

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3

Les interactions en site commercial: Invariants et variations. Lyon: ENS éditions, 2008.

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Hanotiau, Bernard, and Alexis Mourre. Players' interaction in international arbitration. Paris, France: ICC Institute of World Business Law, 2012.

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Rycroft, M. Satellite Navigation Systems: Policy, Commercial and Technical Interaction. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003.

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Engineers, Society of Automotive, ed. Interaction between heavy vehicles and roads. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1993.

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Unification and harmonization of international commercial law: Interaction or deharmonization? Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands: Wolters Kluwer Law and Business, 2012.

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Suendermann, David. Advances in commercial deployment of spoken dialog systems. New York: Springer, 2011.

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Trade and the environment: Analysis of reciprocal interactions. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.

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Ghouri, Ahmad Ali. Interaction and conflict of treaties in investment arbitration. Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2015.

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Book chapters on the topic "Interactions commerciales"

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Govorushko, Sergey. "Commercial Use of Insects." In Human–Insect Interactions, 63–89. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2017. | “A science publishers book.”: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315119915-6.

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Chityala, Sushma, Vidhyadhar Nandana, Dharanidaran Jayachandran, Ashish A. Prabhu, and Veeranki Venkata Dasu. "Biotechnology of Commercial Microbial Products." In Plant-Microbe Interactions in Agro-Ecological Perspectives, 521–42. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6593-4_21.

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Misztal, Ignacy, and Peter Lovendahl. "Genotype by Environment Interactions in Commercial Populations." In Environmental Physiology of Livestock, 289–307. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119949091.ch16.

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Lim, Youngjae, Sungjoon Park, Eui S. Jung, and Taeil Kim. "Driver’s Experience and Behavioral Patterns through the Observation of Commercial Vehicle Driving." In Human-Computer Interaction. Towards Mobile and Intelligent Interaction Environments, 426–34. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21616-9_48.

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Pallavi, Dinesh Chandra, and A. K. Sharma. "Commercial Microbial Products: Exploiting Beneficial Plant-Microbe Interaction." In Plant-Microbe Interactions in Agro-Ecological Perspectives, 607–26. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6593-4_25.

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De Stefani, Elwys. "Establishing joint orientation towards commercial objects in a self-service store." In Interacting with Objects, 271–94. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/z.186.12ste.

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Schneider, Petra, and Tino Fauk. "The Role of Allotment Gardens for Connecting Nature and People." In Human-Nature Interactions, 261–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01980-7_21.

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Significance StatementAllotment gardens (AG) are valuable elements of communities that provide substantial ecosystem services. An AG as a type of community garden is a plot of land made available for individual, non-commercial gardening or growing food plants. Beside the provision of urban ecosystem services, AG’s deliver an ecological potential to habitat connectivity in the urban realm as well a substantial contribution to human health. The role of AG’s in the frame of urban ecosystems is manifold and multifunctional. Beside their purpose for food production and recreation, AG’s offer crucial benefits for public health and wellbeing, social inclusion, environment, and as cultural archive. Their intrinsic purpose is connectivity, for habitats, people, ecosystem services and circular flux management. The contribution is based on a literature review supported by a field survey that was performed in the period 2017–2020 in Ecuador, Germany, Sweden, Uganda, and Vietnam.

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Borriss, Rainer. "Towards a New Generation of Commercial Microbial Disease Control and Plant Growth Promotion Products." In Principles of Plant-Microbe Interactions, 329–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08575-3_34.

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Bou-Franch, Patricia. "Chapter 9. Relational practices on commercial Facebook wall interactions." In Technology Mediated Service Encounters, 223–44. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pbns.300.09bou.

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Kongot, Aparna, and Monisha Pattanaik. "Empowering Project Managers in Enterprises - A Design Thinking Approach to Manage Commercial Projects." In Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2017, 189–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68059-0_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Interactions commerciales"

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Girolami, Michele, Fabio Mavilia, Franca Delmastro, and Emanuele Distefano. "Detecting Social Interactions through Commercial Mobile Devices." In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/percomw.2018.8480397.

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Richmond, Paul W., Burhman Q. Gates, and Erwin A. Baylot. "Modeling Vehicle - Terrain Interaction in Army Simulations." In 2005 SAE Commercial Vehicle Engineering Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-3556.

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"User Profiles in Commercial Interaction Web Portals." In 9th International Conference on Web Information Systems and Technologies. SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0004352504410446.

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Nomura, Tomomi, and Yasue Mitsukura. "Detection of latent emotion using TV commercial evaluation." In 2015 8th International Conference on Human System Interactions (HSI). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hsi.2015.7170685.

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Das, Sumit Kumar, Ankita Sahu, and Dan O. Popa. "Mobile app for human-interaction with sitter robots." In SPIE Commercial + Scientific Sensing and Imaging, edited by Brian M. Cullum, Douglas Kiehl, and Eric S. McLamore. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2262792.

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Morrison, Michael M., Richard A. Romano, Alexander A. Reid, and David J. Gorsich. "High-Frequency Terrain Content and Surface Interactions for Off-Road Simulations." In SAE Commercial Vehicle Engineering Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-2641.

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Guo, Qi, and Eugene Agichtein. "Exploring searcher interactions for distinguishing types of commercial intent." In the 19th international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1772690.1772827.

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"Interactions between Commercial Real Estate Space and Asset Markets:." In 6th European Real Estate Society Conference: ERES Conference 1999. ERES, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres1999_163.

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Ratzel, Marc, and Warren Dias. "Fluid - Structure Interaction Analysis and Optimization of an Automotive Component." In SAE 2014 Commercial Vehicle Engineering Congress. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-2446.

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Panickar, Praveen, and Ganesh Raman. "Coupling of Multiple High Speed Jets and Cavities." In ASME/JSME 2007 5th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2007-37579.

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Configurations that exhibit fluid flow over twin open cavities occur fairly commonly in practical applications in the aircraft industry such as in weapons bays of modern aircraft and in landing gear wells of both commercial and military aircraft. This paper presents the results of ongoing research in the area of twin-cavity interaction using metrics from linear and nonlinear spectral analysis techniques and linear stability analysis. The primary goal of this paper is to document the similarities between interactions occurring in twin-cavities and twin-jets. Although the phenomenon of twin-jet interaction has been researched with a fair amount of thoroughness in the past, a study of twin-cavity interaction studies have not, thus far, been undertaken, to the best of the authors’ knowledge. During the course of this study, it was found that there were marked similarities between the phenomena observed in twin-jets and twin-cavities. In particular it was found that characteristics of twin-cavity interactions such as (i), unpredictable mode switching, (ii). nonlinear interactions acting as precursors to mode switching, (iii). Difference interactions in the cross-bicoherence spectra outnumbering the sum interactions, and (iv). nonlinear metrics showing an increase in the interactions between twin-cavities when linear metrics show a decay in the interactions, were common to both twin-jets and twin-cavities.

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Reports on the topic "Interactions commerciales"

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Sezgen, O., and J. G. Koomey. Interactions between lighting and space conditioning energy use in U.S. commercial buildings. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/674931.

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Wilson, Charles, and Edo Chalutz. Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases of Citrus and Deciduous Fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1991.7603518.bard.

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The objectives of this research were to develop control measures of postharvest diseases of citrus and deciduous fruits by using naturally-occurring, non-antibiotic-producing antagonists; study the mode of action of effective antagonists and optimize their application methods. Several antagonists were found against a variety of diseases of fruits and vegetables. One particularly effective yeast antagonist (US-7) was chosen for more in-depth studies. This antagonist outcompetes rot pathogens at the wound site for nutrients and space; it is better adapted than the pathogen to extreme environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity and osmotic changes, and is relatively resistant to common postharvest fungicides. Our data suggests that other modes of action may also be involved. These are induction of host resistance by the antagonists or its products, and direct interaction between the antagonists and the pathogen with the possible involvement of an extracellular material and/or cell wall degrading enzymes produced by the antagonist. However, these interactions were not fully elucidated. The antagonistic activity of US-7 and other biocontrol agents isolated, was enhanced by calcium salts. While the mode of action is not known, the addition of these salts had a significant effect both in laboratory experiments and in large-scale tests. Compatibility of the yeast antagonist with present packinghouse treatments and procedures was determined. An integrated control procedure was developed, utilizing the antagonists together with ultra-low dosages of fungicides and activity-enhancing additives. This cooperative research resulted in numerous publications describing the antagonistic agents. their mode of action and possible commercial application. Patents were developed from this research and a commercial company is pursuing the licensing of these patents and the testing of the procedure on a commercial scale. Our research findings have expanded the potential for using non-antibiotic-producing antagonistic microorganisms in the control of postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables; thus meeting a critical need to find alternatives to the use of synthetic fungicides on food products.

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Davidson, Irit, Hsing-Jien Kung, and Richard L. Witter. Molecular Interactions between Herpes and Retroviruses in Dually Infected Chickens and Turkeys. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7575275.bard.

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Tumors in commercial poultry are caused mainly by infection with avian herpes and retroviruses, the herpesvirus Marek's disease virus (MDV) and the retroviruses, reticuloendotheliosis (REV), lymphoid leukosis, subgroups A-I and J (ALV and ALV-J) in chickens, or Iymphoprolipherative disease (LPDV) in turkeys. Infection with one virus aggravates the clinical outcome of birds that are already infected by another oncogenic virus. As these viruses do not interfere for infection, MDV and one or more retroviruses can infect the same flock, the same bird and the same cell. While infecting the same cell, herpes and retroviruses might interact in at least three ways: a) Integration of retrovirus genomes, or genomic fragments (mainly the LTR) into MDV;b) alteration of LTR-driven expression of retroviral genes by MDV immediate- early genes, and c) by herpesvirus induced cellular transcriptional factors. The first type of molecular interaction have been demonstrated to happen efficiently in vitro by Dr. Kung, in cases multiple infection of cell cultures with MDV and REV or MDV and ALV. Moreover, Dr. Witter showed that an in vitro-created recombinant, RM1, had altered in vitro replication and in vivo biological properties. A more comprehensive characterization of RM1 was carried out in the present project. We sought to highlight whether events of such integrations occur also in the bird, in vivo. For that, we had first to determine the prevalence of dually-infected individual birds in commercial flocks, as no systematic survey has been yet reported. Surprisingly, about 25% of the commercial flocks infected with avian oncogenic viruses had a multiple virus infection and 5% of the total samples ana lysed had multiple virus sequences. Then, we aimed to evaluate and characterize biologically and molecularly the resulting recombinants, if formed, and to analyse the factors that affect these events (virus strains, type and age of birds and time interval between the infection with both viruses). The perception of retrovirus insertions into herpesviruses in vivo is not banal, as the in vivo and in vitro systems differ in the viral-target cells, lymphocytes or fibroblasts, in the MDV-replicative type, transforming or productive, and the immune system presence. We realized that previous methods employed to study in vitro created recombinant viruses were not adequate for the study of samples taken directly from the bird. Therefore, the Hot Spot-combined PCR was developed based on the molecularly known RM1 virus. Also, the PFGE that was used for tissue cultured-MDV separation was inefficient for separating MDV from organs, but useful with feather tips as a source of bird original MDV. Much attention was dedicated now to feathers, because if a recombinant virus would be formed in vivo, its biological significance would be evident by horizontal dissemination through the feathers. Major findings were: a) not only in vitro, but also in vivo MDV and retrovirus co-infections lead to LTR integrations into MDV. That was shown by the detection of chimeric molecules. These appeared in low quantities and as quasispecies, thus interfering with sequence analysis of cloned gel-purified chimeric molecules. Mainly inserts were located in the repeat long MDV fragments. In field birds chimeric molecules were detected at a lower frequency (2.5%) than in experimentally infected birds (30-50%). These could be transmitted experimentally to another birds by inoculation with chimeric molecules containing blood. Several types of chimeric molecules were formed, and same types were detected in birds infected by a second round. To reproduce viral integrations, in vivo infection trials were done with field inoculate that contained both viruses, but the chimeric molecule yield was undetectable.

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Amanor, Kojo, Joseph Yaro, and Joseph Teye. Long-Term Patterns of Change in the Commercialisation of Cocoa in Ghana: Forest Frontiers and Technological Transformation. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.045.

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The commercialisation of cocoa production in Ghana has a long history dating back to the nineteenth century. The process of commercial development in cocoa is well documented and provides an alternative mode to contemporary models of commercialisation rooted in the adoption of modern technology and integration of farmers into markets. This working paper critically analyses frameworks for agricultural commercialisation in cocoa through intensification based on the uptake of synthetic inputs and hybrid seeds, by placing agricultural development within a broader framework of the historical development of the frontier in Ghana, and the related problems of ecological and economic crises. The study examines access to land, labour and technology, and how the complex interactions of scarcity of access to physical resources and labour influence farmers’ farming strategies and adoption of technology.

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Ullman, Diane E., Benjamin Raccah, John Sherwood, Meir Klein, Yehezkiel Antignus, and Abed Gera. Tomato Spotted Wilt Tosporvirus and its Thrips Vectors: Epidemiology, Insect/Virus Interactions and Control. United States Department of Agriculture, November 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7573062.bard.

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Objectives. The major aim of the proposed research was to study thrips-TSWV relationships and their role in the epidemiology of the virus with the aim of using this knowledge to reduce crop losses occurring due to epidemics. Our specific objectives were: To determine the major factors involved in virus outbreaks, including: a) identifying the thrips species involved in virus dissemination and their relative role in virus spread; b) determining the virus sources among wild and cultivated plants throughout the season and their role in virus spread, and, c) determining how temperature and molecular variations in isolates impact virus replication in plants and insects and impact the transmission cycle. Background to the topic. Tospoviruses are among the most important emerging plant viruses that impact production of agricultural and ornamental crops. Evolution of tospoviruses and their relationships with thrips vector species have been of great interest because of crop damage caused world wide and the complete absence of suitable methods of control. Tospoviruses threaten crops in Israel and the United States. By understanding the factors contributing to epidemics and the specific relationships between thrips species and particular tospoviruses we hope that new strategies for control can be developed that will benefit agriculture in both Israel and the United States. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements. We determined that at least three tospoviruses were involved in epidemics in Israel and the United States, tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) and iris yellow spot virus (IYSV). We detected and characterized INSV for the first time in Israel and, through our efforts, IYSV was detected and characterized for the first time in both countries. We demonstrated that many thrips species were present in commercial production areas and trap color influenced thrips catch. Frankliniella occidentalis was the major vector species of INSV and TSWV and populations varied in transmission efficiency. Thrips tabaci is the sole known vector of IYSV and experiments in both countries indicated that F. occidentalis is not a vector of this new tospovirus. Alternate plant hosts were identified for each virus. A new monitoring system combining sticky cards and petunia indicator plants was developed to identify sources of infective thrips. This system has been highly successful in the U.S. and was used to demonstrate to growers that removal of plant sources of infective thrips has a dramatic impact on virus incidence. Finally, a putative thrips receptor mediating acquisition of TSWV was discovered. Implications, scientific and agricultural. Our findings have contributed to new control measures that will benefit agriculture. Identification of a putative thrips receptor for TSWV and our findings relative to thrips/tospovirus specificity have implications for development of innovative new control strategies.

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Or, Etti, Tai-Ping Sun, Amnon Lichter, and Avichai Perl. Characterization and Manipulation of the Primary Components in Gibberellin Signaling in the Grape Berry. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592649.bard.

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Seedless cultivars dominate the table grape industry. In these cultivars it is mandatory to apply gibberellin (GA) to stimulate berry development to a commercially acceptable size. These cultivars differ in their sensitivity to GA application, and it frequently results in adverse effects such as decreased bud fertility and increased fruit drop. Our long term goals are to (1) understand the molecular basis for the differential sensitivity and identify markers for selection of sensitive cultivars (2) to develop new strategies for targeted manipulation of the grape berry response to GA that will eliminate the need in GA application and the undesirable effects of GA on the vine, while maintaining its desirable effects on the berry. Both strategies are expected to reduce production cost and meet growing consumer demand for reduced use of chemicals. This approach relies on a comprehensive characterization of the central components in the GA signaling cascade in the berry. Several key components in the GA signaling pathway were identified in Arabidopsis and rice, including the GA receptors, GID1s, and a family of DELLA proteins that are the major negative regulators of the GA response. GA activates its response pathway by binding to GID1s, which then target DELLAs for degradation via interaction with SLY, a DELLA specific F-box protein. In grape, only one DELLA gene was characterized prior to this study, which plays a major role in inhibiting GA-promoted stem growth and GA-repressed floral induction but it does not regulate fruit growth. Therefore, we speculated that other DELLA family member(s) may control GA responses in berry, and their identification and manipulation may result in GA-independent berry growth. In the current study we isolated two additional VvDELLA family members, two VvGID1 genes and two VvSLY genes. Arabidopsis anti-AtRGA polyclonal antibodies recognized all three purified VvDELLA proteins, but its interaction with VvDELLA3 was weaker. Overexpression of the VvDELLAs, the VvGID1s, and the VvSLYs in the Arabidopsis mutants ga1-3/rga-24, gid1a-2/1c-2 and sly1-10, respectively, rescued the various mutant phenotypes. In vitro GAdependent physical interaction was shown between the VvDELLAs and the VvGID1s, and GAindependent interaction was shown between the VvDELLAs and VvSLYs. Interestingly, VvDELLA3 did not interact with VvGID1b. Together, the results indicate that the identified grape homologs serve as functional DELLA repressors, receptors and DELLA-interacting F-box proteins. Expression analyses revealed that (1) VvDELLA2 was expressed in all the analyzed tissues and was the most abundant (2) VvDELLA1 was low expressed in berries, confirming former study (3) Except in carpels and very young berries, VvDELLA3 levels were the lowest in most tissues. (4) Expression of both VvGID1s was detected in all the grape tissues, but VvGID1b transcript levels were significantly higher than VvGID1a. (5) In general, both VvDELLAs and VvGID1s transcripts levels increased as tissues aged. Unfertilized and recently fertilized carpels did not follow this trend, suggesting different regulatory mechanism of GA signaling in these stages. Characterization of the response to GA of various organs in three seedless cultivars revealed differential response of the berries and rachis. Interestingly, VvDELLA3 transcript levels in the GA-unresponsive berries of cv. Spring blush were significantly higher compared to their levels in the highly responsive berries of cv. Black finger. Assuming that VvDELLA2 and VvDELLA3 are regulating berry size, constructs carrying potential dominant mutations in each gene were created. Furthermore, constitutive silencing of these genes by mIR is underway, to reveal the effect of each gene on the berry phenotype.

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Weber, Emily, John F. Patience, and Kenneth J. Stalder. Feeder Space Availability and Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles Inclusion Level Interaction on Grow-finish Pig Performance and Total Tract Digestibility in a Commercial Setting. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-713.

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Horwitz, Benjamin A., and Barbara Gillian Turgeon. Fungal Iron Acquisition, Oxidative Stress and Virulence in the Cochliobolus-maize Interaction. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7709885.bard.

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Our project focused on genes for high affinity iron acquisition in Cochliobolus heterostrophus, a necrotrophic pathogen of maize, and their intertwined relationship to oxidative stress status and virulence of the fungus on the host. An intriguing question was why mutants lacking the nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene (NPS6) responsible for synthesis of the extracellular siderophore, coprogen, are sensitive to oxidative stress. Our overall objective was to understand the mechanistic connection between iron stress and oxidative stress as related to virulence of a plant pathogen to its host. The first objective was to examine the interface where small molecule peptide and reactive oxygen species (ROS) mechanisms overlap. The second objective was to determine if the molecular explanation for common function is common signal transduction pathways. These pathways, built around sensor kinases, response regulators, and transcription factors may link sequestering of iron, production of antioxidants, resistance to oxidative stress, and virulence. We tested these hypotheses by genetic manipulation of the pathogen, virulence assays on the host plant, and by following the expression of key fungal genes. An addition to the original program, made in the first year, was to develop, for fungi, a genetically encoded indicator of redox state based on the commercially available Gfp-based probe pHyper, designed for animal cell biology. We implemented several tools including a genetically encoded indicator of redox state, a procedure to grow iron-depleted plants, and constructed a number of new mutants in regulatory genes. Lack of the major Fe acquisition pathways results in an almost completely avirulent phenotype, showing how critical Fe acquisition is for the pathogen to cause disease. Mutants in conserved signaling pathways have normal ability to regulate NPS6 in response to Fe levels, as do mutants in Lae1 and Vel1, two master regulators of gene expression. Vel1 mutants are sensitive to oxidative stress, and the reason may be underexpression of a catalase gene. In nps6 mutants, CAT3 is also underexpressed, perhaps explaining the sensitivity to oxidative stress. We constructed a deletion mutant for the Fe sensor-regulator SreA and found that it is required for down regulation of NPS6 under Fe-replete conditions. Lack of SreA, though, did not make the fungus over-sensitive to ROS, though the mutant had a slow growth rate. This suggests that overproduction of siderophore under Fe-replete conditions is not very damaging. On the other hand, increasing Fe levels protected nps6 mutants from inhibition by ROS, implying that Fe-catalyzed Fenton reactions are not the main factor in its sensitivity to ROS. We have made some progress in understanding why siderophore mutants are sensitive to oxidative stress, and in doing so, defined some novel regulatory relationships. Catalase genes, which are not directly related to siderophore biosynthesis, are underexpressed in nps6 mutants, suggesting that the siderophore product (with or without bound Fe) may act as a signal. Siderophores, therefore, could be a target for intervention in the field, either by supplying an incorrect signal or blocking a signal normally provided during infection. We already know that nps6 mutants cause smaller lesions and have difficulty establishing invasive growth in the host. Lae1 and Vel1 are the first factors shown to regulate both super virulence conferred by T-toxin, and basic pathogenicity, due to unknown factors. The mutants are also altered in oxidative stress responses, key to success in the infection court, asexual and sexual development, essential for fungal dissemination in the field, aerial hyphal growth, and pigment biosynthesis, essential for survival in the field. Mutants in genes encoding NADPH oxidase (Nox) are compromised in development and virulence. Indeed the triple mutant, which should lack all Nox activity, was nearly avirulent. Again, gene expression experiments provided us with initial evidence that superoxide produced by the fungus may be most important as a signal. Blocking oxidant production by the pathogen may be a way to protect the plant host, in interactions with necrotrophs such as C. heterostrophus which seem to thrive in an oxidant environment.

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Funkenstein, Bruria, and Shaojun (Jim) Du. Interactions Between the GH-IGF axis and Myostatin in Regulating Muscle Growth in Sparus aurata. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7696530.bard.

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Growth rate of cultured fish from hatching to commercial size is a major factor in the success of aquaculture. The normal stimulus for muscle growth in growing fish is not well understood and understanding the regulation of muscle growth in fish is of particular importance for aquaculture. Fish meat constitutes mostly of skeletal muscles and provides high value proteins in most people's diet. Unlike mammals, fish continue to grow throughout their lives, although the size fish attain, as adults, is species specific. Evidence indicates that muscle growth is regulated positively and negatively by a variety of growth and transcription factors that control both muscle cell proliferation and differentiation. In particular, growth hormone (GH), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and transforming growth factor-13 (TGF-13) play critical roles in myogenesis during animal growth. An important advance in our understanding of muscle growth was provided by the recent discovery of the crucial functions of myostatin (MSTN) in controlling muscle growth. MSTN is a member of the TGF-13 superfamily and functions as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth in mammals. Studies in mammals also provided evidence for possible interactions between GH, IGFs, MSTN and the musclespecific transcription factor My oD with regards to muscle development and growth. The goal of our project was to try to clarify the role of MSTNs in Sparus aurata muscle growth and in particular determine the possible interaction between the GH-IGFaxis and MSTN in regulating muscle growth in fish. The steps to achieve this goal included: i) Determining possible relationship between changes in the expression of growth-related genes, MSTN and MyoD in muscle from slow and fast growing sea bream progeny of full-sib families and that of growth rate; ii) Testing the possible effect of over-expressing GH, IGF-I and IGF-Il on the expression of MSTN and MyoD in skeletal muscle both in vivo and in vitro; iii) Studying the regulation of the two S. aurata MSTN promoters and investigating the possible role of MyoD in this regulation. The major findings of our research can be summarized as follows: 1) Two MSTN promoters (saMSTN-1 and saMSTN-2) were isolated and characterized from S. aurata and were found to direct reporter gene activity in A204 cells. Studies were initiated to decipher the regulation of fish MSTN expression in vitro using the cloned promoters; 2) The gene coding for saMSTN-2 was cloned. Both the promoter and the first intron were found to be polymorphic. The first intron zygosity appears to be associated with growth rate; 3) Full length cDNA coding for S. aurata growth differentiation factor-l I (GDF-II), a closely related growth factor to MSTN, was cloned from S. aurata brain, and the mature peptide (C-terminal) was found to be highly conserved throughout evolution. GDF-II transcript was detected by RT -PCR analysis throughout development in S. aurata embryos and larvae, suggesting that this mRNA is the product of the embryonic genome. Transcripts for GDF-Il were detected by RT-PCR in brain, eye and spleen with highest level found in brain; 4) A novel member of the TGF-Bsuperfamily was partially cloned from S. aurata. It is highly homologous to an unidentified protein (TGF-B-like) from Tetraodon nigroviridisand is expressed in various tissues, including muscle; 5) Recombinant S. aurata GH was produced in bacteria, refolded and purified and was used in in vitro and in vivo experiments. Generally, the results of gene expression in response to GH administration in vivo depended on the nutritional state (starvation or feeding) and the time at which the fish were sacrificed after GH administration. In vitro, recombinantsaGH activated signal transduction in two fish cell lines: RTHI49 and SAFI; 6) A fibroblastic-like cell line from S. aurata (SAF-I) was characterized for its gene expression and was found to be a suitable experimental system for studies on GH-IGF and MSTN interactions; 7) The gene of the muscle-specific transcription factor Myogenin was cloned from S. aurata, its expression and promoter activity were characterized; 8) Three genes important to myofibrillogenesis were cloned from zebrafish: SmyDl, Hsp90al and skNAC. Our data suggests the existence of an interaction between the GH-IGFaxis and MSTN. This project yielded a great number of experimental tools, both DNA constructs and in vitro systems that will enable further studies on the regulation of MSTN expression and on the interactions between members of the GHIGFaxis and MSTN in regulating muscle growth in S. aurata.

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Duvvuri, Sarvani, and Srinivas S. Pulugurtha. Researching Relationships between Truck Travel Time Performance Measures and On-Network and Off-Network Characteristics. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1946.

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Abstract:

Trucks serve significant amount of freight tonnage and are more susceptible to complex interactions with other vehicles in a traffic stream. While traffic congestion continues to be a significant ‘highway’ problem, delays in truck travel result in loss of revenue to the trucking companies. There is a significant research on the traffic congestion mitigation, but a very few studies focused on data exclusive to trucks. This research is aimed at a regional-level analysis of truck travel time data to identify roads for improving mobility and reducing congestion for truck traffic. The objectives of the research are to compute and evaluate the truck travel time performance measures (by time of the day and day of the week) and use selected truck travel time performance measures to examine their correlation with on-network and off-network characteristics. Truck travel time data for the year 2019 were obtained and processed at the link level for Mecklenburg County, Wake County, and Buncombe County, NC. Various truck travel time performance measures were computed by time of the day and day of the week. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis was performed to select the average travel time (ATT), planning time index (PTI), travel time index (TTI), and buffer time index (BTI) for further analysis. On-network characteristics such as the speed limit, reference speed, annual average daily traffic (AADT), and the number of through lanes were extracted for each link. Similarly, off-network characteristics such as land use and demographic data in the near vicinity of each selected link were captured using 0.25 miles and 0.50 miles as buffer widths. The relationships between the selected truck travel time performance measures and on-network and off-network characteristics were then analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient analysis. The results indicate that urban areas, high-volume roads, and principal arterial roads are positively correlated with the truck travel time performance measures. Further, the presence of agricultural, light commercial, heavy commercial, light industrial, single-family residential, multi-family residential, office, transportation, and medical land uses increase the truck travel time performance measures (decrease the operational performance). The methodological approach and findings can be used in identifying potential areas to serve as truck priority zones and for planning decentralized delivery locations.

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