Journal articles on the topic 'Interacted VAR'
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1
Radulovic, Valentina, Mara Aleksic, and Vera Kapetanovic. "Electrochemical study of varenicline adsorptive behaviour and its interaction with DNA." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 77, no. 10 (2012): 1409–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc120420073r.
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The electrochemical behaviour of novel nicotinic ?4?2 subtype receptor partial agonist varenicline (VAR) which is used for smoking cessation, was investigated in Britton-Robinson buffers (pH 2.0-12.0) by cyclic, differential pulse and square wave voltammetry at a hanging mercury drop elctrode. The influence of pH, scan rate, concentration, accumulation potential and time on peak current and potential suggested that in alkaline media the redox process was adsorption controlled. Also, the experimental value of surface coverage, G = 1.03?10-10 mol cm-2, was used to determine the conditions when VAR was fully adsorbed at the electrode surface. Having in mind potential high toxicity of VAR due to the presence of quinoxaline structure, its interaction with DNA was postulated, and studied when both compounds were in the adsorbed state at modified HMDE. Using adsorptive transfer technique, the changes in potential and decrease in normalized peak currents were observed. The estimated value of the ratio of surface-binding constants indicated that the reduced form of VAR interacted with dsDNA more strongly than the oxidized form. Subtle DNA damage under conditions of direct DNA-VAR interaction at room temperature was observed. The proposed type of interaction was an intercalation. This study used simple electroanalytical methodology and showed the potential of DNA/HMDE biosensor for investigation of genotoxic effects.
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Davis, J. V., D. R. Earhart, A. T. Leonard, and V. A. Haby. "NITROGEN AND BORON RATES FOR SELECTED BRASSICA GROWN ON EAST TEXAS ACID, SANDY SOIL." HortScience 25, no. 8 (August 1990): 858e—858. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.8.858e.
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The potential for east Texas to produce Brassica that could compete favorably with the import market exists. This study was conducted to establish optimum nitrogen and boron rates for 4 Brassica spp. grown on highly leachable east Texas soil, a Bowie series (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic, Plinthic Paleudult). Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Italica, var. Green Comet), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. Botrytis var. White Contessa), Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. Pekinensis var. Monument), and Chinese mustard (Brassica rapa L. Chinensis var. What-A-Joy) were field grown using 5 rates of N (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg·ha-1) interacted with 3 rates of B (0, 1.25 and 2.5 kg·ha-1) in a complete randomized design with 3 reps. Harvested broccoli heads increased average head weight (HW), average head size (HS), and total yield (Y) for each increase of N. Cauliflower HW, HS, and Y increased up to 150 kg N ha-1. B supplementation did not statistically affect HW, HS, and Y of broccoli or cauliflower. Chinese cabbage Y increased up to 150 kg N ha-1 and produced less Y at 200 kg N ha-1 than at 50 kg N ha-1. Chinese mustard Y increased 50% for the 50 (kg·ha-1) N over no added N with additional N producing statistically equal Y. B at 1.25 (kg·ha-1) significantly increased cabbage Y, but had no effect on mustard Y.
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Bajang, Marsel Efraim, A. Rumambi, W. B. Kaunang, and D. Rustandi. "PENGARUH MEDIA TUMBUH DAN LAMA PERENDAMAN TERHADAP PERKECAMBAHAN SORGUM VARIETAS NUMBU." ZOOTEC 35, no. 2 (July 11, 2015): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.35792/zot.35.2.2015.8526.
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THE EFFECT OF GROWING MEDIUM AND SOAKING TIME ON GERMINATION OF SORGHUM VAR. NUMBU. The present study was conducted to elaboratethe effect of the growing medium andsoaking times on germination of sorghum varieties numbu. This research has been done to learn and obtain data on the effect of the plant growth media and the soaking times of the sorghum plant sprouts. The experiment consisted of a 3x4x3 factorial design with 3 levels of growing medium (100% original soil; 50% original soil + 50% burned soil; and 100% burned out soil) and 4 levels of soaking times (0,2,4, and 6 hours). After a significant F test (where necesarry) was employed to inspect differences among group means. Statistical difference was accepted at P < 0,05. Variables measured were: germination rates, germination, and leaf counts. Research results showed that growing medium gave a significant difference (P<0,01) on germination phase and germination rates. The interaction of growing medium andsoaking times gave a significant difference on leaf counts.It can be concluded that the growing medium gave a positive response on germination phase andgermination rates; while leaf counts of Sorghum var. Numbu interacted well with growing medium of 100% original soil and all level of soaking times. Keywords: growing medium, soaking times, sorghum var. Numbu, germination.
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Itulya, Francis M., Vasey N. Mwaja, and John B. Masiunas. "Collard—Cowpea Intercrop Response to Nitrogen Fertilization, Redroot Pigweed Density, and Collard Harvest Frequency." HortScience 32, no. 5 (August 1997): 850–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.5.850.
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Field experiments were conducted in 1992 and 1993 to determine the effect of N fertility, cropping system, redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) density, and harvesting frequency on collard (Brassica oleracea var. acephala D.C) and cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] growth. The N fertilization regimes were 0, 80, 160, and 240 kg·ha-1, applied as urea in a split application. Four weeks after crop planting, redroot pigweed was seeded at 0, 300, and 1200 seeds/m2. Between weeks 6 and 12, collard leaves were harvested at 1- to 3-week intervals. Year, N fertility, and cropping system interacted to determine collard leaf number and mass. For example, in 1992, with N at 160 kg·ha-1, collards intercropped had more total leaf mass than those monocropped. Pigweed density had no effect on collard yields, which were greatest from the 3-week harvest frequency. Cropping system and pigweed density interacted to determine cowpea vine length, shoot dry mass, and branching. The high density of pigweed caused a 56% reduction of cowpea dry mass in 1992.
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Sun, Bing, Xinru He, Fengying Long, Cui Yu, and Yongjun Fei. "The Role of PnTCP2 in the Lobed Leaf Formation of Phoebe neurantha var. lobophylla." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 21 (October 31, 2022): 13296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113296.
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A lobed leaf is a common trait in plants, but it is very rare in Lauraceae plants, including species of Phoebe. In the study of germplasm resources of Phoebe neurantha, we found lobed leaf variant seedlings, and the variation could be inherited stably. Studying the lobed leaf mechanism of P. neurantha var. lobophylla can offer insight into the leaf development mechanism of woody plants. RNA-seq and small RNA-seq analysis results showed that a total of 8091 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 16 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified in P. neurantha var. lobophylla. Considering previous research results, a leaf margin morphological development related miRNA, pne-miRNA319a, was primary identified as a candidate miRNA. Target gene prediction showed that a total of 2070 genes were predicted to be the target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs. GO enrichment analysis of differentially expressed target genes suggested that PnTCP2 is related to lobed leaf formation. The TRV-VIGS gene silencing of PnTCP2 led to lobed leaves in P. neurantha seedlings. The downregulation of PnTCP2 led to lobed leaves. The yeast two-hybrid test and bimolecular fluorescence complementation test confirmed that the PnTCP2 protein interacted with the PnLBD41 protein. Based on the expression analysis of gene-silenced leaves and RNA-seq and small RNA-seq analysis results, pne- miRNA319a and PnLBD41 might also play important roles in this process. In conclusion, PnTCP2 plays an important and vital role in the formation of the lobed leaves of P. neurantha var. lobophylla.
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He, Lixia, Lihong Li, Yinxia Zhu, Yu Pan, Xiuwen Zhang, Xue Han, Muzi Li, Chengbin Chen, Hui Li, and Chunguo Wang. "BolTLP1, a Thaumatin-like Protein Gene, Confers Tolerance to Salt and Drought Stresses in Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 20 (October 15, 2021): 11132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222011132.
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Plant thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) play pleiotropic roles in defending against biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the functions of TLPs in broccoli, which is one of the major vegetables among the B. oleracea varieties, remain largely unknown. In the present study, bolTLP1 was identified in broccoli, and displayed remarkably inducible expression patterns by abiotic stress. The ectopic overexpression of bolTLP1 conferred increased tolerance to high salt and drought conditions in Arabidopsis. Similarly, bolTLP1-overexpressing broccoli transgenic lines significantly improved tolerance to salt and drought stresses. These results demonstrated that bolTLP1 positively regulates drought and salt tolerance. Transcriptome data displayed that bolTLP1 may function by regulating phytohormone (ABA, ethylene and auxin)-mediated signaling pathways, hydrolase and oxidoreductase activity, sulfur compound synthesis, and the differential expression of histone variants. Further studies confirmed that RESPONSE TO DESICCATION 2 (RD2), RESPONSIVE TO DEHYDRATION 22 (RD22), VASCULAR PLANT ONE-ZINC FINGER 2 (VOZ2), SM-LIKE 1B (LSM1B) and MALATE DEHYDROGENASE (MDH) physically interacted with bolTLP1, which implied that bolTLP1 could directly interact with these proteins to confer abiotic stress tolerance in broccoli. These findings provide new insights into the function and regulation of bolTLP1, and suggest potential applications for bolTLP1 in breeding broccoli and other crops with increased tolerance to salt and drought stresses.
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Jesus, Janisson Batista de, Robério Anastácio Ferreira, and Dráuzio Correia Gama. "BEHAVIOR OF THE EMERGENCE OF NATIVE FOREST SEEDLINGS FOR THE PURPOSE OF RECOVERY OF THE RIPARIAN FOREST." FLORESTA 49, no. 1 (December 17, 2018): 057. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v49i1.56202.
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Understanding the behavior of the emergence of native forest seeds is essential to achieve greater successes in forest recovery. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the emergence of native forest species (Cassia grandis L.F., Cecropia pachystachya Trec., Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong, Guazuma ulmifolia Lam., and Libidibia ferrea var. leiostachya (Benth.) L.P.Queiroz.) in riparian areas of the Piauitinga River, in the municipality of Lagarto (state of Sergipe, Brazil). The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design (DBC) with four blocks in triple scheme (4 x 2 x 6): four forest species emerged (Cassia grandis, Enterolobium contortisiliquum, Guazuma ulmifolia, Libidibia ferrea var. leiostachya), with and without treatment to overcome dormancy, evaluated every fortnight for 90 days (6 periods). It was verified by the statistical analysis that the four species that had emergencies interacted in the two treatments used throughout the six evaluation periods. The species, in both treatments, presented a large number of seeds emerged in the first weeks after sowing, reducing over time. The species studied have a characteristic pattern of emergence over time, considering both seeds with and without treatment to overcome dormancy.
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Westcott, M. P., and N. W. Callan. "Modeling Plant Population and Rectangularity Effects on Broccoli Head Weights and Yield." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 115, no. 6 (November 1990): 893–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.115.6.893.
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Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) head weights and yields are highly sensitive to plant densities (P) and rectangularity. Broccoli cultivars were grown at four plant spacings (2.2 to 8.6 plants/m2) and four N rates (O to 336 kg N/ha) in 1986 and 1987. In 1988, plug spacings, as above, were factorially combined with treatments of one, two, or three plants per plug. Head weight (w) data were fitted to the reciprocal model: 1/w = a + bp and the exponential model: w = AKP, where a, b, A, and K are constants. Nitrogen rate did not interact with p. In 1986 and 1987, both the reciprocal and exponential models fit the w data (expressed as w relative to wmax for each cultivar) with highly significant R2 values of 0.525 to 0.605. Yield equations derived from these models were asymptotic. In 1988, clumping (multiple plants per plug) reduced head weights but interacted with plant density. Only the exponential model could account for the assumption that clumping effects diminish as plant densities increase; the reciprocal model predicted the opposite effect. The exponential model was expanded to the form: w = CAKP, where C is proportionate reduction of w due to clumping. Derived yield models were asymptotic for the reciprocal model and parabolic for the exponential model.
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Mustarichie, Resmi, Sandra Megantara, and Nyi Mekar Saptarini. "IN-SILICO STUDY OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS OF NATURAL MATERIALS AS A JAK- SIGNAL TRANSDUCER AND ACTIVATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION INHIBITOR FOR ANTI-ALOPECIA." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 11 (November 1, 2017): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i11.21118.
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Objective: This study aims to examine the compounds contained in herbs for the treatment of anti-alopecia by in-silico computation.Methods: JAK (Janus Kinase) regulates the activation of key hair follicle populations such as the hair germ and improves the inductivity of cultured human dermal papilla cells by controlling a molecular signature enriched in intact, fully inductive dermal papillae. JAK2 which was a member of Janus family was used in this study as a receptor (PDB code: 4C61) and 15 compounds normally found in five herbals traditionally used as hair growth as ligands. Molecular modeling of bioactive compounds was performed using MarvinSketch and Prediction of physicochemical properties by ligand scout software. Molecular docking was performed using ligand scout, AutoDock Vina, and PyMOL. Binding affinity (Ei), inhibition constant (Ki), hydrogen bond interaction, and hydrophobic interaction were evaluated to find which of herbs potentially for anti-alopecia.Results: Among 15 compounds studied three of them, 6-hydroxy genistein, coreximine, and scoulerine interacted well with JAK2’s active pocket so it can inhibit JAK- signal transducer and activator of transcription. 6-hydroxy genistein interacted with Asp994, Gly993 Met929, Val863, Leu983, Ala880, and Leu855 whereas coreximine and scoulerine interacted with Leu932, Pro933, Tyr931 and Pro933, Tyr931, Ala880, Val863, Leu983, Leu855, respectively.Conclusion: These results predicted that three compounds, namely, 6-hydroxy genistein, coreximine, and scoulerine which come from Dadap leaves (Erythrina variegata var. orientalis (L.) Merr.) were strongly had the link with JAK2 indicating that this plant extract may be used as hair growth agent/ anti-alopecia. As compounds studied was based on the literature survey, our results suggest compounds from six herbals studied should firstly be tested in-vivo for its anti-alopecia activity, fractionated, elucidated, to check as to whether their compounds responsible for anti-alopecia using the method developed in this paper.
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Zhao, Xuehui, Xiaolun Han, Qingjie Wang, Xuxu Wang, Xiude Chen, Ling Li, Xiling Fu, and Dongsheng Gao. "EARLY BUD BREAK 1 triggers bud break in peach trees by regulating hormone metabolism, the cell cycle, and cell wall modifications." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 12 (March 9, 2020): 3512–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa119.
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Abstract In a previous study we identified EARLY BUD BREAK 1 (EBB1), an ERF transcription factor, in peach (Prunus persica var. nectarina cultivar Zhongyou 4); however, little is known of how PpEBB1 may regulate bud break. To verify the function of PpEBB1 in bud break, PpEBB1 was transiently transformed into peach buds, resulting in early bud break. Bud break occurred earlier in PpEBB1-oe poplar (Populus trichocarpa) obtained by heterologous transformation than in wild type (WT), consistent with the peach bud results, indicating that PpEBB1 can promote bud break. To explore how PpEBB1 affects bud break, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between WT and PpEBB1-oe poplar plants were identified by RNA-sequencing. The expression of DEGs associated with hormone metabolism, cell cycle, and cell wall modifications changed substantially according to qRT-PCR. Auxin, ABA, and total trans-zeatin-type cytokinin levels were higher in the PpEBB1-oe plants than in WT plants, while the total N6-(Δ 2-isopentenyl)-adenine-type cytokinins was lower. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays verified that a cell wall modification-related protein (PpEXBL1) interacted with PpEBB1 suggesting that PpEBB1 could interact with these cell wall modification proteins directly. Overall, our study proposed a multifaceted explanation for how PpEBB1 regulates bud break and showed that PpEBB1 promotes bud break by regulating hormone metabolism, the cell cycle, and cell wall modifications.
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Barickman, T. Casey, Dean A. Kopsell, Carl E. Sams, and Robert C. Morrow. "Sole-Source LED Lighting and Fertility Impact Shoot and Root Tissue Mineral Elements in Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra)." Horticulturae 6, no. 3 (July 18, 2020): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae6030040.
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The current study investigated the impacts of light quality and different levels of fertility on mineral nutrient concentrations in the shoot and root tissues of Chinese kale (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra). “Green Lance” Chinese kale was grown under: (1) fluorescent/incandescent light; (2) 10% blue (447 ± 5 nm)/90% red (627 ± 5 nm) light emitting diode (LED) light; (3) 20% blue/80% red LED light; and (4) 40% blue/60% red LED light as sole-source lighting at two different levels of fertility. All plants were harvested 30 days after seeding and shoot and root tissues were analyzed for mineral nutrients. Lighting and fertility interacted to influence kale shoot and root mineral nutrient concentrations. The results indicate that sole-source LED lighting used in production can impact the mineral nutritional values of baby leafy greens now popular for the packaged market. This is evident in the current and previous studies in which lighting affects biomass and indirectly affects mineral nutrient concentrations.
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Ferrari, Alejandro Andrés, Joaquín Ignacio Izaguirre, and Félix Alejandro Acuto. "A bit closer to the past: the three-dimensionalization of an Inca ceremony in the north Calchaquí Valley (Salta, Argentina)." Virtual Archaeology Review 12, no. 25 (July 14, 2021): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2021.15285.
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<p>Like other expansive polities, the expansion of the Inca empire across the highlands and lowlands of South America is not only a history of trade and warfare, but also of mesmerizing public performances that yielded new and memorable experiences. During highly ritualized public celebratory events, the local polities gained first-hand access to the imperial liturgy, which was vital to promote and legitimate the Inca cosmology across the newly acquired lands. Especially in the last 20 years, new technologies, an ever-growing corpus of archaeological data, as well as increasing hardware capacity and software development, make it possible to emulate the scenes that people got to witness during the Inca public events, at a home computer scale and without complex and expensive equipment. Furthermore, it prompts us to test and apply new tools and academic dissemination techniques, perhaps more suitable to current technologies and means of knowledge storage and circulation. This article presents the process of building a three-dimensional (3D) model that, on the one hand, combines historical, ethnographic, and archaeological data with Geographic Information System (GIS) datasets; on the other hand, it uses detailed architectural analysis and astronomical measurements. The objective is to yield renders that accurately display the atmospheric and lighting conditions prevailing when the site was inhabited. We will offer a detailed description of all methods, techniques, equipment, and software used to create the model and the parameters for rendering the images. The authors intend to exemplify how 3D modelling goes well beyond the 3D model as a product in itself; it becomes a fundamental tool that encouraged us to test new variables and discuss new interpretations about this settlement. Results indicate that its builders designed these settlement's Inca compounds to show off the imperial capabilities and constructive proficiency, to convey exceptional, memorable experiences to its residents and visitors, and to stage explicit links between the imperial representatives and some fundamental procreative components of the Andean cosmos. In doing so, Guitián's plaza served to stage and communicate the privileged role the imperial representatives claimed to have in a broader cosmological scheme.</p><p>Highlights:</p><ul><li><p>Inca public performances were finely choreographed so that objects, places, people, landscape, and skyscape features interacted according to the main principles of imperial cosmology.</p></li><li><p>Current mid-range hardware and specialized yet reasonably user-friendly software are suitable to create accurate three-dimensional (3D) models combining historical, archaeological, and astronomical data.</p></li><li><p>Creating such a detailed 3D model contributes to cultural heritage and academic dissemination and prompted us to revise and broaden our interpretations.</p></li></ul>
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Swindel, Benee F., Joel E. Smith, Daniel G. Neary, and Nicholas B. Comerford. "Recent Research Indicates Plant Community Responses to Intensive Treatment Including Chemical Amendments." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 13, no. 3 (August 1, 1989): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/13.3.152.
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Abstract Plant community responses to several factors (planted species, competition control, and nutrients) that influence stand development were tested in a factorial experiment on a flatwoods Spodosol. A moisture gradient across replications, augmented by irrigation, permitted testing of afourth factor (moisture regime). There were differences between slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Engelm.) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) crown development, but no response to moisture gradient. Pines and other plants responded dramatically to continuing competition control andrepeated fertilization. Nonpine crown cover was reduced from 100% on plots without herbicides to less than 10% on treated plots. Pine crown cover at 5 years averaged 73% with both fertilization and competition control versus 11% on control plots. Both pine and nonpine cover changed significantlyacross bed, furrow, and interbed niches, and niche interacted with chemical (fertilizer and herbicide) treatment. Competition control dramatically reduced plant species richness; modal number of species observed on 5 m transects was reduced from 10 on plots without herbicides to 2 on plotsrepeatedly treated. South. J. Appl. For. 13(3):152-156.
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Jenkyn, J. F., R. J. Gutteridge, and A. D. Todd. "Effects of fungicides, applied in autumn, and a growth regulator, applied in spring, on the growth and yield of winter barley grown on contrasting soil types." Journal of Agricultural Science 117, no. 3 (December 1991): 287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600067010.
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SUMMARYExperiments in 1985 and 1986, at Woburn Experimental Farm in Bedfordshire, tested the effects of fungicides, applied in autumn, and a growth regulator, applied at GS3O–31 or GS32–33 in spring, on winter barley grown on two contrasting soil types in each year. Leaf diseases did not become severe in any of the experiments but take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici) was prevalent in 1985. Triadimenol (‘Baytan’) was more effective than flutriafol (‘Ferrax’) in decreasing the severity of takeall and its activity against the disease was related to earliness of sowing.Mean responses in grain yield to the fungicide treatments were mostly small and not significant but did not conflict with the hypothesis that crops on lighter soils benefit more from autumn fungicides than those on heavier soils. Mean effects of the growth regulator sprays were also small but they interacted with both soil type and season. Over the 2 years the later spray applied to crops on the heavier soil gave the largest mean response. Sprays applied to crops on lighter soils were often detrimental to yield, especially in 1985.
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Teuber, Osvaldo, Dulan Samarappuli, and Marisol Berti. "Nitrogen and Sulfur Fertilization in Kale and Swede for Grazing." Agronomy 10, no. 5 (April 27, 2020): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050619.
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Species in the Brassicaceae family, hence forth brassicas, such as forage kale [Brassica. oleracea L. convar acephala (DC)], swede (B. napus L. var. napobrassica), turnip [Brassica rapa L. var. rapa (L.) Thell], and hybrids (B. rapa L. × B. pekinensis L. or B. rapa L. × B. oleracea L.), have become an important source of forage for grazing worldwide. One of the limitations of forage brassicas is the relatively higher water content and low forage yield in rain-fed environments. The objective of this study was to determine swede and kale forage yield and nutritive value response to various nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) fertilization rates. The study was conducted at two experimental field sites in North Dakota in 2012 and 2014. Kale cv. Maris Kestrel and swede cv. Major Plus and five N rates (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg N ha−1) and two rates of S (0 and 40 kg S ha−1) were evaluated. Swede total forage yield was greater than kale across all nitrogen and sulfur rates. Compared with no N fertilization, N fertilization increased total leaf and root/stems yield and nitrogen accumulation in leaves, roots, and stems. Sulfur did not affect forage yield. Forage nutritive value was greater in swede than kale due to a higher proportion of edible root compared with kale’s higher proportion of fibrous stems. Nitrogen and sulfur interacted with some forage nutritive components. This study results suggest that growers will benefit from greater forage yield in kale and swede if they fertilize with N up to 200 kg N ha−1. Forage yield and nutritive value of swede and kale in the northern Great Plains are novel results, since these crops are not grown for forage and represent an interesting and valuable new alternative for beef cattle growers.
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Wang, Qingjie, Gongxun Xu, Xuehui Zhao, Zejie Zhang, Xuxu Wang, Xiao Liu, Wei Xiao, et al. "Transcription factor TCP20 regulates peach bud endodormancy by inhibiting DAM5/DAM6 and interacting with ABF2." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 4 (November 19, 2019): 1585–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz516.
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Abstract The dormancy-associated MADS-box (DAM) genes PpDAM5 and PpDAM6 have been shown to play important roles in bud endodormancy; however, their molecular regulatory mechanism in peach is unclear. In this study, by use of yeast one-hybrid screening, we isolated a TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR transcription factor, PpTCP20, in the peach cultivar ‘Zhongyou 4’ (Prunus persica var. nectarina). The protein was localized in the nucleus and was capable of forming a homodimer. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that PpTCP20 binds to a GCCCR element in the promoters of PpDAM5 and PpDAM6, and transient dual luciferase experiments showed that PpTCP20 inhibited the expression of PpDAM5 and PpDAM6 as the period of the release of flower bud endodormancy approached. In addition, PpTCP20 interacted with PpABF2 to form heterodimers to regulate bud endodormancy, and the content of abscisic acid decreased with the release of endodormancy. PpTCP20 also inhibited expression of PpABF2 to regulate endodormancy. Taken together, our results suggest that PpTCP20 regulates peach flower bud endodormancy by negatively regulating the expression of PpDAM5 and PpDAM6, and by interacting with PpABF2, thus revealing a novel regulatory mechanism in a perennial deciduous tree.
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Faisal, S. M., M. Al-Forkan, and M. Amanullah. "Study of in vitro shoot production of off-season Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam)." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 9, no. 3 (2021): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.932102.
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In vitro shoot production efficiency of off-season jackfruit (var. BARI jackfruit -2) plant was observed. There were 2 factors in this experiment. Factor A consisted of four benzyl amino purine (BAP) concentrations and factor B consisted of two nepthalene acetic acid (NAA) concentrations. Four BAP concentrations were 0.0 (Control), 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg-L of BAP and two NAA concentrations were 1.0 and 2.0 mg-1 of NAA. The highest (85.36) percentage of explants regenerated in MS medium supplemented with the highest (4.00 mg-1) BAP concentration. The medium when fortified with 2.00 mg-1 BAP took the shortest (8.25 days) time. The highest (4.90 and 5.05, respectively) number of multiple shoots at both subcultures were obtained from the medium when enriched with 4.0 mg-1 BAP. Higher NAA concentration (2.00 mg-1) showed better performance than lower one. Number of multiple shoots increased at third subculture than second subculture in respect to both NAA concentrations. The shortest (8.17 days) time to shoot initiation was taken when 2.00 mg-1 each of BAP and NAA interacted with each other in MS medium. The longest (4.8 cm) micro shoots were obtained from the medium fortified with 4.00 mg-1 BAP and 2.00 mg/l NAA, respectively.
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Vissink, A. "Medicaments and oral healthcare. Mechanisms of interaction between medicaments." Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Tandheelkunde 126, no. 01 (January 4, 2019): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5177/ntvt.2019.01.18218.
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Adamczyk, Piotr. "Does the Volatility of Oil Price Affect the Structure of Employment? The Role of Exchange Rate Regime and Energy Import Dependency." Energies 15, no. 19 (September 21, 2022): 6895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15196895.
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The volatility of oil price as a key energy resource for modern economies has a significant impact on the macroeconomic situation. In addition to affecting aggregated production, consumption, employment and inflation, oil shocks can affect the economy in a more nuanced way. One consequence of the turmoil in the oil market may be a shift in the employment structure between the tradable and non-tradable sectors, which we investigate in this paper. The aim of this study is to test how oil price volatility affects the structure of employment in Central and Eastern European countries. Our main hypothesis is that oil price volatility causes a temporal employment reallocation between tradable and non-tradable sectors. To verify this assumption, we created Interacted Panel VAR (IPVAR), which showed that the shocks of oil price volatility affect the employment structure and this impact is conditioned by the level of dependence on energy imports and the exchange rate regime. The constructed impulse response functions showed that, in general, oil price volatility causes a temporal fall in relative employment in the manufacturing (tradable) sector. For periods of an above-average import of energy, the exchange rate regime does not matter for the response of the structure of employment. Inversely, when countries are less dependent on imports of energy, the exchange rate regime matters for shock absorption—for floats, oil price shocks cause a temporal fall in relative employment in manufacturing, whereas for pegs, there is a slight relative increase in employment in manufacturing.
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Guan, Hongling, Xinmin Huang, Yunna Zhu, Baoxing Xie, Houcheng Liu, Shiwei Song, Yanwei Hao, and Riyuan Chen. "Identification of DELLA Genes and Key Stage for GA Sensitivity in Bolting and Flowering of Flowering Chinese Cabbage." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22 (November 9, 2021): 12092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212092.
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Flowering Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. utilis Tsen et Lee) is an important and extensively cultivated vegetable in south China, and its stalk development is mainly regulated by gibberellin (GA). DELLA proteins negatively regulate GA signal transduction and may play an important role in determining bolting and flowering. Nevertheless, no systematic study of the DELLA gene family has been undertaken in flowering Chinese cabbage. In the present study, we found that the two-true-leaf spraying of gibberellin A3 (GA3) did not promote bolting but did promote flowering, whereas the three-true-leaf spraying of GA3 promoted both bolting and flowering. In addition, we identified five DELLA genes in flowering Chinese cabbage. All five proteins contained DELLA, VHYNP, VHIID, and SAW conserved domains. Protein-protein interaction results showed that in the presence of GA3, all five DELLA proteins interacted with BcGID1b (GA-INSENSITIVE DWARF 1b) but not with BcGID1a (GA-INSENSITIVE DWARF 1a) or BcGID1c (GA-INSENSITIVE DWARF 1c). Their expression analysis showed that the DELLA genes exhibited tissue-specific expression, and their reversible expression profiles responded to exogenous GA3 depending on the treatment stage. We also found that the DELLA genes showed distinct expression patterns in the two varieties of flowering Chinese cabbage. BcRGL1 may play a major role in the early bud differentiation process of different varieties, affecting bolting and flowering. Taken together, these results provide a theoretical basis for further dissecting the DELLA regulatory mechanism in the bolting and flowering of flowering Chinese cabbage.
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Ramos, Lívia S., Simone S. C. Oliveira, Laura N. Silva, Marcela Q. Granato, Diego S. Gonçalves, Susana Frases, Sergio H. Seabra, et al. "Surface, adhesiveness and virulence aspects of Candida haemulonii species complex." Medical Mycology 58, no. 7 (January 27, 2020): 973–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myz139.
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Abstract The emerging opportunistic pathogens comprising the Candida haemulonii complex (C. haemulonii [Ch], C. duobushaemulonii [Cd] and C. haemulonii var. vulnera[Chv]) are notable for their intrinsic antifungal resistance. Different clinical manifestations are associated with these fungal infections; however, little is known about their biology and potential virulence attributes. Herein, we evaluated some surface properties of 12 clinical isolates of Ch (n = 5), Cd (n = 4) and Chv (n = 3) as well as their virulence on murine macrophages and Galleria mellonella larvae. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of homogeneous populations among the species of the C. haemulonii complex, represented by oval yeasts with surface irregularities able to form aggregates. Cell surface hydrophobicity was isolate-specific, exhibiting high (16.7%), moderate (25.0%) and low (58.3%) hydrophobicity. The isolates had negative surface charge, except for one. Mannose/glucose- and N-acetylglucosamine-containing glycoconjugates were evidenced in considerable amounts in all isolates; however, the surface expression of sialic acid was poorly detected. Cd isolates presented significantly higher amounts of chitin than Ch and Chv. Membrane sterol and lipid bodies, containing neutral lipids, were quite similar among all fungi studied. All isolates adhered to inert surfaces in the order: polystyrene > poly-L-lysine-coated glass > glass. Likewise, they interacted with murine macrophages in a quite similar way. Regarding in vivo virulence, the C. haemulonii species complex were able to kill at least 80% of the larvae after 120 hours. Our results evidenced the ability of C. haemulonii complex to produce potential surface-related virulence attributes, key components that actively participate in the infection process described in Candida spp.
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Park, Jung-Jin, Young-Eui Kim, Hong Thanh Pham, Eui Tae Kim, Young-Hwa Chung, and Jin-Hyun Ahn. "Functional interaction of the human cytomegalovirus IE2 protein with histone deacetylase 2 in infected human fibroblasts." Journal of General Virology 88, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 3214–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.83171-0.
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In human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-infected cells, the 86 kDa immediate-early (IE) 2 protein plays a key role in transactivating downstream viral genes. Recently, IE2 has been shown to interact with histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and HDAC3. HDAC1 recruited by IE2 was required for IE2-mediated autorepression of the major IE (MIE) promoter, whereas IE2–HDAC3 interaction was suggested to relieve the repressive effect of HDAC3 on viral early promoters. However, whether IE2 indeed inhibits HDAC's deacetylation activity on viral promoters and interacts with other HDACs remains unclear. Here, we provide evidence that IE2 functionally interacts with HDAC2 and negates its repressive effect on the viral polymerase promoter. IE2 interacted with HDAC2 in both virus-infected cells and in vitro, and required the conserved C-terminal half for HDAC2 binding. The subcellular localization of HDAC2 was changed in virus-infected cells, showing colocalization with IE2 in viral transcription and replication sites. The overall HDAC2 protein levels and its deacetylation activity slightly increased during the late stages of infection and the IE2-associated deacetylation activity was still sensitive to an HDAC inhibitor, trichostatin A. In transfection assays, however, histone acetylation of the viral polymerase promoter was suppressed by HDAC2, and this was relieved by IE2 binding. Therefore, our data demonstrate that IE2 functionally interacts with HDAC2 and modulates its deacetylation activity on the viral polymerase promoter. Our results also support the idea that interactions of IE2 with several HDACs to modulate the host epigenetic regulation on viral MIE and early promoters are important events in the process of productive infection.
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Cheng, Yu-Qin, Zhong-Mei Liu, Jian Xu, Tao Zhou, Meng Wang, Yu-Ting Chen, Huai-Fang Li, and Zai-Feng Fan. "HC-Pro protein of sugar cane mosaic virus interacts specifically with maize ferredoxin-5 in vitro and in planta." Journal of General Virology 89, no. 8 (August 1, 2008): 2046–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.2008/001271-0.
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Symptom development of a plant viral disease is a result of molecular interactions between the virus and its host plant; thus, the elucidation of specific interactions is a prerequisite to reveal the mechanism of viral pathogenesis. Here, we show that the chloroplast precursor of ferredoxin-5 (Fd V) from maize (Zea mays) interacts with the multifunctional HC-Pro protein of sugar cane mosaic virus (SCMV) in yeast, Nicotiana benthamiana cells and maize protoplasts. Our results demonstrate that the transit peptide rather than the mature protein of Fd V precursor could interact with both N-terminal (residues 1–100) and C-terminal (residues 301–460) fragments, but not the middle part (residues 101–300), of HC-Pro. In addition, SCMV HC-Pro interacted only with Fd V, and not with the other two photosynthetic ferredoxin isoproteins (Fd I and Fd II) from maize plants. SCMV infection significantly downregulated the level of Fd V mRNA in maize plants; however, no obvious changes were observed in levels of Fd I and Fd II mRNA. These results suggest that SCMV HC-Pro interacts specifically with maize Fd V and that this interaction may disturb the post-translational import of Fd V into maize bundle-sheath cell chloroplasts, which could lead to the perturbation of chloroplast structure and function.
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Wilcox, W. F., M. P. Pritts, and M. J. Kelly. "Integrated Control of Phytophthora Root Rot of Red Raspberry." Plant Disease 83, no. 12 (December 1999): 1149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.12.1149.
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Various components of an integrated program for controlling Phytophthora root rot of red raspberries were examined in a factorial experiment conducted for three growing seasons in a silty clay loam naturally infested with Phytophthora fragariae var. rubi. The factors were: (i) cultivar (highly susceptible Titan versus moderately resistant Newburgh); (ii) bed height (flat versus raised); (iii) straw mulch application (yes versus no); (iv) preplant treatment with the biological control fungus Trichoderma (=Gliocladium) virens (yes versus no); and (v) seasonal applications of the fungicide metalaxyl (yes versus no). Disease incidence was assessed visually, and severity was measured with respect to cane density, cane vigor, and yield. Cultivar was the most important factor, having a highly significant (P < 0.0001) main effect on nearly every measure of disease incidence and severity; it also interacted significantly with most other factors for at least some of these measures. In general, such interactions resulted from the positive response of Newburgh to treatments that had little effect on the consistently poor growth and yield of Titan, or from the variable response of Titan to treatments that had little effect on the consistently low visual disease ratings for Newburgh. Raised bed cultivation consistently reduced disease incidence and improved plant performance (particularly for Newburgh) and was the only factor other than cultivar that significantly improved yield, i.e., 5.6 versus 2.0 kg per Newburgh plot on raised versus flat beds, respectively. Although metalaxyl initially provided a substantial decrease in disease incidence on Titan, most of these plants eventually died. In contrast, metalaxyl provided modest yield benefits for Newburgh, and highest yields were obtained when metalaxyl was used in conjunction with raised beds, i.e., means of 2.2 versus 1.8 kg for the treated versus untreated plots on flat beds and 6.3 versus 5.1 kg, respectively, on raised beds. Straw mulch increased soil moisture levels and exacerbated disease incidence and severity. The biocontrol treatment had relatively little effect on disease, although there was some indication of marginally improved plant growth in treated plots.
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Widdowson, F. V., A. Penny, R. J. Gutteridge, R. J. Darby, and M. V. Hewitt. "Tests of amounts and times of application of nitrogen and of sequential sprays of aphicide and fungicides on winter wheat, following either beans or wheat, and the effects of take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici), on two varieties at Saxmundham, Suffolk 1980–3." Journal of Agricultural Science 105, no. 1 (August 1985): 97–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600055775.
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SUMMARYFrom 1980 to 1983 factorial experiments at Saxmundham were made on winter wheat following beans, so as to minimize losses from foot and root rots and increase potential yields. All tested seed-bed N, and amounts and times of application of N in spring, both with and without sprays intended to limit losses from aphids and from diseases. The tests were made on one semi-dwarf variety in 1980 and on two contrasting varieties from 1981 to 1983. In 1982 and 1983 a comparison was made between wheat following beans and wheat following wheat; all treatments were applied cumulatively to the two successive wheat crops.In 1980 and in 1981 N given in March greatly increased the number of shoots in April but had little effect on the final number of ears. Yields of grain were greatly increased by N given during April and by sequential sprays with fungicides and aphicide; these two factors interacted so that responses to N were larger with the sprays than without. Yield responses to seed-bed N, although small, were greater than the benefits from applying divided instead of single N dressings in spring. The number of ears was greatly increased by increasing the amount of N given in April, but only slightly by any of the other treatments. The weight of 1000 grains was greatly increased by the sprays of aphicide and fungicides and was decreased by N in 1981, but not in 1980. Largest yields of grain were 10·14 t/ha in 1980 and 10·91 t/ha in 1981 when N was given in spring at 160 and 200 kg/ha respectively, and the crops were sprayed with pesticides.In 1982 and 1983 N applied in March again greatly increased the number of shoots in April, but not the final number of ears. Yields of grain were larger after beans than after wheat, mainly because the number of ears and the weight of 1000 grains were greater. This may have been because take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminisvar. tritici) was more severe where wheat followed wheat. Previous cropping also interacted with variety; Avalon yielded slightly less than Norman where take-all was slight but much less where take-all was severe. Where N was given the mean loss in yield from growing Avalon rather than Norman in the 2 years was 2·47 t/ha after wheat and 0·37 t/ha after beans. The take-all disease ratings of Norman and Avalon after wheat were 132 and 197 respectively. Yields of grain were greatly increased by N given during April, especially of wheat following wheat and where it was protected with sprays; then the mean yield was only 2·79 t/ha without N but 8·78 with 235 kg N/ha. Where wheat followed beans, yields were 6·89 t/ha without N and 11·07 with 175 kg N/ha. Applying N to the seed bed increased yields slightly, and again by more than by dividing the dressing of N in spring. The number of ears was greatly increased by N in spring and a little by all the other factors that increased grain yield. The weight of 1000 grains was increased greatly by the sprays of aphicide and fungicides, was decreased by N, and was larger for Norman than for Avalon.In 1980–1, after beans, the mean amounts of N removed by the grain (where aphicide and fungicides were given) ranged from 81 kg/ha without N fertilizer to 167 where most N was given. In 1982–3 comparable values ranged from 86 kg N/ha to 191 where wheat followed beans and from 35 kg N/ha to 168 where wheat followed wheat.
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LLORIAN, Miriam, Monique BEULLENS, Isabel ANDRÉS, Jose-Miguel ORTIZ, and Mathieu BOLLEN. "SIPP1, a novel pre-mRNA splicing factor and interactor of protein phosphatase-1." Biochemical Journal 378, no. 1 (February 15, 2004): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20030950.
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We have identified a polypeptide that was already known to interact with polyglutamine-tract-binding protein (PQBP)-1/Npw38 as a novel splicing factor and interactor of protein phosphatase-1, hence the name SIPP1 for splicing factor that interacts with PQBP-1 and PP1 (protein phosphotase 1). SIPP1 was inhibitory to PP1, and its inhibitory potency was increased by phosphorylation with protein kinase CK1. Two-hybrid and co-sedimentation analysis revealed that SIPP1 has two distinct PP1-binding domains and that the binding of SIPP1 with PP1 involves a RVXF (Arg-Val-Xaa-Phe) motif, which functions as a PP1-binding sequence in most interactors of PP1. Enhanced-green-fluorescent-protein-tagged SIPP1 was targeted exclusively to the nucleus and was enriched in the nuclear speckles, which represent storage/assembly sites of splicing factors. We have mapped a nuclear localization signal in the N-terminus of SIPP1, while the proline-rich C-terminal domain appeared to be required for its subnuclear targeting to the speckles. Finally, we found that SIPP1 is also a component of the spliceosomes and that a SIPP1-fragment inhibits splicing catalysis by nuclear extracts independent of its ability to interact with PP1.
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Makarov, Valentin V., Ekaterina N. Rybakova, Alexander V. Efimov, Eugene N. Dobrov, Marina V. Serebryakova, Andrey G. Solovyev, Igor V. Yaminsky, Michael E. Taliansky, Sergey Yu Morozov, and Natalia O. Kalinina. "Domain organization of the N-terminal portion of hordeivirus movement protein TGBp1." Journal of General Virology 90, no. 12 (December 1, 2009): 3022–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.013862-0.
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Three ‘triple gene block’ proteins known as TGBp1, TGBp2 and TGBp3 are required for cell-to-cell movement of plant viruses belonging to a number of genera including Hordeivirus. Hordeiviral TGBp1 interacts with viral genomic RNAs to form ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes competent for translocation between cells through plasmodesmata and over long distances via the phloem. Binding of hordeivirus TGBp1 to RNA involves two protein regions, the C-terminal NTPase/helicase domain and the N-terminal extension region. This study demonstrated that the extension region of hordeivirus TGBp1 consists of two structurally and functionally distinct domains called the N-terminal domain (NTD) and the internal domain (ID). In agreement with secondary structure predictions, analysis of circular dichroism spectra of the isolated NTD and ID demonstrated that the NTD represents a natively unfolded protein domain, whereas the ID has a pronounced secondary structure. Both the NTD and ID were able to bind ssRNA non-specifically. However, whilst the NTD interacted with ssRNA non-cooperatively, the ID bound ssRNA in a cooperative manner. Additionally, both domains bound dsRNA. The NTD and ID formed low-molecular-mass oligomers, whereas the ID also gave rise to high-molecular-mass complexes. The isolated ID was able to interact with both the NTD and the C-terminal NTPase/helicase domain in solution. These data demonstrate that the hordeivirus TGBp1 has three RNA-binding domains and that interaction between these structural units can provide a basis for remodelling of viral RNP complexes at different steps of cell-to-cell and long-distance transport of virus infection.
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COULON, Alexandre, Amor MOSBAH, André LOPEZ, Anne-Marie SAUTEREAU, Gerhard SCHALLER, Konrad URECH, Pierre ROUGÉ, and Hervé DARBON. "Comparative membrane interaction study of viscotoxins A3, A2 and B from mistletoe (Viscum album) and connections with their structures." Biochemical Journal 374, no. 1 (August 15, 2003): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20030488.
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Viscotoxins A2 (VA2) and B (VB) are, together with viscotoxin A3 (VA3), among the most abundant viscotoxin isoforms that occur in mistletoe-derived medicines used in anti-cancer therapy. Although these isoforms have a high degree of amino-acid-sequence similarity, they are strikingly different from each other in their in vitro cytotoxic potency towards tumour cells. First, as VA3 is the only viscotoxin whose three-dimensional (3D) structure has been solved to date, we report the NMR determination of the 3D structures of VA2 and VB. Secondly, to account for the in vitro cytotoxicity discrepancy, we carried out a comparative study of the interaction of the three viscotoxins with model membranes. Although the overall 3D structure is highly conserved among the three isoforms, some discrete structural features and associated surface properties readily account for the different affinity and perturbation of model membranes. VA3 and VA2 interact in a similar way, but the weaker hydrophobic character of VA2 is thought to be mainly responsible for the apparent different affinity towards membranes. VB is much less active than the other two viscotoxins and does not insert into model membranes. This could be related to the occurrence of a single residue (Arg25) protruding outside the hydrophobic plane formed by the two amphipathic α-helices, through which viscotoxins are supposed to interact with plasma membranes.
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. "Farmacokinetische interacties van nieuwe antidepressiva." Medisch-Farmaceutische Mededelingen 36, no. 3 (March 1998): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03057105.
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Loopmans, Maarten. "De valkuilen van interactief bestuur." Res Publica 51, no. 4 (October 2009): 565–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5553/rp/048647002009051004006.
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Heather, James, Kirsty Flower, Samine Isaac, and Alison J. Sinclair. "The Epstein–Barr virus lytic cycle activator Zta interacts with methylated ZRE in the promoter of host target gene egr1." Journal of General Virology 90, no. 6 (June 1, 2009): 1450–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.007922-0.
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Activation of the host gene egr1 is essential for the lytic replication of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). egr1 is activated by Zta (BZLF1, ZEBRA). Zta interacts directly with DNA through a series of closely related Zta-response elements (ZREs). Here we dissect the mechanism used by Zta to interact with the egr1 promoter and identify a weak interaction with egr1ZRE that is dependent on the distal part of egr1ZRE. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the ability of Zta to interact with egr1ZRE is enhanced at least tenfold by methylation. The ability of Zta to transactivate a reporter construct driven by the egr1 promoter can be enhanced by methylation. As the ability of Zta to interact with a methylated ZRE in the EBV genome correlates with its ability to activate the expression of the endogenous viral gene BRLF1, this suggests that Zta may also have the capability to overturn epigenetic control of egr1.
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Milbradt, Jens, Sabrina Auerochs, Heinrich Sticht, and Manfred Marschall. "Cytomegaloviral proteins that associate with the nuclear lamina: components of a postulated nuclear egress complex." Journal of General Virology 90, no. 3 (March 1, 2009): 579–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.005231-0.
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The nuclear egress of cytomegaloviral capsids traversing the nuclear envelope is dependent on a locally restricted destabilization of the rigid nuclear lamina. It has been suggested that the multi-component nuclear egress complex (NEC) that is formed is comprised of both viral and cellular proteins which act to recruit lamin-phosphorylating protein kinases. Recently, we reported that the lamina-associated human cytomegalovirus-encoded proteins pUL50 and pUL53, conserved among herpesviruses, interact with each other and recruit protein kinase C (PKC) to the nuclear envelope in transfected cells. The multiple interactions of the transmembrane protein pUL50 with pUL53, PKC and cellular PKC-binding protein p32, appear crucial to the formation of the NEC. In this study, we mapped individual interaction sequence elements of pUL50 by coimmunoprecipitation analysis of deletion mutants and yeast two-hybrid studies. Amino acids 1–250 were shown to be responsible for interaction with pUL53, 100–280 for PKC and 100–358 for p32. Interestingly, p32 specifically interacted with multiple NEC components, including the kinases PKC and pUL97, thus possibly acting as an adaptor for protein recruitment to the lamin B receptor. Notably, p32 was the only protein that interacted with the lamin B receptor. Immunofluorescence studies visualized the colocalization of NEC components at the nuclear rim in coexpression studies. The data imply that a tight interaction between at least six viral and cellular proteins leads to the formation of a postulated multi-protein complex required for nuclear egress.
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Kaiser, William J., Yasmin Chaudhry, Stanislav V. Sosnovtsev, and Ian G. Goodfellow. "Analysis of protein–protein interactions in the feline calicivirus replication complex." Journal of General Virology 87, no. 2 (February 1, 2006): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81456-0.
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Caliciviruses are a major cause of gastroenteritis in humans and cause a wide variety of other diseases in animals. Here, the characterization of protein–protein interactions between the individual proteins of Feline calicivirus (FCV), a model system for other members of the family Caliciviridae, is reported. Using the yeast two-hybrid system combined with a number of other approaches, it is demonstrated that the p32 protein (the picornavirus 2B analogue) of FCV interacts with p39 (2C), p30 (3A) and p76 (3CD). The FCV protease/RNA polymerase (ProPol) p76 was found to form homo-oligomers, as well as to interact with VPg and ORF2, the region encoding the major capsid protein VP1. A weak interaction was also observed between p76 and the minor capsid protein encoded by ORF3 (VP2). ORF2 protein was found to interact with VPg, p76 and VP2. The potential roles of the interactions in calicivirus replication are discussed.
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Kang, WonKyung, Noriko Imai, Yu Kawasaki, Toshihiro Nagamine, and Shogo Matsumoto. "IE1 and hr facilitate the localization of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus ORF8 to specific nuclear sites." Journal of General Virology 86, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 3031–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81270-0.
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The Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) ORF8 protein has previously been reported to colocalize with IE1 to specific nuclear sites during infection. Transient expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-fused ORF8 showed the protein to have cytoplasmic localization, but following BmNPV infection the protein formed foci, suggesting that ORF8 requires some other viral factor(s) for this. Therefore, interacting factors were looked for using the yeast two-hybrid system and IE1 was identified. We mapped the interacting region of ORF8 using a yeast two-hybrid assay. An N-terminal region (residues 1–110) containing a predicted coiled-coil domain interacted with IE1, while a truncated N-terminal region (residues 1–78) that lacks this domain did not. In addition, a protein with a complete deletion of the N-terminal region failed to interact with IE1. These results suggest that the ORF8 N-terminal region containing the coiled-coil domain is required for the interaction with IE1. Next, whether IE1 plays a role in ORF8 localization was investigated. In the presence of IE1, GFP-ORF8 localized to the nucleus. In addition, cotransfection with a plasmid expressing IE1 and a plasmid containing the hr3 element resulted in nuclear foci formation. A GFP-fused ORF8 mutant protein containing the coiled-coil domain, previously shown to interact with IE1, also formed nuclear foci in the presence of IE1 and hr3. However, ORF8 mutant proteins that did not interact with IE1 failed to form nuclear foci. In contrast to wild-type IE1, focus formation was not observed for an IE1 mutant protein that was deficient in hr binding. These results suggest that IE1 and hr facilitate the localization of BmNPV ORF8 to specific nuclear sites.
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Herbert, J., M. Ban, G. W. Brown, T. O. Harris, A. Ogilvie, R. Uher, and T. K. J. Craig. "Interaction between the BDNF gene Val/66/Met polymorphism and morning cortisol levels as a predictor of depression in adult women." British Journal of Psychiatry 201, no. 4 (October 2012): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.107037.
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BackgroundCommon genetic variants, such as the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val/66/Met polymorphism (rs6265), are known to interact with environmental factors such as early adversity to increase the risk of subsequent major depression. Much less is known about how they interact with individual differences in cortisol, although these also represent a risk for major depression.AimsTo determine whether this BDNF variant moderated the risk represented by higher levels of morning salivary cortisol in adult women.MethodWe recruited 279 premenopausal women who were at high risk of major depressive disorder because of either negative self-evaluation, unsupportive core relationship or chronic subclinical symptoms of depression or anxiety. Morning salivary cortisol was measured daily for up to 10 days at entry. Participants were followed up for about 12 months by telephone calls at 3–4 monthly intervals. Major depression and severe life events were assessed through interviews at baseline and follow-up; DNA was obtained from the saliva.ResultsThere were 53 onsets (19%) of depressive episodes during follow-up. There was a significant U-shaped relationship between adjusted morning cortisol levels at baseline and the probability of depression onset during follow-up. In total, 51% experienced at least one severe life event/difficulty, and this strongly predicted subsequent onsets of depressive episodes. The BDNF Val/66/Met genotype was not directly associated with onsets of depression or with cortisol levels, but there was significant interaction between Val/66/Met and cortisol: the association between baseline cortisol and depression was limited to those with the Val/66/Val variant. There was no interaction between life events and either this BDNF polymorphism or cortisol levels.ConclusionsMorning salivary cortisol interacts with the BDNF Val/66/Met polymorphism in predicting new depressive episodes. This paper adds to the evidence that single gene polymorphisms interact with endogenous factors to predict depression.
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Zech, Birgit, Alexander Kurtenbach, Nicole Krieger, Dennis Strand, Stephanie Blencke, Monika Morbitzer, Kostas Salassidis, et al. "Identification and characterization of amphiphysin II as a novel cellular interaction partner of the hepatitis C virus NS5A protein." Journal of General Virology 84, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 555–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.18801-0.
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The hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A protein is highly phosphorylated by cellular protein kinases. To study how NS5A might be integrated in cellular kinase signalling, we isolated phosphoproteins from HuH-7 hepatoma cells that specifically interacted with recombinant NS5A protein. Subsequent mass spectrometry identified the adaptor protein amphiphysin II as a novel interaction partner of NS5A. Mutational analysis revealed that complex formation is primarily mediated by a proline-rich region in the C-terminal part of NS5A, which interacts with the amphiphysin II Src homology 3 domain. Importantly, we could further demonstrate specific co-precipitation and cellular co-localization of endogenous amphiphysin II with NS5A in HuH-7 cells carrying a persistently replicating subgenomic HCV replicon. Although the NS5A–amphiphysin II interaction appeared to be dispensable for replication of these HCV RNAs in cell culture, our results indicate that NS5A–amphiphysin II complex formation might be of physiological relevance for the HCV life cycle.
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Lee, Yu-Hsiu, Ya-Fang Chiu, Wen-Hung Wang, Li-Kwan Chang, and Shih-Tung Liu. "Activation of the ERK signal transduction pathway by Epstein–Barr virus immediate-early protein Rta." Journal of General Virology 89, no. 10 (October 1, 2008): 2437–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.2008/003897-0.
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BRCA1-associated protein 2 (BRAP2) is known to interact with the kinase suppressor of Ras 1 (KSR1), inhibiting the ERK signal transduction cascade. This study found that an Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) immediate-early protein, Rta, is a binding partner of BRAP2 in yeast and confirmed the binding in vitro by a glutathione S-transferase pull-down assay and in vivo by co-immunoprecipitation in 293(maxi-EBV) cells. Binding studies also showed that Rta and KSR1 interacted with the C-terminal 202 aa region in BRAP2. Additionally, Rta appeared to prevent the binding of KSR1 to BRAP2, activating the ERK signal transduction pathway and the transcription of an EBV immediate-early gene, BZLF1. Activation of the ERK signal transduction pathway by Rta may be critical for the maintenance of the lytic state of EBV.
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Knorth, Erik J. "Bevorderen van sociale interactie: Stairway to heaven?" Kind en adolescent 31, no. 2 (May 2010): 56–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03089702.
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Knorth, Erik J. "Bevorderen van sociale interactie: Stairway to heaven?" Kind & Adolescent 2010, no. 2 (February 2010): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12453-010-0009-y.
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Hidalgo-Estévez, Alicia M., Esther González, Carmen Punzón, and Manuel Fresno. "Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat increases cooperation between AP-1 and NFAT transcription factors in T cells." Journal of General Virology 87, no. 6 (June 1, 2006): 1603–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81637-0.
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Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat affects cellular gene expression through modulation of the activity of different transcription factors. Here, the role of Tat in the cooperation between nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factors was investigated. Constitutive or transient Tat expression in Jurkat T cells enhanced cooperative NFAT/AP-1- but not AP-1-dependent transcription independent of its ability to transactivate the HIV-1 LTR. The enhancing effect of Tat took place after nuclear translocation of NFAT. Furthermore, transactivation of an NFAT/AP-1 reporter by transfection of NFAT and c-Jun was strongly enhanced by simultaneous Tat transfection. Moreover, intracellular Tat expression increased the binding of NFAT/AP-1 complexes to the interleukin 2 promoter without significantly altering NFAT- and AP-1-independent binding. HIV-1 Tat interacted with NFAT but not c-Jun. These results indicate that Tat interacts with NFAT, affecting its cooperation with AP-1, without altering independent binding of these transcription factors to DNA.
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Van Helden, Jan. "Een verkenning van de interactie tussen management accounting en marketing management." Maandblad Voor Accountancy en Bedrijfseconomie 86, no. 3 (March 1, 2012): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/mab.86.15773.
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Dit artikel exploreert de interactie tussen management accounting en marketing management. Twee vormen van interactie worden onderscheiden: informeren en integreren. Hoewel traditionele management accounting onderwerpen, zoals de verschillenanalyse van verkoopopbrengsten, worden gekenmerkt door een informerende interactie, zijn er perspectieven op een integrerende interactie tussen beide vakgebieden bij enkele recent ontwikkelde management accounting technieken, zoals de Balanced Scorecard, Activity- Based Costing, Target costing en de analyse van klantwinstgevendheid. Door aandacht te besteden aan vraagstukken op het terrein van marketing (en operationele management), heeft de management accounting zich verbreed buiten het traditionele financiële domein. Maar er is meer nodig: onder andere meer aandacht voor marketingonderwerpen in management accounting leerboeken, het beter benutten van marketingkennis bij management accountingonderwerpen (zoals bij klantwinstgevendheidsanalyse en multidimensionele prestatiemetingssystemen) en het uitvoeren van gezamenlijke onderzoekprojecten door marketing en management accounting onderzoekers.
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Gnimassoun, Blaise, and Valérie Mignon. "HOW DO MACROECONOMIC IMBALANCES INTERACT? EVIDENCE FROM A PANEL VAR ANALYSIS." Macroeconomic Dynamics 20, no. 7 (July 15, 2015): 1717–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136510051500005x.
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This paper investigates the interactions between three key macroeconomic imbalances, namely current-account discrepancies (external imbalances), output gaps (internal imbalances), and exchange-rate misalignments. We estimate a panel VAR model for a sample of 22 industrialized countries over the period 1980–2011. Our findings show that macroeconomic imbalances strongly interact through a causal relationship. If current-account disequilibria threaten the stability of the global economy, their origin can be found in internal imbalances and exchange-rate misalignments: positive output-gap shocks as well as currency overvaluation deepen current-account deficits. In addition, although variations in external imbalances mainly result from exchange-rate misalignments in the euro area, they are mostly explained by output gaps for non-eurozone members.
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Dorn, R., V. Krauss, G. Reuter, and H. Saumweber. "The enhancer of position-effect variegation of Drosophila, E(var)3-93D, codes for a chromatin protein containing a conserved domain common to several transcriptional regulators." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 90, no. 23 (December 1, 1993): 11376–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.90.23.11376.
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In Drosophila modifying mutations of position-effect variegation have been successfully used to genetically dissect chromatin components. The enhancer of position-effect variegation E(var)3-93D [formerly E-var(3)3] encodes proteins containing a domain common to the transcriptional regulators tramtrack and the products of the Broad complex. It interacts with a number of chromatin genes that suppress position-effect variegation. Mutations in E(var)3-93D exhibit an imprinting-like effect on the Y chromosome. This effect is transmitted paternally over several generations. Homeotic transformations in E(var)3-93D mutants indicate an involvement of the gene products in regulation of homeotic gene complexes. An antiserum raised against E(var)3-93D protein detects this chromosomal protein in a large subset of sites in polytene chromosomes. Our genetic and molecular data suggest that the proteins of E(var)3-93D are generally involved in establishing and/or maintaining an open chromatin conformation.
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Schregel, Vera, Sabrina Auerochs, Ramona Jochmann, Katja Maurer, Thomas Stamminger, and Manfred Marschall. "Mapping of a self-interaction domain of the cytomegalovirus protein kinase pUL97." Journal of General Virology 88, no. 2 (February 1, 2007): 395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82393-0.
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The human cytomegalovirus-encoded protein kinase pUL97 is a determinant of efficient virus replication and fulfils several regulatory functions. In particular, pUL97 interacts with and phosphorylates viral and cellular proteins. Substrate phosphorylation has regulatory consequences on viral replicative stages such as DNA synthesis, transcription and nuclear capsid egress. pUL97, in accordance with related herpesviral protein kinases, possesses strong autophosphorylation activity. Here, we demonstrate that pUL97 shows a pronounced potential to self-interact. Self-interaction of pUL97 is not dependent on its kinase activity, as seen with a catalytically inactive point mutant. The property of self-interaction maps to the amino acid region 231–280 which is separable from the postulated kinase domain. The detection of high-molecular-mass complexes of pUL97 suggests the formation of dimers and oligomers. Importantly, the analysis of pUL97 mutants by in vitro kinase assays demonstrated a correlation between self-interaction and protein kinase activity, i.e. all mutants lacking the ability to self-interact were negative or reduced in their kinase activity. Thus, our findings provide novel insights into the pUL97 structure–activity relationship suggesting an importance of self-interaction for pUL97 functionality.
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Bodem, Jochen, Hans-Georg Kräusslich, and Axel Rethwilm. "Acetylation of the foamy virus transactivator Tas by PCAF augments promoter-binding affinity and virus transcription." Journal of General Virology 88, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82169-0.
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It was shown recently that retrovirus transactivators interact with transcriptional coactivators, such as histone acetyltransferases (HATs). Foamy viruses (FVs) direct gene expression from the long terminal repeat and from an internal promoter. The activity of both promoters is strictly dependent on the DNA-binding transactivator Tas. Recently, it was shown that Tas interacts with the HATs p300 and PCAF. Based on these findings, it is demonstrated here that PCAF has the ability to acetylate Tas in vitro and in vivo. Tas acetylation resulted in enhanced DNA binding to the virus promoters. In vitro transcription reactions on non-chromatinized template showed that only acetylated Tas enhanced transcription significantly. These results demonstrate that acetylation of the FV transactivator Tas may be an effective means to regulate virus transcription.
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Jacobs, L. "Interacties en bijwerkingen van nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs." Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Tandheelkunde 117, no. 04 (April 8, 2010): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5177/ntvt2010.04.09135.
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van der Does, E. "Cardiovasculaire interacties en bijwerkingen van fosfodiësterase-5-remmers." Medisch-Farmaceutische Mededelingen 43, no. 3 (March 2005): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03058571.
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Lu, Xingwu, Sandeep N. Wontakal, Harsh Kavi, Byung Ju Kim, Paloma M. Guzzardo, Alexander V. Emelyanov, Na Xu, et al. "Drosophila H1 Regulates the Genetic Activity of Heterochromatin by Recruitment of Su(var)3-9." Science 340, no. 6128 (April 4, 2013): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1234654.
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Eukaryotic genomes harbor transposable elements and other repetitive sequences that must be silenced. Small RNA interference pathways play a major role in their repression. Here, we reveal another mechanism for silencing these sequences in Drosophila. Depleting the linker histone H1 in vivo leads to strong activation of these elements. H1-mediated silencing occurs in combination with the heterochromatin-specific histone H3 lysine 9 methyltransferase Su(var)3-9. H1 physically interacts with Su(var)3-9 and recruits it to chromatin in vitro, which promotes H3 methylation. We propose that H1 plays a key role in silencing by tethering Su(var)3-9 to heterochromatin. The tethering function of H1 adds to its established role as a regulator of chromatin compaction and accessibility.
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Soria, Gregorio, Lidia Ortega, Francisco R. Feito, and Inmaculada Barroso. "Processing panoramic images in heritage. Jaen Cathedral." Virtual Archaeology Review 6, no. 13 (November 24, 2015): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2015.4368.
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A spherical photo is an image that it can show a scene and the user can interact with its. We are working in the Jaén’s cathedral. We are giving the possibility of a virtual visit with good results in many points at this place. We labored with a camera called Lady Bug 2. It can take spherical photo very easy. We used some web tools where we share all ours work.
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Touw, D. J., W. M. A. Verhoeven, and J. B. G. M. Noten. "Het cytochroom P450 enzymsysteem: wat is de relevantie voor de praktijk? Deel I, de iso-enzymen." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 10, no. 2 (June 1998): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s092427080004014x.
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SamenvattingBij de mens bestaat een grate interindividuele variabiliteit in de capaciteit om geneesmiddelen oxidatief te metaboliseren. Een van de factoren die daaraan bijdraagt, is het voorkomen van een genetisch bepaalde oxidatieve capaciteit van verschillende isozymen welke deel uitmaken van het cytochroom P450. Voor het oxidatief metabolisme van geneesmiddelen zijn de P450 isozymen CYP2D6 (het enzym dat de meeste antidepressiva, antipsychotica, enkele anti-arrhythmica en codeïne oxideert), de CYP2C familie, de CYP3A familie en de CYP1A familie van belong. Van de isozymen CYP2D6 en CYP2C19 is ondubbelzinnig aangetoond dat er genetisch bepaalde verschillen in metabole capaciteit bestaan. Een frequentieverdeling van de metabole capaciteit in een populatie toont dan een bimodaal beeld met een onderverdeling in trage en snelle metaboliseerders met consequenties voor de individueel benodigde dosering. De capaciteit van de P450 isozymen is in het algemeen beperkt en de qffiniteil van substraat voor de isozymen is groot. Er bestaat derhalve een grate kans op interacties. Deze interacties zijn competitivef van aard waarbij het ook voorkomt dat interacties plaatsvinden met isozymen waarvoor de betreffende substantie geen substraat vormt.