Journal articles on the topic 'Interactions bilingues'
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1
Mondada, Lorenza. "demande d’autorisation comme moment structurant dans l’enregistrement et l’analyse des interactions bilingues." Travaux neuchâtelois de linguistique, no. 43 (June 1, 2006): 129–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26034/tranel.2006.2721.
Abstract:
This paper deals with the situated practices by which researchers doing fieldwork ask to their informants for the autorization to record them. Issues such as informed consent and participant’s autorization are considered as topic for analysis and not as a matter of methodological recommandations or personal jugments. Thus, the perspective adopted here focus on the practical activities of researchers as they are observably documented in audio taped interactions with informants. Based on their detailed transcripts, analysis describes the recurrent procedures researchers adopt in order to ask for permission to audiotape social interactions as well as their systematic sequential position within the ongoing interaction. Based on ethnomethodologically inspired conversation analysis, this approach deals with informed consent and autorization as practical accomplishments locally situated within talk-in-interaction.
2
Brohy, Claudine. "Perceptions du bilinguisme officiel et interactions bilingues à Biel/Bienne et Fribourg/Freiburg." Travaux neuchâtelois de linguistique, no. 43 (June 1, 2006): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26034/tranel.2006.2720.
Abstract:
In officially quadrilingual Switzerland, due to the controversially discussed so-called principle of territoriality, not many of the approximately 2800 municipalities have an official bilingual status. The most often cited and described bilingual examples are Biel/Bienne and Fribourg/Freiburg. These municipalities manage their linguistic and cultural heterogeneity quite differently; this fact greatly influences the definition of official languages and the public discourse on the interpretation and the semantic range of the concept. In officially bilingual Biel/Bienne, service encounters in the public and semipublic sector (administration, public services, shops, restaurants etc.) is client-oriented, the customer with his/her opening turn chooses the language of interaction. However, in officiously bilingual Fribourg/Freiburg, French is – more often than not – the default language. The same pattern applies for information seeking in the streets, the person giving the information adapting to the same pattern of interaction, linguistic adaptation in Biel/Bienne, and maintaining of French in Fribourg/Freiburg. This article discusses oral and written, private and public discourse on the degree of officiality of the two languages and the impact of language choice in the two cities. It is assumed that the latter in fact mirrors public language discourse and that opinion leaders coin the prevailing situation.
3
Dagenais, Diane. "Tensions autour de l’enseignement des littératies plurielles en milieu minoritaire." Éducation et francophonie 45, no. 2 (February 27, 2018): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1043526ar.
Abstract:
Le rapport de force entre les langues est devenu évident lors de l’adoption d’une innovation pédagogique visant le développement des littératies plurielles dans une classe du primaire en milieu francophone minoritaire. La titulaire de classe et l’enseignante d’anglais langue seconde ont collaboré dans des activités de production d’histoires bilingues à l’aide de l’outil numérique ScribJab. Les interactions dans cette classe ont été observées, photographiées et filmées dans une étude ethnographique pendant la production des histoires et les élèves et les enseignantes ont été interviewés sur leurs réactions à l’innovation. L’étude s’appuie sur les recherches qui révèlent la nature flexible et fluide des littératies plurielles, lesquelles sont constituées d’un mélange de codes, de variétés linguistiques et de modes d’expression. Les discussions théoriques sur les liens entre la langue et le pouvoir ainsi que les écrits sur le plurilinguisme, les littératies plurielles, la multimodalité et les politiques linguistiques ont aussi enrichi ce travail. Nous proposons dans cet article un récit ethnographique sur les tensions et les contradictions provoquées par la cohabitation des langues, traditionnellement séparées, durant les activités de production bilingue en contexte scolaire minoritaire.
4
White, Paul. "The Classical Commentary in Renaissance France: Bilingual, Mixed-Language, and Translated Editions." Renaissance and Reformation 41, no. 2 (June 21, 2018): 7–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v41i2.29832.
Abstract:
This article analyzes the dynamic interactions of Latin and the vernacular in commentary editions of the Latin classics printed in France before 1600, addressing questions of readership, intended uses, and actual uses. Beginning with the output of Antoine Vérard, it explores the different possibilities for translating Latin commentaries in the early decades of French printing, and the reconfigurations of layout and commentary discourse between languages. There follows a discussion of bilingual and mixed-language editions intended for use in the Latin grammar class and beyond (Mathurin Cordier, Charles Estienne, Jean Herisson, Guillaume Durand, and Pierre Davantès). Particular attention is given to evidence for the uses of such texts in the form of contemporary readers’ annotations and marks of use.
Cet article analyse les interactions dynamiques entre le latin et les langues vernaculaires dans les éditions commentées des classiques latins publiées en France avant 1600. Il aborde les questions de la lecture, des intentions d’utilisation visée et des utilisations effectives. En commençant avec l’oeuvre d’Antoine Vérard, on y explore les différentes possibilités de traduction de commentaires latins dans les premières décennies de l’imprimerie française, ainsi que les transformations de mise en page et de mise en regard des textes des deux langues. On poursuit en examinant les éditions bilingues et polyglottes développées à l’intention de l’enseignement du latin dans les classes de grammaire et au-delà (Mathurin Cordier, Charles Estienne, Jean Herisson, Guillaume Durand and Pierre Davantès). Une attention spéciale est accordée au témoignage que fournissent les annotations de lecteurs contemporains et les marques de leur utilisation des ouvrages.
5
Gosselin-Lavoie, Catherine, and Françoise Armand. "Utilisation d’albums bilingues par des familles bi/plurilingues : description des langues employées lors des lectures et des interactions." Canadian Modern Language Review 75, no. 2 (May 2019): 105–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.2018-0169.
6
Leutenegger, Fran, and Itziar Plazaola Giger. "Phénomènes didactiques en classe d’immersion." Swiss Journal of Educational Research 24, no. 2 (September 1, 2002): 327–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24452/sjer.24.2.4633.
Abstract:
Cette contribution s’inscrit dans une réflexion à propos des objets d’étude de différentes didactiques disciplinaires. Plus particulièrement, nous nous intéressons aux interactions didactiques dans le contexte spécifique de classes bilingues (l’enseignement est donné en partie en anglais et en partie en français), selon l’approche dite «par immersion» lors de leçons portant sur la résolution de problèmes arithmétiques. Ces leçons sont données en français à des élèves d’origines linguistiques diverses, de 12 ans environ. Comment l’enseignant gère-t-il de telles leçons, du point de vue des contenus enseignés/appris? A partir de l’observation fine d’une leçon, la contribution présente une analyse croisée se référant à deux entrées disciplinaires différentes: un cadrage théorique issu de la didactique du français langue seconde et un cadrage théorique qui articule didactique des mathématiques et didactique comparée.
7
El Baroudi, Mourad. "arabe marocain au contact du français sur les réseaux sociaux numériques diasporiques : quand deux langues se rivalisent." Anales de Filología Francesa, no. 29 (November 24, 2021): 201–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesff.482001.
Abstract:
El objetivo de este artículo es examinar las prácticas lingüísticas de la diáspora marroquí en situaciones de contacto en las redes sociales digitales. De hecho, los miembros de esta comunidad en línea, en sus interacciones lingüísticas escritas en estos universos digitales, muestran una notable creatividad cuando mezclan el árabe marroquí y el francés; Utilizan marcas tipográficas específicas y cambian el lenguaje de la matriz de una declaración a otra. Además, estas prácticas lingüísticas bilingües son el producto de una fertilización cruzada entre estas prácticas en su forma oral y la tecnología que les ha dado una forma escrita. Por tanto, los datos de nuestro estudio no serán sólo los elementos lingüísticos, es decir, los enunciados, sino también los elementos compuestos que atraviesan aspectos culturales, identitarios, sociales y tecnológicos. L’objectif de cet article est d’interroger les pratiques langagières de la diaspora marocaine en situation de contact sur les réseaux sociaux numériques. En effet, les membres de cette communauté en ligne, dans leurs interactions langagières écrites sur ces univers numériques, font preuve d’une ingéniosité remarquable quand ils mélangent l’arabe marocain et le français; Ils recourent à des marques typographiques spécifiques et changent la langue matrice d’un énoncé à un autre. En outre, ces pratiques langagières bilingues sont le produit d’un métissage entre ces pratiques dans leur forme orale et la technologie qui leur a offert une forme écrite. De ce fait, les données de notre étude seront non seulement les éléments langagiers, à savoir les énoncés, mais aussi des éléments composites qui croisent, des aspects culturel, identitaire, social et technologique.
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Dagenais, Diane, and Kelleen Toohey. "La production vidéo : une pratique multimodale pour tisser des liens entre l’école et les littératies hors scolaires." Nouveaux cahiers de la recherche en éducation 17, no. 2 (May 26, 2015): 8–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1030886ar.
Abstract:
Nous examinons, dans cet article, deux projets de littératie permettant de faire le pont entre les sphères d’activité scolaires, familiales et communautaires. Le premier projet portait sur l’échange international de vidéos produits par des jeunes bilingues et plurilingues du primaire et du secondaire. Le deuxième projet impliquait des apprenants de l’anglais inscrits au primaire dans la création de vidéos documentaires. Le cadre théorique unissant ces deux projets permet de concevoir la production vidéo comme une forme de littératie multimodale mobilisant plusieurs moyens d’expression et ressources du répertoire linguistique. Nous présentons un récit interprétatif pour décrire les interactions entre les enfants et la technologie ainsi que les liens qu’ils tissent entre les apprentissages et les expériences vécues dans différents domaines de leur vie. Nous nous attardons aux conditions matérielles et aux discours institutionnels pour identifier comment ils influencent l’ouverture du milieu scolaire aux littératies multimodales.
9
Koulidobrova, Elena V. "Language interaction effects in bimodal bilingualism." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 7, no. 5 (June 24, 2016): 583–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.13047.kou.
Abstract:
Abstract The focus of the paper is a phenomenon well documented in both monolingual and bilingual English acquisition: argument omission. Previous studies have shown that bilinguals acquiring a null and a non-null argument language simultaneously tend to exhibit unidirectional cross-language interaction effects — the non-null argument language remains unaffected but over-suppliance of overt elements in the null argument language is observed. Here subject and object omission in both ASL (null argument) and English (non-null argument) of young ASL-English bilinguals is examined. Results demonstrate that in spontaneous English production, ASL-English bilinguals omit subjects and objects to a higher rate, for longer, and in unexpected environments when compared with English monolinguals and bilinguals; no effect on ASL is observed. Findings also show that the children differentiate between their two languages — rates of argument omission in English are different during ASL vs. English target sessions differ. Implications for the general theory of bilingual effects are offered.
10
Phillips, Ian, Rebecca E. Bieber, Gregory M. Ellis, and Douglas S. Brungart. "Age differentially impacts monolingual and bilingual listeners’ understanding of English speech in noise." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 3_supplement (March 1, 2023): A341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0019081.
Abstract:
Some bilinguals may perform worse understanding speech in noise (SIN) in their second language (L2) compared to monolinguals. Poorer performance has been found mostly for late bilinguals (L2 acquired after childhood) listening to sentences containing linguistic context, and less so for simultaneous/early bilinguals (L2 acquired during childhood) and when testing context-free stimuli. However, most studies tested younger participants–little is known about interactions with age. This study addresses this gap by measuring context-free SIN understanding via the Modified Rhyme Test in over 2,000 normal-hearing young and middle-aged bilingual and monolingual adults (ages 18–58; 23% bilinguals, all L2 English). Data collection is ongoing. Interim analyses reveal an interaction of age and group. Word recognition accuracy decreased as age increased for simultaneous and early bilinguals, but was stable for monolinguals and late bilinguals (though worse for bilinguals than monolinguals). Response time was faster for monolinguals but all groups slowed with increasing age at similar rates. These findings suggest an exaggerated age effect for bilingual SIN understanding across early and middle adulthood. [The views expressed in this abstract are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government.]
11
Yager, Joanne, and Marianne Gullberg. "Asymmetric semantic interaction in Jedek-Jahai bilinguals: Spatial language in a small-scale, non-standardized, egalitarian, long-term multilingual setting in Malaysia." International Journal of Bilingualism 24, no. 3 (May 6, 2019): 492–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006918814378.
Abstract:
Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: We investigate semantic interaction in bilinguals’ topological relations descriptions in a small-scale, non-standardized, egalitarian, long-term multilingual setting in Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach: Two groups of bilingual speakers of Jedek and Jahai (8 Jedek-identifying, 6 Jahai-identifying bilinguals) and two groups of monolingual Jedek and Jahai speakers (15 Jedek, 3 Jahai speakers) described the Topological Relations Picture Series in a director-matcher task, the bilinguals completing the task in both Jedek and Jahai. Data and analysis: We compare the semantic boundaries of Jedek and Jahai topological relation markers (TRMs) as used by the monolingual and bilingual groups in extension maps and congruence analyses. The analyses focus on the TRM klɛŋ, which is identical in form but semantically different in the two varieties. Findings/conclusions: We find evidence for asymmetric interaction in the expression of topological relations in Jedek and Jahai, with bidirectional influences in the Jahai-identifying bilinguals and a unidirectional influence of Jedek on Jahai in the Jedek-identifying bilinguals. This is commensurate with predictions based on Muysken’s framework of bilingual optimization strategies. Originality: The analyses shed new light on the nature of semantic interaction in bilingual systems by providing evidence from hitherto understudied bilingual language production in small-scale, non-standardized, egalitarian settings. Significance/implications: The results suggest that Muysken’s model is useful for understanding different bilingual outcomes, and highlight the complexity and connectedness of bilingual semantic systems. They also stress the need for more work in a variety of bilingual settings if we are to more fully understand the nature of bilingual systems.
12
Keffala, Bethany, Jessica A. Barlow, and Sharon Rose. "Interaction in Spanish–English bilinguals’ acquisition of syllable structure." International Journal of Bilingualism 22, no. 1 (May 12, 2016): 16–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006916644687.
Abstract:
Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: This study investigated whether language-specific syllable type frequency and complexity exerted cross-language influence on Spanish–English bilingual children’s acquisition of syllable structure. Design/methodology/approach: We compared the accuracy of bilingual and monolingual children’s singleton coda and onset cluster productions from Spanish and English single words elicited via a picture-naming task. Task stimuli provided multiple opportunities to produce all possible singleton coda and onset cluster types in each language. Data and analysis: Ten typically developing Spanish–English bilingual children (ages: 2;01–4;08) completed the task in each language. Five Spanish and 12 English age-matched monolingual peers completed the same task in their respective languages. Data were analyzed using mixed effects logistic regression. Analyses compared bilinguals’ Spanish and English singleton coda and onset cluster production accuracy rates to those of monolinguals. Findings/conclusions: Our results indicate that interaction occurred in bilinguals’ syllable structure acquisition in both languages. Bilinguals’ acquisition of singleton codas was accelerated relative to monolinguals’ in Spanish. Furthermore, bilinguals’ acquisition of complex onsets was accelerated in both Spanish and English. Results did not suggest that bilinguals’ acquisition of English singleton codas was delayed. Originality: This is the first study to show that exposure to patterns of linguistic complexity specific to each language can accelerate bilinguals’ acquisition of phonological structure in both languages. Significance/implications: Our findings demonstrate that cross-language differences in complexity influence how interaction appears during bilinguals’ phonological acquisition, and suggest further investigation regarding the influence of frequency.
13
Grosjean, Francois. "The bilingual individual." Interpreting. International Journal of Research and Practice in Interpreting 2, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1997): 163–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/intp.2.1-2.07gro.
Abstract:
This article presents a general overview of the adult bilingual individual. First, the bilingual is defined and discussed in terms of the complementary principle, i.e. the fact that bilinguals acquire and use their languages for different purposes, in different domains of life, with different people. Next, the various language modes bilinguals find themselves in during their everyday interactions are examined. These range from the monolingual mode when they are communicating with monolinguals (and they have to deactivate all but one language) to the bilingual mode when they are interacting with other bilinguals who share their two (or more) languages and with whom they can mix languages if they so wish (i.e. code-switch and borrow). The article ends with a rapid survey of the psycholinguistics of bilingualism and, in particular, of how bilinguals access their lexicon when perceiving mixed speech. The regular bilingual is compared to the interpreter bilingual whenever possible.
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MALT, BARBARA C., and AMY L. LEBKUECHER. "Representation and Process in Bilingual Lexical Interaction." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 20, no. 5 (May 31, 2016): 867–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728916000584.
Abstract:
Bilinguals show word use patterns in each of their languages that differ from those of monolinguals. One interpretation is that, for bilinguals, the word meanings of one language are influenced by those of the other. Another is that the cross-language influence lies in on-line processes – word retrieval probabilities or word form activation levels. To discriminate between interpretations, we asked Mandarin–English bilinguals to name household objects in their L1 and L2 via forced choice instead of free production. The options given were the monolingual-preferred choices, eliminating memory retrieval demands and keeping those words at a high level of activation. For comparison, monolinguals of each language performed the same task in their native language. Differences from monolinguals in word choice were substantially reduced, especially in L1, but bilingual patterns still showed some cross-language influence in both L1 and L2. This outcome implicates cross-language influences on both bilingual processing and meaning representations.
15
CASTILLA-EARLS, ANNY P., MARÍA ADELAIDA RESTREPO, ANA TERESA PÉREZ-LEROUX, SHELLEY GRAY, PAUL HOLMES, DANIEL GAIL, and ZIQIANG CHEN. "Interactions between bilingual effects and language impairment: Exploring grammatical markers in Spanish-speaking bilingual children." Applied Psycholinguistics 37, no. 5 (November 25, 2015): 1147–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716415000521.
Abstract:
ABSTRACTThis study examines the interaction between language impairment and different levels of bilingual proficiency. Specifically, we explore the potential of articles and direct object pronouns as clinical markers of primary language impairment (PLI) in bilingual Spanish-speaking children. The study compared children with PLI and typically developing (TD) children matched on age, English language proficiency, and mother's education level. Two types of bilinguals were targeted: Spanish-dominant children with intermediate English proficiency (asymmetrical bilinguals), and near-balanced bilinguals. We measured children's accuracy in the use of direct object pronouns and articles with an elicited language task. Results from this preliminary study suggest language proficiency affects the patterns of use of direct object pronouns and articles. Across language proficiency groups, we find marked differences between TD and PLI, in the use of both direct object pronouns and articles. However, the magnitude of the difference diminishes in balanced bilinguals. Articles appear more stable in these bilinguals and, therefore, seem to have a greater potential to discriminate between TD bilinguals from those with PLI. Future studies using discriminant analyses are needed to assess the clinical impact of these findings.
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Morales Lugo, Katherine. "The bilingual styles of young Puerto Rican adolescents online." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2024, no. 286 (March 1, 2024): 53–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2023-0024.
Abstract:
Abstract This article examines the language mixing practices of Puerto Rican adolescents in various social media platforms through a framework of code-mixing and socioindexicality. Over a twelve-week period, I collected samples of online text messages from six island bilinguals of an elite community of practice (CofP) and studied the way their unique socializations in private schools and bilingual universities contributed to the ways they made sense of languages, their social meaning potentials, and uses across online interactions. Against the meaningful backdrop of colonial-dynamics of Spanish and English in Puerto Rico, the paper examines how ideologies of “nationalism” and “race” get reproduced or challenged through bilingual practice, and English takes up an equally important role for the construction of social identities in the interactions of youth. Additionally, the study discusses bilingual styles that have been enregistered as social styles specific to technological mediums of communication and youth registers, Puerto Rican netspeak, as well as emerging social styles that indicate queer gender identity, or non-binary practices. In this sense, I offer a description of the island bilingual that is dynamic, strategic, and metapragmatically conscious of the purist ideologies of Spanish in Puerto Rico, as well as the indexical potentials of appropriating variable gender forms in Spanish, bilingual language practices, and netspeak registers towards the negotiation of identities in technological interaction. The way bilinguals relate to the languages at their disposal can provide a window to impending questions on the perceived coloniality of English, potential changes in language ideologies and uses, and whether and how language policies may shift to meet current demographic attitudes and language uses of contemporary Puerto Ricans.
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GATHERCOLE, VIRGINIA C. MUELLER, and RUBA ABDELMATLOUB MOAWAD. "Semantic interaction in early and late bilinguals: All words are not created equally." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 13, no. 4 (March 19, 2010): 385–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728909990460.
Abstract:
This study examines L1–L2 interaction in semantic categorization in early and late L2 learners. Word categories that overlapped but were not identical in Arabic and English were tested. Words always showed a ‘wider’ range of application in one language, ‘narrower’ in the other. Three types of categories – ‘classical’, ‘radial’, and ‘homophones’ – were examined. Monolingual Arabic, monolingual English, early bilingual, and late bilingual speakers were tested for their understanding of the Arabic or English words. Early bilinguals’ semantic structure is affected in both directions, late bilinguals’ only in the direction of L1 to L2. Classical categories were most vulnerable to inter-language influence, whereas homophones were least vulnerable. The discussion addresses a developmental model of semantic interaction in early and late bilingual learners.
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Cox, Jessica G. "EXPLICIT INSTRUCTION, BILINGUALISM, AND THE OLDER ADULT LEARNER." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 39, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 29–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263115000364.
Abstract:
Little is known about older adult language learners and effects of aging on L2 learning. This study investigated learning in older age through interactions of learner-internal and -external variables; specifically, late-learned L2 (bilingualism) and provision of grammar explanation (explicit instruction, EI). Forty-three older adults (age 60+) who were monolingual English or bilingual English/Spanish speakers learned basic Latin morphosyntax using a computer program with or without EI. Results showed no overall effects of EI, although bilinguals with EI had advantages when transferring skills. Bilinguals also outperformed monolinguals on interpretation regardless of instruction.This study expands the scope of SLA research to include older adults and bilinguals, when traditionally participants are young adult monolinguals. It bolsters nascent research on older adults by adopting a tried-and-true paradigm: interactions between variables. Older adults’ overall success at learning language counters negative stereotypes of aging and demonstrates that bilingual linguistic advantages are lifelong.
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Wanphet, Phalangchok, and Jalila Sfaxi. "Exploring bilingual children’s integration of gestures into talk-in-interaction." Language and Dialogue 9, no. 3 (October 29, 2019): 349–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ld.00047.wan.
Abstract:
Abstract This paper explores how gestures, or the movements of hands, arms, and fingers, are employed by young bilinguals, or those who possess a good command of two languages. Moreover, it uncovers the sequential environment in which those gestures are found. The data come from twelve hours of recorded, naturally-occurring interaction between six bilingual girls in English. The findings reveal that their gestures have cognitive, communicative, interpersonal, and interactional functions. The gestures help solve speech problems, such as disambiguating speech, compensating for speech, and searching for words or what to say next. They also help allocate turns-at-talk, draw addressees’ attention, and maintain social relations. At a discourse level, the study reveals how bilinguals display similar gestures within the same discourse domain.
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Arce Rentería, M., K. Casalletto, S. Tom, J. Pa, A. Harrati, N. Armstrong, K. B. Rajan, J. Manly, D. Mungas, and L. Zahodne. "The Contributions of Active Spanish-English Bilingualism to Cognitive Reserve among Older Hispanic Adults Living in California." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 7 (August 30, 2019): 1235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz029.02.
Abstract:
Abstract Objective Bilinguals may be able to retain similar levels of cognitive functioning given age and/or Alzheimer’s Disease-related neurodegeneration, compared to monolinguals. Many studies have yielded equivocal findings that may be explained by within-group differences among bilinguals, such as frequency of language use. The current study aimed to clarify the role of frequency of bilingual language use (i.e., active versus passive) in the association of brain structure and memory. We hypothesized that active bilinguals would demonstrate better memory performance compared to passive bilinguals and monolinguals, and that active bilingualism would buffer the effects of temporal lobe integrity on memory. Participants and Method In a longitudinal aging study, 217 older Hispanic adults (Age M = 74 years, SD = 6; 70% women) underwent neuropsychological evaluation and 1.5T MR imaging. Bilingualism was determined by self-reported use of English and Spanish. Active bilinguals reported using both languages daily. Multiple regression tested main effects and interactions of bilingualism and entorhinal cortical thickness on semantic and episodic memory, adjusted for age, sex/gender, and education. Results Bilingualism was associated with better semantic memory(F[2,209] = 6.25, p = .002) but not with episodic memory(F[2,209)] = 0.34, p = .71). There was a significant bilingualism X entorhinal cortical thickness interaction on semantic memory (β = -.26, p = .02), indicating that active bilinguals were better able to maintain cognitive functioning with lower cortical thickness, compared to passive bilinguals and monolinguals. Conclusions Active bilingualism may protect semantic memory against cortical thinning of the entorhinal cortex. Future studies will explore whether this relationship remains after accounting for additional environmental and sociocultural factors (e.g., immigrant status) that influence the ability or opportunity to become bilingual, and whether active bilingualism affects cognitive trajectory in late life.
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Eakins, Sophia. "You switch I switch, Jack: On the role of interaction in Cabo Verdean language mixing." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 9, no. 1 (May 15, 2024): 5699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v9i1.5699.
Abstract:
This paper investigates the role turn-taking has in structuring language mixing practices in bilingual conversation. Previous research has observed that bilinguals prefer maintaining each other’s language usage e.g. Auer (1984: 28-29) ‘preference for same language talk.’ The present paper tests this hypothesis by exploring the language mixing patterns in the bilingual Cabo Verdean Creole (Kriolu)-English community in Boston. Two research questions drive the investigation: 1) How are bilinguals influencing each other’s language practices in an interactional context? 2) Are there observable contextual factors conditioning these interactional language practices? Four bilingual Kriolu-English conversations totaling 1.5 hours were analyzed focusing on the languages used at points of alternation between speaker turns. A quantitative analysis calculated the rate at which speakers maintained each other’s languages. Subsequently, a qualitative analysis explored possible contextual factors conditioning language change or maintenance. Results of the quantitative analysis show speakers have a broad preference for maintaining each other’s languages and the qualitative analysis supports that changing languages can be interactionally motivated.
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Amengual, Mark. "Phonetics of Early Bilingualism." Annual Review of Linguistics 10, no. 1 (January 16, 2024): 191–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-031522-102542.
Abstract:
This article presents an overview of recent research on the phonetics of early bilinguals, individuals who have acquired both of their languages early in life, by either growing up being exposed to two languages since birth (i.e., simultaneous bilinguals) or having initially learned their first language with the second language introduced at a later stage during their childhood (i.e., early sequential or successive/consecutive bilinguals). This review puts forth empirical evidence from methodologically and theoretically diverse studies on the phonetics of early bilingualism and considers explanations for the observed patterns of cross-linguistic influence on the production, perception, and processing of sounds in both of their languages. Throughout, this article discusses the critical significance of early linguistic experience on bilingual speech patterns, how early-onset bilinguals perceive speech sounds in each language, bilinguals’ phonetic abilities when producing language-specific segmental and suprasegmental features, and the dynamic nature of cross-language sound interactions in early bilingual speech.
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SHIRO, Martha, Erika HOFF, and Krystal M. RIBOT. "Cultural differences in the content of child talk: evaluative lexis of English monolingual and Spanish–English bilingual 30-month-olds." Journal of Child Language 47, no. 4 (March 23, 2020): 844–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000919000990.
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AbstractWe examined the size, content, and use of evaluative lexis by 26 English monolingual and 20 Spanish–English bilingual 30-month-old children in interaction with their mothers. We extracted the evaluative words, defined as words referring to cognition, volition, or emotion. Controlling for overall vocabulary skills as measured by the MacArthur-Bates inventories, monolinguals had a larger evaluative lexicon than the bilinguals’ Spanish evaluative lexicon, but no difference was found between monolinguals’ and bilinguals’ English evaluative lexicons. There were differences between the monolinguals and bilinguals in the distribution of evaluative words across semantic categories: English monolingual children used more words pertaining to volition and cognition and talked more about volition than the Spanish–English bilingual children. These results suggest that the development of evaluative lexicons is influenced by cultural differences, and consequently, bilingual children, who are also bicultural, follow a different developmental path in both languages from the path followed by their monolingual peers.
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BRITO, NATALIE H., ERIC R. MURPHY, CHANDAN VAIDYA, and RACHEL BARR. "Do bilingual advantages in attentional control influence memory encoding during a divided attention task?" Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 19, no. 3 (December 17, 2015): 621–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728915000851.
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The current study examined if bilingual advantages in cognitive control influence memory encoding during a divided attention task. Monolinguals, simultaneous bilinguals, and sequential bilinguals switched between classifying objects and words, then were tested for their recognition memory of stimuli previously seen during the classification task. Compared to bilingual groups, monolinguals made the most errors on the classification task and simultaneous bilinguals committed the fewest errors. On the memory task, however, no differences were found between the three language groups, but significant correlations were found between the number of errors during switch trials on the classification task and recognition memory for both target and non-target stimuli. For bilinguals, their age of second language acquisition partially accounted for the association between attentional control (number of switch errors) and subsequent memory for non-target stimuli only. These results contribute to our understanding of how individual differences in language acquisition influence interactions between cognitive domains.
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Mohamed, Sherez, Carolina González, and Antje Muntendam. "Arabic-Spanish Language Contact in Puerto Rico: A Case of Glottal Stop Epenthesis." Languages 4, no. 4 (November 18, 2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages4040093.
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The current study examines the realization of adjacent vowels across word boundaries in Arabic-Spanish bilinguals and Spanish monolinguals in Puerto Rico, focusing specifically on the rate of glottal stop epenthesis in this context (e.g., hombre africano to [ˈom.bre.ʔa.fri.ˈka.no]). It was hypothesized that Arabic-Spanish bilinguals would show a higher rate of glottal stop epenthesis than Spanish monolinguals because of transfer from Arabic. In addition, we investigated the possible effects of stress, vowel height, language dominance and bilingual type on the rate of glottal stop epenthesis. Results from a reading task with 8 participants showed no significant difference in glottalization between bilinguals and monolinguals. For monolinguals, glottalization was significantly more likely when the first vowel was low or stressed; significant interactions between vowel height and stress were found for the bilingual group. Language dominance was a significant factor, with Arabic-dominant bilinguals glottalizing more than the Spanish-dominant bilinguals. In addition, early sequential bilinguals favored glottalization slightly more than simultaneous bilinguals, without reaching significance. Our data suggests some effects of syllable structure transfer from Arabic, particularly in Arabic-dominant participants. To our knowledge, our study is the first exploration of Arabic and Spanish in contact in Puerto Rico, and the first to acoustically examine the speech of Arabic-Spanish bilinguals.
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Gathercole, Virginia C. Mueller, Hans Stadthagen-González, Rocío Pérez-Tattam, and Feryal Yavaş. "Semantic and conceptual factors in Spanish–English bilinguals’ processing of lexical categories in their two languages." Second Language Research 32, no. 4 (July 26, 2016): 537–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658316657134.
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This study examines possible semantic interaction in fully fluent adult simultaneous and early second language (L2) bilinguals. Monolingual and bilingual speakers of Spanish and English ( n = 144) were tested for their understanding of lexical categories that differed in their two languages. Simultaneous bilinguals came from homes in which Spanish or Spanish and English were spoken when they were children, and L2 bilinguals entered the US as children. Accuracy data show higher ultimate attainment of language-specific semantic knowledge in English than in Spanish, but in both languages the interaction of the semantic categories with conceptual knowledge is observable. The data reveal subtle differences in early bilinguals’ extensions of words, but only in some types of categories, and modified by level of proficiency.
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Schug, Alison K., Edith Brignoni-Perez, Nasheed Jamal, and Guinevere F. Eden. "11791 Gray matter volume differences in bilingual compared to monolingual children." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 5, s1 (March 2021): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2021.457.
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ABSTRACT IMPACT: This study examines gray matter volume differences resulting from the bilingual experience in children and adults allowing us to better understand the brains of over half of the world’s population that speaks more than one language. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Literature is mixed regarding a bilingual advantage in executive control (EC). While it has been shown that young adult bilinguals have greater gray matter volume (GMV) than monolinguals in EC regions, there is behavioral evidence that suggests such difference would be more pronounced in children. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Using SPM12 to test this hypothesis, we used a whole-brain t-test to compare GMV in 35 English-speaking monolingual and 20 Spanish-English early (learned both languages before 6 years old) bilingual children. Next, we submitted both groups of children to an ANOVA with 42 English speaking monolingual and 26 Spanish-English bilingual adults to test for an interaction of Language Experience by Age Group at the level of the whole brain. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: e between-group comparison of bilingual and monolingual children, revealed more GMV in bilingual compared to monolingual children in regions associated with EC (right middle and inferior frontal gyri, superior parietal lobule, and precuneus). Our second analysis, an ANOVA comparing bilingual and monolingual children and adults, revealed an interaction in which bilingual>monolingual GMV in children was greater than any bilingual>monolingual GMV (or bilingual=monolingual GMV) in the adult groups in the right superior parietal lobule (BA1). No regions indicated that bilingual>monolingual GMV was more pronounced in adults. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: These results provide further evidence for GMV differences in early bilinguals in regions associated with EC and indicate that more GMV differences exist between bilingual and monolingual children than adults.
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SHOOK, ANTHONY, and VIORICA MARIAN. "The Bilingual Language Interaction Network for Comprehension of Speech." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 16, no. 2 (September 6, 2012): 304–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728912000466.
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During speech comprehension, bilinguals co-activate both of their languages, resulting in cross-linguistic interaction at various levels of processing. This interaction has important consequences for both the structure of the language system and the mechanisms by which the system processes spoken language. Using computational modeling, we can examine how cross-linguistic interaction affects language processing in a controlled, simulated environment. Here we present a connectionist model of bilingual language processing, the Bilingual Language Interaction Network for Comprehension of Speech (BLINCS), wherein interconnected levels of processing are created using dynamic, self-organizing maps. BLINCS can account for a variety of psycholinguistic phenomena, including cross-linguistic interaction at and across multiple levels of processing, cognate facilitation effects, and audio-visual integration during speech comprehension. The model also provides a way to separate two languages without requiring a global language-identification system. We conclude that BLINCS serves as a promising new model of bilingual spoken language comprehension.
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D, Lopez-Hernandez, Litvin P, Rugh-Fraser R, Cervantes R, Martinez F, Saravia S, Zakarian F, et al. "A-111 The Relationship between Bilingualism and Perceived Workload on the Symbol Digit Modalities Test in Traumatic Brain Injury Survivors." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 35, no. 6 (August 28, 2020): 904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acaa068.111.
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Abstract Objective We evaluated perceived workload (measured by the NASA Task Load Index; NASA-TLX) as related to Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) performances in monolingual and bilingual traumatic brain injury (TBI) survivors and healthy comparison participants (HC). Method The sample consisted of 28 TBI survivors (12 monolinguals & 16 bilinguals) and 50 HC (20 monolinguals & 30 bilinguals). SDMT written (SDMT-W) and SDMT oral (SDMT-O) were used to evaluate group differences. Results ANCOVA, controlling for age, revealed that the HC group outperformed the TBI group on SDMT-W, p = .001, and SDMT-O, p = .047. Furthermore, bilinguals outperformed monolinguals on SDMT-W, p = .017. On the NASA-TLX, an interaction emerged on temporal demand rating, p = .023, with TBI bilinguals reporting higher temporal demand on SDMT tasks compared to TBI monolinguals, while the HC monolingual participants reported higher temporal demands ratings compared to HC bilingual participants. Furthermore, monolingual participants showed higher levels of frustration with regard to the SDMT task compared to bilingual participants, p = .029. Conclusion Our data revealed TBI survivors underperformed on both SDMT trials compared to the HC participants. Also, bilingual participants demonstrated better SDMT-W performances compared to monolingual participants. Furthermore, our TBI bilingual sample reported themselves to be more rushed to complete the SDMT compared to monolingual TBI sample, but they were less frustrated. Meanwhile, our HC monolingual sample felt more rushed to complete the SDMT tasks compared to HC bilingual participants, but they were less frustrated. While we observed differences in workload ratings between language groups, it is unclear if language use, and/or other variables are driving these results.
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DEUCHAR, MARGARET. "Cross-language effects in bilingual production and comprehension: some novel findings." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 19, no. 4 (April 21, 2016): 706–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136672891600050x.
Abstract:
This special issue began as a conference on Bilingual and Multilingual Interaction at Bangor University in 2012. The papers collected here all have novel elements, either because of their innovative methods, their unusual data, or their unexpected findings. They present findings from studies of bilinguals speaking six different pairs of languages, and use a range of methods including experiments, naturalistic observation and auditory judgment data. Despite the differences in subject matter and methodological approaches, all the papers demonstrate that bilinguals draw on resources which are different from those of monolinguals. They show that the two languages spoken by bilinguals have clearly discernible effects on one another, and that these effects can potentially be enhancing. Future research will no doubt build on the studies presented here and extend our understanding of cross-language effects in bilingual production and comprehension.
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Manolescu, Amelia, and Gonia Jarema. "Influence du genre grammatical et du statut de cognat sur la production des bilingues de haut niveau." SHS Web of Conferences 46 (2018): 10002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184610002.
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Cette étude investigue l'interaction entre les systèmes dugenre grammatical chez les bilingues roumain-français afin de déterminer quels facteurs (déterminants cognats, nombre) modulent cette interaction et à quel niveau du lexique mental. Cette étude analyse également les caractéristiques du genre neutre roumain dont le statut est encore sujet à débat. 11 bilingues roumain-français (20 à 35 ans) et 8 monolingues francophones, (20 à 35 ans) ont participé à l’étude. Une tâche de dénomination en français de 120 images regroupant différents facteurs (cognats, pluriel, genre grammatical) leur a été proposée. Ils devaient les nommer dans trois conditions, à savoir, nom seul, avec déterminant défini et avec déterminant indéfini. Le temps de réponse (TR) était enregistré. Les résultats, analysés par ANOVA, ont montré un effet de facilitation de cognats et des tendances vers un effet de congruence du genre et vers une interaction entre la congruence du genre et l'effet de cognat. Ils ont également démontré des tendances à considérer le neutre roumain comme un genre à part. Ces résultats indiquent la possibilité d'une interaction des systèmes du genre grammatical chez le bilingue et une implication du niveau lexical dans cette interaction. Ces résultats, ainsi que des avenues futures, seront discutés.
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Yang, Yike. "Acoustic Analyses of L1 and L2 Vowel Interactions in Mandarin–Cantonese Late Bilinguals." Acoustics 6, no. 2 (June 17, 2024): 568–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/acoustics6020030.
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While the focus of bilingual research is frequently on simultaneous or early bilingualism, the interactions between late bilinguals’ first language (L1) and second language (L2) have rarely been studied previously. To fill this research gap, the aim of the current study was to investigate the production of vowels in the L1 Mandarin and L2 Cantonese of Mandarin–Cantonese late bilinguals in Hong Kong. A production experiment was conducted with 22 Mandarin–Cantonese bilinguals, as well as with 20 native Mandarin speakers and 21 native Cantonese speakers. Acoustic analyses, including formants of and Euclidean distances between the vowels, were performed. Both vowel category assimilation and dissimilation were noted in the Mandarin–Cantonese bilinguals’ L1 and L2 vowel systems, suggesting interactions between the bilinguals’ L1 and L2 vowel categories. In general, the findings are in line with the hypotheses of the Speech Learning Model and its revised version, which state that L1–L2 phonetic interactions are inevitable, as there is a common phonetic space for storing the L1 and L2 phonetic categories, and that learners always have the ability to adapt their phonetic space. Future studies should refine the data elicitation method, increase the sample size and include more language pairs to better understand L1 and L2 phonetic interactions.
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de la Fuente Iglesias, Monica, and Susana Perez Castillejo. "Phonetic interactions in the bilingual production of Galician and Spanish /e/ and /o/." International Journal of Bilingualism 24, no. 2 (February 10, 2019): 305–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006919826868.
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Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: This study investigates the cross-linguistic phonetic interactions in the production of closed mid vowels of Galician-Spanish bilinguals in a semi-urban area in Galicia. The research questions were: (1) Do Galician-Spanish bilinguals produce /e/ and /o/ similarly in their two languages? (2) Does language dominance influence whether these sounds are produced more like Spanish or more like Galician? (3) Do age and gender influence the bilingual production of Galician and Spanish /e/ and /o/? Design/methodology/approach: Thirty Galician-Spanish bilinguals from the western coast of Galicia completed a sociolinguistic questionnaire and two reading tasks in both Galician and Spanish. Data and analysis: 4,728 vowels were acoustically analyzed and submitted to several mixed effect statistical models. Findings/conclusions: Bilinguals in this study produce distinct phonetic categories for their four Galician mid vowels, and additionally have created new phonetic categories to accommodate their L2 (Spanish) vowels, resulting in a more crowded mid-vowel phonetic space. Originality: This is the first study to examine closed mid vowel realizations in both Spanish and Galician by bilinguals who maintain a Galician four mid-vowel contrast, and to investigate their complex L1-L2 phonetic interactions. Significance/implications: This study offers new data to examine how early bilinguals organize their phonetic system(s) through cross-linguistic assimilation and dissimilation.
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Gimeno-Martínez, Marc, Andreas Mädebach, and Cristina Baus. "Cross-linguistic interactions across modalities: Effects of the oral language on sign production." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 24, no. 4 (April 21, 2021): 779–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728921000171.
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AbstractTo investigate cross-linguistic interactions in bimodal bilingual production, behavioural and electrophysiological measures (ERPs) were recorded from 24 deaf bimodal bilinguals while naming pictures in Catalan Sign Language (LSC). Two tasks were employed, a picture-word interference and a picture-picture interference task. Cross-linguistic effects were explored via distractors that were either semantically related to the target picture, to the phonology/orthography of the Spanish name of the target picture, or were unrelated. No semantic effects were observed in sign latencies, but ERPs differed between semantically related and unrelated distractors. For the form-related manipulation, a facilitation effect was observed both behaviourally and at the ERP level. Importantly, these effects were not influenced by the type of distractor (word/picture) presented providing the first piece of evidence that deaf bimodal bilinguals are sensitive to oral language in sign production. Implications for models of cross-linguistic interactions in bimodal bilinguals are discussed.
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TSUI, RACHEL KA-YING, XIULI TONG, and CHUCK SIU KI CHAN. "Impact of language dominance on phonetic transfer in Cantonese–English bilingual language switching." Applied Psycholinguistics 40, no. 1 (November 5, 2018): 29–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716418000449.
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AbstractBilinguals are susceptible to interaction between their two phonetic systems during speech processing. Using a language-switching paradigm, this study investigated differences in phonetic transfer of Cantonese–English bilingual adults with various language dominance profiles (Cantonese-dominant, English-dominant, and balanced bilinguals). Measurements of voice onset time revealed that unbalanced bilinguals and balanced bilinguals responded differently to language switching. Among unbalanced bilinguals, production of the dominant language shifted toward the nondominant language, with no effect in the opposite direction. However, balanced bilinguals’ speech production was unaffected by language switching. These results are analogous to the inhibitory control model, suggesting an asymmetrical switch cost of language switching at the phonetic level of speech production in unbalanced bilinguals. In contrast, the absence of switch cost in balanced bilinguals implies differences in the mechanism underlying balanced bilinguals’ and unbalanced bilinguals’ speech production.
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Morris, Jonathan. "Social Influences on Phonological Transfer: /r/ Variation in the Repertoire of Welsh-English Bilinguals." Languages 6, no. 2 (May 25, 2021): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6020097.
Abstract:
It is well known that cross-linguistic interactions can exist between the two languages in a bilingual speaker’s repertoire. At the level of phonetics and phonology, this interaction may result in the transfer of a feature from one language to the other or the ‘merging’ of phonetic properties between languages. Although there are numerous studies of bilingual speakers which show such interactions, relatively little is known about the nature of transfer in communities of long-term bilingualism. The current study investigates phonological transfer of /r/ in Welsh-English bilinguals’ speech in north Wales. Specifically, it compares the influence of speaker gender, home language, and speech context on the production of /r/ in both English and Welsh in two communities which differ in the extent to which Welsh is spoken as a community language. It is commonly assumed that the alveolar trill [r] and alveolar tap [ɾ] are the variants of /r/ in Welsh. In English, the alveolar approximant [ɹ] is typical across Wales, but the trill and tap are reported in areas where a high proportion of the population speaks Welsh. Data in both languages were collected from 32 Welsh-English bilinguals (aged 16–18) via sociolinguistic interview and wordlist tasks. The sample was stratified equally by speaker gender, home language, and area (predominantly Welsh-speaking vs. predominantly English-speaking). The results show areal differences in the production of /r/ in both languages, which, I argue, could be attributed partly to differing social structures in the communities under investigation. Consequently, the results showed evidence of bi-directional phonological transfer, which is community-specific and influenced by a number of social factors.
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Sánchez, Liliana, Michele Goldin, Esther Hur, Abril Jimenez, Julio César López Otero, Patrick Thane, Jennifer Austin, and Jennifer Markovits Rojas. "Dominance, Language Experience, and Increased Interaction Effects on the Development of Pragmatic Knowledge in Heritage Bilingual Children." Heritage Language Journal 20, no. 1 (February 3, 2023): 1–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15507076-bja10012.
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Abstract We investigate whether dominance, language experience, and increased interaction have an effect on the development of heritage bilingual children’s knowledge of the discourse-pragmatic constraints guiding null and overt subjects. A group of child heritage bilinguals (n = 18, mean age = 5;5) and comparison groups of adults: Mexican Spanish monolinguals (n = 15), heritage bilinguals in the United States (n = 16), and English monolinguals in the United States (n = 16) completed a language background questionnaire, a portion of the Bilingual English-Spanish Assessment (BESA) in English and Spanish, a forced-choice task (FCT) in Spanish, and two acceptability judgment tasks (AJT s): one in English and one in Spanish. Results showed that heritage children and adults pattern similarly and differently from adult monolinguals. Increased interaction at home has a positive effect on accuracy in the pragmatic conditions that license null subjects in Spanish without affecting overt subject patterns in English, the dominant language.
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BIALYSTOK, ELLEN, KORNELIA HAWRYLEWICZ, MELODY WISEHEART, and MAGGIE TOPLAK. "Interaction of bilingualism and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in young adults." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 20, no. 3 (January 20, 2016): 588–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728915000887.
Abstract:
One hundred and sixty-eight young adult participants were classified as monolingual or bilingual and as having a previously reported clinical diagnosis of ADHD or not to create four groups. All participants completed tests of language proficiency, ADHD ratings, and executive control. Both bilingualism and ADHD are generally associated with poorer vocabulary knowledge, but bilingualism and ADHD are associated with opposite effects on executive control. Consistent with this literature, bilinguals performed more poorly than monolinguals on the vocabulary test but contrary to predictions, the ADHD group performed somewhat better on language ability than the non-ADHD group, attesting to their high functioning status. For the flanker task, both bilinguals and non-ADHD participants showed less cost in performing in the conflict condition than in the baseline condition. For the stop-signal task, ADHD status interfered more with performance by bilinguals than monolinguals, suggesting a greater burden of ADHD on executive function for this group.
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Munoz, Isabel, Daniel W. Lopez-Hernandez, Rachel A. Rugh-Fraser, Amy Bichlmeier, Abril J. Baez, Bethany A. Nordberg, Sarah Saravia, et al. "A-113 Evaluation of a Recognition Trial for the Symbol Digit Modalities Test as a Performance Validity Measure in Monolingual and Bilingual Traumatic Brain Injury Survivors." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 36, no. 6 (August 30, 2021): 1162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acab062.131.
Abstract:
Abstract Objective Research shows that traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients perform worse than healthy comparisons (HC) on the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT). We evaluated cut-off scores for a newly developed recognition trial of the SDMT as a performance validity assessment in monolingual and bilingual TBI survivors and HC adults. Method The sample consisted of 43 acute TBI (ATBI; 24 monolinguals; 19 bilinguals), 32 chronic TBI (CTBI; 13 monolinguals; 19 bilinguals), and 57 HC (24 monolinguals; 33 bilinguals) participants. All participants received standardized administration of the SDMT. None of the participants displayed motivation for feigning cognitive deficits. Results The HC group outperformed both TBI groups on the demographically adjusted SDMT scores, p = 0.000, ηp2 = 0.24. An interaction emerged in SDMT scores where monolingual ATBI outperformed bilingual ATBI and bilingual CTBI outperformed monolingual CTBI, p = 0.017, ηp2 = 0.06. No differences were found in the SDMT recognition trial. Both Bichlmeier and Boone’s suggested cut-off scores had different failure rates in ATBI (Bichlmeier: 77%; Boone: 37%), CTBI (Bichlmeier: 69%; Boone: 19%), and HC (Bichlmeier: 56%; Boone: 26%). For the monolingual group (Bichlmeier: 66%; Boone: 36%) and the bilingual group (Bichlmeier: 66%; Boone: 21%). Finally, chi-squared analysis revealed monolingual TBI had greater failure rates than the bilingual ATBI. Conclusion Bichlmeier’s proposed cut-off score resulted in greater failure rates in TBI survivors compared to Boone’s suggested cut-off score. Furthermore, monolingual ATBI were influenced more by Bichlmeier’s cut-off score than the bilingual ATBI group, although the reason for this finding is unclear and requires additional study with a larger sample size.
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Curiel, Lucía Cárdenas, and Christina M. Ponzio. "Imagining Multimodal and Translanguaging Possibilities for Authentic Cultural Writing Experiences." Journal of Multilingual Education Research 11 (November 30, 2021): 79–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/jmer.2021.v11.79-102.
Abstract:
This article proposes ways to authentically amplify writer’s workshop for emergent bilinguals. Through the study of one bilingual teacher’s mediation in teaching, we examined the affordances that translanguaging and transmodal practices have for emergent bilingual students’ writing processes. In this case study, we focused on a writing sequence associated with the well-known Latin American holiday of the Day of the Dead, in which 3rd grade emergent bilinguals wrote “calaveras,” or literary poems, as part of an interdisciplinary language arts and social studies lesson. Our work is framed by sociocultural theories of mediation, literacy, and language. Under a multiliteracies pedagogy, we observed how a bilingual teacher and emergent bilinguals negotiate meaning through a variety of linguistic and multimodal resources. In our interactional analysis of talk, we found how the teacher mediated background knowledge and vocabulary as a part of the writing process; we also identified ways in which her mediation included extensive scaffolding as she provided linguistic and disciplinary knowledge needed to write calaveras. Through integrating the tenets of mediation with biliteracy, multiliteracies, and translanguaging pedagogies, this study offers a promising example of how teachers can build a culturally-sustaining writers’ workshop to support emergent bilingual learners’ language development and writing practices.
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Vender, Maria, and Chiara Melloni. "Phonological Awareness across Child Populations: How Bilingualism and Dyslexia Interact." Languages 6, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6010039.
Abstract:
Phonological awareness is a complex and multifaceted skill which plays an essential role in the development of an individual’s language and literacy abilities. Phonological skills are indeed dramatically impaired in people with dyslexia, at any age and across languages, whereas their development in bilinguals is less clear. In addition, the interaction between bilingualism and dyslexia in this domain is still under-investigated. The aim of this paper is to provide new experimental evidence on this topic by exploring the phonological competence in Italian of monolingual and bilingual children with and without dyslexia. To this purpose, we developed three tasks, assessing nonword repetition, rhyme detection and spoonerisms, which we administered to 148 10-year-old children in two distinct studies. In Study 1, we found that two groups of L2 Italian typically developing bilinguals, having either Arabic or Romanian as L1, performed similarly to Italian monolinguals in all measures, pointing to absence of both bilingualism-related and L1-related effects in these tasks. In Study 2, we administered the same tasks to four groups of children: Italian monolinguals with dyslexia, Italian monolingual typically developing children, L2 Italian bilinguals with dyslexia and L2 Italian bilingual typically developing children. Results showed that children with dyslexia, both monolingual and bilingual, exhibited significantly more difficulties than typically developing children in all three tasks, whereas bilinguals, consistent with Study 1, performed similarly to their monolingual peers. In addition, no negative effects of bilingualism in dyslexia were found, indicating that being bilingual does not provide additional difficulties to children with dyslexia.
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KEHOE, Margaret, and Mélanie HAVY. "Bilingual phonological acquisition: the influence of language-internal, language-external, and lexical factors." Journal of Child Language 46, no. 2 (December 18, 2018): 292–333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000918000478.
Abstract:
AbstractThis study examines the influence of language-internal (frequency and complexity of linguistic properties), language-external (percent French input, socioeconomic status (SES), and gender), and lexical factors (size of total and French vocabulary) on the phonological production abilities of monolingual and bilingual French-speaking children, aged 2;6. Children participated in an object and picture naming task in which they produced words selected to test different phonological properties. The bilinguals’ first languages were coded in terms of the frequency and complexity of these phonological properties. Results indicated that bilinguals who spoke languages characterized by high frequency/complexity of codas and clusters had superior results in their coda and cluster accuracy in comparison to monolinguals. Bilinguals also had better coda and cluster accuracy scores than monolinguals. These findings provide evidence for cross-linguistic interaction in combination with a ‘general bilingual effect’. In addition, percent French exposure, SES, total vocabulary, and gender influenced phonological production.
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Nayak, Srishti, and Amanda R. Tarullo. "Error-related negativity (ERN) and ‘hot’ executive function in bilingual and monolingual preschoolers." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23, no. 4 (January 20, 2020): 897–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728919000725.
Abstract:
AbstractEarly regular experience with dual-language management is thought to shape executive function (EF) circuitry during development. However, previous investigations of bilingual children's EF have largely focused on behavioral measures, or on cognitive aspects of EF. The first part of this study compared monolingual and bilingual preschoolers’ performance on more purely cognitive and more affective versions of a card-sort task, and the second part investigated Error-related negativity (ERN) event-related potential (ERP) waveforms to understand error-awareness mechanisms underlying task performance. Behavioral results showed bilingual advantages in reaction times but not accuracy, and interaction effects of language background, level of challenge, and affective/motivational salience on reaction times. Electrophysiological results revealed smaller ERN peak amplitudes in bilinguals compared to monolinguals in frontal and frontocentral midline regions. Results highlight that bilingualism may shape motivational mechanisms and neural learning mechanisms such as error-detection, such that bilinguals may be less focused on their errors.
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Uriarte, José Ramón, and Stefan Sperlich. "A behavioural model of minority language shift: Theory and empirical evidence." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 4, 2021): e0252453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252453.
Abstract:
Natural languages with their speech communities tend to compete for speakers, very much like firms compete for market shares. As a result, some languages suffer a shifting pressure which might lead them to their extinction. This work studies the dynamics of language shift in the context of modern bilingual societies like the Basque Country, Ireland and Wales. They all have two official languages, linguistically distant: A, spoken by all, and B, spoken by a bilingual minority. They also have a bilingual education system that ensures a steady flow of new bilinguals. However, a decay in the use of B is observed, signalling that shift processes are at work. To investigate this apparent paradox, we use a novel approach in the literature of language competition. We build a behavioural game model with which bilinguals choose either language A or B for each interaction. Thus, they play repeatedly the game. We present a theorem predicting that under reasonable assumptions, any given population of bilinguals will converge into a linguistic convention, namely into an evolutionary stable equilibrium of the game, that always embeds a proportion of bilinguals shifting to A. We validate this result by means of an empirical version of the model, showing that the predictions fit well the observed data of street use of Basque and daily use of Irish and Welsh.
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Pena Díaz, Carmen. "Discourse Markers as a Strategy of Code-Mixed Discourse in a Galician-Spanish-English Community." Journal of English Studies 9 (May 29, 2011): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/jes.171.
Abstract:
The present paper will try to study the point a specific bilingual community (Spanish-Galician-English in London) is at in the bilingual continuum, whether it is in transition to code mixing or rather there is an emergence of a mixed code, which we can infer from the use of functional elements such as discourse markers and interactional signs. The data consists of four conversations among Spanish/Galician/English bilinguals. All participants belong to the bilingual community under study and can be considered complete/full bilinguals (i.e. with fluency in all languages used). One of the key issues in the data is that there are significant patterns of discourse that were separated from markers framing it in language: English markers framing Spanish discourse. This is an indication of code mixing – where a structural pattern that has been grammaticised at the textual level can be perceived.
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Baez, Abril, Daniel W. Lopez-Hernandez, Winter Olmos, Rachel A. Rough-Fraser, Kristina E. Smith, Alexis Bueno, Isabel C. Munoz, et al. "A-100 Examining Spanish-English Bilingual Boston Naming Test Norms in Traumatic Brain Injury Survivors." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 36, no. 6 (August 30, 2021): 1148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acab062.118.
Abstract:
Abstract Objective We examined two established Spanish-English bilingual norms to assess if traumatic brain injury (TBI) deficits were still found if language was no longer a variable influencing Boston Naming Test (BNT) performance. Method The sample consisted of 47 healthy comparison (HC; 24 English-Monolinguals; 23 Spanish-English Bilinguals), 33 acute TBI (ATBI; 20 English-Monolinguals; 13 Spanish-English Bilinguals), and 25 Chronic TBI (CTBI: 13 English-Monolinguals; 12 Spanish-English Bilinguals) participants. Raw scores and adjusted demographic T-scores (Roberts et al., 2002; Rosselli et al., 1997) were used to evaluate BNT performance. Results An ANCOVA controlling for age, revealed the HC group outperformed the TBI group on the BNT (raw score), p = 0.003, ηp2 = 0.11. We also found monolinguals outperformed bilinguals on the BNT, p = 0.000, ηp2 = 0.24. Using the Roberts et al., (2002) norms, we found the HC group outperformed the TBI group, p = 0.003, ηp2 = 0.11, but no language differences were found. Next, using Rosselli et al., (1997) norms, we found the HC group outperformed the TBI group on the BNT, p = 0.003, ηp2 = 0.11, and monolingual speakers outperformed bilingual speakers, p = 0.014, ηp2 = 0.06. No interactions were found. Conclusions As expected, the TBI group demonstrated worse BNT performance compared to HC group on both language norms. However, when using Roberts et al., (2002) Spanish-English bilingual norms, no language group differences were found. Our data indicates that when examining BNT performance in a Spanish-English bilingual and English-monolingual TBI sample, Roberts et al., (2002) normative data may be better suited to evaluate BNT deficits in a TBI while taking language into account.
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Centeno, José G. "The Relevance of Bilingualism Questionnaires in the Personalized Treatment of Bilinguals With Aphasia." Perspectives on Communication Disorders and Sciences in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CLD) Populations 17, no. 3 (October 2010): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/cds17.3.65.
Abstract:
Bilingualism questionnaires are important intake instruments to develop clinically useful individual bilingualism histories on dual-language users. Insights from these questionnaires enhance diagnostic difference-versus-disorder determinations and therapeutic suitability. The relevance of bilingualism questionnaires, often stressed in the case of pediatric bilingual cases, has received minimal attention in aphasia rehabilitation with bilinguals. This article discusses the development and implementation of systematic bilingualism questionnaires to gather pre-morbid experiential insights on bilinguals with critical value in the design of personalized, social aphasia intervention that would maximize plausible linguistic, cultural, and cognitive interactions affecting language recovery.
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Ochsenbauer, Anne-Katharina, and Helen Engemann. "The impact of typological factors in monolingual and bilingual first language acquisition." Language, Interaction and Acquisition 2, no. 1 (June 27, 2011): 101–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lia.2.1.05och.
Abstract:
The present study compares (1) monolingual English vs. French adults and children and (2) simultaneous French-English bilingual children who describe caused motion events. The results concerning L1 speakers showed developmental progressions in both languages, e.g., utterance complexity increases with age. However, response patterns differed considerably across languages in that responses were denser and more compact in English than in French. The results concerning bilingual children showed unidirectional crosslinguistic interactions. Responses elicited in English paralleled monolingual developmental patterns, whereas bilinguals’ French productions differed from those of monolingual French peers. The findings suggest that bilingual children transfer lexicalisation patterns from one of their languages to the other when the former provides more transparent means of achieving high semantic density.
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de Bruin, Angela. "Not All Bilinguals Are the Same: A Call for More Detailed Assessments and Descriptions of Bilingual Experiences." Behavioral Sciences 9, no. 3 (March 24, 2019): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs9030033.
Abstract:
No two bilinguals are the same. Differences in bilingual experiences can affect language-related processes but have also been proposed to modulate executive functioning. Recently, there has been an increased interest in studying individual differences between bilinguals, for example in terms of their age of acquisition, language proficiency, use, and switching. However, and despite the importance of this individual variation, studies often do not provide detailed assessments of their bilingual participants. This review first discusses several aspects of bilingualism that have been studied in relation to executive functioning. Next, I review different questionnaires and objective measurements that have been proposed to better define bilingual experiences. In order to better understand (effects of) bilingualism within and across studies, it is crucial to carefully examine and describe not only a bilingual’s proficiency and age of acquisition, but also their language use and switching as well as the different interactional contexts in which they use their languages.
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Moradi, Hamzeh, and Jianbo Chen. "Attitude-Behavior Relation and Language Use: Chinese-English Code-Switching and Code-Mixing Among Chinese Undergraduate Students." SAGE Open 12, no. 4 (October 2022): 215824402211422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440221142287.
Abstract:
The socio-psychological variables that affect bilinguals’ choices of code-switching (CS) and code-mixing (CM) as a verbal strategy make prediction of their occurrence almost impossible. This research investigates the social motivations and socio-pragmatic aspects of Chinese-English CS/CM among Chinese undergraduate students. Using a questionnaire survey and interviews, the paper investigates attitude-behavior relations by considering patterns of language use and CS/CM patterns between Chinese and English in this group. The results demonstrate that the participants’ highly positive attitudes toward English and the CS/CM process play a major role in CS/CM use in their daily interactions. Chinese-English bilingual students draw on their proficiency and knowledge of the two language systems to precisely and effectively convey their thoughts, intentions, experiences, solidarity, emphasis, and other aspects that affect interaction outcomes.