Academic literature on the topic 'Inter-species transmission'

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Journal articles on the topic "Inter-species transmission"

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Baron, Thierry. "Identification of Inter-Species Transmission of Prion Strains." Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology 61, no. 5 (May 2002): 377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnen/61.5.377.

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Bordería, Antonio V., Kenneth A. Stapleford, and Marco Vignuzzi. "RNA virus population diversity: implications for inter-species transmission." Current Opinion in Virology 1, no. 6 (December 2011): 643–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2011.09.012.

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RICHOMME, C., D. GAUTHIER, and E. FROMONT. "Contact rates and exposure to inter-species disease transmission in mountain ungulates." Epidemiology and Infection 134, no. 1 (June 30, 2005): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268805004693.

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SUMMARYThe risk for a pathogen to cross the species barrier depends on the rate of efficient contacts between the species. However, contact rates between species have rarely been estimated from observations. Here we estimate contact rates and exposure of chamoisRupicapra rupicapraand Alpine ibexCapra ibexexposed to domestic pasteurellosis and brucellosis carried by sheep or cattle herds summering in mountain pastures. We use field observation data on animal positions treated in a geographic information system (GIS). Comparing 10 pastures, we show that the management of domestic herds influences the risk of inter-species transmission. Exposure to direct transmission of pasteurellosis is high when herds are not guarded nor enclosed, whereas exposure to indirect transmission of brucellosis is increased on epidemiological dangerous points such as salt deposits. Our preliminary results need further investigation, but they underline the importance of both herd management and pathogen transmission mode when the aim is to reduce the risk of contamination of wild populations by a pathogen associated with domestic pathogens.
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Short, Kirsty R., Mathilde Richard, Josanne H. Verhagen, Debby van Riel, Eefje J. A. Schrauwen, Judith M. A. van den Brand, Benjamin Mänz, Rogier Bodewes, and Sander Herfst. "One health, multiple challenges: The inter-species transmission of influenza A virus." One Health 1 (December 2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2015.03.001.

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Pruvot, M., D. Seidel, M. S. Boyce, M. Musiani, A. Massolo, S. Kutz, and K. Orsel. "What attracts elk onto cattle pasture? Implications for inter-species disease transmission." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 117, no. 2 (November 2014): 326–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.08.010.

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Yen, H. L., M. C. Cheng, J. L. Liu, C. L. Kao, S. R. Shih, N. J. Cox, R. G. Webster, and C. C. King. "Influenza surveillance in poultry market and its inter-species transmission in Taiwan." International Congress Series 1219 (October 2001): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0531-5131(01)00668-9.

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Judge, Johanna, Alastair Greig, Ilias Kyriazakis, and Michael R. Hutchings. "Ingestion of faeces by grazing herbivores—risk of inter-species disease transmission." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 107, no. 2-3 (May 2005): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.10.028.

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Martínez-Laso, Jorge, Angela Román, Miriam Rodriguez, Isabel Cervera, Jacqueline Head, Iciar Rodríguez-Avial, and Juan J. Picazo. "Diversity of the G3 genes of human rotaviruses in isolates from Spain from 2004 to 2006: cross-species transmission and inter-genotype recombination generates alleles." Journal of General Virology 90, no. 4 (April 1, 2009): 935–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.007807-0.

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Rotavirus evolves by using multiple genetic mechanisms which are an accumulation of spontaneous point mutations and reassortment events. Other mechanisms, such as cross-species transmission and inter-genotype recombination, may be also involved. One of the most interesting genotypes in the accumulation of these events is the G3 genotype. In this work, six new Spanish G3 sequences belonging to 0–2-year-old patients from Madrid were analysed and compared with 160 others of the same genotype obtained from humans and other host species to establish the evolutionary pathways of the G3 genotype. The following results were obtained: (i) there are four different lineages of the G3 genotype which have evolved in different species; (ii) Spanish G3 rotavirus sequences are most similar to the described sequences that belong to lineage I; (iii) several G3 genotype alleles were reassigned as other G genotypes; and (iv) inter-genotype recombination events in G3 viruses involving G1 and G2 were described. These findings strongly suggest multiple inter-species transmission events between different non-human mammalian species and humans.
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Chen, Rubing, and Edward C. Holmes. "Frequent inter-species transmission and geographic subdivision in avian influenza viruses from wild birds." Virology 383, no. 1 (January 2009): 156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2008.10.015.

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Mihalov-Kovács, Eszter, Vito Martella, Gianvito Lanave, Livia Bodnar, Enikő Fehér, Szilvia Marton, Gábor Kemenesi, Ferenc Jakab, and Krisztián Bányai. "Genome analysis of canine astroviruses reveals genetic heterogeneity and suggests possible inter-species transmission." Virus Research 232 (March 2017): 162–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2016.12.005.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Inter-species transmission"

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Lambert, Caroline. "Les anticorps neutralisants contre l'infection des virus foamy simiens chez l'homme." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC328/document.

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Les virus foamy simiens (VFS) sont la troisième famille des rétrovirus complexes exogènes infectant l'Homme. Ces virus, zoonotique, sont transmis par des fluides biologiques (principalement la salive), lors d'un contact direct entre un individu et un singe infecté. Ils établissent une infection chronique chez l'hôte infecté. À ce jour, aucune pathologie n'a été associée à au cas d'infections humaines par le VFS, et aucun cas de transmission secondaire n'a été rapporté dans la population. L'infection VFS représente un modèle naturel de la restriction de l'émergence d'un rétrovirus simien chez l'Homme. Lors de ma thèse, j'ai caractérisé la réponse humorale contre les VFS chez des personnes vivant au Cameroun ou au Gal infectées suite à des morsures lors d'épisodes de chasse. J'ai montré la présence d'anticorps neutralisants les VFS dans 48 sujets infectés, à des titres élevés. La population étudiée est infectée par des virus de deux génotypes qui diffèrent dans le domaine central de la protéine impliqué dans la liaison au récepteur cellulaire. J'ai montré des réponses neutralisantes spécifiques de chaque génotype des sujets étudiés et des réactivités croisées chez 40% d'entre-eux. Parmi ces derniers, la moitié est infectée par deux souches virales. En conclusion, mon travail de thèse est la première caractérisation des anticorps neutralisants chez des personnes infectées chroniquement par un VFS zoonotique : ces anticorps sont fréquemment détectés, à des titres élevés et sont dirigés contre des épitopes conservés entre les VFS de chimpanzé et de gorille
Simian foamy virus (SFV) are the third family of exogenous complex retroviruses infecting humans. These viruses, of origins, are transmitted by body fluids (mainly saliva), through a direct contact between an individual and an infected m establish a chronic infection in the infected human host. To date, neither pathology, nor secondary transmission has be to be associated with SFV infection in humans. Therefore, SFV represents a natural model of restriction emerging simiar in humans. During my PhD, I characterized the humoral response against SFV in people living in Cameroon and Gabon, mainly infected bites during hunting episodes. I showed the presence of SFV neutralizing antibodies in the plasma of 48 infected individ titers. Our study population is infected with viruses of 2 different genotypes, which differ in the central region of the En region involved in binding to the cellular receptor.While in 60% of cases, neutralizing response was specific to a single genotype, 40% of cases showed cross-reactivity. Cr( was associated in 50% of cases with co-infection with viruses from both genotypes.In conclusion, my PhD is the first study to characterize neutralizing antibodies in individuals chronically infected with a zoonotic SFV : these antibodies are frequently detected at high titers and are directed against epitopes commonly found in chimpanzee and gorilla SFV
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Crispell, Joseph. "Using whole genome sequencing to investigate the inter-species transmission dynamics of Mycobacterium bovis." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8254/.

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Mombo, Illich Manfred. "Recherche et caractérisation des virus entérotropes excrétés par les primates d'Afrique Centrale." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS123.

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Les virus entérotropes sont des virus ubiquitaires infectant une large catégorie de vertébrés dont l’homme et les primates non-humains (PNHs). Ils se transmettent principalement par voie féco-orale directe ou indirecte à la suite de laquelle ils atteignent les entérocytes et s’y multiplient. Bien que parfois asymptomatiques, les infections causées par les virus entérotropes peuvent se manifester par des gastroentérites très fréquentes chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans. Ces mêmes virus peuvent être responsables de pathologies sévères telles que les maladies respiratoires, encéphalitiques, cardiaques, neurologiques. À partir des années 1950, de nombreux virus entérotropes ont été isolés de tissus de PNHs couramment utilisés en cultures cellulaires et en recherche biomédicale. Dès lors, de nombreuses études ont été conduites sur la caractérisation des virus entérotropes principalement chez les PNHs captifs ou en contact avec l’homme. En milieu naturel, en dehors des entérovirus et des adénovirus, leur circulation, leur épidémiologie et leur diversité restent encore peu connues. L’objectif de cette thèse est donc de rechercher et caractériser les virus entérotropes chez les PNHs d’Afrique Centrale. Ainsi à partir de 600 échantillons de fèces de PNHs collectés dans des forêts et réserves naturelles au Gabon, nous avons pu mettre en évidence la circulation de différentes espèces d’entérovirus (EVs) chez les mandrills et les chimpanzés. Cette caractérisation a également permis de mettre en évidence des EVs proches d’EVs infectant l’homme ainsi que deux nouveaux sérotypes chez un chimpanzé et chez un mandrill. Nous avons également mis en évidence un astrovirus (AstV) totalement divergent d’AstVs référencés chez un gorille. En dehors de leur circulation en milieu naturel, les virus entérotropes sont également présents chez les PNHs en contact fréquents avec l’homme. De ce fait à partir d’échantillons fécaux d’un groupe de 12 chimpanzés du Sanctuaire de Tchimpounga, nous avons caractérisé l’EV-C99 responsable de cas de paralysie chez l’homme et probablement responsable de celle observée chez un chimpanzé. De plus, deux sapovirus (SaVs) très proches d’un SaV identifié chez l’homme ont également été caractérisés. L’Afrique Centrale est donc caractérisée par une diversité de virus entérotropes qui circulent chez les PNHs. L’identification chez les PNHs de virus entérotropes proches en milieu naturel de ceux infectant l’homme soulève l’existence d’une probabilité de transmission inter-espèce entre les PNHs et l’homme dont le sens reste encore à déterminer. Par contre chez les PNHs du sanctuaire, la susceptibilité à ces virus humains peut être responsable de pathologies graves comme la paralysie observée chez les chimpanzés
The enteric viruses are ubiquitous virus infecting a broad range of vertebrates, including humans and non-human primates (NHPs). They are spread by direct or indirect fecal-oral route following which they reach the enterocytes and multiply. Even though infections caused by these viruses are asymptomatic, enteric viruses could be responsible for frequent gastroenteritis in children under 5 years of age. These viruses may be responsible for severe pathologies such as respiratory, encephalitic, cardiac and neurological diseases. In the 1950s, many viruses have been isolated from NHPs species commonly used in cell culture and biomedical research. Since, many studies have been conducted to characterize, then enteric viruses have been mainly identified in captive NHPs or those living in close contact with humans. Little is known concerning the circulation, epidemiology and diversity of enteric viruses in the wild, except for enteroviruses and adenoviruses. The objective of this thesis is to investigate and characterize the enteric virus in NHPs of Central Africa. Thus from 600 samples of feces of NHPs collected in natural forests and reserves in Gabon, we highlighted the circulation of different species enteroviruses (EVs) in mandrills and chimps. We also identified EVs close to those infecting humans as well as two new serotypes in a chimpanzee and in a mandrill. We have highlighted an astrovirus (AstV) completely divergent from those referenced in a gorilla. Apart from their outstanding natural environment, enteric viruses are also present in NHPs in frequent contact with humans. Therefore fecal samples from a group of 12 chimpanzees from the Tchimpounga Sanctuary, we characterized the EV-C99 responsible for cases of paralysis in humans and probably responsible for that observed in a chimpanzee. In addition, two sapovirus (SaVs) very close to a SaV identified in humans have also been characterized. Central Africa is therefore characterized by a diversity of enteric virus circulating in NHPs. The identification in the wild of enteric virus in NHPs close to those infecting humans raises probability of cross-species transmissions between NHPs and humans whose sense remains to be determined. However in NHPs in the sanctuary, susceptibility to these human viruses can be responsible for severe diseases such as paralysis observed in chimpanzee
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De, La Garza Guadalupe Ray III. "Effective contact of cattle and feral swine facilitating potential foot-and-mouth disease virus transmission in southern Texas, USA rangeland." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1387.

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Néel, Cécile. "Epidémiologie du virus de l'immunodéficience simienne chez les gorilles : prévalence et transmission du SIVgor chez les gorilles en milieu naturel au Cameroun." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20095/document.

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Les SIV infectant les chimpanzés et les gorilles sont les précurseurs des virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type 1. Les quatre groupes du VIH-1 sont le résultat de quatre transmissions virales des grands singes à l'Homme. Des méthodes non invasives ont permis d'identifier le réservoir des VIH-1 M et N dans deux communautés de chimpanzés (Ptt) au Cameroun et de montrer que les gorilles (Ggg) sont infectés par un SIV proche des VIH-1 O et P. Si le SIVgor n'a jamais été détecté chez les chimpanzés, la phylogénie montre que les Ptt ont transmis ce virus aux gorilles. Par une méthode pluridisciplinaire, nous avons étudié les caractéristiques de l'infection SIVgor en milieu naturel. Nous avons prospecté 13 sites au Cameroun et 2 en RCA. Au total, 2120 fèces de gorilles et 442 de chimpanzés ont été collectées. L'infection SIVgor a été détectée dans 3 sites Camerounais et les prévalences varient entre 3,2% et 4,6%, résultats plus faibles que ceux retrouvés chez les chimpanzés. Nous avons ensuite montré que plusieurs groupes sociaux de Ggg dont les domaines vitaux se chevauchent sont infectés et que les prévalences SIV dans les groupes peuvent dépasser 25%. Les virus touchant les gorilles du même groupe sont génétiquement proches montrant des liens épidémiologiques. Enfin, un suivi de l'infection réalisé de 2004 à 2009 sur un site a permis de découvrir un foyer d'infection, 2 cas de séroconversions et de retrouver une femelle gorille infectée à 5 ans d'intervalle. Dans ce site, la prévalence SIV est stable et le nombre de femelles infectées est plus important que le nombre de mâles. La structure sociale des gorilles et leur comportement peuvent alors expliquer en partie la répartition et la prévalence du SIVgor, ainsi que les différences avec l'infection chez les chimpanzés.Cette étude multidisciplinaire montre la faisabilité du suivi de l'infection SIV chez les gorilles en milieu naturel. Si le SIVgor est pathogène, le suivi pourra s'avérer essentiel chez cette espèce menacée d'extinction
SIV infecting chimpanzees and gorillas are the precursors of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1. The four groups of HIV-1 are the results of four different viral transmissions from apes to humans. Using non invasive methods we discovered the reservoir of HIV-1 M and N in two communities of chimpanzees (Ptt) in Cameroon and found that Gorillas (Ggg) are infected by a SIV close to HIV-1 O and P. While SIVgor has not yet been detected in chimpanzees, phylogeny shows that Ptt transmitted this virus to Ggg. Using a multidisciplinary approach, we studied the characteristics of the infection in wild living gorillas. We prospected 13 sites in Cameroon and 3 in CAR. 2120 fecal samples of gorillas and 442 of chimpanzees were collected. SIVgor infection was detected in 3 sites in Cameroon and the prevalence ranges from 3.2% to 4.6%, lower than in chimpanzees. Several social groups of gorillas with overlapping home-ranges were infected and the prevalence within group could exceed 25%. Viruses of the same group are genetically close, showing epidemiologic links. In a follow up study between 2004 and 2009 on one site, we discovered a focus of infection with 2 cases of seroconvertion and we re-sampled one infected female 5 years after. In this site, the prevalence of SIVgor is stable and the number of infected females is higher than the males. The social structure of gorillas and their behavior can partly explain for the repartition and prevalence of SIVgor, as well as the differences with the infection in chimpanzees. This multidisciplinary study proves the feasibility of a follow up study in wild living gorillas. If SIVgor turns out to be pathogenic, a follow up will be essential for this endangered species
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Nugent, Graham. "The role of wild deer in the epidemiology and management of bovine tuberculosis in New Zealand." Phd thesis, Lincoln University. Bio-Protection and Ecology Division, 2005. http://theses.lincoln.ac.nz/public/adt-NZLIU20070212.130927/.

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The eco-epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis (Tb) in wild deer (mainly red deer Cervus elaphus) in New Zealand was investigated. Bovine Tb is caused by Mycobacterium bovis. Specific aims were to clarify the likely routes of infection in deer, and to determine the status of deer as hosts of Tb, the likely rates and routes of inter- and intra-species transmission between deer and other wildlife hosts, the role of deer in spreading Tb, and the likely utility of deer as sentinels of Tb presence in wildlife. As the possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) is the main wildlife host of Tb, the research also included some investigation of transmission routes in possums. Patterns of infection were measured in 994 deer killed between 1993 and 2003. Tb prevalence varied between areas (range 8–36%). Few deer had generalised infection, with 21–68% of infected deer having no visible lesions, depending on the area. The retropharyngeal lymph nodes and oropharyngeal tonsils were commonly infected. No dependent fawns less than 0.75 years old were infected, indicating intra-species transmission is rare in wild deer. Where possums were not controlled, the net (cumulative) force of infection in young (1–4 y) deer was 0.10–0.24 per year in males and 0.09–0.12 per year in females, but much lower in older deer (less than 0.05 per year). Possum control reduced the net force of infection quickly, and eventually to zero. However, Tb persisted in possum-controlled areas through immigration of infected deer and, for almost a decade, through the survival of resident deer infected before possum control. Tb was lost from infected deer at an exponential rate of 0.13 per year, mostly as a result of deer recovering from infection rather than dying from it. Wild deer do die of Tb, but there was no discernible effect on age structure. The occurrence of infection in deer was not linked to the local deer or possum density at their kill sites (i.e. in their home range), but the area-wide prevalence of Tb in deer was closely correlated with Tb levels in possums, which were in turn correlated with area-wide measures of possum density. For wild deer in New Zealand, Tb is a persistent but usually inconsequential disease of the lymphatic system. It is acquired mainly by young independent deer, usually orally via the tonsils, and probably as a result of licking infected possums. Many species fed on deer carrion, including possums. Most possums encountering carrion did not feed on it, but a few fed for long periods. Other scavengers such ferrets (Mustela furo), hawks (Circus approximans), and weka (a hen-sized flightless native bird; Gallirallus australis) fed in a way that probably increased the infectivity of carrion to possums. Commercial deer hunting may have facilitated the historical establishment of Tb in possums. Scavenging (including cannibalism) and interactions with dead and dying possums are identified for the first time as potentially important routes for transmission of Tb to possums, and I develop new hypotheses involving peri- and post-mortem transmission in possums that explain many of the epidemiological patterns that are characteristic of the disease in possum. In continuous native forest, deer home range size averaged 250 hectares for six young females, and over twice that for two males. Over 90% of infected deer are likely to die within 2 km (females) or 6 km (males) of where they acquired Tb, but deer could occasionally carry Tb up to 30 km. Deer will be useful as sentinels, but only where other sentinels are rare, because the force of infection for a deer with a single infected possum in its home range is only 0.004 per year, compared to greater than 0.2 per year for deliberately released pigs. Deer are occasionally capable of initiating new cycles of infection in wildlife, but deer control is not essential to eradicate Tb from wildlife.
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Inacio, Mamede Joao Filipe. "Interactions de la capside de lentivirus de primates avec les facteurs cellulaires de l’hôte." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON13524/document.

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Depuis la découverte du virus de l'Immunodéficience humaine, un lentivirus, comme agent pathogène responsable de l'épidémie du SIDA en 1983, beaucoup de progrès sur le sujet ont été réalisés. Il existe deux types de virus différents pouvant infecter l'Homme, le HIV-1 et le HIV-2. Ces deux virus se regroupent en différents groupes et sous-types qui témoignent d'une grande diversité inter et intra individus (notions de quasi-espèces). La découverte de lentivirus infectant naturellement au moins quarante-cinq espèces de primates en Afrique sub-saharienne, a permis un enrichissement des connaissances sur les origines des épidémies lentivirales humaines. Aujourd'hui , il est clairement admis que l'origine des épidémies d'HIV-1 et HIV-2 sont le résultat de transmissions zoonotiques de virus de chimpanzés/gorilles et de mangabeys enfumées, respectivement. La mise en évidence de nombreux SIV circulant chez ces primates non-humains indique bien le risque potentiel de nouvelles zoonoses dans la population humaine exposée, cependant, il peut paraître surprenant que jusqu'à maintenant, deux lignées lentivirales seulement ont été capables de franchir cette barrière d'espèce. Pour pouvoir se répliquer dans les cellules d'un nouvel hôte, un lentivirus doit pouvoir contrecarrer les différents facteurs de restriction exprimés par les cellules cibles tout en exploitant au maximum la machinerie cellulaire. La famille de protéines TRIM5, APOBEC3 et les protéines Tetherin/Bst2 et SAMHD1 sont capables de bloquer une infection rétrovirale. Dans ce travail, le rôle des protéines TRIM5 a été étudié ainsi que celui d'autres protéines interagissant avec des capsides rétrovirales, dans un contexte de transmission inter-espèces de lentivirus de primates. L'étude de TRIM5α humain a montré que cette protéine n'était capable de bloquer aucune des infections par les lentivirus primates testés dans cette étude, ni par les autres SIV. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence que la dépendance de la liaison à la Cyclophiline A pour l'infection des différents SIV était variable en fonction de la capside testée. Ainsi, si cette interaction est largement répandue parmi les différentes lignées de SIV, elle n'est toutefois pas universelle. La sensibilité des SIV à la déplétion de nucléoporines qui sont connues pour affecter l'infection par HIV-1, était également variable pour différents SIV, et la même diversité a été observée concernant les déplétions de RanBP2 et Nup153. De plus, nous avons découvert une capside de SIV soumise à une forte restriction de son infection dans les cellules humaines, ce phénotype a été nommé Ref2.Il a été suggéré qu'il existait une possible corrélation entre des variations de la capside de HIV-2 et la progression vers le SIDA, nous avons donc élaboré une étude afin de déterminer si les protéines TRIM5 étaient impliquées dans ce phénotype. La conclusion est que TRIM5α humaine ne restreint fortement aucune des capsides de HIV-2 testées provenant d'une cohorte d'individus à “progression rapide“ ou “lente“ vers le SIDA. Cependant nous avons observé une capacité d'infection qui corrélait avec la pathogénicité. Il est intéressant de noter que toutes les capsides d'HIV-2 testées étaient dépendantes de la présence de Cyclophiline A pour leur infection. Toutes ces capsides étaient sensibles à la déplétion de RanBP2, et l'interaction est très probablement médiée par le motif C-ter de RanBP2 qui a une forte homologie avec la Cyclophiline A. En conclusion, il est très probable que des SIV infectant naturellement des singes puissent utiliser les mêmes protéines que HIV-1, pour un éventuel passage inter-espèces. TRIM5α ne semble pas être une barrière efficace aux différents SIV, et l'interaction avec la Cyclophiline A est probablement très conservée par les lentivirus primates
Ever since HIV has been discovered to be the pathogenic agent that causes AIDS in 1983, much progress has been made in the field. Two different viruses are now known to infect humans, HIV-1 and HIV-2. These two distinct viruses have many sub-types and clades representing a high diversity inter and intra-individuals (quasi-species). The finding of HIV simian counterparts, the Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses (SIVs), has broadened the knowledge of primate lentiviruses and to date forty-five species of non-human primates are known to be infected with SIVs in sub-saharan Africa. It is now clear that HIV-1 and HIV-2 epidemics are the result of zoonosis from chimpanzees/gorillas and sooty mangabeys, respectively. With such a big diversity of SIVs in the wild and a frequent contact of SIV infected monkey species with humans, it is interesting that so far, only two lineages breached the species barrier and infected human populations. To be able to correctly infect a cell, a lentivirus has to overcome the installed cellular barriers known as restriction factors while at the same time correctly exploiting the established host cellular machinery. Proteins such as TRIM5, APOBEC3, Tetherin/Bst2, SAMHD1 are able to restrict retroviral infections in certain conditions. In this thesis, it has been evaluated the role of TRIM5 proteins and other capsid interacting proteins with a scope to the eventuality of a cross-species transmission infection. The results showed that human TRIM5alpha does not restrict any of the primate lentiviruses tested, and so far, no primate lentivirus is known to be restricted by it. Cyclophilin A binding and dependence is variable depending on the SIV capsid; this interaction is widespread among the primate lentiviruses phylogenetic tree but not a universal phenotype. Different capsids from SIVs have been tested for the sensitivity to the depletion of nucleoporins that are known to be used by HIV-1 in its infection; it has been concluded that the same diversity applies to the interaction with RanBP2 and Nup153. Additionally, we identified a SIV capsid that is highly restricted in human cells; this phenotype was called Ref2. With the report of a possible correlation between HIV-2 capsid variations and different levels of progression to AIDS, we devised a study aiming to identify if TRIM5 proteins were involved in this phenotype. We concluded that human TRIM5alpha does not restrict any HIV-2 capsid obtained from a HIV-2 cohort, in which individuals were presenting different levels of progression to AIDS. However, we observed a different viral fitness that correlated with pathogenicity. Moreover, Cyclophilin A dependence seems ubiquitous among all of the tested HIV-2 capsids. All of these capsids are sensitive to RanBP2 depletion and the interaction is much likely mediated by RanBP2's C-terminal motif that shares a high homology with Cyclophilin A. Summing up, it is much likely that some SIVs that still circulate in the wild can hijack the same specific cellular co-factors as HIV-1 to produce a new epidemic in humans. TRIM5α does not seem to be a potent barrier to an eventual cross-species transmission from lower primates to humans, and Cyclophilin A interaction seems to play a major role to the infection of some SIVs
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8

Le, Corre Anne-Claire. "Approche multi-échelles (élevage, cellule, -omique) des mécanismes de transmission inter-espèces d’Anaplasma phagocytophilum et de sa circulation chez les bovins." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1073.

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Anaplasma phagocytophilum est une alpha-protéobactérie à multiplication intracellulaire stricte transmise par les tiques du genre Ixodes sp. Responsable notamment des anaplasmoses granulocytaires bovine et humaine, elle peut également infecter de nombreux mammifères, tels les ruminants sauvages ou les rongeurs. En Europe, plusieurs cycles, encore mal connus, semblent coexister et impliquer des hôtes (réservoirs et victimes) différents. Cela semble être en particulier le cas pour les souches bovines et humaines, conduisant à supposer que les souches bovines ne seraient pas zoonotiques. Du fait de sa localisation intracellulaire in vivo, et plus particulièrement au sein des polynucléaires neutrophiles des hôtes vertébrés, la culture d’A. phagocytophilum au laboratoire expose à d’importantes difficultés méthodologiques. De ce fait, la compréhension des relations entre la bactérie et ses hôtes (mammifères et tiques vectrices) n’a conduit à ce jour qu’à un nombre restreint de publications. Cette thèse s’intéresse à ces interactions, que j’ai abordées sciemment à différents niveaux. Dans un premier temps, l’étude épidémiologique menée en troupeau bovin nous a permis de mettre en évidence une diversité génétique importante parmi les souches y circulant, et nous a amenés à formuler l’hypothèse que les bovins pourraient jouer un rôle en tant que réservoirs de l’infection. Différents mécanismes, notamment l’échappement à la réponse immunitaire de l’hôte, l’absence de protection croisée entre souches et peut-être la sanctuarisation de l’infection dans des cellules niches, permettraient d’expliquer ce rôle de réservoir. L’étude de l’infection des cellules endothéliales, effectuée afin d’explorer leur rôle en tant que cellules niches d’une part et leur implication dans la barrière d’espèce d’autre part, a conduit à envisager que ces cellules pourraient permettre le passage des bactéries vers le courant sanguin, mais a priori pas leur multiplication. Afin d’amorcer l’exploration de la réponse transcriptomique d’A. phagocytophilum lors du changement d’hôte (vertébré vs invertébré), nous avons soumis des cultures de cellules de tiques infectées à un choc thermique, ce qui nous a permis de suggérer qu’un nombre restreint de mécanismes transcriptomiques est mis en jeu en réponse au choc thermique induit par le changement d’hôte vertébré/invertébré. Néanmoins, la capacité d’A. phagocytophilum à répondre à un stress thermique plus important est bien maintenue. Les protéines que nous avons identifiées comme les plus différentiellement exprimées au cours de cette étude pourraient s’avérer jouer un rôle préférentiel dans l’infection du vecteur ou du mammifère. La technique du double-hybride en système de levure, expérimentée dans la dernière partie de ce travail, et qui nous a permis de mettre en évidence trois interacteurs pour APH_0032, protéine de la membrane vacuolaire, pourrait s’avérer intéressante pour étudier les interactions de ces protéines vis-à-vis des banques d’ADNc de vertébré et de tique, mais aussi pour explorer le tropisme tissulaire des souches, puisque notre équipe a précédemment mis en évidence le fait qu’un allèle particulier d’APH_0032 est associé aux avortements bovins. . Ces approches complémentaires posent la question des fondements d’une telle variabilité génétique et d’une telle diversité d’hôtes chez une bactérie intracellulaire obligatoire et ouvrent un grand champ de perspectives
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular alphaproteobacterium, mainly transmitted by Ixodes ticks. It is the causative agent of bovine and human granulocytic anaplasmosis and can infect various mammalian species, including rodents and wild ruminants. Several epidemiological cycles may coexist in Europe. In particular, human and bovine strains seem to belong to distinct cycles, which leads to the hypothesis that cattle strain are not zoonotic. Due to its intracellular location in vivo inside granulocyte neutrophils, A. phagocytophilum culture is challenging and leads to several methodological difficulties. This explains why few studies have so far been performed in order to explore the interactions between this bacterium and its host species (mammals and ticks). In order to investigate these interactions at different levels, I performed four complementary studies. First, our epidemiological study in cattle herd highlighted the genetic diversity of strains circulating in the herds and challenges the role of cattle as a reservoir for A. phagocytophilum. The infections of endothelial cells that we performed to study the role of these cells as niche cells and/or determinants of species barrier during A. phagocytophilum infection led us to consider that endothelial cells could host A. phagocytophilum during their transmission from dermis to blood, without allowing their multiplication. For studying A. phagocytophilum transcriptomic reactions during the transmission from tick to vertebrate host, we submitted infected tick cells to heat shocks. Our results suggest that few transcriptomic events are induced during this transmission. Nevertheless, A. phagocytophilum is able to respond to non-physiological heat stress. We identified differentially expressed proteins, which could play an important role during tick or mammal infection. The yeast two hybrid analysis allowed us to detect three host cell interactors to APH_0032, an A. phagocytophilum vacuolar membrane protein. This technique could be applied for studying the molecular interactions involving proteins that where differentially expressed during heat shock, for example. Finally, our four complementary studies raise the question of the basis for such genetic variability and host diversity within an obligate intracellular bacterium and open up a wide field of perspectives
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Book chapters on the topic "Inter-species transmission"

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Olsen, Megan M., Kyle I. Harrington, and Hava T. Siegelmann. "Conspecific Emotional Cooperation Biases Population Dynamics." In Nature-Inspired Computing Design, Development, and Applications, 255–70. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-1574-8.ch014.

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In this paper, the authors evaluate the benefit of emotions in population dynamics and evolution. The authors enhance cellular automata (CA) simulating the interactions of competing populations with emotionally inspired rules in communication, interpretation, and action. While CAs have been investigated in studies of population dynamics due to their ability to capture spatial interactions, emotion-like interactions have yet to be considered. Our cellular stochastic system describes interacting foxes that feed on rabbits that feed on carrots. Emotions enable foxes and rabbits to improve their decisions and share their experiences with neighboring conspecifics. To improve the system’s biological relevance, it includes inter-species disease transmission, and emotions encode data pertaining to both survival and epidemic reduction. Results indicate that emotions increase adaptability, help control disease, and improve survival for the species that utilizes them. Simulations support the hypothesis that the acquisition of emotion may be an evolutionary result of competitive species interactions.
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Lindahl, Johanna, Bernard Bett, Timothy Robinson, and Delia Grace. "Rift Valley Fever and the Changing Environment." In Environmental and Agricultural Informatics, 1496–516. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9621-9.ch068.

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Rift Valley fever is a severe disease affecting both humans and animals. The Rift Valley fever virus can be transmitted by body fluids, and the most common way for humans to get infected is from animals. The virus is also vector-borne and can be transmitted by many species of mosquitoes. As with other vector-borne diseases, the epidemiology may vary in response to environmental changes. Here the effects of climate and land use changes on Rift Valley fever, as well as on other vector-borne diseases, are discussed. The effect of irrigation in East Africa on inter-epidemic transmission of RVF is discussed in greater detail, followed by recommendations for future research and actions.
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Lindahl, Johanna, Bernard Bett, Timothy Robinson, and Delia Grace. "Rift Valley Fever and the Changing Environment." In Examining the Role of Environmental Change on Emerging Infectious Diseases and Pandemics, 178–204. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0553-2.ch008.

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Rift Valley fever is a severe disease affecting both humans and animals. The Rift Valley fever virus can be transmitted by body fluids, and the most common way for humans to get infected is from animals. The virus is also vector-borne and can be transmitted by many species of mosquitoes. As with other vector-borne diseases, the epidemiology may vary in response to environmental changes. Here the effects of climate and land use changes on Rift Valley fever, as well as on other vector-borne diseases, are discussed. The effect of irrigation in East Africa on inter-epidemic transmission of RVF is discussed in greater detail, followed by recommendations for future research and actions.
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Lansdowne, Helen, and James Lawson. "Southeast Asian Workers in a Just-in-Time Pandemic." In Covid-19 in Asia, 445–60. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197553831.003.0030.

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This chapter looks at the modern just-in-time (JIT) economy, a novel economic context for producing goods—and facilitating pandemics. It examines points where the global economy, Covid-19, and Southeast Asian labour interact. These intersections reveal some important truths both about the JIT economy and about more general consequences of the mobility of humans and their “fellow-travellers.” Southeast Asian workers, whether labouring as migrant workers in Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand or labouring at home, supply relatively cheap wares for the world. Many experience confined living and working conditions, where disease transmission can accelerate. The chapter then considers some Southeast Asian workers’ experiences in production, care, and transport. It concludes with the often-forgotten material connectedness of humans to other plants and animals. Either inter-species disruption and sudden new interconnections will diminish, or they will pose ongoing challenges to this just-in-time world.
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Conference papers on the topic "Inter-species transmission"

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Tiwari, Santosh K., and Brian K. Paul. "Application of Nickel Nanoparticles in Diffusion Bonding of Stainless Steel Surfaces." In ASME 2008 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the 3rd JSME/ASME International Conference on Materials and Processing. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec_icmp2008-72151.

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In this study, the effect of nickel nanoparticles (NiNPs) interlayer application to transient liquid-phase diffusion brazing was investigated. The primary focus was to bond stainless steel 316L laminae in a stack using a Nickel nanoparticles interlayer and to compare the bond line of the sample with the conventionally bonded and nickel-phosphorous interlayer (NiP) brazed samples for microstructure evolution and bond strength. The bonding was carried out in a vacuum hot press and the bonding parameters were kept same for all the samples: bonding temperatures 1000°C, bonding pressure 1000 psi, heating rate 10°C/min and dwell time of 2 hrs. The cross sections of the bonded samples were investigated for microstructure evolution using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The inter-diffusion of the diffusing species across the bond line (interface) was evaluated by wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDS). X-ray diffraction technique (XRD) is proposed to determine the formation of any brittle intermetallic phases along the bond line and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to confirm the same. Bond strength will be measured with the help of samples bonded according to ASTM standards.
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