Journal articles on the topic 'Intensive arable agriculture'
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1
Nedikova, E. V., E. V. Nedikova, and E. V. Krasnyanskaya. "Improvement of forest reclamation of arable land." Zemleustrojstvo, kadastr i monitoring zemel' (Land management, cadastre and land monitoring), no. 10 (September 5, 2022): 637–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-04-2210-02.
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One of the main elements of the organizational and territorial basis for preventing soil erosion and conducting adaptive agriculture is the forest reclamation activities used on arable land. The system of forest strips lays a reliable foundation for improving farming regimes, preserving and reproducing soil fertility. The modern paradigm of agricultural nature management requires improvement and development of new approaches in designing forest strips in areas of intensive erosion processes.
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Nedikova, E. V., D. I. Chechin, and E. V. Krasnyanskaya. "Improvement of forest reclamation of arable land." Zemleustrojstvo, kadastr i monitoring zemel' (Land management, cadastre and land monitoring), no. 11 (October 5, 2022): 700–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-04-2211-02.
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In this article the authors consider improvement of forest reclamation of arable land. One of the main elements of the formation of the organizational and territorial basis for preventing soil erosion and conducting adaptive agriculture is the forest-reclamation arrangement of arable land. The system of forest strips lays a reliable foundation for improving farming regimes, preserving and reproducing soil fertility. The modern paradigm of agricultural nature management requires improvement and development of new approaches in the field of designing forest strips in areas of intensive erosion processes.
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Rajović, G., and J. Bulatović. "Geographical view on agricultural land and structural changes plant production Montenegro." Scientific Electronic Archives 5 (March 26, 2014): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.36560/50201476.
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This paper analyzes agricultural land and structural changes in plant production Montenegro. The Montenegro represents a significant potential for agricultural development, but plant production insufficiently developed in relation to natural resources and the demands of intensive agricultural production. Average possession by agricultural holdings in 1960 amounts is 5.34 ha with only 2.05 ha arable area per agricultural holdings. Yet more unfavorable is the situation with arable surfaces. Namely, agricultural holdings in the Montenegro in 1960 are on average dispose with maximum of 0.74 ha of arable land. Judging by the size of the cultivated area, production volume, as well as according other parameters, plant production in the Montenegro in 2007, mainly used for meeting need households. A smaller area for is market. The role of the Montenegrin village and agriculture must be first-rate, as are its potentials, the main power future development of Montenegro. This requires radically new relationship between society and science to agriculture and the countryside. Instead of the existing approach in which they observed the preventive as producers of cheap food has to be developed a new concept, a comprehensive agricultural and rural development, which will be based on demographic, natural, economic and socio-cultural potential of Montenegro.
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Fukalová, Petra, and Tomáš Mašíček. "Impacts of Intensive Agriculture on Current Rural Landscape – A Case Study for South Moravian Landscape, Czech Republic." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 66, no. 5 (2018): 1099–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201866051099.
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The landscape in several countries of Central and Eastern Europe went through the most dramatic change in the socialist period. Agricultural land was considered only as a productive area. The size of arable land plots increased and stabilizing elements in the landscape were removed. This land consolidation of agriculture has led to the development of soil erosion. This paper presents a case study focused on comparison of landscape structure of model territory in two periods. The first period shows landscape before collectivization of agriculture, and the second one presents current landscape. The research dealt especially with evaluation of ecological stability and water erosion risk of the landscape. The identification of land use trends helps to characterize landscape of the model territory during monitored period. The following trends: decreasing area of arable land, increasing area of built‑up areas and other areas and increase area of vineyards showed different character of current landscape. The evaluation of ecological stability confirmed the loss of stable landscape elements. Based on the calculated values of ecological stability coefficient, the evaluated landscape has degraded from the category of “disturbed landscape capable of self‑regulation” to “devastated landscape”. The results also show the vulnerability of current large plots of arable land and vineyards to water erosion.
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Gerzabek, Martin H., Armin Bajraktarevic, Katharina Keiblinger, Axel Mentler, Maria Rechberger, Johannes Tintner, Karin Wriessnig, et al. "Agriculture changes soil properties on the Galápagos Islands – two case studies." Soil Research 57, no. 3 (2019): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr18331.
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The Galápagos Islands have faced a huge rise in the number of inhabitants and tourists over recent decades. As a consequence, natural forest vegetation has been converted to arable land to meet the increasing demand for agricultural produce. However, studies on soils and soil use change in the Galápagos Islands are scarce. In this study, we assessed the impacts of agricultural land-use on the islands of Santa Cruz and San Cristóbal. The site on Santa Cruz was called El Cascajo (EC, Leptosol, 5 years after conversion to intensive agriculture) and that on the oldest island of the Galápagos archipelago, San Cristóbal, Cerro Verde (CV, Ferralsol, 15 years after conversion). At both sites, we compared arable soils to soils under forests within the adjacent Galápagos National Park, which had formed on the same parent materials. Several soil properties showed a significant impact of the arable use. Soil organic carbon (Corg) stocks were relatively high at both sites (between 94 ± 28 and 142 ± 10 Mg ha–1). At CV, the stocks were 25% lower in arable plots compared with natural forest, but the observed decrease at EC was non-significant. Many other parameters like total nitrogen and several Mehlich-III extractable nutrients were closely correlated with the changes in Corg. Microbial biomass carbon (Cmic) and dissolved organic carbon were significantly lower in arable plots compared with forest at both sites. At EC, Cmic/Corg dropped by a factor of 1.9. Changes in pH and the use of agrochemicals, evidenced by pesticide residues detected in the soil, might be a possible explanation. Ammonium-N decreased and nitrate-N increased tremendously in the arable plots on both islands. Our research shows that present agricultural practices have potential for improvements towards a more sustainable agricultural use of soil resources on the Galápagos Islands.
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Khramtsov, I. F., and V. S. Boyko. "Nutrient regime of irrigated meadow-chernozem soils under long-term intensive use." Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 51, no. 2 (June 7, 2021): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2021-2-1.
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The patterns of phosphorus and potassium status of soils were studied given the improvement of agricultural technologies of irrigated agriculture. Long-term studies were carried out in an experimental grain-grass crop rotation on irrigated meadow-chernozem soil. The experimental plot is located in the southern forest-steppe of Omsk region. Intensive use of irrigated arable land with a rational combination of moisture and mineral nutrition regimes contributes to obtaining maximum yields of forage and grain crops. The creation of various conditions for mineral nutrition due to an increased and high supply of mobile phosphorus and with the application of different options of agricultural technologies made it possible to simulate possible agro-ecological conditions that form contrasting indices of crop productivity. A comparative assessment of the effectiveness of various agricultural approaches to growing crops under irrigation conditions indicates that soil cultivation techniques and forecrops did not significantly affect the content of available phosphorus in the soil. The equilibrium content of mobile phosphorus given a long-term negative balance changed insignificantly. The systematic application of phosphorus-containing fertilizers significantly increased the phosphate status of the soil. However, an adequate assessment of the phosphate status of arable soils is possible using several diagnostic indices (methods). Long-term intensive use of irrigated arable land has reduced the reserves of easily exchangeable potassium from 4 to 1–2 mg/100 g of soil in the arable layer. The content of exchangeable potassium has also decreased by almost 2 times, but the soil remains in a high and very high class of its availability. However, a number of indicators show its increasing depletion in the most mobile fractions of soil potassium. The reserves of non-exchangeable potassium are more stable, which have decreased by about 19% over 40 years, and the soil has passed into the category with an unstable supply.
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Śmietanka, Maria. "The Influence of Permanent Grasslands on Nitrate Nitrogen Loads in Modelling Approach." Journal of Water and Land Development 21, no. 1 (July 29, 2014): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jwld-2014-0015.
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Abstract The water pollution in areas with intensive agriculture is growing rapidly. Computer model is a tool which can help in finding solutions for water pollution reduction and help in creation of catchment management plans. In this research the SWAT model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) was used to test the influence of introduction of permanent grasslands into the catchment on nitrate nitrogen load in surface water. Small catchment of upper Zgłowi?czka River in central Poland with intensive agriculture was chosen as a test site. Model was fed with data about land use, soils, weather, elevation and management practices and calibrated and validated using flow data and nitrate nitrogen loads data. Then 2 scenarios with land use change were tested. A part of arable land was changed into permanent grasslands. The results show that permanent grasslands are effective in reducing nitrate nitrogen load. The load was reduced by 19% when permanent grasslands constituted 10% of arable land and by 38% with permanent grasslands taking up 20% of arable land.
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Fanfarillo, Emanuele, Marta Latini, and Giovanna Abbate. "Patterns of Co-occurrence of Rare and Threatened Species in Winter Arable Plant Communities of Italy." Diversity 12, no. 5 (May 15, 2020): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12050195.
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Detecting patterns of species co-occurrence is among the main tasks of plant community ecology. Arable plant communities are important elements of agroecosystems, because they support plant and animal biodiversity and provide ecosystem services. These plant communities are shaped by both agricultural and environmental drivers. The pressure of intensive agriculture worldwide has caused the decline of many characteristic arable species and communities. Italy is the European country where arable plant biodiversity is the best preserved. In this study, we assessed the patterns of co-occurrence of rare and threatened arable plants in 106 plots of winter arable vegetation located from Piedmont to Calabria, in the mainland part of the country. For this purpose, we based our investigation on the analysis of a recently acquired dataset and on the European list of rare and threatened arable plants. We highlight how different species of conservation interest tend to occur in the same community. On the other hand, generalist and more competitive taxa show similar patterns of co-occurrence. We suggest that single species of conservation value could be suitable indicators of a well-preserved community. On the other hand, to be effective, conservation strategies should target the whole community, rather than single species.
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Столбова, Ольга, Olga Stolbova, Валерий Рябов, and Valerii Riabov. "AGRICULTURE OF THE KEMEROVO REGION." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Biological, Engineering and Earth Sciences 2017, no. 4 (December 25, 2017): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2542-2448-2017-4-48-51.
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<p>The article presents the characteristics of modern agriculture, which is the basic link of the agroindustrial complex of the Kemerovoregion. It examines the factors that determine its specialization and the main industry of rural economy of Kuzbass. Agriculture plays an important role in ensuring food security in the region. The leading industry is beef farming, beef and dairy cattle, arable farming and grain growing. The Kemerovoregion achieves self-suffi in many agricultural products, some products are exported outside of the region. Prospects of development of agricultural production in Kuzbass are associated with the development of private fodder industry based on the cultivation of forage crops and legumes for intensive and industrial pig, poultry, and beef and dairy cattle breeding and production of succulent feeds for dairy and beef cattle. The development of agriculture will lead to the creation of new processing industries, the formation of a developed agro-industrial complex in the region, which will increase the level of socio-economic development of the region.<strong></strong></p>
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Ionescu, Danny, Mina Bizic, and Hans-Peter Grossart. "Bestimmung mikrobieller Gemeinschaften von Teichen in Stadt und Land." BIOspektrum 28, no. 7 (November 2022): 702–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12268-022-1863-x.
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AbstractLand use intensification through intensive agriculture or urbanization were shown to affect biodiversity of different taxonomic or functional groups. We used deep amplicon sequencing of environmental DNA to investigate these effects on pond biodiversity in an area intensely used for agriculture, as well as in urban ponds. We revealed a biodiversity homogenization across ponds in arable fields, grasslands, and forests in the rural Uckermark, yet with significant differences to urban ponds in Berlin.
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Nikolaev, V. A., M. A. Mazirov, A. I. Belenkov, I. A. Zavertkin, and L. I. Shchigrova. "Structural state of soddy-podzolic soils under the influence of different cultivation systems." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 839, no. 4 (September 1, 2021): 042058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/839/4/042058.
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Abstract Some favorable physical properties and the modes of soil are the basis and a necessary condition for realization of potential soil fertility for receiving high harvest of crops. Therefore, creation and maintenance of optimal composing of the arable soil layer by means of different cultivation systems is an up-to-date objective of modern intensive agriculture.
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Cieślik, J., E. Badach, and A. Krasnodębski. "Purposefulness of more intensive supporting milk production in conditions of dispersed agriculture of southern Poland." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 57, No. 4 (May 4, 2011): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/33/2010-agricecon.
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A disadvantageous tendency of resigning from milk production by small and medium sized farms has been observed in the recent years in the provinces of Southern Poland. It results from the low profitability of milk production on these farms and therefore the difficulties in reaching the income parity. It leads to a decline in the bovine population not compensated by an increase in the yield per animal and it poses a serious hazard to protecting the natural resources which is the function dairy farms perform in this region. The problem is serious since in the analyzed region, milk is acquired from 75% of farms keeping herds of up to 10 cows. Moreover, grasslands constitute a notably high share in the arable land structure, and for maintaining them cow keeping is a crucial condition. Hitherto functioning system of EU payments proved insufficient; therefore the Polish government intends to provide an additional financial support for dairy farms. The authors intended to reason that despite the hardly important participation of the analyzed regions in total milk production in Poland, an additional support for small and medium sized dairy farms from the state budget is socially necessary, in the first place because of the additional functions fulfilled by these farms.
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Hua, Yan Bin, Yan Wei Xin, Ren Mei Yang, Guang Sheng Hua, and Zhi Qiang Xu. "A New Technique for Roof-Top Soil-Less Cultivation of Vegetable Sprouts." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 5837–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.5837.
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The author designed a new device for growing vegetable sprouts and ornamental plants by combining greenhouse design and soil-less cultivation technology together with houses construction, aiming at saving arable land and energy by rapidly producing sprouts or flowers through vertical cultivation by installing the new device on the roof-top of houses in rural areas. Taking into consideration of design ideas, technological process, and the selection of raw materials, along with their practical value and future prospects, the author construct a double-layered, vertically cultivated vaulting greenhouse. As a result, the use of soil-less cultivation techniques on the roofs of houses in the Chinese countryside shows promise as a potential solution to deal with the shortage of arable land. This new cultivation technique may be more effective in promoting agricultural productivity and sustainable development of the economy and society since it can take full advantage of available resources in order to achieve a more economical and intensive use of land. There are three major benefits with roof-top agriculture: First, by using greenhouses located on the tops of roofs, a grower can maximize his utilization of sunlight. Second, roof-top agriculture doesn’t require any additional arable land. Third, the vegetables can be planted all year-round. The life circle of crops was shortened and productivity was promoted. The application of the technology will significantly increase economic efficiency and practical value of the idle roof-tops of houses in rural and suburban areas.
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Balakuntala, Mythra Vsm, Mustafa Ayad, Richard M. Voyles, Robin White, Robert Nawrocki, Shreyas Sundaram, Shashank Priya, et al. "Global Sustainability through Closed-Loop Precision Animal Agriculture." Mechanical Engineering 140, no. 06 (June 1, 2018): S19—S23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2018-jun-7.
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The Earth is at a sociotechnical crossroads with humanity hanging in the balance – and high-tech agriculture can help bail us out. Human population growth, increasing urbanization and rising incomes is likely to drastically increase demand for animal agriculture in the coming decades. The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) predicts the need to double global food production by 2050 as the global population increases from 7.3 billion in 2015 to 9.7 billion in 2050 as shown in Fig 1. Much of this growth will be concentrated in the world’s poorest countries where standards of living are set to rise rapidly, increasing the demand for resource-intensive meat and dairy products which has been the historical trend. At the same time, agriculture in the 21st century faces multiple challenges: it must produce more food and fiber to feed a growing population with a smaller rural labor force, produce additional feedstocks for a potentially huge bioenergy market, contribute to overall development in the many agriculture-dependent developing countries, adopt more efficient and sustainable production methods, and adapt to climate change. Additionally, the world’s arable land is already fully employed and shrinking -- the world has lost a third of its arable land due to erosion or pollution in the past 40 years. All these factors put enormous pressure on improving the production efficiency of the world’s supply of food to meet the demand.
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Mul, M. I., and A. W. van der Vlies. "Development and implementation of a policy for reduced agrochemical and nutrient emission from the agriculture to surface water in the western part of the Netherlands." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 12 (June 1, 1999): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0564.
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The water authority “Hollandse Eilanden en Waarden” (HEW) is responsible for the quality of the surface water in the western region of The Netherlands. In this area the reduction of emissions of agrochemicals and nutrients from agriculture and horticulture to surface waters is one of the main priorities in the strategy to reduce the discharge from non-point sources. Because of the area and the relatively intensive use of chemicals for crop protection arable farming and the field production of vegetables are the major source of diffuse pollution by agrochemicals and nutrients in the management area of HEW. This paper gives an overview of the research programme carried out to investigate the different emission routes from arable farming and the field production of vegetables. Based on the results of this research programme a special programme “PAREL” was developed and implemented in 1997. The name PAREL (pearl in English) stands for ‘plan for reduction of emission from agriculture’. This plan was developed and implemented in close co-operation with the farmers' organizations. This initiative of HEW was accepted by the other water authorities in the western part of The Netherlands. For the implementation period a special treaty was signed in 1997 between the agricultural sector and these water authorities. The PAREL policy is a combination of regulation and advice (good housekeeping) aimed at reducing the emission of agrochemicals and nutrients to surface waters from agricultural activities.
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Stejskalová, Dagmar, Petr Karásek, Lenka Tlapáková, and Jana Podhrázská. "Landscape metrics as a tool for evaluation of landscape structure, a case study of Hubenov region, Czech Republic." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 1 (2013): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361010193.
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The present paper contains the evaluation of rural landscape development in model territories by means of landscape structure analysis. Based on the computed values of landscape ecology indexes, development and typical and specific features of analysed territories are interpreted in defined time horizons. The territories differ in the intensity of their use, natural conditions and different social requirements. Two territories have intensive agriculture in different natural conditions, the third model territory is situated in the protective zone of a water resource, and the fourth model territory is a protected area. For all localities, the studied baseline period was that of the Stable Cadastre mapping (1825–1839), followed by the sixties of the 20th century and the present time. The method of processing and evaluation of four model territories is described and a detailed analysis and interpretation of one territory – Hubenov region is presented. Agricultural land formed the landscape matrix in Hubenov territory in the past and at present. There is a significant reduction in the number of plots of the landscape classes and the increase in the average size of agricultural and non-agricultural plots between year 1825 and 2009. Spatial distribution of agricultural land has changed. Area of arable land decreased after the construction of water reservoir Hubenov. The area of permanent grassland, forests and water bodies increased. It was reflected in an increase of ecological stability. In the context of the change of landscape structures decreased the length of ecotone edges of the categories arable land and PGL and categories arable land and forest.
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Raman, K. V., and Saroja Raman. "Soil quality audit for resource conservation in Indian agriculture." Social Change 31, no. 1-2 (March 2001): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004908570103100207.
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Indian agricultural enterprise is one of the largest in terms of human capital and area of operation. It covers approximately 144 mha arable land, more than 60% of the population, and accounts for 40 % of the GDP. Hence its role in overall economic ecological and social development is very critical. Indian agricultural scene is a mix of traditional, low input, subsistence agriculture by the resource-poor farmer and science-based, high-input intensive farming by the rich farmers. Both of them have a share in the impairment of the environment. Because pockets of very high input cultivation are still limited, the pollution due to agricultural waste, excess fertilizers and pesticides are still not as wide-spread and alarming as they are in the west. Soil loss and degradation is the most serious environmental concern generated by the harsh geographical features of the country and by agricultural enterprises, both exacerbated by over-straining animal and human population. Almost 70% of the geographical area is prone to water and wind erosion and other stresses. 5334 million tonnes of soil is eroded annually and 5.3-8.4 million tonnes of the plant nutrients are lost. If this trend continues, one-third of the arable land is likely to be lost. For the fragile and slopy lands, soil conservation measures are being taken up on an extensive scale through water shed approach. These, however, have not been very effective or friendly for over 78% of the small and marginal farmers. Soil Quality, a holistic concept encompassing productivity, environmental quality, and human and animal health, has been developed recently for validating and auditing sustainable agriculture. Several physical, chemical and biological indicators like pH, EC, nutrient status, infiltration rate, soil structure, soil organic carbon etc. have been identified as indicators for measuring soil quality. This approach can be initiated in some places in India to monitor the negative impacts of certain currently prevailing agricultural practices, and facilitate sustainable agriculture through alternate farming protocols. Locale specific, farmer-friendly and conducive packages should be evolved monitored and evaluated in collaboration with the small farmer so that soil resources are conserved or upgraded for future generations.
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Kiptach, Fedir, and Iryna Koynova. "Organization of land use of territory of village of councils based on the landscape." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 50 (December 28, 2016): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2016.50.8693.
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The large-scale landscape maps necessity in developing projects and proposals for agriculture, forestry land-use and erosion protection were justified. Natural conditions of land-use in Nova Syniava community in Stara Syniava district in Khmelnytskyi region were described and analyses of land structure were made. Accordingly, land structure is characterized by ecologically destabilizing lands, including arable lands, lands that were withdrawn from agriculture production and forestry (outbuildings, houses, roads, open-casts, exterior use lands) are prevailing. They cover 80,6 % (in particular, arable lands – 71,8 %) of total community lands. And, vice versa, ecologically stabilizing lands (gardens, pastures, grasslands, shrubs, forest belts, forests, swamps, water covered lands) cover a small percentage – 19,4 of total research area. Therefore, erosive soils cover a significant percentage – 51,3 % of total area. Soil erosion caused decreasing of soil fertility and yields of agriculture. The average weighted losses of humus in arable horizon of soils (0–30 cm) compared with full-profile standard analogues are 0,5–0,6 %. First step of developing sustainable ecological landscape systems were justified by using a principle of land resource restoration and strengthening of their self-regulation through increasing the area of ecologically stabilized lands by low productivity lands and by their location with taking into consideration a complex morphological structure of landscape systems. Landscape systems of research area were classified by genesis and type of their economic use. Arable lands should cover no more than 52,4 % of the total community area. In particular, 16,1 % is recommended to use for field grain-steam tilled crop rotations and cultivating all agriculture crops of this zone by using intensive agriculture systems and the widespread introduction of their ecological links; 27,9 % is recommended to use for field grain-steam tilled crop rotations and cultivating all agriculture crops of this zone by using ecological systems of agriculture provided soil cultivation, sowing and caring for crops according to the elevation line directions. 8,4% is recommended to use for field grain-grass or grass-grain soil protected crop rotations with total exclusion of row crops. 38,8 % of total community land area should be covered by perennial plants (6,6 %), grasslands (17,0 %), shrubs and forest belts (0,31 %), forests (11,7 %), swamps (1,09 %), lands covered by water (1,2 %). Other 8,8 % are covered by outbuildings and houses (1,2 %), roads (2,0 %), opencasts (0,8 %) and exterior use lands (4,8 %). Key words: forest steppe, landscape systems, land-use, lands, crop rotations.
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Skorupka, Maria, and Artur Nosalewicz. "Ammonia Volatilization from Fertilizer Urea—A New Challenge for Agriculture and Industry in View of Growing Global Demand for Food and Energy Crops." Agriculture 11, no. 9 (August 29, 2021): 822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11090822.
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The growing world population and the necessity to meet its nutritional needs despite the limited area of agricultural land pose a serious challenge for agriculture. Agriculture is responsible for 80–95% of total ammonia emissions to the atmosphere, but at the same time it has great potential to reduce them. Fertilisation with mineral nitrogen (in particular urea) is responsible for 19.0–20.3% of total ammonia emissions emitted from agriculture. Ammonia emissions have a negative impact on the environment and human health, therefore it is important to minimize the volatilization of ammonia and increase fertiliser efficiency. This is important due to the need to mitigate the negative impact of anthropopressure on the environment in terms of air pollution, negative effect on soils and waters. The application of urease inhibitors during fertilisation with nitrogen fertilisers is one method to reduce ammonia emissions from plant production. Another option to achieve this goal is to reverse the global trend toward maximizing the production of energy crops (intensive fertilisation inevitably increasing ammonia emissions to the environment) for the production of biofuels, which is growing rapidly, taking up arable land that could be used for food production. The aim of the review is to identify the impact of recently introduced technologies for reducing ammonia emissions from urea on agricultural productivity, environment, and crops. It is of importance to reconsider optimization of crop production in arable land, possible owing to the progress in the production, modification, and application of mineral fertilisers and changes in crop structure. A broad debate is necessary with policymakers and stakeholders to define new targets allowing introduction of technologies for conversion of energy crops into energy with a minimal impact on food production and environmental issue.
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Kiptach, Fedir. "Optimization of the land use with considering of the landscape structure of the territory on the test sites." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 52 (June 27, 2018): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2018.52.10176.
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The large-scale landscape maps necessity in developing projects and proposals for agriculture, forestry land-use and erosion protection were justified. Natural conditions of land-use in Babyno community in Stara Syniava district in Khmelnytsk region were described and analyses of the land structure were made. Accordingly, the land structure is characterised by ecologically destabilising lands, including arable lands, lands that were withdrawn from agriculture production and forestry (outbuildings, houses, roads, quarries, exterior use lands) are prevailing. They are covered 89.7 % (in particular, arable lands – 87.3 %) of total community lands. And, vice versa, ecologically stabilising lands (gardens, pastures, grasslands, shrubs, forest belts, forests, swamps, water covered lands) are covered a small percentage – 8.96 of the total research area. Therefore, soil erosion is covered 87.3 % of the total area − a significant percentage. Soil erosion caused decreasing of soil fertility and yields of agriculture. The average weighted losses of humus in the arable horizon of soils (0−30 cm) compared with full-profile standard analogues are 1.1 %. The first step of developing sustainable ecological landscape systems was justified by using a principle of land resource restoration and strengthening of their self-regulation through increasing the area of ecologically stabilised lands by low productivity lands and by their location with taking into consideration a complex morphological structure of landscape systems. Landscape systems of research area were classified by genesis and type of their economic use. Arable lands should cover no more than 45.4 % of the total community area. In particular, 2.6 % is recommended to use for field grain-steam tilled crop rotations and cultivating all agriculture crops of this zone by using intensive agriculture systems and the widespread introduction of their ecological links; 27.8 % is recommended to use for field grain-steam tilled crop rotations and cultivating all agriculture crops of this zone by using ecological systems of agriculture provided soil cultivation, sowing and caring for crops according to the elevation line directions. 15.0 % − for field grain-grass or grass-grain soil protected crop rotations with the total exclusion of row crops. 51.2 % of total community land area should be covered by perennial plants (1.6 %), grasslands (0.9 %), shrubs and forest belts (0.05 %), forests (27.1 %), swamps (0.21 %), lands covered by water (0.54 %). Other 3.4 % are covered by outbuildings and houses (1.2 %), roads (1.1 %), open-casts (0.2 %) and exterior use lands (0.9 %). The results of research helped to justify the rules of the rational use of land area in Babyno community and its analysis suggests that land area of the heavily dissected hills of the forest-steppe stabilising land should occupy at least 50−55 %. Conversely, destabilising – no more than 50−45 % (particularly arable land – 40−45 %). Key words: optimization of the land use, soil erosion, lands, landscape systems.
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Y.I., Cheverdin, Titova T.V., and Bespalov V.A. "The structural composition of soils of the South-East of the Central Black-Earth Zone with different patterns of use (on the example of The Kamennaya Steppe)." Ekologiya i stroitelstvo 3 (2019): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35688/2413-8452-2019-03-005.
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The study of the structural state of chernozems with patterns of use was done at V.V. Dokuchaev Research Institute of Agriculture of the Central Black-Earth Zone in 2019. The study was done under the conditions of agrocenoses and undisturbed ecosystems. Soils of naturally preserved biocenosis were represented by ordinary chernozems (automorphic) or segregation chernozems, soils of arable land – ordinary chernozems (automorphic) or segregation agro-chernozems. The experimental plots of arable land with slope variants were represented by sections of slopes of the Eastern exposure with a slope of up to 3°. The soil cover of experimental arable plots was a combination of chernozems such as topsoil segregation, migration-micellar with a small part of zoogenic turbocharged soil. The soil structure was determined by the method of N.I. Savvinov. A significant reduction in the share of agronomically valuable aggregates in soils influenced to intensive agrogenic impacts was found. Confirmation of this phenomenon was a significant decrease of the coefficient of soil structure: 3.2 on arable land, 14.0 – on abandoned land. There was a threefold decrease in the amount of the soil aggregates under the conditions of agrogenic impacts in spite of there was the small amount of silty part of the soil aggregates. The meso-aggregates of soil with size from 2 to 5 mm were related to the most vulnerable component of soil agronomically valuable structure. There were the most noticeable decrease of the relative content of meso-aggregates of soil under agricultural impacts (along with lumpy particles).
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Popczyk, Bartłomiej, Daniel Klich, Paweł Nasiadka, Maria Sobczuk, Wanda Olech, Piotr Kociuba, Krzysztof Gadkowski, and Ludwik Purski. "Crop Harvesting Can Affect Habitat Selection of Wild Boar (Sus scrofa)." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 8, 2022): 14679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142214679.
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One of the basics of effectively managing a wild boar population is knowledge of its home range, spatial patterns, and habitat use. However, little is known about the reaction of wild boar to changes in the agricultural landscape during the time of harvesting. In this study, we assessed the impact of crop harvesting on habitat selection of wild boar. For this reason, we analyzed radio-collared animals in four summer months (from June to September) in an agricultural landscape in Poland. We analyzed the habitat selection by wild boar with a generalized linear model and Jacob’s selectivity index. The wild boar preference for arable land, pastures and the “other” category showed clear monthly dynamics. In contrast, a stable preference for forests and mosaics was observed throughout all months. The preference of wild boar to arable land dropped significantly in August, which we interpret as the impact of the harvest. We conclude that intensive agriculture contributes to significant changes in the frequency of wild boar in various habitats. This, however, does not apply to all habitats, because forest habitats are constantly visited by wild boar as their main daytime refuge. Moreover, extensive farming, although less attractive for wild boar, is rather neutral and does not alter the abundance of animals in habitats.
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Tyšer, Luděk, and Michaela Kolářová. "Occurrence of native weed species on arable land – Effect of different environmental factors." Plant Protection Science 57, No. 2 (March 1, 2021): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/79/2020-pps.
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Native species form a substantial part of arable weed communities. The objective of this survey was to study the occurrence of native species in arable fields in the Czech Republic related to applied management systems (conventional and organic farming), crops (winter cereals, spring cereals, wide-row crops) and environmental conditions at different altitudes. In 2006–2018, a phytocoenological survey (320 relevés) was performed across the Czech Republic. In total, 180 weed species were recorded, of which 43.33% were considered as native (78 species). The net effects of all the studied variables on the occurrence of native species were found as statistically significant. Most of the variability was explained by the altitude, followed by the crop and type of farming. The highest occurrence of native weeds was noticed in organic farming and cereals and increased with an increasing altitude. The higher incidence in higher elevations can be connected to the more intensive agriculture in the lowlands.
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Duca, Maria, Steliana Clapco, and Ion Burcovschi. "Management of sunflower crop in Moldovan agricultural households." Akademos, no. 4(63) (March 2022): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.52673/18570461.21.4-63.07.
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In the Republic of Moldova, the oilseed crop sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) occupies consistent cultivation areas (about 25 % of arable land), which is constantly growing. Trends in agricultural systems from recent decades (intensification and specialization of production), associated with intensive use of agrochemicals (pesticides and fertilizers), irrational land use, non-compliance with crop rotations etc. have led to declining soil quality, biodiversity loss, a significant increase in the incidence of diseases and pests and the vulnerability of agricultural ecosystems to climate change. In order to address the principles of sustainable and ecological agriculture, it is interesting to know in depth the current situation of biotechnologies for sunflower cultivation and the incidence and severity of pathogen attack. This paper reflects the results of analyzes conducted based on farmers’ opinion survey, focused mainly on parameters such as areas cultivated with sunflower, types of cultivated hybrids, geographical distribution of sunflower-specific pathogens, applied agricultural practices etc.
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Razanov, S., V. Melnyk, B. Nazaruk, and M. Kutsenko. "Assessment of agro-ecological composition of gray forest soils under the different agricultural use." Balanced nature using, no. 1 (July 30, 2021): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2310-4678.1.2021.231901.
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The article presents the results of the agroecological composition of soils for different agricultural uses. Under modern conditions of increasing intensification of agricultural production, the agroecological condition of soils is deteriorating, which increases the risk of obtaining low–quality products. Along with this, there are various problems, such as loss of soil fertility, increased erosion, groundwater pollution and environmental pollution in general. Therefore, there is a need for constant monitoring of agroecological indicators of the soil in the conditions of intensive agriculture and horticulture. The great importance is the problem of finding reserves to increase soil fertility and improve their agroecological condition. Therefore, regular testing of soil nutrients and factors that have a major impact on their availability are extremely important to achieve sustainable levels of crop and fruit production. The main purpose of the research was to study and analyze agricultural lands: arable land and perennial plantations and the main agrochemical indicators of the soil of the central part of Vinnytsia region during intensive agriculture and horticulture. The object of research is the soils of agricultural lands used under intensive horticulture and crop production. The subject of research is the agroecological indicators of soil. The research was carried out in the farm of Agro–Etalon LLC in the village of Vasylivka, Tyvriv district. The soils of agricultural lands used under orchards (apple orchard) and agricultural crops (wheat after sunflower predecessor) were studied for comparison. According to the results of soil analysis, it was found that the highest difference in the studied indicators was found in the exchangeable potassium (К2О), mobile phosphorus (Р2О5), which was observed more in the soils involved in horticulture compared to the soils of field crop rotations. Farm soils with different agricultural uses were characterized by lower humus content. The highest difference in the concentration of chemical metals was found for molybdenum (Mo) and cadmium (Cd), which were more in the soils used in horticulture.
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Bandurin, M. A., and I. P. Bandurina. "Ways to solve ecological problems of natural ecosystems amid constantly increasing anthropogenic load." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 866, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/866/1/012003.
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Abstract The article describes the impact of human activities on the environment. In general, arable farming leads to more significant changes in natural biocenoses than cattle breeding. Steppes plowing, deforestation and forest burning aimed to obtain arable land as well as construction of irrigation systems have radically changed the natural landscapes. The article considers the state of natural ecosystems to date. The work emphasizes that the main receiver of pollution is water bodies, mostly small rivers. The need for measures aimed to reduce the degree of environmental pollution, specifically, at minimizing anthropogenic impacts on nature, is noted. The most significant changes in nature occurred with the development of industry. Industrial production has required more and more natural resources in the economic turnover. In connection with their intensive exploitation, the share of lands used for industrial development of minerals, the construction of roads, settlements, and the creation of reservoirs has increased. The exploitation of natural resources being spontaneous and ever-increasing in its pace and scale leads to their rapid depletion and increasing environment pollution. Substantially, man, engaged in agriculture, created new artificial (anthropogenic) systems being agrocenoses, deliberately controlled by the selection of cultivated plants, reclamation, agricultural technology, the use of fertilizers and pesticides, harvesting, etc.
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Kokieva, Galia, Martha Ivanova, and Varvara Trofimova. "The study of reducing soil mechanical deformation in tilling." E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 05006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127305006.
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Due to the use of heavy machines, mechanical deformation with the inevitable deterioration in its physico-biological properties is undergoing in agriculture of heavy machines and subfall layers of the soil. The density of the arable and subframe horizons increases, decreases, due to the moisture in the soil. The productivity of cultural plants is influenced by effective fertility not only arable layer, but also subfectant, so it is necessary to take into account the effects on them of agricultural machinery and tractors. At the first stage, the soil particles in close proximity to the paw are shifted forward, forcing the lying layers in front to shrink, when the voltages in the soil reaches the limit values, at some distance from the sock of the paw blades, its shift occurs. At the second stage, the soil begins to intensively shifted forward and move along the surface of the worker. In this regard, the soil resistance to the movement of individual parts of the working body will be different. At the moment when there is an intensive compression of the soil and its shift, the most loaded elements will be the cutting edge and the nose part of the paw, the least - wings of the paws and racks.
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Tzouramani, Irene, Stamatis Mantziaris, and Pavlos Karanikolas. "Assessing Sustainability Performance at the Farm Level: Examples from Greek Agricultural Systems." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (April 7, 2020): 2929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072929.
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In recent years, farmers and policymakers have faced ample challenges and have struggled to support the sustainability of the agricultural sector. Sustainable agriculture encompasses multiple concepts, and its performance produces extensive debate about data requirements, appropriate indicators, evaluation methods, and tools. Under the European Union (EU) financed project FLINT (Farm Level Indicators for New Topics in policy evaluation), detailed data have been collected at the farm level to provide broader coverage of sustainability indicators on a wide range of relevant topics to facilitate the assessment of sustainability performance. The approach has been applied in a pilot network of representative farms at the EU level, considering the heterogeneity of the EU farming sector to provide data infrastructure with up to date information for sustainability indicators. This study aims to assess sustainability performance at the farm level in Greece. Representative and dominant agricultural systems, such as permanent crops, olive trees, arable crops, and livestock (sheep) farms, comprise the Greek sample. It uses the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) methodology and attempts to gain insights into the sustainability performance of agricultural systems. The outcome of the sustainability assessment reveals knowledge and develops support for strategic farm choices in order to support both farmers and policymakers towards more sustainable development plans. The results indicate that three typical Mediterranean farming systems, namely permanent crops, olive trees, and extensive livestock systems (sheep farms), are more sustainable in contrast to intensive and arable crop farms.
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Askarov, Almir, Alfiya Kuznetsova, Rasul Gusmanov, Aigul Askarova, and Vitaliy Kovshov. "Cost-effective horse breeding in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia." October-2020 13, no. 10 (2020): 2039–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.2039-2045.
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Background and Aim: There is a lack of reliable data in agribusiness regarding the economic efficiency of horse breeding, and this limits its further development. The purpose of this study was to create rational parameters for the development of productive horse breeding as an effective agricultural business, in particular, in relation to farms. Materials and Methods: The methods of investigation used were induction and deduction, as well as analytical, statistical, and economic-mathematical analysis. We also used the dynamics of time series, CVP analysis, direct costing, and microeconomic analysis. Data were taken from the Russian Federation's official statistics on animal husbandry as well as closed (commercial) data of agricultural enterprises from our study region. Results: Horse ownership in the Republic of Bashkortostan is higher than in the rest of Russia with about 9% of the total number of horses in Russia. We found that landowners need one hectare of arable land to ensure profit and that the highest economic income occurs on farms specializing in kumis production. The production of kumis under intensive farming is less profitable than with free-range horses kept in pastures. Family farms need a large amount of arable land with natural foliage to balance space and profit. Conclusion: Successful implementation of these parameters will make it possible to turn agriculture into successful horse breeding businesses. The expected volume of agricultural production may be approximately 9-11 thousand US dollars per employee.
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Gaffarova, Lilia, and Albina Serzhanova. "Statistical parameters of the properties of agro-gray soils in the Northern part of the forest-steppe." BIO Web of Conferences 27 (2020): 00112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202700112.
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The paper analyzes the regional statistical characteristics of analytical and morphometric properties of agro-gray soils formed in one-factor conditions of the Privyatskaya band of the Pre-Kama region of the Republic of Tatarstan. The sampling of analytical data was carried out in accordance with the systematic group and non-eroded soil analogues. The upper part of the soil profile of the studied soil has a low humus content, medium acid reaction, the profile distribution of the sum of absorbed bases is almost uniform and is in the range of 22.6 to 26.8 mmol /100 g of soil. Generalization of the accumulated analytical and morphological information is a zero cycle of monitoring of arable soils and can serve as a reference for comparison to identify changes in the properties and morphological structure of arable soils in the region. In conditions of intensive agriculture, statistical parameters make it possible to purposefully manage soil fertility in the studied region.
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Onandia, Gabriela, Sebastian Maassen, Camille L. Musseau, Stella A. Berger, Carla Olmo, Jonathan M. Jeschke, and Gunnar Lischeid. "Key drivers structuring rotifer communities in ponds: insights into an agricultural landscape." Journal of Plankton Research 43, no. 3 (May 2021): 396–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbab033.
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Abstract Understanding the influence of environmental and spatial factors on the structure of aquatic communities remains a major challenge in community ecology. This study aims to identify main drivers of rotifer abundance and diversity in ponds embedded in an intensive agricultural landscape in Northeast Germany. We studied 42 ponds of glacial origin (kettle holes) covering a wide range of environmental parameters. The predominant factors structuring the rotifer metacommunity shifted from abiotic environmental filtering in spring to unstudied factors in autumn, while spatial factors remained less important. Fertilizer-driven salinization, internal nutrient recycling, primary productivity and sediment phosphorus release were the prevalent biogeochemical processes in the ponds. Both fertilizer-driven salinization and primary productivity negatively affected rotifer alpha diversity, and positively affected beta diversity. This impact was lower in forest ponds than in those surrounded by arable fields or grassland. However, rotifer diversity did not significantly differ among land-use categories. Our results indicate that the long-term impact of intensive agriculture in the region and the associated widespread eutrophication overrides the direct influence of land use on rotifer diversity but point to an indirect effect via fertilizer-driven salinization. Furthermore, this study highlights the role of ponds in enhancing regional biodiversity in agricultural landscapes.
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Gupta, Gauri Shankar. "Land Degradation and Challenges of Food Security." Review of European Studies 11, no. 1 (January 25, 2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v11n1p63.
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Land degradation has emerged as a serious problem during the last few decades. Soil fertility has declined considerably in many parts of the world due to intensive agriculture, over-grazing, water pollution, increasing use of fertilizers and pesticides, salinization, deforestation and accumulation of non-biodegradable waste. Vast tracts of land are facing desertification. Climate change is further aggravating land degradation, soil erosion and soil fertility. Evidence suggests during the last 6-7 decades over 35 percent of arable land has been degraded due to human induced activities. Soil being the natural medium for plant growth supports all life on earth. Rapidly increasing population, growing food-waste and declining soil fertility are posing serious challenges to humanity for future food security. Therefore, land degradation must come to a halt. Education, changes in agricultural policy and technological innovations are instruments that should be used for restoration of degraded land and stop further land degradation.
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OSIŃSKI, ZBIGNIEW, and EWELINA PATYRA. "Natural and organic fertilizers as a source of environmental contamination with antimicrobial substances." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 78, no. 4 (2022): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6638.
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Veterinary antibiotics (VAs) are widely used worldwide to treat and prevent infectious diseases, as well as to promote growth and improve the feeding efficiency of food-producing animals in livestock activities. Research indicates that animals can excrete up to 90% of VAs through their droppings. Agriculture, especially industrial animal breeding, is among the main sources of environmental pollution with antimicrobials. The intensive breeding of farm animals is excessively loading the environment with excrements. Environmental pollution is caused, among others, by the use of antibacterial substances on a large scale, excretion of unchanged forms of antibiotics with feces and urine, as well as fertilization of arable land with manure. The paper outlines problems resulting from the excretion of antibacterial substances by farm animals and the introduction of these substances in the form of natural or organic fertilizers into arable soils. It reviews the available publications on the presence of such substances in fertilizers and soil, as well as methods of their degradation and their influence on soil and the environment.
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McGill, Julian, Amy Moss, Robert Swick, David Jackson, and Martin Todd. "The future protein decade: perspectives on global pressure to agriculture." Animal Production Science 59, no. 11 (2019): 1951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19308.
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Most of the world’s arable area is sown to either grains or oilseeds, and it is the big movements in the profitability of these crops that determine the pressure on global cropping-area supply. This perspective incorporates publicly available data, primarily from the FAO, to demonstrate some of the shifting pressures on global agriculture. Additionally, it argues that the advent of biofuel policies created additional demand for the area to produce cereal and oil crops from 2002. However, with a slowing demand growth for ethanol biofuels, crops for human and animal consumption will once again become the main driver for crop acreage. In particular, protein crops will be favoured as higher incomes are strongly linked to a greater animal-product consumption. In addition, a shift to a more intensive animal production is further increasing the demand for protein crops. Therefore, we could ultimately see a contraction in cereal crops and much faster growth in oilseeds, albeit from a lower base, as the demand for feed becomes the main driver for global agriculture. Yet, this is occurring during a time in which protein content of the major oil crops has been declining (albeit while yields continue to increase).
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Khan, Mahmood H., and Mohsin S. Khan. "Agricultural Growth in China and Sub-Saharan African Countries (Distinguishedl Lecture)." Pakistan Development Review 34, no. 4I (December 1, 1995): 429–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v34i4ipp.429-456.
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Agriculture remains a dominant sector in the economies of most African and several Asian countries. However, the poor performance of agriculture in Africa stands in sharp contrast to the robust agricultural growth in many Asian countries.2 In this regard, the experience of China is perhaps as impressive as it is relevant to many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. A general observation is that the productivity of land and labour has to rise through intensive agriculture, given the limited area of arable land (in China and Africa) and the high rates of growth of population (as in Africa). In many African countries, labour productivity has fallen and land productivity has not increased significantly. In China, productivities of both land and labour have increased significantly since at least the early 1980s. Agricultural output can increase in three ways: (i) get more from the same quantities of inputs through better utilisation of the existing capacity; (ii) use increased quantities of inputs; and (iii) use new techniques to raise the productivity of each input or raise the total product curve. All of these may require changes in tenurial arrangements, levels of investment in infrastructure and support services, and policies that affect the prices of outputs and inputs. A close examination of factors underlying the contrasting experiences in China and African countries reveals important differences in the institutional and policy environments affecting the individual behaviour with regard to the adoption and use of new (profitable) technologies to raise the land and labour productivities. This paper is intended to highlight the linkages between agricultural growth and the institutional, policy, and behavioural aspects, contrasting the experiences of China and African countries.
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Wang, Yafei, Chao Jin, Qingyun Peng, Jing Liu, and Xiaohang Wu. "Systematic Measurement and Evolution Situation of Coupling Coordination Level between Intensive Cultivated Land Utilization and New-Type Urbanization." Sustainability 14, no. 18 (September 18, 2022): 11716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811716.
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This study uses the entropy method to measure the comprehensive evaluation index of 30 provincial samples, with the exception of the Tibet, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan regions, of farmland intensive utilization and new-type urbanization in China. This study also builds a coupling coordination model to measure the coupling degree, coordination degree, and relative development degree. The kernel density estimation method and Theil index describe its evolution situation and spatial differences. The results showed that the coupling degree, coordination degree, and relative development degree of cultivated land intensive use and new-type urbanization were highly coupled, barely coordinated, and that cultivated land intensive use lagged, respectively. Kernel density estimation shows that the coupling degree, coordination degree, and relative development degree of cultivated land intensive use and new-type urbanization decrease as a whole and the regional differences increase. Theil index analysis shows that the differences of coupling degree, coordination degree, and relative development degree in eastern, central, and western regions are mainly caused by intragroup differences. Therefore, according to the economic situation and resource endowment conditions of each province and city, the benign interaction between the intensive use of cultivated land and new-type urbanization should be promoted according to local conditions. Food security is an important basis of national security. Cultivated land is not only a key element to ensure food security, but also a strong driving force for promoting high-quality, green, and sustainable development of agriculture and coordinated urban–rural development. By improving agricultural infrastructure and production conditions, China could choose to establish a strict arable land protection system and other measures to improve the level of intensive utilization of cultivated land.
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Pelse, Modrite, and Martins Pelss. "Assessment of Biogas Station Impact on Material Productivity of Agricultural Complex." Advanced Materials Research 827 (October 2013): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.827.213.
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In search of alternatives for replacing fossil sources with renewable ones, intensive construction of biogas cogeneration power plants started in Latvia in 2008. Maize silage and manure are the most popular substrates used, yet, other alternatives are searched for and tested. It has to be assessed how the energy sector sustainability strategy can impact resource management in the agriculture sector. The aim of this paper is to determine how the introduction of the biogas station in typical agricultural complex consisting of farm and arable land has affected its material productivity. In this paper the biogas production impact on material flows and productivity were evaluated by applying material flow analysis to the case study object which is a traditional intensive farm in Latvia but now reoriented towards the production of electrical and thermal energy. The case study showed that introduction of the biogas station into the traditional farm caused materialization of this economic system, because eco-efficiency (economic output divided by material input) decreased by 41%. The main conclusion is that the biogas production from the biomass is favourable from energetic point of view but current renewable-energy policy in some cases can cause inefficient use of materials putting pressure on surrounding environmental systems and resource depletion.
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Bastrup-Birk, A., and P. Gundersen. "Water quality improvements from afforestation in an agricultural catchment in Denmark illustrated with the INCA model." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 8, no. 4 (August 31, 2004): 764–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-8-764-2004.
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Abstract. Intensive agricultural land use across Europe has altered nitrogen (N) budget of catchments substantially, causing widespread N pollution of freshwater. Although the N cycle in forests has changed due to increased N deposition, most forest soil waters in Europe have low nitrate concentrations. The protective function of forests on water quality has led to increasing interest in the planting of new forests on arable land as a measure to protect valuable or sensitive freshwater resources. The paper illustrates the effects of afforestation on water and N cycling using the Integrated Nitrogen Catchment (INCA) model. The model was calibrated on the Horndrup catchment in the eastern part of Jutland, Denmark, which is dominated by agricultural land use but also covered by 18% of forest land. The dynamics of nitrate concentrations in the stream water were simulated successfully by INCA over a three-year period. The simulation of the dynamics of nitrate concentrations in the soil water is closely linked to the simulation of the hydrological dynamics and especially to the rainfall. The best fit was achieved for both arable and forest land during the wettest year of the study period. The model was then used to simulate the effect of afforestation of a catchment dominated by agriculture on N fluxes with seepage and runoff. Scenarios of whole catchment conversion to forest were run, based on observations of evapotranspiration and N deposition from other Danish sites. The simulated conversion to mature forest reduced runoff by 30–45% and reduced the nitrate concentrations in the soil water by 50–70%. The simulated effect of afforestation on N leaching was an almost direct reflection of the change in the N input: substantial changes in the plant demand and soil N dynamics over the afforestation period were not simulated. To simulate the N dynamics over longer time-scales, appropriate for the study of afforestation, it is suggested that the INCA model be run with transient scenarios and linked to more detailed plant and soil models. Keywords: afforestation, arable land, forest hydrology, INCA, modelling, nitrogen, nitrate leaching
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Stefanic, Edita, Slavica Antunovic, Vesna Kovacevic, Alka Turalija, and Dinko Zima. "Impact of weeds from field margins on adjacent agriculture land." Archives of Biological Sciences 72, no. 3 (2020): 403–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs200605034s.
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A vegetation survey in northeastern Croatia explored the influence of intensive arable farming on the weed community in relation to the crop edge and adjacent field margin. A total of 141 vascular plants were recorded, and significant differences among the species appear in the field margins (134) as compared to the crop edges (109) and middle of the fields (49). Native plants predominated (83.7%), but among non-natives, the most abundant were Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Abutilon theoprasti Med. and Veronica persica Poir., with the highest cover values inside the cropped areas, particularly during spring sowing of row crops. The most diverse (having significantly higher Evenness and Shannon?s diversity index) was the community from the field margin, followed by the weed community that developed on the crop edges. Three distribution patterns were observed: weeds typically limited to the crop area, weeds limited to the non-crop area and weeds with some ability to spread from the field margins. Major variations in species composition were identified according to sowing season and crop type. Wind dispersal annuals with light- and nitrogen-demands were associated with disturbed, tilled habitats, while perennials with higher requirements for moisture and other than a wind mode of dispersal, were associated with the field margins.
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Chibis, Valery. "Principles of formation of field crop rotations in the conditions of the forest-steppe of western Siberia." BIO Web of Conferences 47 (2022): 09001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20224709001.
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The article analyzes soil and climatic zoning of the territory of the forest-steppe of Western Siberia, population degree, contour of fields, biological economic features of crops, including the leading - spring wheat. The adaptive landscape approach to the zonal features of crop alternation was used in the work, which makes it possible to determine a reasonable ecological niche for each one, select crops in accordance with biological requirements, productivity, profitability of production, as much as possible to reduce repeated and monocrops. Monitoring of economic activity over the past 35 years has shown a tendency for commodity producers to be stratified by resource capabilities, technical equipment, and, above all, the level of agriculture intensification. In this regard, recommendations for optimizing field crop rotations are focused on expanding to 8-10 crops and adaptive varieties, considering their profitability and "soil improvement", limiting resowing, excluding continuous cultivation of agricultural crops. In conditions of limited intensive agriculture, about 5-10% of the arable land area belongs to crop rotations with winter, tilled crops, legumes, melilot, rapeseed, millet, clover, annual multicomponent grasses, the efficiency of which in terms of the yield of fodder units often surpasses grain-fallow crop rotations with short rotation. It is noted that in recent years, special attention has been paid to alternate crop rotations, which allow, with increase in farming standards and use of intensification means, to slightly reduce the fallow field and optimize the structure of arable land use, to increase the biodiversity of a set of crops and adaptive varieties. The tendency to switch to rotation crop, among commodity producers of a more humidified forest-steppe zone, is possible only with the use of fertilizers and the improvement of agrophytocenoses. The expansion of alternate crop rotations and the reduction of repeated sowing of spring wheat is also due to positive changes in hydrothermal conditions in arid soil and climatic zones of Western Siberia.
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Xu, Jiuliang, Zhihua Zhang, Xian Zhang, Muhammad Ishfaq, Jiahui Zhong, Wei Li, Fusuo Zhang, and Xuexian Li. "Green Food Development in China: Experiences and Challenges." Agriculture 10, no. 12 (December 9, 2020): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10120614.
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China feeds approximately 22% of the global population with only 7% of the global arable land because of its surprising success in intensive agriculture. This outstanding achievement is partially overshadowed by agriculture-related large-scale environmental pollution across the nation. To ensure nutrition security and environmental sustainability, China proposed the Green Food Strategy in the 1990s and set up a specialized management agency, the China Green Food Development Center, with a monitoring network for policy and standard creation, brand authorization, and product inspection. Following these 140 environmental and operational standards, 15,984 green food companies provided 36,345 kinds of products in 2019. The cultivation area and annual domestic sales (CNY 465.7 billion) of green food accounted for 8.2% of the total farmland area and 9.7% of the gross domestic product (GDP) from agriculture in China. Herein, we systemically reviewed the regulation, standards, and authorization system of green food and its current advances in China, and then outlined its environmental benefits, challenges, and probable strategies for future optimization and upscaling. The rapid development of the green food industry in China suggests an applicable triple-win strategy for protecting the environment, promoting agroeconomic development, and improving human nutrition and health in other developing countries or regions.
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Kesavan, P. C., and M. S. Swaminathan. "Strategies and models for agricultural sustainability in developing Asian countries." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1492 (August 30, 2007): 877–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2189.
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The green revolution of the 1960s and 1970s which resulted in dramatic yield increases in the developing Asian countries is now showing signs of fatigue in productivity gains. Intensive agriculture practiced without adherence to the scientific principles and ecological aspects has led to loss of soil health, and depletion of freshwater resources and agrobiodiversity. With progressive diversion of arable land for non-agricultural purposes, the challenge of feeding the growing population without , at the same time, annexing more forestland and depleting the rest of life is indeed daunting. Further, even with food availability through production/procurement, millions of marginal farming, fishing and landless rural families have very low or no access to food due to lack of income-generating livelihoods. Approximately 200 million rural women, children and men in India alone fall in this category. Under these circumstances, the evergreen revolution (pro-nature, pro-poor, pro-women and pro-employment/livelihood oriented ecoagriculture) under varied terms are proposed for achieving productivity in perpetuity. In the proposed ‘biovillage paradigm’, eco-friendly agriculture is promoted along with on- and non-farm eco-enterprises based on sustainable management of natural resources. Concurrently, the modern ICT-based village knowledge centres provide time- and locale-specific, demand-driven information needed for evergreen revolution and ecotechnologies. With a system of ‘farm and marine production by masses’, the twin goals of ecoagriculture and eco-livelihoods are addressed. The principles, strategies and models of these are briefly discussed in this paper.
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Aslan, Bulut, and A. Yonca Demir. "Organic Farming Suffices to Feed a Country: a Large-Scale Linear Programming Model to Develop an Organic Agriculture Plan for Turkey." Sustainable Agriculture Research 7, no. 1 (January 5, 2018): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v7n1p118.
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A frequently voiced critique is that due to lower yields on organically managed farmlands, one cannot feed a country using organic agriculture. In this paper, we aim to mathematically disprove this claim by developing a linear programming model and produce a detailed agriculture plan for Turkey sufficient to feed her population with a 2400 kcal daily menu on average, solely comprising of organic foods. The model uses information about population sizes and food needs of 81 cities in Turkey, and yields of 120 food, feed, forage crops, and four animal products. Intensive and extensive livestock production methods as well as food transportation between cities has been incorporated into the model. The resulting problem with 950 thousand variables and 40 thousand constraints can be solved with an optimization package in under a minute. Results, prescribing how many acres of each crop should be grown in each city, indicate that to feed the country fully on organic produce, 63% of the arable land suffices, yielding 8.9 million hectares of unused land where further organic foods could be grown for export or aid. We also run the model under different scenarios: fully vegetarian diet, omnivore model, different transportation structures, drought conditions and a limit on fruit trees. With this work, we have shown that it is possible to feed the whole population of Turkey with an agricultural practice that is not harmful to human health, soil, water and air; respects biological cycles and reduces food miles and fossil fuel consumption, thus contributing to sustainability and fighting climate change. We tested preliminary scenarios to understand the robustness of organic agriculture in the face of extreme weather events. The proposed model can also be applied to other countries when appropriate data are used.
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Rankinen, Katri, Eila Turtola, Riitta Lemola, Martyn Futter, and José Enrique Cano Bernal. "Nutrient Load Mitigation with Wintertime Cover as Estimated by the INCA Model." Water 13, no. 4 (February 9, 2021): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13040450.
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Increased nutrient loading causes deterioration of receiving surface waters in areas of intensive agriculture. While nitrate and particulate phosphorus load can be efficiently controlled by reducing tillage frequency and increasing vegetation cover, many field studies have shown simultaneously increased loading of bioavailable phosphorus. In the latest phase of the Rural Programme of EU agri-environmental measures, the highest potential to reduce the nutrient loading to receiving waters were the maximum limits for fertilization of arable crops and retaining plant cover on fields with, e.g., no-till methods and uncultivated nature management fields. Due to the latter two measures, the area of vegetation cover has increased since 1995, suggesting clear effects on nutrient loading in the catchment scale as well. We modeled the effectiveness of agri-environmental measures to reduce phosphorus and nitrogen loads to waters and additionally tested the performance of the dynamic, process-based INCA-P (Integrated Nutrients in Catchments—Phosphorus) model to simulate P dynamics in an agricultural catchment. We concluded that INCA-P was able to simulate both fast (immediate) and slow (non-immediate) processes that influence P loading from catchments. Based on our model simulations, it was also evident that no-till methods had increased bioavailable P load to receiving waters, even though total P and total N loading were reduced.
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Heckman, Joseph R. "The Role of Trees and Pastures in Organic Agriculture." Sustainable Agriculture Research 4, no. 3 (June 18, 2015): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v4n3p51.
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<p>Environmental concerns associated with annual row crop grain production – including soil erosion, soil carbon loss, intensive use of chemicals and petroleum, limited arable land, among others – could be addressed by converting conventional livestock production to an organic pasture based system. The inclusion of tree crops would further enhance the opportunity for feeding pasture- raised livestock by providing shelter and alternative feed sources. Biodiversity is an essential aspect of an organic farm plan. The idea of including tree crops and other perennials into the vision of an organic farm as a “living system” is very much compatible with the goals and philosophy of organic farming. Before modern no-till farming systems were developed, tree crops and pasture systems were found to provide similar benefits for controlling soil erosion and conserving soil carbon. For example, J. Russell Smith’s <em>Tree Crops: A Permanent Agriculture</em> (Smith, 1950) and pioneered tree crop agriculture as the alternative to annual row crops for protecting soils from erosion while producing livestock feed such as acorns, nuts, and fodder. A survey of Mid-Atlantic USA soils under pasture found 60% higher soil organic matter content than cultivated fields. Because United States Department of Agriculture’s National Organic Program (USDA-NOP) standards require dairy cattle consume pasture forage and limited grain (7 C.F.R. pt. 206), organic milk contains higher concentrations of omega-3 and fewer omega-6 fatty acids than conventional milk. Organic standards also state “the producer must not use lumber treated with arsenate or other prohibited materials for new [fence posts] installations or replacement purposes in contact with soil or livestock.” Black locust (<em>Robinia pseudoacacia</em>) is a fast growing renewable alternative to treated lumber with many attributes compatible with organic farming. This versatile tree fixes nitrogen (N), provides flowers for honey bees and other pollinators, and produces a highly durable dense wood ideal for fence posts useable for up to 50 year.</p>
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Wang, Shufei, Shengpeng Li, Kai Yang, Yi Feng, Shihan Liu, Jianjun Zhang, Yingui Cao, and Zhongke Bai. "Research on Adaptive Management of the Social–Ecological System of a Typical Mine–Agriculture–Urban Compound Area in North Shanxi, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14 (July 17, 2022): 8681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148681.
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The mine–agriculture–urban compound area formed under the combined effects of natural conditions, mineral resource endowments, and historical development is affected by severe man-made disturbances, and faces a prominent contradiction between economic development and ecological protection. Guiding the future development is an urgent problem in this region. This research used image data, logical reasoning, and empirical analysis, based on social and economic statistics and land-use data, to analyze the typical characteristics and problems of the social–ecological system in the mine–agriculture–urban compound area. Moreover, we identified future directions for the region guided by policy documents and built a philosophy framework for sustainable development and management of the region based on the concept of adaptability. The results showed the following: (1) At present, the output value of the coal industry accounts for 84.10% of the total regional output value, severely disturbing its social–ecological system, which needs to be protected and restored under human guidance and management. (2) The future development of this region depends on the one hand on green mining, and on the other hand, it is necessary to fully tap the potential of arable land and livestock farms to develop efficient and intensive agriculture. (3) The key contents of the social–ecological system management of the mine–agriculture–urban compound area include resolving the contradiction between development and protection, ensuring development, optimizing industrial structure, and safeguarding public interests. In conclusion, this research can expand the connotation and application scope of adaptive management and provide a reference for such areas facing the prominent contradiction between development and protection.
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Smith, David, Geoff Hill, and Harry Kenward. "The development of late-Holocene farmed landscapes: Analysis of insect assemblages using a multi-period dataset." Holocene 29, no. 1 (October 19, 2018): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683618804645.
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Global agricultural intensification and expansion has led to the spread of a fairly cosmopolitan insect fauna associated with arable land and pasture. Studies of modern expansion and intensification of agriculture have shown profound effects in terms of declines in biodiversity, with implications for current nature conservation. However, modern entomological studies of farmland faunas do not consider if such effects occurred over a longer period of time or are merely a modern phenomenon. We examine the substantial British archaeoentomological dataset for the development of beetle (Coleoptera) faunas in a range of intensively farmed archaeological landscapes dating from the late Neolithic through to the early Medieval period ( c. 24,000 cal. BC–AD 900). The archaeological beetle fauna typically consisted of generalist species which still dominate modern farmland. Our analysis indicates that there is an essentially stable ‘core group’ of taxa that repeatedly occur regardless of period, location or the specific nature of the archaeological feature involved. On the basis of this result, we argue that the effects of the expansion of intensive farming on insect faunas seen in the modern world are a continuation of a longer pattern. We suggest that this is an example of human econiche replacement and ecosystem engineering. The approach taken here is applicable elsewhere in the world, and we offer suggestions for future British and international research strategies.
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Golosov, V. N., A. L. Collins, N. G. Dobrovolskaya, O. I. Bazhenova, Yu V. Ryzhov, and A. Yu Sidorchuk. "Soil loss on the arable lands of the forest-steppe and steppe zones of European Russia and Siberia during the period of intensive agriculture." Geoderma 381 (January 2021): 114678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114678.
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Görzen, Eugen, Tim Diekötter, Maike Meyerink, Helen Kretzschmar, and Tobias W. Donath. "The Potential to Save Agrestal Plant Species in an Intensively Managed Agricultural Landscape through Organic Farming—A Case Study from Northern Germany." Land 10, no. 2 (February 22, 2021): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10020219.
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Intensive agriculture is among the main drivers of diversity decline worldwide. In Central Europe, pressures related with agriculture include habitat loss due to the consolidation of farming units, pesticide and fertilizer use, and shortened crop rotations. In recent decades, this development has resulted in a severe decline of agrestal plant communities. Organic farming has been suggested as a biodiversity friendly way of farming, as it strongly restricts the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers and relies on longer crop rotations. It may thus help in saving agrestal plant communities in the future. In this study, we assessed the long-term effects of three types of arable field management (conventional farming, organic farming, and bio-dynamic farming) on three farms in the federal state of Schleswig-Holstein, Northern Germany. We collected data on above-ground plant communities and seed banks and analyzed them with regards to the impact of the farming system and their position in the field using nonmetric multi-dimensional scaling (NMDS) and linear mixed effects models (LME) combined with ANOVA and Tukey contrast tests. Plants in organically or bio-dynamically managed fields differed in their composition and traits from those occurring in conventionally managed fields, i.e., they showed a preference for higher temperatures and were dominated by insect-pollinated species. While conventional farming had negative effects on vegetation and the seed bank, organic and bio-dynamic farms had neutral or slightly positive effects on both. This highlights the potential of the latter two to conserve species even in an intensively managed landscape. In addition, this may halt or even reverse the decrease in arthropod, bird, and mammal species, since agrestal plants constitute an important component of food-webs in agricultural landscapes.
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Ciani, Matilde, Antonio Lippolis, Federico Fava, Liliana Rodolfi, Alberto Niccolai, and Mario R. Tredici. "Microbes: Food for the Future." Foods 10, no. 5 (April 28, 2021): 971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10050971.
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Current projections estimate that in 2050 about 10 billion people will inhabit the earth and food production will need to increase by more than 60%. Food security will therefore represent a matter of global concern not easily tackled with current agriculture practices and curbed by the increasing scarcity of natural resources and climate change. Disrupting technologies are urgently needed to improve the efficiency of the food production system and to reduce the negative externalities of agriculture (soil erosion, desertification, air pollution, water and soil contamination, biodiversity loss, etc.). Among the most innovative technologies, the production of microbial protein (MP) in controlled and intensive systems called “bioreactors” is receiving increasing attention from research and industry. MP has low arable land requirements, does not directly compete with crop-based food commodities, and uses fertilizers with an almost 100% efficiency. This review considers the potential and limitations of four MP sources currently tested at pilot level or sold as food or feed ingredients: hydrogen oxidizing bacteria (HOB), methanotrophs, fungi, and microalgae (cyanobacteria). The environmental impacts (energy, land, water use, and GHG emissions) of these MP sources are compared with those of plant, animal, insect, and cultured meat-based proteins. Prices are reported to address whether MP may compete with traditional protein sources. Microalgae cultivation under artificial light is discussed as a strategy to ensure independence from weather conditions, continuous operation over the year, as well as high-quality biomass. The main challenges to the spreading of MP use are discussed.