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1
Functions in mind: A theory of intentional content. Oxford: Clarendon, 2001.
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Mendelovici, Angela. Is Intentionality a Relation to a Content? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190863807.003.0009.
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This chapter argues against the relation view of intentionality, on which intentionality is a relation to distinctly existing contents, and for the alternative aspect view, on which intentionality is a matter of having states with certain aspects. The relation view faces two problems: First, it cannot accommodate all the intentional contents we can manifestly represent without accepting a bloated ontology, which suggests that the view is wrong-headed. Second, it is not clear why being related to an item should make it perceptually represented, thought, entertained, or otherwise represented. The relation view might be thought to have many virtues that the aspect view lacks: It is arguably supported by common sense, allows for public contents, provides an account of structured intentional states, facilitates a theory of truth and reference, and is congenial to externalism. This chapter argues that the aspect view has any such truth-indicating virtues to the same extent as the relation view.
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Searle, John R. Are there Non-Propositional Intentional States? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198732570.003.0011.
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Intentionality is that feature of the mind by which it is directed at or about objects and states of affairs in the world. Intentionality is simply aboutness or directedness. “Proposition” is more difficult, but the essential idea is this: every intentional state has a content. Sometimes it seems that the content just enables a state to refer to an object. So if John loves Sally, then it appears that the content of his love is simply “Sally”. But if John believes that it is raining, then the specification of the content requires an entire “that” clause. “Are there non-propositional intentional states?” amounts to the question, “Are there intentional states whose content does not require specification with a ‘that’ clause?” This chapter explores whether there are any non-propositional states, and suggest that a very limited class, such as boredom, is in fact non-propositional.
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Stock, Kathleen. Extreme Intentionalism about Fictional Content. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798347.003.0002.
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The defence of extreme intentionalism is launched. The notion of an intention is introduced in some detail, as well as some skeletal presuppositions about the sort of imagining called for by fiction. Grice’s theory of the meaning of conversational utterance is introduced, with an outline of how it might be extended to fictional content, with certain important adjustments. On the view favoured by the author, the content of fiction is what a reader is reflexively intended by the author to imagine, rather than what she is intended to believe. Finally four common objections to extreme intentionalism are introduced, and the first of these is rejected: namely, that extreme intentionalism entails that individual speakers can arbitrarily change or elude the conventionally given, rule-bound meanings of sentences, so that miswriting is ruled out as impossible.
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Stock, Kathleen. Intentionalist Strategies of Interpretation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798347.003.0003.
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This chapter addresses the complaint that extreme intentionalism standardly forces the reader who engages in interpretation to posit private, or hidden, authorial intentions, for which she has little or no evidence. It is first argued that there are no automatic strategies of interpretation of fictional content: at every stage, whether or not a given interpretative strategy is to be appropriately applied depends on the presence of relevant authorial intention as a sanction. (This section includes a discussion, and rejection, of the views of David Lewis and Gregory Currie about fictional truth; a discussion of the relevance of genre to fictional content; and a consideration of the issue of unreliable narration for an intentionalist view.) The foregoing material on strategies of interpretation is then used to show that it is false to think of the extreme intentionalist as being committed to ‘hidden’ or ‘secret’ meanings in the ordinary case.
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Mendelovici, Angela. The Phenomenal Intentionality Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190863807.003.0005.
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This chapter introduces the phenomenal intentionality theory (PIT), on which all original intentionality arises from phenomenal consciousness. It argues that PIT succeeds precisely where its main competitors, the tracking and functional role theories discussed in previous chapters, fail. The version of PIT that this chapter and the remainder of the book defends is strong identity PIT, on which all intentionality arises from phenomenal consciousness (strong PIT), and (roughly) phenomenal states give rise to intentional states simply by being identical to them (identity PIT). In short, according to strong identity PIT, every intentional state is identical to a phenomenal state. This chapter closes by previewing how later chapters handle certain challenging cases for PIT, including those of thoughts, states with broad or object-involving contents, standing states, and nonconscious occurrent states. The recommended treatment rejects derived intentionality and so qualifies as a version of strong PIT.
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Stock, Kathleen. Extreme Intentionalism and its Rivals. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798347.003.0004.
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The defence of extreme intentionalism is concluded by attacking its main rivals in the analytic tradition: ‘modest’ intentionalism, hypothetical intentionalism, and value-maximizing theory. First a source of apparent support for all three is addressed: the thought that extreme intentionalism takes an implausible stance towards unsuccessful authorial intentions that a fiction should have specific content. The author argues that in fact, extreme intentionalism is better positioned to accommodate unsuccessful intentions than its rivals. This is followed by general criticisms of hypothetical intentionalism and value-maximizing theory, with a particular focus on the extent to which each can accommodate the plausible thought that fictions often contain reliable testimony, and can act as a respectable source of belief. Also in this chapter the issue of ‘post hoc’ meanings is discussed; and how extreme intentionalism, though a monistic position, is compatible with many of the critical judgements which have tempted some towards critical pluralism.
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Amico, Stephen. Corporeal Intentions. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038273.003.0004.
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This chapter explores how male homosexuality is suggested via the presentation of the sexualized male body as object of the gaze—an objectifying gaze placing the male in the position of the “feminine.” It looks at the efflorescence of images of male physical beauty in the musical discourses of numerous singers and bands in the first two decades of the twenty-first century in Russia and how these images were conflated with homosexuality or homoeroticism. To this end, the chapter examines instances of the male body's foregrounding in the work of Andrei Danilko, the groups Hi-Fi and Smash!!, and singer Dima Bilan (focusing on his appearances at the Eurovision Song Contest). It highlights not only the variable of the body's visibility (and, concomitantly, questions of power), but also the interrelated and phenomenologically inflected dynamics of intentionality, proximity, and orientation. It shows that visible male bodies, invoking the possibility of the homosexual, provide a sight/site for Russian gay men and also serve the goluboi.
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Mendelovici, Angela. Nonconscious States. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190863807.003.0008.
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Nonconscious states, like standing beliefs and nonconscious states involved in early visual processing, pose a challenge for PIT: They seem to be intentional but not phenomenal. This chapter addresses this challenge. It begins by considering versions of PIT that take nonconscious states to have derived intentionality, arguing that none of the suggested derivation mechanisms is up to the task of generating new instances of intentionality. This chapter then recommends an alternative treatment of nonconscious states on which neither standing states nor most nonconscious occurrent states are genuinely intentional, though the self-ascriptivist view described in Chapter 7 might be extended to accommodate some standing state contents, and perhaps even standing states in their entirety. This chapter also suggests that some nonconscious occurrent states might have phenomenal properties we are not aware of and so might have phenomenal intentionality we are also not aware of.
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Mendelovici, Angela. Goals and Methodology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190863807.003.0002.
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This chapter introduces the goals that will structure much subsequent discussion, as well as two theory-independent ways of knowing about intentionality. The overall goal of the book is to provide a theory of intentionality, which is a theory that describes the deep nature of intentionality—i.e., what it really is, metaphysically speaking. However, much of the discussion in later chapters is structured around the more modest goal of providing a theory that specifies what gives rise to actual instances of original intentionality. In order to meet this goal, it is helpful to have a theory-independent way of testing the predictions of competing theories of intentionality. This chapter proposes two such ways: (1) introspection and (2) consideration of psychological role. Importantly, these methods tell us which contents we represent, not what they consists of. In other words, they tell us about the superficial character of intentional states and contents, not their deep natures.
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Schinoff, Beth, Kristie Rogers, and Kevin G. Corley. How Do We Communicate Who We Are? Edited by Michael G. Pratt, Majken Schultz, Blake E. Ashforth, and Davide Ravasi. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199689576.013.8.
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How do individuals develop a shared understanding of organizational identity? In this chapter, we focus on the top-down part of this process, examining how individuals, on behalf of organizations, communicate “who we are.” We present a framework of how these “identity custodians” convey organizational identity by saying (i.e., telling members who we are), showing (i.e., modeling behaviors that communicate who we are), and/or staging (i.e., providing opportunities for members to enact who we are) identity content. Building on this framework, we develop a typology based on the clarity of custodians’ perceptions of organizational identity content and the extent to which these custodians intentionally communicate identity content to organizational members. We describe four archetypal scenarios within this typology to articulate when and why identity custodians engage in saying, showing, and staging, and bring our theorizing to life through anecdotes from extant literature and the popular business press.
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Thompson, Katrina Dyonne. Epilogue. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038259.003.0008.
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This book has explored the foundation and infiltration of racial stereotypes into the American entertainment culture. It has rejected the notion that African Americans should be used as scapegoats for the continuance of black stereotypes in popular culture, arguing that entertainment culture in the United States was largely founded and developed on negative racial imagery created and inserted into the public sphere by whites. While acknowledging that the African American community holds some responsibility for the continual proliferation of racist and sexist stereotypes in the mass media, the book contends that accountability must be placed within a larger cultural and historical context. This epilogue reflects on the continued proliferation of black stereotypes in popular culture, suggesting that it simply represents a continuation of an entertainment tradition that was created intentionally to express the antiblack, prowhite ideology of America's culture. Furthermore, the perceived inferiority of blackness was actively promoted through society's folk culture.
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Douglas, Gordon C. C. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190691332.003.0001.
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The first chapter introduces and defines the phenomenon of DIY urban design: unauthorized yet intentionally functional and civic-minded improvements to urban spaces, in forms inspired by official streetscape planning and design elements. It then sets up the social and discursive contexts for the study, including its main theoretical engagements—with the persistence of social inequality, the spectrum of formality and informality, the value of the concept of legitimacy in urban placemaking, and the contradictions of participatory citizenship. The chapter also discusses the research design and methodology for the book (also described in detail in Appendix 2) and lays out a brief plan and summary of the chapters to come.
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Ryu, Chesung Justin. Divine Rhetoric and Prophetic Silence in the Book of Jonah. Edited by Danna Nolan Fewell. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199967728.013.18.
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This chapter analyzes Jonah’s silence at the end of the eponymous book as a justifiable act of resistance employed by the weak against the rhetoric of the strong. A postcolonial interpretation of the Jonah narrative reveals that God, employing a rhetorical tactic often employed by those in power, deprives Jonah of the opportunity to discuss the real reason for his anger by reframing the focus of their dialogue, from its larger historical context involving the legitimacy of God’s plan to save Nineveh to a narrower issue of God’s sovereignty over the life of a plant. The chapter posits that Jonah remains silent at the end of the book because he is trapped by divine rhetoric, which effectively removes the consideration of the power differential between the strong and the weak, intentionally focusing only on the present situation through dehistorization and decontextualization.
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Ferrari, G. R. F. Intimation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798422.003.0001.
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The communicative scale is introduced. What is fundamental to communication is the intention of the communicator rather than the codes that languages employ. Following the model first proposed by Paul Grice and developed in Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson’s ‘relevance theory’, the structure of communicative intentionality is understood to be recursive: its underlying form is ‘I want you to know that I want you to know’. This leaves room for a simpler kind of transmission, to be called ‘intimation’, whose underlying form would be ‘I want you to know’. If communication is a transmission at the ‘full-on’ position of the scale, and if the switch is off when no communication is intended, then intimation would be at the intermediate, ‘half-on’ position. Intimation is particularly useful in contexts where discretion, suggestiveness, or plausible deniability are needed. It is strongly connected to self-presentation in social life (as studied by Erving Goffman).
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Dewey, Matías. State-Sponsored Protection Rackets. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794974.003.0007.
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That illegal markets thrive is something of a puzzle to sociology. Despite the lack of legal frames—crucial for conflict resolution, regulation of competition, and formal sources of credit—new illegal markets continue to emerge. Thus an analysis of informal social mechanisms is essential for a better understanding of illegal markets’ internal coordination. The main goal of this chapter is to dissect the role of one of these mechanisms—state-sponsored protection rackets—in the context of illegal markets. This type of protection racket means a selective non-enforcement of the law, an action carried out intentionally by politicians and police forces in order to capture economic resources. I provide evidence that such an informal mechanism is present on a massive scale at La Salada, a huge illegal and informal marketplace close to Buenos Aires city center. The chapter seeks to make a contribution on informal mechanisms fostering unlawful exchanges.
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McNeill, J. R. Biological Exchanges in World History. Edited by Jerry H. Bentley. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199235810.013.0019.
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One important way in which people have altered environments, and thereby altered their own ecological contexts and their own history, is through biological exchange. Biological exchange can refer to any number of things. In this article, it means above all else the long-distance transfers of crops, domesticated animals, and disease-causing microbes, or pathogens. This choice is intended to emphasize biological exchanges that carried the greatest and most direct historical significance. The article aims to explore the role of the most important biological exchanges for human history. Biological exchange was sometimes carried out intentionally and sometimes accidentally. Faster and more frequent transport and travel continue to promote biological exchange. The long-term process of biological globalization continues, and will inevitably continue. In biological history, four or five centuries is the merest flash. In the long run, strange and unforeseen things will happen.
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Elledge, C. D. Resurrection and Immortality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199640416.003.0006.
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Some scholars have traditionally battled over distinctions between resurrection and immortality. This chapter examines the problem as reflected in early Jewish writings. Josephus and Pseudo-Phocylides reveal how the two concepts might stand in some complementary relation to each other. In these cases, resurrection demonstrates its adaptability to differing philosophical contexts within Judaism and its clear compatibilities with conceptions of immortalization. Wisdom of Solomon, Philo, and 4 Maccabees, however, may be viewed as more intentionally avoiding overt reference to resurrection in an exclusive preference for immortality. These writings indicate that within some approaches to theodicy in early Judaism, the immortality of the soul was a sufficient expression of divine justice on its own, apart from resurrection. Such tensions between resurrection and immortality comprise yet another facet of diversity within ancient Jewish reflection on the future life.
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Rettberg, Angelika, Carlo Nasi, Ralf J. Leiteritz, and Juan Diego Prieto, eds. Different Resources, Different Conflicts? The Subnational Political Economy of Armed Conflict and Crime in Colombia. Universidad de los Andes, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30778/2019.116.
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This book explores some of the risks associated with sustainable peace in Colombia. The book intentionally steers away from the emphasis on the drug trade as the main resource fueling Colombian conflicts and violence, a topic that has dominated scholarly attention. Instead, it focuses on the links that have been configured over decades of armed conflict between legal resources (such as bananas, coffee, coal, flowers, gold, ferronickel, emeralds, and oil), conflict dynamics, and crime in several regions of Colombia. The book thus contributes to a growing trend in the academic literature focusing on the subnational level of armed conflict behavior. It also illustrates how the social and economic context of these resources can operate as deterrents or as drivers of violence. The book thus provides important lessons for policymakers and scholars alike: Just as resources have been linked to outbreaks and transformations of violence, peacebuilding too needs to take into account their impacts, legacies, and potential
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Peteraf, Margaret, and Haridimos Tsoukas. Rethinking Dynamic Capabilities. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806639.003.0008.
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This chapter discusses the development path of the dynamic capabilities construct, calling attention to two ways in which the path has become bifurcated. In particular it pays attention to the widening chasm between Teece’s original conception of dynamic capabilities and his revised conception, as expressed in some of his more recent works. The roots of these divergent, and yet theoretically consequential understandings are explored, as are the ways they have developed in the literature: the need to reconcile the routine nature of dynamic capabilities on the one hand with the need to account for the ability of organizations to intentionally alter their resource base on the other. The chapter argues that such a reconciliation is possible, once a process (or performative) approach is adopted. In particular, the authors argue that in so far as capabilities fully exist in performance, each particular performance may enact capabilities differently over time and in particular contexts.
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Cannon Harris, Susan. Introduction. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474424462.003.0001.
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The introduction identifies the “other revolutions”—the sexual revolution, the socialist revolution, and the ‘free theater’ revolution—that came together in London in the 1890s as the first wave of modern Irish playwrights sought to prove themselves on the London stage. The introduction also explains and justifies the book’s theoretical paradigm and methodologies, arguing for the importance of reading social politics and sexual politics together. It identifies some of the limitations of the “global turn” and its dependence on evolutionary and market-theory based conceptions of “world literature,” arguing that these paradigms obscure the existence of the intentionally anticapitalist systems of exchange that sustained left theater during the period under investigation. It makes the case for reading the intersection of Irish drama and utopian socialism through queer theory, based on their shared ambivalence about what Lee Edelman calls “reproductive futurism,” and draws on the work of Jose Munoz, J. J. Halberstam, and Natalie Melas to elaborate a comparative paradigm which is not defined by developmental logic or capitalist conceptions of value. It argues for the necessity of treating socialism as an embodied praxis, especially in the Irish context. It concludes with summaries of the five chapters and the epilogue.
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Gill, Denise. Melancholic Modalities. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190495008.001.0001.
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Typically dismissed as the remnants of Ottoman nostalgia, the melancholies intentionally cultivated by contemporary Turkish classical musicians are a fundamental aspect of their subjectivity. Melancholic Modalities is the first in-depth historical and ethnographic study of the affective practices socialized by these musicians who champion, teach, and perform a present-day genre substantially rooted in the musics of the Ottoman court and elite Mevlevi Sufi lodges. Denise Gill analyzes how melancholic music making emerges as reparative, pleasurable, spiritually redeeming, and healing. Focusing on the affective, embodied, and sonic practices of musicians who deploy and circulate melancholy in sound, Gill interrogates the constitutive elements of musicians’ melancholic modalities in the context of emergent neoliberalism, secularism, political Islamism, Sufi devotionals, and the politics of psychological health in Turkey today. In a far-reaching contribution to the study of music, affect, and emotion, Gill develops rhizomatic analyses to allow musicians’ multiple interpretations to be heard. Melancholic Modalities uncovers the processes of subjectivity that render a spectrum of feelings (sensations of pain and ecstasy) and emotions (sadness, grief, joy, pleasure) as correct ways of being in the world for Turkish classical musicians. With her innovative concept of “bi-aurality,” Gill’s book forges new possibilities for the historical and ethnographic analyses of musics and ideologies of listening for music scholars.
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Young, Emma. Introduction: Contexts, Politics and Genre. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474427739.003.0001.
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The contemporary moment appears to be the moment for women short story writers, who have received increased critical attention and popular acclaim. Indeed, in surveying this literary field and attending to the reoccurring tropes and discourses in this body of work, it seems reasonable to argue that this is an opportune moment for considering the ways in which shifting feminist sensibilities and gendered subjectivities are revealed through women’s short story writing. A prevailing tendency in the short stories of many contemporary British women writers is a preoccupation with issues of gender and sexuality that, in turn, signals a wider engagement with feminist politics. In such narratives, the short story is used as an intentionally feminist literary vehicle in which to explore the issues and debates at the heart of feminist politics today. By framing the discussion in this way, ‘the moment’ brings together the short story and feminist politics and offers a means of conceptualising their independent status in the twenty-first century; as well as offering a new perspective on their interrelationship in the context of British women’s short story writing. The focus on the moment, then, bridges the formal features of the short story, the momentary experience of reading short fiction, and the ‘of the moment’ nature of feminist politics....
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Talbert, Matthew, and Jessica Wolfendale. War Crimes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190675875.001.0001.
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In 2005, US Marines killed 24 unarmed Iraqi civilians in the town of Haditha. How should we assess the perpetrators of this and other war crimes? Is it unfair to blame the Marines because they were subject to situational pressures such as combat stress? Or should they be held responsible for their actions, since they intentionally chose to kill civilians? In this book, we take up these questions and propose a provocative theory of the causes of war crimes and the responsibility of perpetrators. In the first half of the book, we criticize accounts that explain war crimes by reference to external situational pressures, such as peer pressure, combat stress, and propaganda. We develop an alternative theory of war crimes that explains how military personnel make sense of their participation in war crimes through the lens of their self-conceptions, goals, and values. In the second half of the book, we reject theories of responsibility that excuse perpetrators on the grounds that situational pressures often lead them to believe that their behavior is permissible. Such theories are, we contend, unacceptably exculpating and imply that it’s unreasonable for victims of war crimes to blame their attackers. In contrast, we argue that perpetrators of war crimes may be blameworthy if their actions express objectionable attitudes toward their victims, even if they sincerely believe that what they are doing is right. In addition, we show that the demand that victims of war crimes forego blame fails to show sufficient regard for their moral standing.
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Newark, Cormac, and William Weber, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the Operatic Canon. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190224202.001.0001.
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This collection examines the phenomenon of the operatic canon: its formation, history, current ontology and practical influence, and future. It does so by taking an international and interdisciplinary view: the workshops from which it was derived included the participation of critics, producers, artistic directors, stage directors, opera company CEOs, and even economists, from the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Italy, Ireland, Germany, the Netherlands, Denmark, and Canada. The volume is structured as a series of dialogues: each subtopic is addressed by two essays, introduced jointly by the authors, and followed by a jointly compiled list of further reading. These paired essays complement each other in different ways, for example by treating the same geographical location in different periods, by providing different national or regional perspectives on the same period, or by thinking through similar conceptual issues in contrasting milieus. Part I consists of a selection of surveys of operatic production and consumption contexts in France, Italy, Germany, England, Russia, and the Americas, arranged in rough order from the late seventeenth century to the late nineteenth century. Part II is a (necessarily) limited sample of subjects that illuminate the operatic canon from different—sometimes intentionally oblique—angles, ranging from the influence of singers to the contiguous genres of operetta and musical theater, and the effects of recording and broadcast over almost 150 years. The volume concludes with two essays written by prominent figures from the opera industry who give their sense of the operatic canon’s evolution and prospects.
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Nelson, Derek R., and Paul R. Hinlicky, eds. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Martin Luther. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780190461843.001.0001.
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125 scholarly articlesThe Oxford Encyclopedia of Martin Luther is a collaboration of the leading scholars in the field of Reformation research and the thought, life, and legacy of influence – for good and for ill – of Martin Luther. In 2017 the world marks 500 years since the beginning of the public work of Luther, whose protest against corrupt practices and the way theology was taught captured Europe’s attention from 1517 onward.Comprising 125 extensive articles, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Martin Luther examines:• the contexts that shaped his social and intellectual world, such as previous theological and institutional developments• the genres in which he worked, including some he essentially created• the theological and ethical writings that make up the lion’s share of his massive intellectual output• the complicated and contested history of his reception across the globe and across a span of disciplinesThis indispensable work seeks both to answer perennial questions as well as to raise new ones. Intentionally forward-looking in approach, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Martin Luther provides a reliable survey to such issues as, for instance, how did Luther understand God? What did he mean by his notion of “vocation?” How did he make use of, but also transform, medieval thought patterns and traditions? How did Luther and the Reformation re-shape Europe and launch modernity? What were his thoughts about Islam and Judaism, and how did the history of the effects of those writings unfold?Scholars from a variety of disciplines – economic history, systematic theology, gender and cultural studies, philosophy, and many more – propose an agenda for examining future research questions prompted by the harvest of decades of intense historical scrutiny and theological inquiry.