Relevant bibliographies by topics / Intensity Modulated -Direct Detection

Academic literature on the topic 'Intensity Modulated -Direct Detection'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Intensity Modulated -Direct Detection"

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Zhang, Xiaoyu, Thien Van Luong, Periklis Petropoulos, and Lajos Hanzo. "Machine-Learning-Aided Optical OFDM for Intensity Modulated Direct Detection." Journal of Lightwave Technology 40, no. 8 (April 15, 2022): 2357–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2022.3141222.

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Zhang, Rong, and Lajos Hanzo. "Multi-layer Modulation for Intensity-Modulated Direct-Detection Optical OFDM." Journal of Optical Communications and Networking 5, no. 12 (November 27, 2013): 1402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/jocn.5.001402.

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Alhalabi, Mahmoud, Necmi Taşpınar, and Fady I. El-Nahal. "Bidirectional intensity modulated/direct detection optical OFDM WDM-PON system." Optoelectronics Letters 19, no. 2 (February 2023): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11801-023-2126-x.

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Chen, Gang, Ming Chen, Wen Chen, Lede Yin, Aitao Deng, Yuxin Cai, and Dengqiao Wang. "Real-time reception of NHS-OFDM signal with SPA-enhanced channel estimation for intensity-modulated direct-detection systems." Chinese Optics Letters 20, no. 5 (2022): 050601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col202220.050601.

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Hranilovic, S., and F. R. Kschischang. "Optical intensity-modulated direct detection channels: signal space and lattice codes." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 49, no. 6 (June 2003): 1385–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2003.811928.

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Wang, Qi, Chen Qian, Xuhan Guo, Zhaocheng Wang, David G. Cunningham, and Ian H. White. "Layered ACO-OFDM for intensity-modulated direct-detection optical wireless transmission." Optics Express 23, no. 9 (May 1, 2015): 12382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.23.012382.

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Lee, S. C. J., S. Randel, F. Breyer, and A. M. J. Koonen. "PAM-DMT for Intensity-Modulated and Direct-Detection Optical Communication Systems." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 21, no. 23 (December 2009): 1749–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2009.2032663.

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Bai, Ruowen, Qi Wang, and Zhaocheng Wang. "Asymmetrically Clipped Absolute Value Optical OFDM for Intensity-Modulated Direct-Detection Systems." Journal of Lightwave Technology 35, no. 17 (September 1, 2017): 3680–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2017.2716983.

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Wang, Zhongpeng, Xiumin Wang, Fangni Chen, Weiwei Qiu, and Linpeng Ye. "A Scaling Scheme for DCT Precoded Optical Intensity-Modulated Direct Detection Systems." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/367693.

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A scaling technique is employed to improve the performance of a Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) precoded optical intensity-modulated direct detection (IM/DD) OFDM system, which fully exploits the dynamic range of a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). The theoretical analysis shows that the proposed scaling scheme can improve the BER performance of DCT precoded and scaled OFDM systems. The experiment results also show that the proposed scheme significantly improves the BER performance without changing the receiver structure. The measured received sensitivity at a BER of 10−3for a 4 G samples/s (2.7 Gbits/s) DCT precoded and scaled OFDM signal and after 100 km standard single-mode fiber (SMF) transmission has been improved by 3 and 1.3 dB when compared with the original OFDM system and conventional DCT precoded OFDM system, respectively.
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Bai, Ruowen, Zhaocheng Wang, Rui Jiang, and Julian Cheng. "Interleaved DFT-Spread Layered/Enhanced ACO-OFDM for Intensity-Modulated Direct-Detection Systems." Journal of Lightwave Technology 36, no. 20 (October 15, 2018): 4713–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2018.2864275.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Intensity Modulated -Direct Detection"

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Barrami, Fatima. "Low-complexity direct-detection optical OFDM systems for high data rate communications." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAT057/document.

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Une approche pour augmenter le débit par longueur d'onde, est d'utiliser la modulation DMT (Discrete Multitone) à haute efficacité spectrale. Le travail présenté dans cette thèse se focalise principalement sur l'optimisation de la consommation en puissance et le coût de la DMT, qui présentent des obstacles majeurs à son industrialisation. Dans ce cadre, nous avons tout d'abord développé des nouvelles techniques permettant d'exclure la symétrie Hermitienne des modulations DMT, réduisant ainsi considérablement la consommation en puissance et le coût du système. Nous avons ensuite proposé un algorithme de compression linéaire asymétrique permettant de réduire la puissance optique de la modulation DMT avec une complexité modérée. Un nouveau modèle comportemental du VCSEL basé sur la caractéristique quasi-statique a été également développé. Nous avons enfin validé expérimentalement les techniques que nous avons proposées. Plusieurs résultats de simulations et de mesures sont ainsi présentés
A possible approach to maximize the data rate per wavelength, is to employ the high spectral efficiency discrete multitone (DMT) modulation. The work presented in this thesis mainly focuses on optimizing the power consumption and cost of DMT, that are the major obstacles to its market development. Within this context, we have first developed novel techniques permitting to discard the use of Hermitian symmetry in DMT modulations, thus significantly reducing the power consumption and the system cost. We have next proposed an asymmetric linear companding algorithm permitting to reduce the optical power of conventional DCO-OFDM modulation with a moderate complexity. A new VCSEL behavioural model based on the use of the VCSEL quasi-static characteristic was also developed to accurately evaluate the VCSEL impact on DMT modulations. Finally, we have built an experimental system to experimentally validate our proposed techniques. Several simulations and measurement results are then provided
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Roth, Jeffrey Matthew. "Frequency modulated analog fiber optic links using direct detection." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/43564.

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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1997.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-88).
by Jeffrey Matthew Roth.
M.Eng.
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Erhart, Kevin. "A DIRECT COMPENSATOR PROFILE OPTIMIZATION APPROACH FOR INTENSITY MODULATED RADIATION TREATMENT PLANNING." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2332.

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Radiation therapy accounts for treatment of over one million cancer patients each year in the United States alone, and its use will continue to grow rapidly in the coming years. Recently, many important advancements have been developed that greatly improve the outcomes and effectiveness of this treatment technique, the most notable being Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT). IMRT is a sophisticated treatment technique where the radiation dose is conformed to the tumor volume, thereby sparing nearby healthy tissue from excessive radiation dose. While IMRT is a valuable tool in the planning of radiation treatments, it is not without its difficulties. This research has created, developed, and tested an innovative approach to IMRT treatment planning, coined Direct Compensator Profile Optimization (DCPO), which is shown to eliminate many of the difficulties typically associated with IMRT planning and delivery using solid compensator based treatment. The major innovation of this technique is that it is a direct delivery parameter optimization approach which has adopted a parameterized surface representation using Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines (NURBs) to replace the conventional beamlet weight optimization approach. This new approach brings with it three key advantages: 1) a reduced number of parameters to optimize, reducing the difficulty of numerical optimization; 2) the ability to ensure complete equivalence of planned and actual manufactured compensators; and 3) direct inclusion of delivery device effects during planning with no performance penalties, eliminating the degrading fluence-to-delivery parameter conversion process. Detailed research into the affects of the DCPO approach on IMRT planning has been completed and a thorough analysis of the developments is provided herein. This research includes a complete description of the DCPO surface representation scheme, inverse planning process, as well as quantification of the manufacturing constraint control procedure. Results are presented which demonstrate the performance and innovation offered by this new approach and show that the resulting compensator shapes can be manufactured to nearly 100 percent of the designed shape.
Ph.D.
Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Mechanical Engineering PhD
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Milette, Marie-Pierre. "Direct optimization of 3D dose distributions using collimator rotation." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/274.

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The primary goal of this thesis is to improve the precision and efficiency of radiation therapy treatment. This goal is achieved by developing and implementing a direct aperture optimization (DAO) platform where the multileaf collimator (MLC) is rotated between each aperture. The approach is referred to as rotating aperture optimization (RAO). A series of tests is performed to evaluate how a final optimized plan depends on MLC parameters. Imposing constraints on the leaf sequence results in increased efficiency and a simplification of the treatment plan without compromising the quality of the dose distribution. It is also shown that an arrangement of equispaced collimator angles takes full advantage of the flexibility associated with collimator rotation. A study including ten recurring nasopharynx cancer patients is used to evaluate the capabilities of RAO compared to other optimization techniques. It is shown that RAO plans require significantly less linac radiation output (monitor units or MU) while maintaining equivalent dose distribution quality compared to plans generated with the conventional fluence based approach. Furthermore with an improved collimator rotation speed, the RAO plans should be executable in the same or less time than plans generated with the fluence-based approach. For the second part of the study it is shown that plans generated with RAO are as good as or better than plans generated with standard fixed collimator DAO. Film and ion chamber measurements indicate that RAO plans can be delivered more accurately than DAO plans. Additional applications of DAO were investigated through collaboration with two PhD students. First, Monte Carlo was used to generate pencil beam dose distributions for DAO inverse treatment planning (MC-DAO). The MC-DAO technique correctly models traditionally difficult treatment geometries such as small fields and tissue inhomogeneities. The MC-DAO also takes advantage of the improved MU efficiency associated with the DAO technique. Secondly DAO is proposed for adaptive radiation therapy. The results show that plan re-adaptation can be performed more quickly than complete plan regeneration thereby minimizing the time the patient has to spend in the treatment room and reducing the potential for geometric errors in treatment delivery.
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Zhang, Tianfang. "Direct optimization of dose-volume histogram metrics in intensity modulated radiation therapy treatment planning." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231548.

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In optimization of intensity-modulated radiation therapy treatment plans, dose-volumehistogram (DVH) functions are often used as objective functions to minimize the violationof dose-volume criteria. Neither DVH functions nor dose-volume criteria, however,are ideal for gradient-based optimization as the former are not continuously differentiableand the latter are discontinuous functions of dose, apart from both beingnonconvex. In particular, DVH functions often work poorly when used in constraintsdue to their being identically zero when feasible and having vanishing gradients on theboundary of feasibility.In this work, we present a general mathematical framework allowing for direct optimizationon all DVH-based metrics. By regarding voxel doses as sample realizations ofan auxiliary random variable and using kernel density estimation to obtain explicit formulas,one arrives at formulations of volume-at-dose and dose-at-volume which are infinitelydifferentiable functions of dose. This is extended to DVH functions and so calledvolume-based DVH functions, as well as to min/max-dose functions and mean-tail-dosefunctions. Explicit expressions for evaluation of function values and corresponding gradientsare presented. The proposed framework has the advantages of depending on onlyone smoothness parameter, of approximation errors to conventional counterparts beingnegligible for practical purposes, and of a general consistency between derived functions.Numerical tests, which were performed for illustrative purposes, show that smoothdose-at-volume works better than quadratic penalties when used in constraints and thatsmooth DVH functions in certain cases have significant advantage over conventionalsuch. The results of this work have been successfully applied to lexicographic optimizationin a fluence map optimization setting.
Vid optimering av behandlingsplaner i intensitetsmodulerad strålterapi används dosvolym- histogram-funktioner (DVH-funktioner) ofta som målfunktioner för att minimera avståndet till dos-volymkriterier. Varken DVH-funktioner eller dos-volymkriterier är emellertid idealiska för gradientbaserad optimering då de förstnämnda inte är kontinuerligt deriverbara och de sistnämnda är diskontinuerliga funktioner av dos, samtidigt som båda också är ickekonvexa. Speciellt fungerar DVH-funktioner ofta dåligt i bivillkor då de är identiskt noll i tillåtna områden och har försvinnande gradienter på randen till tillåtenhet. I detta arbete presenteras ett generellt matematiskt ramverk som möjliggör direkt optimering på samtliga DVH-baserade mått. Genom att betrakta voxeldoser som stickprovsutfall från en stokastisk hjälpvariabel och använda ickeparametrisk densitetsskattning för att få explicita formler, kan måtten volume-at-dose och dose-at-volume formuleras som oändligt deriverbara funktioner av dos. Detta utökas till DVH-funktioner och så kallade volymbaserade DVH-funktioner, såväl som till mindos- och maxdosfunktioner och medelsvansdos-funktioner. Explicita uttryck för evaluering av funktionsvärden och tillhörande gradienter presenteras. Det föreslagna ramverket har fördelarna av att bero på endast en mjukhetsparameter, av att approximationsfelen till konventionella motsvarigheter är försumbara i praktiska sammanhang, och av en allmän konsistens mellan härledda funktioner. Numeriska tester genomförda i illustrativt syfte visar att slät dose-at-volume fungerar bättre än kvadratiska straff i bivillkor och att släta DVH-funktioner i vissa fall har betydlig fördel över konventionella sådana. Resultaten av detta arbete har med framgång applicerats på lexikografisk optimering inom fluensoptimering.
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Bergman, Alanah Mary. "Monte Carlo simulation of x-ray dose distributions for direct aperture optimization of intensity modulated treatment fields." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30720.

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This thesis investigates methods of reducing radiation dose calculation errors as applied to a specialized x-ray therapy called intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). There are three major areas of investigation. First, limits of the popular 2D pencil beam kernel (PBK) dose calculation algorithm are explored. The ability to resolve high dose gradients is partly related to the shape of the PBK. Improvements to the spatial resolution can be achieved by modifying the dose kernel shapes already present in the clinical treatment planning system. Optimization of the PBK shape based on measured-to-calculated test pattern dose comparisons reduces the impact of some limitations of this algorithm. However, other limitations remain (e.g. assuming spatial invariance, no modeling of extra-focal radiation, and no modeling of lateral electron transport). These limitations directed this thesis towards the second major investigation - Monte Carlo (MC) simulation for IMRT. MC is considered to be the "gold standard" for radiation dose calculation accuracy. This investigation incorporates MC calculated beamlets of dose deposition into a direct aperture optimization (DAO) algorithm for IMRT inverse planning (MC-DAO) . The goal is to show that accurate tissue inhomogeneity information and lateral electronic transport information, combined with DAO, will improve the quality/accuracy of the patient treatment plan. MC simulation generates accurate beamlet dose distributions in traditionally difficultto- calculate regions (e.g. air-tissue interfaces or small (≤ 5 cm² ) x-ray fields). Combining DAO with MC beamlets reduces the required number of radiation units delivered by the linear accelerator by ~30-50%. The MC method is criticized for having long simulation times (hours). This can be addressed with distributed computing methods and data filtering ('denoising'). The third major investigation describes a practical implementation of the 3D Savitzky-Golay digital filter for MC dose 'denoising'. This thesis concludes that MC-based DAO for IMRT inverse planning is clinically feasible and offers accurate modeling of particle transport and dose deposition in difficult environments where lateral electronic dis-equilibrium exists.
Science, Faculty of
Physics and Astronomy, Department of
Graduate
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Al-Olofi, Mohammed [Verfasser]. "Transmission of Ultra-Wideband Radio System over Optical Wireless Links using Intensity Modulation Direct Detection / Mohammed Al-Olofi." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1113335602/34.

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Mmbaga, Paul Fahamuel. "Study, analysis and application of optical OFDM, Single Carrier (SC) and MIMO in Intensity Modulation Direct Detection (IM/DD)." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15952.

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With the rapid growth of wireless data demands and saturation of radio frequency (RF) capacity, visible light communication (VLC) has become a promising candidate to complement conventional RF communication, especially for indoor short range applications. However the performance of the system depends on the propagation and type of system used. An optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (O-OFDM) together with multiple input multiple output (MIMO) in different scenario and modulation techniques are studied in the thesis. A novel optical wireless communication (OWC) multi-cell system with narrow field of view (FOV) is studied. In this system the intensity modulated beam from four light sources are used for communication. The system allows beams to be concentrated in specific areas of the room to serve multiple mobile devices with low interference and hence increase system capacity. The performance of asymmetrically clipped optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (ACO-OFDM), direct current biased optical OFDM (DCO-OFDM) and single carrier (SC) modulation are then compared in this system considering single user and multiusers scenarios. The performance of the multi-cell is compared with single cell with wide FOV. It is shown that the capacity for multi-cell system increases with the number of users to 4 times the single user capacity. Also the findings show that multi-cell system with narrow beams can outperform a single wide beam system in terms of coverage area and hence average throughput of about 2.7 times the single wide beam system capacity. One of the impairments in line of sight (LOS) OWC systems is coverage which degrades the performance. A mobile receiver with angular diversity detectors in MIMO channels is studied. The objective is to improve the rank of the channel matrix and hence system throughput. Repetition coding (RC), spatial multiplexing (SMP) and spatial modulation (SM) concepts are used to evaluate throughput across multiple locations in a small room scenario. A novel adaptive spatial modulation (ASM) which is capable of combating channel rank deficiency is devised. Since the receiver is mobile, the channel gains are low in some locations of the room due to the lack of LOS paths between transmitters and receivers. To combat the situation adaptive modulation and per antenna rate control (PARC) is employed to maximise spectral efficiency. The throughputs for fixed transmitters and receivers are compared with the oriented/inclined detectors for different cases. Angular diversity detectors offer a better throughput improvement than the state of the art vertical detectors, for example in ASM angular diversity receiver gives throughput of about 1.6 times that of vertical detectors. Also in SMP the angular detectors offer throughput about 1.4 times that of vertical detectors. SMP gives the best performance compared to RC, SM and ASM, for example SMP gives throughput about 2.5 times that of RC in both vertical detectors and angular diversity receivers. Again SMP gives throughput about 6 times that of SM in both vertical detectors and angular diversity receivers. Also SMP provides throughput about 2 times that of ASM in both vertical detectors and angular diversity receivers. ASM exhibit improvement in throughput about average factor of 3.5 times SM performance in both vertical detectors and angular diversity detectors. As the performance of the system may be jeopardized by obstructions, specular and diffuse reflection models for indoor OWC systems using a mobile receiver with angular diversity detectors in MIMO channels are considered. The target is to improve the MIMO throughput compared to vertically oriented detectors by exploiting reflections from different reflecting surfaces in the room. The throughput across multiple locations in the small room by using RC, SMP and SM approaches is again evaluated. The results for LOS only channels against LOS with specular or diffuse reflection conditions, for both vertical and angular oriented receivers are then compared. The results show that exploiting specular and diffuse reflections provide significant improvements in link performance. For example the reflection coefficient (α) of 0.9 and the antenna separation of 0.6 m, RC diffuse model shows throughput improvement of about 1.8 times that of LOS for both vertical detectors and angular diversity receivers. SM diffuse model shows throughput improvement of about 3 times that of LOS for both vertical detectors and angular diversity receivers. ASM diffuse model shows throughput improvement of about 2 times that of LOS for both vertical detectors and angular diversity receivers. SMP diffuse model shows throughput improvement of about 1.5 times that of LOS for both vertical detectors and angular diversity receiver.
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Perlot, Nicolas [Verfasser]. "Characterization of Signal Fluctuations in Optical Communications with Intensity Modulation and Direct Detection through the Turbulent Atmospheric Channel / Nicolas Perlot." Aachen : Shaker, 2006. http://d-nb.info/1186586001/34.

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Guillory, Joffray, and Joffray Guillory. "Radio over Fiber (RoF) for the future home area networks." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00786479.

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The evolution of the Home Area Network (HAN) is lead by the proliferation of connected devices inside the home and the deployment of high broadband access network which now allows the delivery of services that can exceed 1Gbit/s. To ensure efficient in-house exchanges, the HAN has to move rapidly toward multi-Gigabit/s connections, in particular the wireless connectivity generally preferred by the customers. Current wireless systems have limited capacities, but new radio standards delivering data-rates up to 7Gbit/s are emerging. Nevertheless, as they address the unlicensed millimeter-wave band, from 57 to 66 GHz, their radio coverage is limited to a single room. Indeed, at such frequencies, the free-space losses are high and the waves do not cross the walls. This thesis proposes to solve this problem by means of the Radio over Fiber (RoF) technology. This consists in capturing the 60GHz radio signals emitted in one room, converting them into optical signals for transmission through optical fibers, and reemitting them in another room. Thus, several RoF transducers will be installed in the home and interconnected by a suitable optical infrastructure to create systems acting at the same time as repeaters and as distribution systems. From the viewpoint of the HAN market, such systems will be competitive only if they are low cost. As a consequence, this work focuses on direct modulation with direct detection (IM-DD) at Intermediate Frequency (IF). In other words, the 60GHz signal is down-converted at a lower frequency around 5GHz before the laser modulation and up-converted to 60GHz after the photodetection. Concerning the optical fiber, silica multimode fiber (MMF) is privileged as it allows the use of low cost and largely available optoelectronic devices working at 850nm.The thesis proposes different RoF architectures, from point-to-point interconnecting two rooms to multipoint-to-multipoint acting as logical buses. After an analog characterization of the optoelectronic components, the RoF link and the domestic cable, these architectures are designed, built and characterized step by step using OFDM modulation according to existing wireless 60GHz standards. Real-time transmissions between commercial devices have also been performed to validate these architectures. Moreover, advanced RoF infrastructures are proposed. First, the RoF systems can be easily improved if the access to their optical media is managed by the radio MAC layer. This approach is therefore studied showing its feasibility. Secondly, an optical system, seen by users as a premium product, has to support the legacy home services commonly used as well as the new ones that could emerge in the future. Thus, innovative multiservice and multiformat infrastructures conveying on a unique optical cable wired IP data, broadcast terrestrial or satellite television, the 60GHz wireless connectivity, and specific formats as HDMI signals are proposed and tested
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Books on the topic "Intensity Modulated -Direct Detection"

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Ahmed, Iftikhar. Direct bit detection receiver noise performance analysis for 32-PSK, and 64-PSK modulated signals. 1987.

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Sekerefeli, Mehmet Sevki. Direct bit detection receiver performance analyses for 8-DPSK and 16-DPSK modulated signals operating with improper carrier phase synchronization. 1987.

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Yabroff, K. Robin, Gery P. Guy, Matthew P. Banegas, and Donatus U. Ekwueme. The Economic Burden of Cancer in the United States. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0010.

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With an aging and growing population and improved early detection and survival following diagnosis in the United States, the number of cancer survivors and prevalence of survivorship are expected to increase. Based on population trends, national expenditures for cancer care are projected to increase from $124.6 billion in 2010 to $157.8 billion in 2020. This chapter describes the economic burden of cancer, including direct costs, resulting from the use of resources for medical care for cancer; indirect costs, resulting from the loss of economic resources and opportunities associated with morbidity and mortality due to cancer and its treatment; and psychosocial or intangible costs, such as pain and suffering. Consistent with the intensity of treatment for initial care, recurrence, and end-of-life care, costs are highest in the initial period following diagnosis and, among patients who die from their disease, at the end of life, following a U-shaped curve.
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Book chapters on the topic "Intensity Modulated -Direct Detection"

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Yu, Jianjun, and Nan Chi. "Intensity Modulation Direct Detection High-Speed Fiber Access System." In Digital Signal Processing In High-Speed Optical Fiber Communication Principle and Application, 373–406. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3098-2_14.

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Vergados, J. D. "Theoretical Directional and Modulated Rates for Direct SUSY Dark Matter Detection." In Dark Matter in Astro- and Particle Physics, 217–27. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55739-2_20.

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Rocha, Humberto, and Joana Dias. "A Randomized Direct-Search Approach for Beam Angle Optimization in Intensity-Modulated Proton Therapy." In Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2021, 320–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86976-2_22.

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Gao, Xiang, Bo Xu, Yuancheng Cai, Mingyue Zhu, Jing Zhang, and Kun Qiu. "Long-Reach PON Based on SSB Modulated Frequency-Shifted QAM and Low-Cost Direct-Detection Receiver with Kramers–Kronig Scheme." In Communications and Networking, 491–500. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06161-6_48.

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Zhang, J. L., C. Xu, G. J. Gao, H. D. Liu, and Z. Yang. "Direct detection of a single-channel 112 Gb/s PAM-4 signal using an 18 GHz directly modulated laser and Maximum-Likelihood Sequence Estimation (MLSE) equalization." In Frontier Research and Innovation in Optoelectronics Technology and Industry, 385–91. London, UK : CRC Press/Balkema, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, [2019]: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429447082-56.

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"External Intensity Modulation with Direct Detection." In FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROWAVE PHOTONICS, 212–72. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119029816.ch6.

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Dang, Jian, Liang Wu, and Zaichen Zhang. "OFDM Systems for Optical Communication with Intensity Modulation and Direct Detection." In Optical Fiber and Wireless Communications. InTech, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.68199.

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Keerthivasan K and Shibu S. "5G Wireless/Wired Convergence of UFMC Based Modulation for Intensity Modulation Direct Detection." In Advances in Parallel Computing. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/apc210094.

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Faster data speeds, shorter end-to-end latencies, improved end-user service efficiency, and a wider range of multi-media applications are expected with the new 5G wireless services. The dramatic increase in the number of base stations required to meet these criteria, which undermines the low-cost constraints imposed by operators, demonstrates the need for a paradigm shift in modern network architecture. Alternative formats will be required for next-generation architectures, where simplicity is the primary goal. The number of connections is expected to increase rapidly, breaking the inherent complexity of traditional coherent solutions and lowering the resulting cost percentage. A novel implementation model is used to migrate complex-nature modulation structures in a highly efficient and cost-effective manner. Theoretical work to analyses modulations’ behavior over a wired/fiber setup and wireless mode is also provided. The state-of-the-art computational complexity, simplicity, and ease of execution while maintaining efficiency throughput and bit error rate.
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Ishmael Parsai, E., and Elahheh Salari. "Parameters Affecting Pre-Treatment Dosimetry Verification." In Dosimetry [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102517.

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To assure the accuracy and safety of radiation delivery, it is highly recommended to perform pretreatment verification for complex treatment methods such as intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) or volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) to detect any potential errors in the treatment planning process and machine deliverability. It is expected that a qualified medical physicist is aware of the underlying scientific principles of imaging and therapeutic processes to perform or supervise technical aspects of pretreatment procedures to ensure safe and effective delivery of the treatment. For this purpose, several guidelines have been published to help direct medical physicists to evaluate the accuracy of treatment planning system (TPS) in the calculation of radiation dose, and dosimetry equipment to avoid possible errors. This will require a clear understanding of abilities as well as the limitations of each TPS, the dosimetry equipment at hand, and the gamma index to perform a comprehensive pre-treatment verification.
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McKnight, Kevin P., Joseph P. Messina, Ashton M. Shortridge, Meghan D. Burns, and Bruce W. Pigozzi. "Using Volunteered Geographic Information to Assess the Spatial Distribution of West Nile Virus in Detroit, Michigan." In Geographic Information Systems, 1170–82. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2038-4.ch070.

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West Nile Virus is a vector-borne flavivirus that affects mainly birds, horses, and humans. The disease emerged in the United States in 1999 and by 2001 had reached Michigan. In clinical human cases, the most common symptoms are fever, weakness, nausea, headache, and changes in mental state. The crow is the most common wildlife host in the life cycle of the virus. The state of Michigan, through the Michigan Department of Community Health, collected the spatial locations of over 8,000 dead birds (Corvidae), statewide, during 2002. The large number of samples made spatial and temporal hotspot detection possible. However, the volunteer reporting method produced a dataset with a direct correlation between the numbers and locations of the dead birds and human population density and accurately identifying hotspots remains a challenge. Geographic variation in dead bird intensity was modeled using both global and local spatial clustering algorithms. Statistical models identified overall spatial structure and local clustering. Identification of hotspots was confounded by limited information about the collection procedures, data availability and quality, and the limitations of each method.
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Conference papers on the topic "Intensity Modulated -Direct Detection"

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Kabli, Adil El, and Moulay Ahmed Faqihi. "Optical OFDM (O-OFDM) for Intensity Modulated/Direct Detection Optical Systems." In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Communication, Networks and Satellite (Comnetsat). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/comnetsat.2018.8684118.

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Xing, Peng, George F. R. Chen, Hongwei Gao, Xavier Chia, Anuradha M. Agarwal, Lionel C. Kimerling, and Dawn T. H. Tan. "Microresonator Frequency Comb-Based Transmission of Intensity Modulated Direct Detection Data." In CLEO: Science and Innovations. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_si.2022.sm3j.5.

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We demonstrate high-speed transmission of 30Gbaud NRZ and PAM4 data using a silicon nitride microresonator frequency comb. We achieve bit-error-rates below the FEC limit and a low power penalty of 0.1dB compared to B2B characterization.
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Liu, Shuangyue, Ji Zhou, Mengqi Guo, Xizi Tang, Tiantian Zhang, Jia Qi, Xuekai Xu, Yueming Lu, and Yaojun Qiao. "Diversity Combining for ACO-SCFDM in Intensity-Modulated and Direct-Detection Systems." In 2018 IEEE/CIC International Conference on Communications in China (ICCC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccchina.2018.8641179.

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Correia, Joao M. B., and Adolfo V. T. Cartaxo. "Duobinary coding for 20-Gbit/s intensity-modulated direct-detection optical fiber transmission." In Voice, Video, and Data Communications, edited by John M. Senior, Robert A. Cryan, and Chunming Qiao. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.290399.

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Shtaif, Mark, and Antonio Mecozzi. "Limits on the Spectral Efficiency of Intensity Modulated Direct Detection Systems with Optical Amplifiers." In Optical Fiber Communication Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ofc.2001.mm1.

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Fabrega, Josep M., Pascual Sevillano, Michela Svaluto Moreolo, Juan Jose Martinez, Asier Villafranca, and Jesus Subias. "All-optical in-band OSNR measurement in intensity-modulated direct-detection optical OFDM systems." In 2013 15th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icton.2013.6602731.

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Matsuda, Toshiya, Toru Homemoto, Kana Masumoto, and Kazuyuki Matsumura. "Dual-Polarization Intensity-Modulated Signal Transmission with Direct-Detection by Using Asymmetrical Polarization Synthesis." In 2018 European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecoc.2018.8535363.

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Zhang, S. L., and J. J. O’Reilly. "Effect of laser diode phase noise in intensity modulated direct-detection systems using optical preamplifiers." In Optical Fiber Communication Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ofc.1992.wm13.

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Deng, Xiong, Yixian Dong, Xihua Zou, Peixuan Li, Chen Chen, Ziqiang Gao, T. E. Bitencourt Cunha, Lianshan Yan, and Jean-Paul M. G. Linnartz. "Quadrature Signaling for Intensity Modulated and Direct Detection Visible Light Communications Based on Kramers-Kronig Relation." In 2022 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccworkshops53468.2022.9814517.

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Zhang, Jian A., and Xiaojing Huang. "DFT-OFDM systems with real modulation and DC-biasing for intensity modulated direct-detection optical communications." In ICC 2014 - 2014 IEEE International Conference on Communications. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icc.2014.6883840.

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Reports on the topic "Intensity Modulated -Direct Detection"

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Bucholtz, Frank, William Rabinovich, and Charmaine Gilbreath. A Study of Photoreceivers for Free-Space, Analog, Intensity-Modulated, Direct-Detection Optical Links Operating at Microwave Frequencies. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada530449.

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