Journal articles: 'Interaction forces'

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Kulik, Andrzej J., Małgorzata Lekka, Kyumin Lee, Grazyna Pyka-Fościak, and Wieslaw Nowak. "Probing fibronectin–antibody interactions using AFM force spectroscopy and lateral force microscopy." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 6 (May 15, 2015): 1164–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.6.118.

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The first experiment showing the effects of specific interaction forces using lateral force microscopy (LFM) was demonstrated for lectin–carbohydrate interactions some years ago. Such measurements are possible under the assumption that specific forces strongly dominate over the non-specific ones. However, obtaining quantitative results requires the complex and tedious calibration of a torsional force. Here, a new and relatively simple method for the calibration of the torsional force is presented. The proposed calibration method is validated through the measurement of the interaction forces between human fibronectin and its monoclonal antibody. The results obtained using LFM and AFM-based classical force spectroscopies showed similar unbinding forces recorded at similar loading rates. Our studies verify that the proposed lateral force calibration method can be applied to study single molecule interactions.

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Radmacher, M., J. P. Cleveland, M. Fritz, H. G. Hansma, and P. K. Hansma. "Mapping interaction forces with the atomic force microscope." Biophysical Journal 66, no. 6 (June 1994): 2159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(94)81011-2.

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Guttmann, Robin, Johannes Hoja, Christoph Lechner, Reinhard J. Maurer, and Alexander F. Sax. "Adhesion, forces and the stability of interfaces." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 15 (January 11, 2019): 106–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.15.12.

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Weak molecular interactions (WMI) are responsible for processes such as physisorption; they are essential for the structure and stability of interfaces, and for bulk properties of liquids and molecular crystals. The dispersion interaction is one of the four basic interactions types – electrostatics, induction, dispersion and exchange repulsion – of which all WMIs are composed. The fact that each class of basic interactions covers a wide range explains the large variety of WMIs. To some of them, special names are assigned, such as hydrogen bonding or hydrophobic interactions. In chemistry, these WMIs are frequently used as if they were basic interaction types. For a long time, dispersion was largely ignored in chemistry, attractive intermolecular interactions were nearly exclusively attributed to electrostatic interactions. We discuss the importance of dispersion interactions for the stabilization in systems that are traditionally explained in terms of the “special interactions” mentioned above. System stabilization can be explained by using interaction energies, or by attractive forces between the interacting subsystems; in the case of stabilizing WMIs, one frequently speaks of adhesion energies and adhesive forces. We show that the description of system stability using maximum adhesive forces and the description using adhesion energies are not equivalent. The systems discussed are polyaromatic molecules adsorbed to graphene and carbon nanotubes; dimers of alcohols and amines; cellulose crystals; and alcohols adsorbed onto cellulose surfaces.

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Zareinia, Kourosh, Yaser Maddahi, Liu Shi Gan, Ahmad Ghasemloonia, Sanju Lama, Taku Sugiyama, Fang Wei Yang, and Garnette R. Sutherland. "A Force-Sensing Bipolar Forceps to Quantify Tool–Tissue Interaction Forces in Microsurgery." IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics 21, no. 5 (October 2016): 2365–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmech.2016.2563384.

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Leckband, Deborah, and Jacob Israelachvili. "Intermolecular forces in biology." Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics 34, no. 2 (May 2001): 105–267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033583501003687.

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0. Abbreviations 1061. Introduction: overview of forces in biology 1081.1 Subtleties of biological forces and interactions 1081.2 Specific and non-specific forces and interactions 1131.3 van der Waals (VDW) forces 1141.4 Electrostatic and ’double-layer‘ forces (DLVO theory) 1221.4.1 Electrostatic and double-layer interactions at very small separation 1261.5 Hydration and hydrophobic forces (structural forces in water) 1311.6 Steric, bridging and depletion forces (polymer-mediated and tethering forces) 1371.7 Thermal fluctuation forces: entropic protrusion and undulation forces 1421.8 Comparison of the magnitudes of the major non-specific forces 1461.9 Bio-recognition 1461.10 Equilibrium and non-equilibrium forces and interactions 1501.10.1 Multiple bonds in parallel 1531.10.2 Multiple bonds in series 1552. Experimental techniques for measuring forces between biological molecules and surfaces 1562.1 Different force-measuring techniques 1562.2 Measuring forces between surfaces 1612.3 Measuring force–distance functions, F(D) 1612.4 Relating the forces between different geometries: the ‘Derjaguin Approximation’ 1622.5 Adhesion forces and energies 1642.5.1 An example of the application of adhesion mechanics of biological adhesion 1662.6 Measuring forces between macroscopic surfaces: the surface forces apparatus (SFA) 1672.7 The atomic force microscope (AFM) and microfiber cantilever (MC) techniques 1732.8 Micropipette aspiration (MPA) and the bioforce probe (BFP) 1772.9 Osmotic stress (OS) and osmotic pressure (OP) techniques 1792.10 Optical trapping and the optical tweezers (OT) 1812.11 Other optical microscopy techniques: TIRM and RICM 1842.12 Shear flow detachment (SFD) measurements 1872.13 Cell locomotion on elastically deformable substrates 1893. Measurements of equilibrium (time-independent) interactions 1913.1 Long-range VDW and electrostatic forces (the two DVLO forces) between biosurfaces 1913.2 Repulsive short-range steric–hydration forces 1973.3 Adhesion forces due to VDW forces and electrostatic complementarity 2003.4 Attractive forces between surfaces due to hydrophobic interactions: membrane adhesion and fusion 2093.4.1 Hydrophobic interactions at the nano- and sub-molecular levels 2113.4.2 Hydrophobic interactions and membrane fusion 2123.5 Attractive depletion forces 2133.6 Solvation (hydration) forces in water: forces associated with water structure 2153.7 Forces between ‘soft-supported’ membranes and proteins 2183.8 Equilibrium energies between biological surfaces 2194. Non-equilibrium and time-dependent interactions: sequential events that evolve in space and time 2214.1 Equilibrium and non-equilibrium time-dependent interactions 2214.2 Adhesion energy hysteresis 2234.3 Dynamic forces between biomolecules and biomolecular aggregates 2264.3.1 Strengths of isolated, noncovalent bonds 2274.3.2 The strengths of isolated bonds depend on the activation energy for unbinding 2294.4 Simulations of forced chemical transformations 2324.5 Forced extensions of biological macromolecules 2354.6 Force-induced versus thermally induced chemical transformations 2394.7 The rupture of bonds in series and in parallel 2424.7.1 Bonds in series 2424.7.2 Bonds in parallel 2444.8 Dynamic interactions between membrane surfaces 2464.8.1 Lateral mobility on membrane surfaces 2464.8.2 Intersurface forces depend on the rate of approach and separation 2494.9 Concluding remarks 2535. Acknowledgements 2556. References 255While the intermolecular forces between biological molecules are no different from those that arise between any other types of molecules, a ‘biological interaction’ is usually very different from a simple chemical reaction or physical change of a system. This is due in part to the higher complexity of biological macromolecules and systems that typically exhibit a hierarchy of self-assembling structures ranging in size from proteins to membranes and cells, to tissues and organs, and finally to whole organisms. Moreover, interactions do not occur in a linear, stepwise fashion, but involve competing interactions, branching pathways, feedback loops, and regulatory mechanisms.

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Li, Xue Feng, Chu Wu, Shao Xian Peng, and Jian Li. "AFM Interaction Forces of Lubricity Materials Surface." Advanced Materials Research 528 (June 2012): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.528.95.

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Micro interaction forces of lubricity surface of silicon and mica were studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM). From different scanning angle and bisection distance of the AFM, a new method of measuring micro static friction of lubricity surface materials was investigated. Results show that the micro coefficients of static and sliding friction of mica are less than the silicon, but the adhesive force is bigger. The mechanism of friction force of the two lubricity materials was discussed.

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Kurniawan, James, João Ventrici, Gregory Kittleson, and Tonya L. Kuhl. "Interaction Forces between Lipid Rafts." Langmuir 33, no. 1 (December 21, 2016): 382–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03717.

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Rosenholm, Jarl B., Kai-Erik Peiponen, and Evgeny Gornov. "Materials cohesion and interaction forces." Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 141, no. 1-2 (September 2008): 48–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2008.03.001.

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Lee, Gil U., Linda Chrisey, and Richard J. Colton. "Measuring forces between biological macromolecules with the Atomic Force Microscope: characterization and applications." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (August 13, 1995): 718–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100139962.

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Structure and function in biological macromolecular systems such as proteins and polynucleotides are based on intermolecular interactions that are short ranged and chemically specific. Our knowledge of these molecular interactions results from indirect physical and thermodynamic measurements such as x-ray crystallography, light scattering and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Direct measurement of molecular interaction forces requires that the state of a system be monitored with near atomic resolution while an independent force is applied to the system of 10−12 to 10−9 Newton magnitude. The atomic force microscope (AFM) has recently been applied to the study of single molecular interactions. The microfabricated cantilever of the AFM, a force transducer of small yet variable stiffness and high resonance frequency, produces a transducer of 10−15 N/Hz1/2 force sensitivities and 0.01 nm position accuracy.This presentation describes the AFM measurement of the molecular interaction forces in the model ligand-receptor system streptavidin-biotin and between complementary strands of DNA.

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Korakianitis, T. "On the Prediction of Unsteady Forces on Gas Turbine Blades: Part 2—Analysis of the Results." Journal of Turbomachinery 114, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2927975.

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This article investigates the generation of unsteady forces on turbine blades due to potential-flow interaction and viscous-wake interaction from upstream blade rows. A computer program is used to calculate the unsteady forces on the rotor blades. Results for typical stator-to-rotor-pitch ratios and stator outlet-flow angles show that the first spatial harmonic of the unsteady force may decrease for higher stator-to-rotor-pitch ratios, while the higher spatial harmonics increase. This (apparently counterintuitive) trend for the first harmonic, and other blade row interaction issues, are explained by considering the mechanisms by which the viscous wakes and the potential-flow interaction affect the flow field. The interaction mechanism is shown to vary with the stator-to-rotor-pitch ratio and with the outlet flow angle of the stator. It is also shown that varying the axial gap between rotor and stator can minimize the magnitude of the unsteady part of the forces generated by the combined effects of the two interactions.

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Kim, Dongyi, Hyeon Cho, Hochul Shin, Soo-Chul Lim, and Wonjun Hwang. "An Efficient Three-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network for Inferring Physical Interaction Force from Video." Sensors 19, no. 16 (August 17, 2019): 3579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19163579.

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Interaction forces are traditionally predicted by a contact type haptic sensor. In this paper, we propose a novel and practical method for inferring the interaction forces between two objects based only on video data—one of the non-contact type camera sensors—without the use of common haptic sensors. In detail, we could predict the interaction force by observing the texture changes of the target object by an external force. For this purpose, our hypothesis is that a three-dimensional (3D) convolutional neural network (CNN) can be made to predict the physical interaction forces from video images. In this paper, we proposed a bottleneck-based 3D depthwise separable CNN architecture where the video is disentangled into spatial and temporal information. By applying the basic depthwise convolution concept to each video frame, spatial information can be efficiently learned; for temporal information, the 3D pointwise convolution can be used to learn the linear combination among sequential frames. To validate and train the proposed model, we collected large quantities of datasets, which are video clips of the physical interactions between two objects under different conditions (illumination and angle variations) and the corresponding interaction forces measured by the haptic sensor (as the ground truth). Our experimental results confirmed our hypothesis; when compared with previous models, the proposed model was more accurate and efficient, and although its model size was 10 times smaller, the 3D convolutional neural network architecture exhibited better accuracy. The experiments demonstrate that the proposed model remains robust under different conditions and can successfully estimate the interaction force between objects.

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Murphy, K. P., Y. Zhao, and M. Kawai. "Molecular forces involved in force generation during skeletal muscle contraction." Journal of Experimental Biology 199, no. 12 (December 1, 1996): 2565–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.12.2565.

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Recent advances in protein chemistry and the kinetic analysis of tension transients in skeletal muscle fibres have enabled us to elucidate the molecular forces involved in force generation by cross-bridges. On the basis of the temperature effect, we conclude that the elementary step that generates force is an endothermic reaction (the enthalpy change delta H degree = 124 kJ mol-1 at 15 degrees C), which accompanies a large entropy increase (delta S degree = 430JK-1 mol-1) and a reduction in the heat capacity (delta C p = -6.4kJ K-1 mol-1). Thus, it can be concluded that the force-generating step is an entropy-driven reaction. The above results suggest that hydrophobic interactions are the primary cause of force generation, and that polar interactions (hydrogen bonding and charge interactions) are involved to a lesser degree. On the basis of the thermodynamic data, we estimate that during force generation approximately 50 nm2 of surface area is involved for hydrophobic interactions and another 30 nm2 for polar interactions. These data suggest that both the actomyosin interaction and the cleft closure of the myosin head are essential for force generation.

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Touhami, Ahmed, Barbara Hoffmann, Andrea Vasella, Frédéric A. Denis, and Yves F. Dufrêne. "Aggregation of yeast cells: direct measurement of discrete lectin–carbohydrate interactions." Microbiology 149, no. 10 (October 1, 2003): 2873–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.26431-0.

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Aggregation of microbial cells mediated by specific interactions plays a pivotal role in the natural environment, in medicine and in biotechnological processes. Here we used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to measure individual lectin–carbohydrate interactions involved in the flocculation of yeast cells, an aggregation event of crucial importance in fermentation technology. AFM probes functionalized with oligoglucose carbohydrates were used to record force-distance curves on living yeast cells at a rate of 0·5 μm s−1. Flocculating cells showed adhesion forces of 121±53 pN, reflecting the specific interaction between individual cell-surface lectins and glucose residues. Similar adhesion forces, 117±41 pN, were measured using probes functionalized with the lectin concanavalin A and attributed to specific binding to cell-surface mannose residues. By contrast, specific interaction forces were not observed in non-flocculating conditions, i.e. in the presence of mannose or when using non-flocculating cells, pointing to their involvement in yeast flocculation. The single molecule force spectroscopy measurements presented here provide a means to study a variety of cellular interactions at the molecular level, such as the adhesion of bacteria to animal and plant tissues.

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Waar, Karola, Henny C. van der Mei, Hermie J. M. Harmsen, Joop de Vries, Jelly Atema-Smit, John E. Degener, and Henk J. Busscher. "Atomic force microscopy study on specificity and non-specificity of interaction forces between Enterococcus faecalis cells with and without aggregation substance." Microbiology 151, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 2459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27877-0.

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Enterococcus faecalis is one of the leading causes of hospital-acquired infections, and indwelling medical devices are especially prone to infection. E. faecalis expressing aggregation substance (Agg) adheres to biomaterial surfaces by means of positive cooperativity, i.e. the ability of one adhering organism to stimulate adhesion of other organisms in its immediate vicinity. In this study, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to measure the specificity and non-specificity of interaction forces between E. faecalis cells with and without Agg. Bacteria were attached to a substratum surface and a tip-less cantilever. Two E. faecalis strains expressing different forms of Agg showed nearly twofold higher interaction forces between bacterial cells than a strain lacking Agg [adhesive force (F adh), −1·3 nN]. The strong interaction forces between the strains with Agg were reduced after adsorption of antibodies against Agg from −2·6 and −2·3 nN to −1·2 and −1·3 nN, respectively. This suggests that the non-specific interaction force between the enterococci amounts to approximately 1·2 nN, while the specific force component is only twofold stronger. Comparison of the results of the AFM interaction forces with the positive cooperativity after adhesion to a biomaterial in a parallel-plate flow chamber showed that in the absence of strong interaction forces between the cells, positive cooperativity was also absent. In conclusion, this is believed to be the first time that the influence of specific antibodies on interaction forces between E. faecalis cells has been demonstrated by AFM, thereby experimentally distinguishing between specific and non-specific force components.

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Dagastine, Raymond R., Tam T. Chau, D. Y. C. Chan, Geoffrey W. Stevens, and Franz Grieser. "Interaction forces between oil–water particle interfaces—Non-DLVO forces." Faraday Discuss. 129 (2005): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b405750c.

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Laskow, V., P. A. Spencer, and I. M. Bayly. "The MV Robert LeMeur Ice/Propeller Interaction Project: Full-Scale Data." Marine Technology and SNAME News 23, no. 04 (October 1, 1986): 301–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1986.23.4.301.

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An experimental program was conducted in which ice/propeller interaction data were collected on a twin-shaft shrouded controllable pitch propeller vessel with 3500 kW per shaft line. The tests were conducted in late June 1984 in the seasonal ice of the Canadian Beaufort Sea. Collected data illustrate the phenomena occurring in the Kort nozzle. A number of observations were made: interaction forces during nozzle blockage are of the same magnitude as during ice-blade impact; the maximum ice-induced blade force is not a function of ship speed; maximum ice-induced blade force occurs near relative radius 0.8. Ice interactions cause significant movement of the shaft relative to the shaft bearing; in ahead mode the blade is bent forward during ice interactions. Ice-induced shaft torque transients reached twice nominal and ice-induced shaft thrust transients reached four times nominal value. The largest blade impact forces are associated with the short-duration impacts.

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Stoyanova, V., and D. Nenow. "Block Lattices with Asymmetric Interaction Forces." Crystal Research and Technology 35, no. 2 (February 2000): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-4079(200002)35:2<143::aid-crat143>3.0.co;2-x.

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Wood, Jonathan, and Ravi Sharma. "Interaction forces between hydrophobic mica surfaces." Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 9, no. 8 (January 1995): 1075–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156856195x00914.

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Banquy, Xavier, Kai Kristianson, Dong Woog Lee, Joan Boggs, Cynthia Husted, Younjin Min, Joe Zasadzinski, and Jacob Israelachvili. "Interaction Forces Between Model Myelin Membranes." Biophysical Journal 100, no. 3 (February 2011): 633a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2010.12.3641.

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Tadros, Tharwat. "Interaction forces between adsorbed polymer layers." Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 165, no. 2 (July 2011): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2011.02.002.

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Schuring, D. J. "Uniformity of Tire-Wheel Assemblies." Tire Science and Technology 19, no. 4 (October 1, 1991): 213–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2141716.

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Abstract Interactions between the tire and wheel of an assembly are adding extra nonuniformities to those of the tire and wheel themselves. The additional nonuniformities are not small. In one example their average effect on the radial force was 25 to 30 N for two commercial wheels, and 10 N for a precision-machined wheel. Interaction forces are acting randomly and hence are seriously disturbing any tire-wheel matching effort. A simple statistical model is suggested, describing their distribution and allowing an estimation of their effects on tire-wheel matching. At this time no leading cause for the existence of interaction forces is known; they seem to accrue from many different minor sources. It is to be hoped that the continuous refinements achieved in the tire and wheel manufacturing processes will eventually reduce all non-uniformities, including interaction forces, to levels that would render tire-wheel matching unnecessary.

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Hofmeister, Anne M., and Everett M. Criss. "Constraints on Newtonian Interplanetary Point-Mass Interactions in Multicomponent Systems from the Symmetry of Their Cycles." Symmetry 13, no. 5 (May 11, 2021): 846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13050846.

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Interplanetary interactions are the largest forces in our Solar System that disturb the planets from their elliptical orbits around the Sun, yet are weak (<10−3 Solar). Currently, these perturbations are computed in pairs using Hill’s model for steady-state, central forces between one circular and one elliptical ring of mass. However, forces between rings are not central. To represent interplanetary interactions, which are transient, time-dependent, and cyclical, we build upon Newton’s model of interacting point-mass pairs, focusing on circular orbits of the eight largest bodies. To probe general and evolutionary behavior, we present analytical and numerical models of the interplanetary forces and torques generated during the planetary interaction cycles. From symmetry, over a planetary interaction cycle, radial forces dominate while tangential forces average to zero. Our calculations show that orbital perturbations require millennia to quantify, but observations are only over ~165 years. Furthermore, these observations are compromised because they are predominantly made from Earth, whose geocenter occupies a complex, non-Keplerian orbit. Eccentricity and inclination data are reliable and suggest that interplanetary interactions have drawn orbital planes together while elongating the orbits of the two smallest planets. This finding is consistent with conservation principles governing the eight planets, which formed as a system and evolve as a system.

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Li, Ru-Yu, Jin-Jian Chen, and Chen-Cong Liao. "Numerical Study on Interaction between Submarine Landslides and a Monopile Using CFD Techniques." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 7 (July 2, 2021): 736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9070736.

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Offshore installations with pile foundations in shallow water are vulnerable to submarine landslides, which cause serious damage to engineering facilities, loss of life, and loss of money. Due to a shortage of real observation data and the difficulty of reproduction, we lack insight into the interaction behavior between submarine landslides and monopiles. This study capitalized on ANSYS Fluent 20.0 to develop a three-dimensional biphasic (water and slurry) numerical model. This CFD model was used to analyze the interaction between a monopile and submarine landslides at different flow heights. The velocities of submarine landslides were from low to high values. Two modes of interactional forces acting on the monopile are proposed, which are (i) interaction force with peak value and (ii) interaction force without peak value. The influence of flow height and velocity on interaction forces was investigated. Results show that the effect of the flow heights on the interaction force is significant at low velocity stage, while the peak force representing a hazard level of the pile was non-negligible under high flow velocity and low flow height conditions, which should be considered in a future study. The related mechanisms are revealed with a hybrid model considering different components of the force.

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Iakovou, Georgios, Steven Hayward, and Stephen Laycock. "A real-time proximity querying algorithm for haptic-based molecular docking." Faraday Discuss. 169 (2014): 359–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3fd00123g.

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Intermolecular binding underlies every metabolic and regulatory processes of the cell, and the therapeutic and pharmacological properties of drugs. Molecular docking systems model and simulate these interactions in silico and allow us to study the binding process. Haptic-based docking provides an immersive virtual docking environment where the user can interact with and guide the molecules to their binding pose. Moreover, it allows human perception, intuition and knowledge to assist and accelerate the docking process, and reduces incorrect binding poses. Crucial for interactive docking is the real-time calculation of interaction forces. For smooth and accurate haptic exploration and manipulation, force-feedback cues have to be updated at a rate of 1 kHz. Hence, force calculations must be performed within 1ms. To achieve this, modern haptic-based docking approaches often utilize pre-computed force grids and linear interpolation. However, such grids are time-consuming to pre-compute (especially for large molecules), memory hungry, can induce rough force transitions at cell boundaries and cannot be applied to flexible docking. Here we propose an efficient proximity querying method for computing intermolecular forces in real time. Our motivation is the eventual development of a haptic-based docking solution that can model molecular flexibility. Uniquely in a haptics application we use octrees to decompose the 3D search space in order to identify the set of interacting atoms within a cut-off distance. Force calculations are then performed on this set in real time. The implementation constructs the trees dynamically, and computes the interaction forces of large molecular structures (i.e. consisting of thousands of atoms) within haptic refresh rates. We have implemented this method in an immersive, haptic-based, rigid-body, molecular docking application called Haptimol_RD. The user can use the haptic device to orientate the molecules in space, sense the interaction forces on the device, and guide the molecules to their binding pose. Haptimol_RD is designed to run on consumer level hardware, i.e. there is no need for specialized/proprietary hardware.

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Assemi, Shoeleh, Anh V. Nguyen, and Jan D. Miller. "Direct measurement of particle–bubble interaction forces using atomic force microscopy." International Journal of Mineral Processing 89, no. 1-4 (December 2008): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2008.09.005.

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Baumgartner, W., P. Hinterdorfer, and H. Schindler. "Data analysis of interaction forces measured with the atomic force microscope." Ultramicroscopy 82, no. 1-4 (February 2000): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3991(99)00154-0.

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Stark, M., R. W. Stark, W. M. Heckl, and R. Guckenberger. "Inverting dynamic force microscopy: From signals to time-resolved interaction forces." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99, no. 13 (June 17, 2002): 8473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.122040599.

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Coffey, M. W. "Closed-form magnetostatic interaction energies and forces in magnetic force microscopy." Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General 28, no. 15 (August 7, 1995): 4201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0305-4470/28/15/002.

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Wallqvist, Viveca, Per M. Claesson, Agne Swerin, Joachim Schoelkopf, and Patrick A. C. Gane. "Interaction Forces between Talc and Pitch Probed by Atomic Force Microscopy." Langmuir 23, no. 8 (April 2007): 4248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la0633435.

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Tromas, Christophe, and Ricardo Garcia. "ChemInform Abstract: Interaction Forces with Carbohydrates Measured by Atomic Force Microscopy." ChemInform 33, no. 23 (May 21, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200223299.

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Li, Mi, LianQing Liu, Ning Xi, YueChao Wang, ZaiLi Dong, GuangYong Li, XiuBin Xiao, and WeiJing Zhang. "Detecting CD20-Rituximab interaction forces using AFM single-molecule force spectroscopy." Chinese Science Bulletin 56, no. 35 (December 2011): 3829–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11434-011-4789-0.

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Tokatli, Ozan, and Volkan Patoglu. "Non-Overshooting Force Control of Series Elastic Actuators." Solid State Phenomena 166-167 (September 2010): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.166-167.421.

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Whenever mechanical devices are used to interact with the environment, accurate control of the forces occurring at the interaction surfaces arises as an important challenge. Traditionally, force controlled systems utilize stiff force sensors in the feedback loop to measure and regulate the interaction forces. Series elastic actuation (SEA) is an alternative approach to force control, in which the deflection of a compliant element (orders of magnitude less stiff than a typical force sensor) placed between motor and the environment is controlled to regulate the interaction forces. The use of SEAs for force control is advantageous, since this approach possesses inherent robustness without the need for high-precision force sensors/actuators and allows for the accurate control of the force exerted by the actuator through position control of the deflection of a compliant coupling element. Here, a non-overshooting force controller is proposed to be embedded into the control structure of SEAs. Such controller architecture ensures safe operations of SAEs by making sure that the force applied to the environment are always bounded from above by the reference forces commanded to the controller.

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Gupta, Vineet, Narender P. Reddy, and Pelin Batur. "Forces in Laparoscopic Surgical Tools." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 6, no. 2 (April 1997): 218–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/pres.1997.6.2.218.

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Minimally invasive surgery (MIS), even with its shortcomings, has had a far reaching impact in the field of surgery. During MIS procedures, as the surgeon's hands are remote from the site of the surgery, they do not have a feel of the tissue being manipulated and the forces that should be applied to manipulate the tissue. Studies are being conducted to provide tactile and force feedback of the tissues being manipulated to the surgeon. However, the surgeons are trained in conventional surgery and are familiar with the forces that they apply on the conventional surgical tools. Therefore, before such studies are conducted, there is a need for quantitative comparison of conventional and laparoscopic tools. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine if the forces applied on the conventional surgical forceps are the same as those applied on the laparoscopic forceps during the same procedures. The results of the study showed that the handle and tip forces in laparoscopic forceps were significantly different from that of the conventional surgical forceps (p ≤0.005). The results also showed that the mean power of the surface EMG measured from flexor pollicis brevis (flexor of the thumb) and the extensor pollicis brevis (extensor of the proximal thumb) while manipulating laparoscopic forceps were significantly different from that measured while manipulating conventional surgical forceps for the same procedure (p ≤ 0.005).

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Oropesa-Nuñez, Reinier, Andrea Mescola, Massimo Vassalli, and Claudio Canale. "Impact of Experimental Parameters on Cell–Cell Force Spectroscopy Signature." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041069.

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Atomic force microscopy is an extremely versatile technique, featuring atomic-scale imaging resolution, and also offering the possibility to probe interaction forces down to few pN. Recently, this technique has been specialized to study the interaction between single living cells, one on the substrate, and a second being adhered on the cantilever. Cell–cell force spectroscopy offers a unique tool to investigate in fine detail intra-cellular interactions, and it holds great promise to elucidate elusive phenomena in physiology and pathology. Here we present a systematic study of the effect of the main measurement parameters on cell–cell curves, showing the importance of controlling the experimental conditions. Moreover, a simple theoretical interpretation is proposed, based on the number of contacts formed between the two interacting cells. The results show that single cell–cell force spectroscopy experiments carry a wealth of information that can be exploited to understand the inner dynamics of the interaction of living cells at the molecular level.

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Gregory, John. "The Role of Colloid Interactions in Solid-Liquid Separation." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 10 (May 1, 1993): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0195.

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Forces between particles in water become especially important when the particles are in the colloidal size range (less than a few mm). To a first approximation inter-particle forces or colloid interactions are linearly dependent on particle size and they become stronger, relative to external forces, as particle size decreases. The separation of fine particles from water by processes such as coagulation, filtration and flotation can be crucially dependent on the manipulation of colloid interactions, usually to promote attachment of particles to each other or to surfaces. The most important types of colloid interaction are briefly discussed. These include van der Waals forces, electrical interaction, hydration forces, hydrophobic interaction and effects associated with adsorbed polymers, such as steric repulsion and polymer bridging. These are all short-range interactions, which have little influence on the transport of particles but which can have a major effect on collision efficiencies and on the adhesion between particles. Some examples of solid-liquid separation processes in which colloid interactions are important are given.

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Zheng, Yi. "A Generalization of Electromagnetic Fluctuation-Induced Casimir Energy." Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/198657.

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Intermolecular forces responsible for adhesion and cohesion can be classified according to their origins; interactions between charges, ions, random dipole—random dipole (Keesom), random dipole—induced dipole (Debye) are due to electrostatic effects; covalent bonding, London dispersion forces between fluctuating dipoles, and Lewis acid-base interactions are due to quantum mechanical effects; pressure and osmotic forces are of entropic origin. Of all these interactions, the London dispersion interaction is universal and exists between all types of atoms as well as macroscopic objects. The dispersion force between macroscopic objects is called Casimir/van der Waals force. It results from alteration of the quantum and thermal fluctuations of the electrodynamic field due to the presence of interfaces and plays a significant role in the interaction between macroscopic objects at micrometer and nanometer length scales. This paper discusses how fluctuational electrodynamics can be used to determine the Casimir energy/pressure between planar multilayer objects. Though it is confirmation of the famous work of Dzyaloshinskii, Lifshitz, and Pitaevskii (DLP), we have solved the problem without having to use methods from quantum field theory that DLP resorted to. Because of this new approach, we have been able to clarify the contributions of propagating and evanescent waves to Casimir energy/pressure in dissipative media.

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Kuchuk, Kfir, and Uri Sivan. "Accurate, explicit formulae for higher harmonic force spectroscopy by frequency modulation-AFM." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 6 (January 13, 2015): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.6.14.

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The nonlinear interaction between an AFM tip and a sample gives rise to oscillations of the cantilever at integral multiples (harmonics) of the fundamental resonance frequency. The higher order harmonics have long been recognized to hold invaluable information on short range interactions but their utilization has thus far been relatively limited due to theoretical and experimental complexities. In particular, existing approximations of the interaction force in terms of higher harmonic amplitudes generally require simultaneous measurements of multiple harmonics to achieve satisfactory accuracy. In the present letter we address the mathematical challenge and derive accurate, explicit formulae for both conservative and dissipative forces in terms of an arbitrary single harmonic. Additionally, we show that in frequency modulation-AFM (FM-AFM) each harmonic carries complete information on the force, obviating the need for multi-harmonic analysis. Finally, we show that higher harmonics may indeed be used to reconstruct short range forces more accurately than the fundamental harmonic when the oscillation amplitude is small compared with the interaction range.

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PINCET, FRÉDÉRIC, ERIC PEREZ, GARY BRYANT, LUC LEBEAU, and CHARLES MIOSKOWSKI. "SPECIFIC FORCES BETWEEN DNA BASES." Modern Physics Letters B 10, no. 03n05 (February 28, 1996): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984996000122.

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Molecular recognition occurs at all levels of living matter but the mechanisms are not understood in physical terms. One striking example is that of DNA whose properties are intimately related to the specific molecular interactions of four nucleosides, based on hydrogen-bonds and size complementarities. We have directly measured the interaction between two of them, adenosine and thymidine, using a surface force apparatus. In these experiments, lipids functionalised with nucleosides were synthesised, and used to coat the surfaces between which forces were measured. The interactions of complementary molecules were compared to those, markedly different, for which the complementarity was hindered by a small modification of one of the molecules. The distance range of the specific forces, deduced from this comparison, was surprisingly long. The adhesion energy of the surfaces covered by these nucleosides were highly specific. Binding energies obtained from these measurements were in good agreement with values from the literature. The results also show that without the size effect existing in DNA, H-bonds alone can generate the specificity. An unusual behaviour, attributed to the sticky and fluid character of the layers, was pointed out. A long-range non specific interaction, also unexpected, was found. These features observed on surfaces coated with chemical functional groups may partly result from a collective behaviour. They illustrate the variety of physical effects one can obtain by playing on the chemistry of a surface.

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Kim, Yoon Hyuk. "Interaction between Finger Force and Neural Command in Multi-Finger Force Production." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 751–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.751.

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In this study, we investigated the relationship between the finger force and the neural command in multi-finger force production tasks in order to characterize the neural enslaving effect and the force-deficit effect among fingers. Seven healthy male subjects were instructed to press one, two, three and four fingers on the finger sensors as hard as possible acting in parallel in all possible combinations. Then, the finger forces in each task were recorded and analyzed to represent the neural enslaving effect and the force-deficit effect. The results confirmed that individual finger forces were smaller in multi-finger maximal voluntary contraction tasks than in single-finger tasks. The force deficit effect increased with the number of fingers involved. A mathematical model proposed in this paper based on the experimental results could explicitly describe the two effects of finger interaction by representing the relationship between the neural commands and finger forces. The present results could be useful information to understand the basic neuro-muscular mechanism in hand biomechanics and the fundamentals of intelligent hand robots.

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Allen, S., S. M. Rigby-Singleton, H. Harris, M. C. Davies, and P. O'Shea. "Measuring and visualizing single molecular interactions in biology." Biochemical Society Transactions 31, no. 5 (October 1, 2003): 1052–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0311052.

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In recent years, considerable attention has focused upon the biological applications of the atomic force microscope (AFM), and in particular in its ability to explore biomolecular interaction events at the single molecule level. Such measurements can provide considerable advantages, as they remove the data averaging inherent in other biophysical/biochemical approaches that record measurements over large ensembles of molecules. To this end AFM has been used for both the high-resolution imaging of a range of individual biological molecules and their complexes, and to record interaction forces between single interacting molecules. In a recently initiated project we have begun to utilize these approaches to explore the interactions of a range of biologically important peptides with model and cell membrane surfaces. In this review, the potential value of AFM for the investigation of a range of biomolecular interaction events will be discussed, but highlighting in particular its potential for the study of interactions of peptides/proteins with biological membranes.

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Dobryden, Illia, Elizaveta Mensi, Allan Holmgren, and Nils Almqvist. "Surface Forces between Nanomagnetite and Silica in Aqueous Ca2+ Solutions Studied with AFM Colloidal Probe Method." Colloids and Interfaces 4, no. 3 (September 10, 2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids4030041.

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Dispersion and aggregation of nanomagnetite (Fe3O4) and silica (SiO2) particles are of high importance in various applications, such as biomedicine, nanoelectronics, drug delivery, flotation, and pelletization of iron ore. In directly probing nanomagnetite–silica interaction, atomic force microscopy (AFM) using the colloidal probe technique has proven to be a suitable tool. In this work, the interaction between nanomagnetite and silica particles was measured with AFM in aqueous Ca2+ solution at different pH levels. This study showed that the qualitative changes of the interaction forces with pH and Ca2+ concentrations were consistent with the results from zeta-potential measurements. The repulsion between nanomagnetite and silica was observed at alkaline pH and 1 mM Ca2+ concentration, but no repulsive forces were observed at 3 mM Ca2+ concentration. The interaction forces on approach were due to van der Waals and electrical double-layer forces. The good fitting of experimental data to the DLVO model and simulations supported this conclusion. However, contributions from non-DLVO forces should also be considered. It was shown that an increase of Ca2+ concentration from 1 to 3.3 mM led to a less pronounced decrease of adhesion force with increasing pH. A comparison of measured and calculated adhesion forces with a few contact mechanics models demonstrated an important impact of nanomagnetite layer nanoroughness.

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Doi, Takumi, Takumi Iritani, Sinya Aoki, Shinya Gongyo, Tetsuo Hatsuda, Yoichi Ikeda, Takashi Inoue, et al. "Baryon interactions from lattice QCD with physical quark masses – Nuclear forces and ΞΞ forces –." EPJ Web of Conferences 175 (2018): 05009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817505009.

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We present the latest lattice QCD results for baryon interactions obtained at nearly physical quark masses. Nf = 2 + 1 nonperturbatively O(a)-improved Wilson quark action with stout smearing and Iwasaki gauge action are employed on the lattice of (96a)4 ≃(8.1fm)4 with a-1 ≃2.3 GeV, where mπ ≃146 MeV and mK ≃525 MeV. In this report, we study the two-nucleon systems and two-Ξ systems in 1S0 channel and 3S1-3D1 coupled channel, and extract central and tensor interactions by the HAL QCD method. We also present the results for the NΩ interaction in 5S2 channel which is relevant to the NΩ pair-momentum correlation in heavy-ion collision experiments.

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Litvinov, Rustem I., Henry Shuman, John Weisel, and Joel S. Bennett. "Measurement of the Lifetime of Bonds Between αIIbβ3 and Fibrinogen Using Constant Unbinding Forces Generated by Optical Tweezers." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.254.254.

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Abstract We have shown that the distribution of rupture forces between individual αIIbβ3 and fibrinogen molecules displays at least two components that differ in kinetics, loading rate dependence, and susceptibility to activation and inhibition of the integrin. This suggests that the binding and unbinding of αIIbβ3 and fibrinogen is a complex multistep process that depends on the conformational state of both αIIbβ3 and fibrinogen, the duration of their interaction, and environmental factors such as externally-applied shear force. To directly test these possibilities, we quantified the lifetime of bonds stabilizing individual αIIbβ3-fibrinogen complexes with a novel nanoscale laser tweezers-based system that uses an optical trap to apply a constant unbinding force to single-molecule protein-protein interactions. When a ligand-coated bead is brought into repeated contact with a receptor-coated silica pedestal using an optical trap, the signal parameters that are measured correspond to both compressive and rupture forces. To measure bond lifetimes, the amplitude of the generated tensile force signal must remain constant throughout the lifetime of the bond. This can be accomplished by incorporating an analog feedback circuit within the optical system. The system also enables us to control the time of contact between interacting surfaces, the magnitude of compressive force during contact, the magnitude of the tensile force, and the time of protein-protein separation when binding occurs. To quantify the forced unbinding of fibrinogen molecules covalently bound to latex beads and αIIbβ3 molecules covalently attached to silica microspheres, we measured the distribution of bond lifetimes obtained under constant tensile force, mimicking the effect of hydrodynamic blood flow on an adherent platelet. We found that the separation times of the αIIbβ3- and fibrinogen-coated surfaces varied, indicating that the interactions occurring at the interface had heterogeneous kinetic and thermodynamic properties. Discrimination of specific αIIbβ3-fibrinogen binding events versus non-specific interactions was based on comparison of bond lifetime distributions in the absence and presence of abciximab or eptifibatide, specific inhibitors of fibrinogen binding to activated αIIbβ3. We found that the separation times of the αIIbβ3- and fibrinogen-coated surfaces were bimodal, with specific integrin-fibrinogen interactions lasting more than 2s under a constant tensile force of 50 pN. Varying the time of contact between αIIbβ3 and fibrinogen from 0.1s to 2.0s at the same unbinding force revealed that the bond lifetimes increased as the duration of contact between that interacting surfaces increased, suggesting that stability of αIIbβ3-fibrinogen interactions is time-dependent. Because these measurements mimic the binding/unbinding parameters and the time course of the αIIbβ3-fibrinogen interactions under conditions of shear, they are relevant to physiological processes of fibrinogen-mediated platelet adhesion and platelet aggregation. Taken together, our data suggest a model for fibrinogen binding to αIIbβ3 in which the initial interaction is followed by reorganization of the binding interface, thereby enhancing the strength and stability of fibrinogen binding.

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Lorenzo, Alicia C., Pedro G. Pascutti, and Paulo M. Bisch. "Nonspecific interaction forces at water-membrane interface by forced molecular dynamics simulations." Journal of Computational Chemistry 24, no. 3 (January 23, 2003): 328–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.10163.

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Perveen, Asma, M. Rahman, and Y. S. Wong. "Modeling of Vertical Micro Grinding." Key Engineering Materials 625 (August 2014): 463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.625.463.

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Due to the small feed rate used in micro-machining, ploughing force needs to be considered in addition to the chip formation force. A new analytical model has been proposed to calculate cutting forces of micro-grinding process based on the process configuration, work piece material properties, and micro-grinding tool topography. The proposed approach allows the calculation of cutting force comprising both the chip formation force and ploughing forcec considering single grain interaction.

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Damircheli, M., and M. H. Korayem. "Dynamic analysis of AFM by applying Timoshenko beam theory in tapping mode and considering the impact of interaction forces in a liquid environment." Canadian Journal of Physics 92, no. 6 (June 2014): 472–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2012-0355.

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In an atomic force microscope (AFM), the cantilever vibrates by excitation at a frequency near the fundamental frequency, and the changes in vibration parameters, which result from the nonlinear forces of interaction between sample and cantilever tip, can be used as a tool to reveal the properties of the sample. To properly describe the images acquired by the AFM and to approximate the properties of the investigated sample, it is essential to use analytical and numerical models that can accurately simulate the dynamics of the cantilever and sample. For short beams, the Timoshenko model seems to be very accurate. Considering the fact that short beams (cantilevers) have many applications including the imaging of biological samples in liquid environments, the use of this theory seems to be necessary. In this paper, by employing the Timoshenko beam model, the effect of rotational inertia and shear deformation has been taken into consideration. The interaction forces between sample and cantilever in liquid, ambient air, and vacuum environments are quite different in terms of magnitude and formulation, and they play a significant role in the system’s dynamic response. These forces include hydrodynamic forces, electrostatic double layer force, etc. Using an accurate model for the interaction forces will improve the simulation results significantly. In this paper, the frequency response of the atomic force microscope has been investigated by applying the Timoshenko beam model and considering the forces of interaction between sample and tip in the air and liquid environments. The results indicate that the resonant frequency changes and cantilever vibration amplitude diminishes in a liquid environment compared to the air environment. The simulation results have good agreement with the experimental ones. The frequency responses for the attractive and repulsive regions in the two environments are compared and it is demonstrated that the dynamic response is highly dependent on the hydrodynamic and interaction forces in the liquid medium.

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Rajan, Krishna, Rajiv Singh, J. Adler, U. Mahajan, Y. Rabinovich, and B. M. Moudgil. "Surface interaction forces in chemical-mechanical planarization." Thin Solid Films 308-309 (October 1997): 529–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6090(97)00501-4.

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Chakrabarti, Subrata. "Hydrodynamic interaction forces on multi-moduled structures." Ocean Engineering 27, no. 10 (October 2000): 1037–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-8018(99)00034-7.

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Tai, Feng-I., Olof Sterner, Olof Andersson, Tobias Ekblad, and Thomas Ederth. "Interaction Forces on Polyampholytic Hydrogel Gradient Surfaces." ACS Omega 4, no. 3 (March 21, 2019): 5670–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b00339.

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Wu, X., J. Czarnecki, N. Hamza, and J. Masliyah. "Interaction Forces between Bitumen Droplets in Water." Langmuir 15, no. 16 (August 1999): 5244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la981546q.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Interaction forces'

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