Academic literature on the topic 'Intelligence service – history – 20th century'
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Journal articles on the topic "Intelligence service – history – 20th century"
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Piotrowski, Jacek. "Szablą, piórem i... stetoskopem! Gen. Stefan Hubicki w walce o granice Odrodzonej Rzeczypospolitej w latach 1918–1920." Annales Collegii Nobilium Opolienses 1, no. 10 (December 31, 2021): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/acno2021107.
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The results of historical research sometimes need updating – especially if some valuable new historical resources turn up. This is often the case of 20th century history, where iconographic materials are important, which are being gradually submitted for publication by families. This way valuable information can be revealed about, for example, the hero of this article. Stefan Hubicki is an extremely interesting person – a soldier by choice, a publicist by temper, a doctor by profession. He was a versatilely gifted, openminded man, descended from a family of strong independence traditions. It was at the beginning of 20th century when he was imprisoned by tsarism for subversive activity. During the Great War in the Russian army and later in Polish military formations, he employed all his talents to the effort of rebuilding the independent Polish Republic. He was fighting as a soldier, then as a French intelligence agent in Bolshevik Russia, then working as a publicist and politician in Polish National Committee in Paris. Since spring 1919, back in Poland, in frontlines of border wars he helped soldiers as the chief of sanitary service. For his service he received the highest military medal of honour Virtuti Militari. In meantime his personal life rolled on in the background – highly complicated, because he was in danger of being convicted for bigamy. He was a colourful person, rising above the limitations of his era. Despite of his inconspicuous looks and average height he possessed a leadership charisma.
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Shelukhin, Volodymyr. "Ukrainian Sociological Institute: Factional Politics, Research, and Intelligence Services in the Development of Ukrainian Sociology." Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing, no. 1 (March 2024): 110–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/sociology2024.01.110.
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In the history of Ukrainian sociology, it is considered that there were two organizations with the name "Ukrainian Sociological Institute". This article argues that they should be seen as two stages of one process — the academic and disciplinary institutionalization of Ukrainian sociology, which took place amid an (un)favorable and contradictory political struggle among Ukrainian revolutionary socialists (“esers”). This study attempts to characterize the context of this struggle and its significance for the institutional development of Ukrainian sociology in the first third of the 20th century. Ukrainian “esers” played a key role in endorsing the idea of establishing a professional sociological institution. The notion that the history of the two institutes should be considered separately emerged due to the competition between two opposing “eser” factions, one rallying around Mykhailo Hrushevsky and the other around Mykyta Shapoval. The article also provides an analysis-based overview of the institute's activities, considering the international context of contemporary sociology's development, using archival documents and sources of that time. Despite not always favorable conditions, the Ukrainian Sociological Institute (USI) spurred the emergence of new research directions and established a meaningful dialogue with the global sociological community. While much of the work of the USI has become part of the history of social and behavioral sciences, the author formulates three theses that, in his opinion, attest to the potential value of studying the USI's activities for modern Ukrainian sociology: rediscovering potential classics and seeking theoretical insights, decolonization/decommunization of Ukrainian sociology, and the first example in the history of Ukrainian sociology of a "strong program" through dialogue with civil society. It is argued that the USI was able to work quite effectively, primarily by skillfully integrating its activities into the network of civic initiatives and communities of Ukrainians on several continents, thereby testing sustainable practices that remain relevant today.
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Budanov, Vladimir G., and Albert R. Efimov. "Science and Art in the Digital Age: A Synergy Problem." Russian Journal of Philosophical Sciences 64, no. 1 (June 2, 2021): 116–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30727/0235-1188-2021-64-1-116-133.
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Today artistic perception of the world and scientific and technical understanding of reality remain the main forms of creative self-realization. For many centuries, starting in Antiquity, art and science went hand in hand in cultural history. However, during the heyday of technogenic civilization, there occurred a split, and since the second half of the 20th century these two parts of a previously common culture became poorly compatible. According to the authors, the era of digitalization is going to completely replace the algorithmic and instructive professions in technology and service personnel with robots and artificial intelligence, and a person will have to develop the spheres of right-brain practices, which undoubtedly include scientific and technical creativity and art. Like all previous information revolutions, the modern digital revolution is creating new network structures of fast communication and ultra-long-distance, global order. Distance does not matter any more. In this situation, the cognitive maps of a person change radically, new types of self-organization and socialization appear, and there occurs a deformation of value spaces and worldview guidelines. Life in the uncertainty of this new world can only become effective in interaction of man and artificial intelligence, and the only aspect of activity that cannot be replaced by artificial intelligence is creativity and aesthetic experiences as well as culture. Thus, the authors conclude that a new synthesis in culture is needed, the ways of which are discussed in detail in the article. Among them are promotion of new concepts of Science-Art, application of post-Turing methodology, and use of quantum-synergetic anthropology, which develops new ideas about theatrical and engineering creativity, – and these will remain unattainable to artificial intelligence in foreseeable future.
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Ivanov, A. A. "British Special Services in Interdepartmental Contradictions in the Beginning of the 20<sup>th</sup> Century." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 22, no. 1 (January 14, 2023): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-1-20-32.
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In modern conditions, the problem of the objectivity of decisions taken by politicians is acute, due to the fact that responsible persons often lack reliable information. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the receipt and interpretation of this information has been within the competence of intelligence agencies, therefore, the success of military-political operations often depends on the effectiveness of their work and the quality of their interaction with other departments. The hypothesis of the study is that, under certain conditions, the ability of special services to influence the politicaldecision-making process is often associated not only with the effectiveness of analytical work, but more with the ability to overcome the resistance of other government agencies seeking to monopolize information channels in the government. The example of the secret services of the British Empire in this respect is valuable as far as the victory in the Great War made the apparatus of this state an object of interest of some other countries, which wanted to bring the level of efficiency and working principles of their security structures in line with the British. Accordingly, not only the advantages of the British secret services, but also their shortcomings, manifested, among other things, in the bias of assessments and distortion of the content of intelligence reports, became widespread in the world.
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Gatin, Mikhail Igorevich. "The history of anti-Castro terrorist organizations and their ties to the U.S. government." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 3 (March 2024): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2024.3.70351.
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The article is devoted to the history of terrorist organizations that arose as a response to the Cuban Revolution of 1959, the rise to power of Fidel Castro and the policies of his government over the following decades. An important role in the creation, financing and support of these organizations was played by people directly or indirectly connected with the American special services and the political leadership of the United States. The activities of Cuban counter-revolutionary terrorists have led to tragic consequences, including the deaths of innocent people, not only Cubans, but also representatives of other Latin American countries. The use of terrorist methods for political purposes is an extremely urgent problem in the 21st century, and therefore an appeal to the history of this phenomenon is objectively necessary to effectively combat this evil. The history of terrorist activity by opponents of the Castro regime is of interest both to historians and political scientists, whose interests include the study of the Caribbean region, the history of foreign policy and the activities of US intelligence agencies, and to specialists in international relations in general. The methodology of the research is based on the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and consistency. This allows us to consider the problem under study as an integrated system, where the facts are analyzed in their entirety and interrelationships. General scientific (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, descriptive) and general historical (historical-comparative, historical-systemic) research methods are necessary for conducting research. The present study has a scientific novelty, since it is based on sources not previously used in the Russian scientific literature. A significant part of the corpus of sources used by the author of the article are classified CIA documents until recently. To a certain extent, working with such arrays of information is not only a historical, but also a political science study that allows us to better understand the realities of modern geopolitics. As for the conclusions of this study, they may be summarised respectively: 1) the United States, at least in the recent past, was a direct sponsor of international terrorism; 2) the activities of anti-Castro terrorist groups in the 20th century still hinder the process of restoring diplomatic relations between the United States and Cuba; 3) a violent change of power in the state inevitably generates a cycle of violence that evades the risk of interference in the internal affairs of the country from the outside.
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ZAYTSEV, Yurii. "MYKHAILO SOROKA IS A MORAL SYMBOL OF FIGHTERS FOR FREEDOM OF UKRAINE 1940–1980S." Contemporary era 7 (2019): 234–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/nd.2019-7-234-243.
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A study of the history of the Ukrainian national liberation movement of the 20th century involves explaining not only global processes and milestones, but, crucially, the role of specific figures in this movement in the context of real-time political circumstances and social changes. The proposed article is based on a sufficiently wide source base, first of all, on documents of the Soviet special services, mostly unpublished. The author considers his task to show the spiritual and ideological integrity of the character of Mykhailo Soroka, his high intelligence, thorough education, European thinking, his leadership qualities, firmness in defending his views and ignoring the insidious KGB temptations, a talent of the organizer, tolerance in comradely relations, self-initiation to the majestic prospect of creating an independent democratic Ukrainian state. An important component of M. Soroka's personal life was his marriage to a well-known member and regional leader of OUN Kateryna Zarytska. A brief account of her unique biography fails to outline the multifaceted nature and tragedy of this person's selfless. However, it clearly illustrates the anti-humanity of the Bilshovyk-communist regime. M. Soroka's speech at the trial of 1953 in Syktyvkar deserves special attention. It was an indictment of the Soviet regime. He stressed that every nation has the right to a dignified life with "full freedom of conscience, thought, speech and assembly." Moreover, he can get it only in an independent state. Soroka considered the ancestry of disobedience and a sense of justice as an instrument of achieving this aim. He stated that "if we are not attacked, we certainly do not need to defend ourselves." Keywords: Soroka, Zarytska, arrest, court, detention, OUN-North, uprising, independent Ukraine, rehabilitation.
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Haseljić, Meldijana Arnaut. "Genocid(i) u Drugom svjetskom ratu – Ka konvenciji o genocidu (ishodišta, definiranje, procesuiranja)." Historijski pogledi 5, no. 8 (November 15, 2022): 239–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.52259/historijskipogledi.2022.5.8.239.
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The twentieth century began and ended with the execution of genocide. At the same time, it is the century in which large-scale armed conflicts were fought, including the First and Second World Wars. The Second World War was marked, among other things, by genocides committed against peoples that were planned for extermination by Nazi projects. In the first place, it is inevitable to mention the genocide (Holocaust) against the most numerous victims - the Jews. The Holocaust resulted in millions of victims. Mass murders of Jews were carried out, but in the Second World War, about a million people who were members of other nations were also killed. The Nazis carried out the systematic extermination of Jews and other target groups in concentration camps established in Germany, but also in occupied countries. Hundreds of camps were opened throughout the occupied territories of Europe. The target groups scheduled for extermination were collected and transported by trains, most often in transport and livestock wagons, and taken to camps where a certain number were immediately killed, while another number were temporarily left for forced labor. People who were used for forced labor often died of exhaustion, and those who managed to survive the torture were eventually killed. In addition to the closure and liquidation in the camps, individual and mass executions were also carried out in other places. The large number of those killed indicated the need for quick rehabilitation, which resulted in burning the bodies on pyres or burying them in mass graves. The committed genocides encouraged the formation of the United Nations, but also resulted in the adoption of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, or for short - the Genocide Convention, which was supposed to be a guarantee for „never again“. Sanctions issued in the form of death sentences to the most notorious war criminals for the terrible crimes for which they were found responsible should have been another obstacle to „never again“. However, the participants of our time testify that it was not so. Genocidal projects have revived and genocides have been realized, as is the case with the genocide committed in the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the end of the 20th century. In the trial of the most notorious Nazis, known as the Nuremberg Trials, the harshest death sentences were handed down, as well as life and long-term imprisonment. The specificity of the Nuremberg process is that, in addition to proclaiming the principle of personal responsibility, it also represents a condemnation of the committed aggression, but also a political project as manifested by the condemnation of various organizations that were declared responsible for the crimes committed. At the main international military trial that began on October 18, 1945, 24 defendants were prosecuted for individual responsibility, but six criminal war organizations were also prosecuted - the leadership of the NSDAP (National Socialist German Workers' Party - NSDAP (National Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter Partei) headed by was Adolf Hitler - the most responsible criminal for World War II and the execution of the Holocaust), SS (Schutzstaffel - military branch of the NSDAP), SA (Sturmabteilung - Assault Squad of the NSDAP), SD (Sicherheitsdienst - Intelligence Service of the NSDAP), Gestapo (Geheime Staats Polizei - secret state police) and OKW (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht - Supreme Command of the German Army). Certain prosecutions were also carried out in the national courts of the countries that emerged victorious in the Second World War.
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Keser, Sezer Cihaner. "20th Century quest for new art and interdisciplinary approach." Global Journal of Arts Education 7, no. 2 (June 12, 2017): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjae.v7i2.1835.
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AbstractArt; when setting up the combined connection of feelings and thoughts, it is a very effective helper of learning and development. It developes one's source of explanation better, form of expression and other disciplines. That is why, in modern eductaion systems science and art should be nested together. Collaboration of different disciplines in art education started to gain importance towards the end of the 20th century. Because both fields are aimed for service development and discovery of the new, when feelings are educated, mental abilities, thoughts and intelligence have been seen to be developed. In this study, the key actions of the art education in the 20th century education has been briefly noted and towards the end of the 20th century with the importance gained from different disciplines with art the new created discipline based art education and approach to interdisciplinary art has been investigated.
Keywords: art, education, interdisciplinary art, mental abilities, learning, development.
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Lewis, James G. "The Applicant Is No Gentleman: Women in the Forest Service." Journal of Forestry 103, no. 5 (July 1, 2005): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jof/103.5.259.
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Abstract For much of the 20th century, the esprit de corps of the Forest Service depended heavily on the notion of the agency as an elite fraternity. The job of forester itself—a combination of lumberjack, frontiersman, explorer, and Old West sheriff—provided an opportunity for men to live the “strenuous life,” that most masculine of lifestyles. The reality, however, was that this boys' club could not have functioned nearly as well without the women in its midst. It is only within the last three decades of the 20th century that women have been admitted into the fraternity, and only after they forced their way in. The article is adapted from the book, The Forest Service and the Greatest Good: A Centennial History (Forest History Society 2005, Durham, NC) the companion book to the film, “The Greatest Good: A Forest Service Centennial Film.”
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Blokhina, N. N. "HISTORY OF THE ACTIVITY OF RUSSIA’S ANTIPLAGUE SERVICE IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases 17, no. 1 (February 15, 2012): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/eid40676.
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The paper deals with the history of controlling the outbreaks occurring in 1911-1914. It gives the chain of affairs of statesmen (including principal medical inspector L. N. Malinovsky) in controlling plague. The activities of the Tsaritsyno bacteriology station (its head was medical bacteriologist A. A. Churilina) and the Chita bacteriology station (its head was medical bacteriologist I. S. Dudchenko) are analyzed.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Intelligence service – history – 20th century"
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Gioe, David Vincent. "The Anglo-American special intelligence relationship : wartime causes and Cold War consequences, 1940-63." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708484.
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Rezk, Dina. "Anglo-American political and intelligence assessments of Egypt and the Middle East from 1957-1977." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608033.
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Jakub, Joseph F. "Spies and saboteurs : Anglo-American collaboration and rivalry in human intelligence collection and special operations, 1940-1945." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670255.
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Larsen, Daniel Richard. "British intelligence and American neutrality during the First World War." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/265571.
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This PhD examines the role of British intelligence in Anglo-American relations during the period of American neutrality in the First \Vorld \Var. Unbeknownst to the Americans, British intelligence began to intercept and decrypt virtually all American diplomatic telegrams between Washington and U.S. diplomatic outposts throughout Europe. Although several studies of Anglo-American relations in this period exist, none consider British intelligence's role. Providing an analysis of the relevant cod.es and cryptographical developments during the war, the thesis traces British intelligence's progress in deciphering these various diplomatic codes and offers an analysis of the distribution and use of this intelligence material. Through an exploration of this intelligence aspect, this thesis challenges existing interpretations of British and American policy in this period. A crucial conflict at the heart of British policy-one missed by previous historians-existed over the importance of the United States. Presaging America's international role later in the twentieth centu1y, many of Britain's leaders came to seriously doubt that, without the United States, the war remained winnable at all. Yet these officials contended with a second, powerful faction that remained wedded to outmoded ideas of America's limited relevance on the global stage and that refused to accept the existence of practical limits to British power. This conflict play~ out in several areas of British policy-over diplomatic, military, financial, and political affairs. Intelligence, however, provea a favoured weapon. Intercepted communications, sometimes ripped from their context, caused serious but spurious paranoia that the Americans were collaborating with Germany. Previous scholars, however, by ignoring the weapon, have failed to see the battle. Until it entered the war, American policymakers worked t:u:elessly to achieve a peaceful settlement. Previous historians have entirely dismissed the significance of these efforts, casting them as well-intentioned but futile. In reality, however, those British leaders who understood Britain's dependence on the United States tended to favour these proposals as a useful way of ending an unwinnable war that was bleeding the country d17- This PhD makes a significant contribution to the history of British intelligence, British policy, and American diplomacy during the period of American neutrality during the First World War.
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Luce, Alexandra Isabella. "British intelligence in the Portuguese world, 1939-1945 : operations against German Intelligence and relations with the Polícia de Vigilância e Defesa do Estado (PVDE)." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608984.
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West, Kieran Martin. "Intelligence and the development of British grand strategy in the First World War." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609487.
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Guenther, Bruce L. "Training for service : the Bible school movement in western Canada, 1909-1960." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37896.
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This dissertation explores the origins of, and the developments among, the approximately one hundred Bible schools that existed in western Canada prior to 1960. Although these schools influenced thousands of people, they have been almost entirely ignored by scholars, thereby leaving a significant lacuna within Canadian religious historiography. This study demonstrates the vital role played by the Bible schools in the development of evangelical Protestantism in western Canada.The numerous Bible schools in the region are divided into six clusters based on denominational or theological similarities. A representative school (or schools) is selected from each cluster to serve as the focus of an institutional biography. These biographies explore the circumstances surrounding the origin, and subsequent developments (up to 1960) within, each school. The multiple institutional biographies create a collage that is both comprehensive enough to provide an understanding of the movement as a composite whole, and sufficiently varied to illustrate the movement's dynamic diversity.
This dissertation, therefore, presents a more multi-faceted explanation of the movement than previous characterizations that have generally depicted it as a part of an American fundamentalist reaction to Protestant liberalism. Although fundamentalism was a significant influence within some, particularly the transdenominational, Bible schools, at least as important in understanding the movement in western Canada were the particular ethnic, theological and denominational concerns that were prominent within the denominational clusters. The Bible schools typically offered a Bible-centred, intensely practical, lay-oriented program of post-secondary theological training. They were an innovative and practical response to the many challenges, created by massive immigration, rugged frontier conditions, geographical isolation, economic hardship, ethnicity and cultural assimilation, facing evangelical Protestants during the first half of the twentieth century. The Bible schools represent an institutional embodiment of the ethos and emphases of their respective constituencies. They served the multiple denominational and transdenominational constituencies, which made up the larger evangelical Protestant network, as centres of influence by preparing future generations for church leadership and participation in Canadian society. The Bible school movement offers a unique window into the diversity, complexity, dynamism and flexibility that characterized the development of evangelical Protestantism in western Canada.
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Gleeson, Damian John School of History UNSW. "The professionalisation of Australian catholic social welfare, 1920-1985." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of History, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/26952.
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This thesis explores the neglected history of Australian Catholic social welfare, focusing on the period, 1920-85. Central to this study is a comparative analysis of diocesan welfare bureaux (Centacare), especially the Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide agencies. Starting with the origins of professional welfare at local levels, this thesis shows the growth in Catholic welfare services across Australia. The significant transition from voluntary to professional Catholic welfare in Australia is a key theme. Lay trained women inspired the transformation in the church???s welfare services. Prepared predominantly by their American training, these women devoted their lives to fostering social work in the Church and within the broader community. The women demonstrated vision and tenacity in introducing new policies and practices across the disparate and unco-ordinated Australian Catholic welfare sector. Their determination challenged the status quo, especially the church???s preference for institutionalisation of children, though they packaged their reforms with compassion and pragmatism. Trained social workers offered specialised guidance though such efforts were often not appreciated before the 1960s. New approaches to welfare and the co-ordination of services attracted varying degrees of resistance and opposition from traditional Catholic charity providers: religious orders and the voluntary-based St Vincent de Paul Society (SVdP). For much of the period under review diocesan bureaux experienced close scrutiny from their ordinaries (bishops), regular financial difficulties, and competition from other church-based charities for status and funding. Following the lead of lay women, clerics such as Bishop Algy Thomas, Monsignor Frank McCosker and Fr Peter Phibbs (Sydney); Bishop Eric Perkins (Melbourne), Frs Terry Holland and Luke Roberts (Adelaide), consolidated Catholic social welfare. For four decades an unprecedented Sydney-Melbourne partnership between McCosker and Perkins had a major impact on Catholic social policy, through peak bodies such as the National Catholic Welfare Committee and its successor the Australian Catholic Social Welfare Commission. The intersection between church and state is examined in terms of welfare policies and state aid for service delivery. Peak bodies secured state aid for the church???s welfare agencies, which, given insufficient church funding proved crucial by the mid 1980s.
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Coates, Oliver Richard. "A social history of military service in South-Western Nigeria, 1939-1955." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607779.
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Callaway, Helen. "European women with the Colonial Service in Nigeria, 1900-1960." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670408.
Full textBooks on the topic "Intelligence service – history – 20th century"
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1961-, Aldrich Richard J., ed. Espionage, security, and intelligence in Britain, 1945-1970. Manchester, [England]: Manchester University Press, 1998.
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Pendergrast, Mark. Inside the outbreaks: The elite medical detectives of the epidemic intelligence service. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010.
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Mohs, Polly A. Military intelligence and the Arab revolt: The first modern intelligence war. London: Routledge, 2008.
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Walsch, Frances M. Intelligence in contemporary media. New York: Nova Science Publisher's, 2011.
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1946-, Hutchings Robert L., and United States. National Intelligence Council., eds. Tracking the dragon: National intelligence estimates on China during the era of Mao, 1948-1976. Washington, D.C: Govt. Print. Off., 2004.
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Schmidt-Eenboom, Erich. BND: Der deutsche Geheimdienst im Nahen Osten : geheime Hintergründe und Fakten. München: Herbig, 2007.
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Grose, Peter. Gentleman spy: The life of Allen Dulles. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1996.
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Trevor-Roper, H. R. The secret world: Behind the curtain of British intelligence in World War II and the Cold War. London: I.B. Tauris, 2014.
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(Editor), Ben de Jong, and Wies Platje (Editor), eds. German-Dutch Relations in the 20th Century: An International Intelligence Perspective. Het Spinhuis, 2007.
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R, May Ernest. Knowing One's Enemies. Princeton University Press, 2014.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Intelligence service – history – 20th century"
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Peterson, Erik L. "A ‘Fourth Wave’ of Vitalism in the Mid-20th Century?" In History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences, 173–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12604-8_10.
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AbstractIn his 1966 John Danz lectures, Francis H. C. Crick decried vitalism in the life sciences. Why did he do this three decades after most historians and philosophers of science regarded vitalism as dead? This essay argues that, by advocating the reduction of biology to physics and chemistry Crick was: (a) attempting to imbue the life sciences with greater prestige, (b) paving the way for bioengineering and the reduction of consciousness to molecules, and (c) trying to root out religious sentiment in the life sciences. In service of these goals, Crick deployed vitalism as a straw man enemy. His wave of so-called vitalists in the middle of the twentieth century in fact raised legitimate questions regarding the relationship of organisms to their DNA molecules that Crick was ill-equipped to answer. Moreover, most were not vitalists at all but advocates for what I term bioexceptionalism—an argument for the methodological utility of keeping biological pursuits within their own domains, distinct from physics and chemistry, regardless of the ontological status of living things. Nevertheless, Crick’s status as a “cross-worlds influencer” entrenched a philosophically-enervated reductionism in the life sciences for decades.
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"Development Trends in Robotization and Artificial Intelligence." In The Strategies of Informing Technology in the 21st Century, 168–92. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8036-3.ch010.
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This chapter analyzes developmental trends in robotization and artificial intelligence. The chapter begins by providing a brief history of artificial intelligence, focusing on developments during the 20th century. The chapter then examines developments of robot applications as well as their impacts on various economic sectors. Next, the ways in which AI have replaced advanced mental labor are examined, such as journalism. The chapter then focuses on the development of machine learning and deep learning. This is followed by a discussion of how AI can now be purchased and used via cloud services. The chapter concludes by considering the difficult question of whether AI can be creative and by considering security concerns related to AI.
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Oldham, Joseph. "Introduction." In Paranoid Visions. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781784994150.003.0001.
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This Introduction begins by exploring how key production personnel on both Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (BBC 2, 1979) and Spooks (BBC 1, 2002-11) drew inspiration from the BBC itself when developing a fictionalised version of an intelligence service for the screen,. This is used to frame a brief overview of the histories of British intelligence, broadcasting and spy fiction through the early and mid-20th century, noting numerous intersections and parallels. In particular, it describes the expansion in all three areas in the post-war years, resulting from a complex blend of Cold War paranoia and the growth of an affluent, consumer society. Surveying the book’s methodology, it discusses how this account blends case study analyses with broader examinations of television institutions and British cultural history, in particular considering problems of 'realism' in relation to both the spy genre and British television drama. An overview of the main chapters is provided.
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Neal, Andrew W. "In Defence of Politics against Security?" In Security as Politics, 1–41. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474450928.003.0001.
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This chapter begins with the history of security as a form of ‘anti-politics’, from Hobbes to 20th century struggles to tame the ‘rogue elephant’ of the US intelligence services. It discusses the growth of security practices since 9/11 and reviews a range of key literature in security studies that perpetuates the ‘anti-politics’ idea. The chapter then explores the key concepts of the book including the meaning of ‘politics’, the stakes involved in defining what is and is not ‘political’, and the normative and analytical significance of the concept of ‘normal politics’ in relation to the ‘exceptional politics’ of security. It also discusses the ‘political game’ and ‘professional politics’ as the empirical focus of the book, framing this through works of Machiavelli, Weber, Foucault, and Bourdieu. The chapter closes by describing the overarching historical narrative and extended UK case study of the book: a four-decade shift from institutionalised forms of ‘exceptional’ security politics in 1980s to the current situation in which security is a ‘whole of government’ project that increasingly occupies the ‘normal’ activities of politics.
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Geraci, Robert M. "Bearers of the Apocalypse." In Futures of Artificial Intelligence, 80–127. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9788194831679.003.0004.
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Chapter 3 asks what it would take to consider the transition of Apocalyptic artificial intelligence (AI) into the scientific and popular milieu of 21st-century India. Using traditional Hindu expectations about cosmic realities—even though a great many Indians are not Hindu and Hinduism is far from monolithic—this chapter experiments with how Hindu religious texts conceive of political transformations and what this means for the arrival of transhumanist thinking in India. It reflects on the history of futurist speculation in 20th-century India and, drawing on pop science and science fiction, the shifting dynamics of such interests in the 21st century.
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Geraci, Robert M. "Waiting for the End of the World." In Futures of Artificial Intelligence, 18–43. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9788194831679.003.0002.
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Chapter 1 explores how 19th- and 20th-century Indians understood history, science, and politics. The chapter shows that the colonial era prompted many Indians to think in terms of historical renewal: an end to foreign rule and a renaissance of Indian (generally considered Hindu) wisdom. That rebirth was contested by those who disagreed over the precise contributions of India’s past and the mixture of Indian and European culture. Nevertheless, significant intellectual agreement emerged that a hybrid culture would bring together Indian traditions with contemporary science and technology and result in political freedom. For many, this view of history and the future was apocalyptic in its expectations: a new world would be born and science proved central to that formation.
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Pugach, Ivan V. "Vologda garrison in the 17th century." In Traditional and innovative ways to explore social history of Russia 12th–20th centuries: Collection of articles in honor of Elena Nikolaevna Shveikovskaya, 249–68. Novyj hronograf, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/94881-516-9.18.
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The article examines the main parameters of the Vologda garrison during the 20–80s of the 17th century. On the basis of archival material, its structure is given, the numerical composition of individual categories of service people according to the device — archers, gunners, collars and cossacks, their weapons and material support — monetary and bread salary, the amount and procedure for its payment, etc. and the rank and file of the Vologda garrison 2 halves. XVII century.
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"Television and Public Service: A Brief History1." In A Future for Public Service Television, edited by Des Freedman and Vana Goblot. The MIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9781906897710.003.0014.
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This chapter traces the history of public service television. The history of British public service broadcasting policy in the 20th century is characterized by a series of very deliberate public interventions into what might otherwise have developed as a straightforward commercial marketplace. The creation of the BBC, the launch of an ITV network required to produce public service programming, and the addition of the highly idiosyncratic Channel 4 gave the UK a television ecology animated by quality, breadth of programming and an orientation towards serving the public interest. At each of these three moments, the possibilities of public service television were expanded and British culture enriched as a result. The 1990 Broadcasting Act and the fair wind given to multichannel services may have ended the supremacy of the public service television ideal. However, public service television has survived, through the design of the institutions responsible for it, because of legislative protection, and as a result of its continuing popularity amongst the public.
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Ivanova, Galina A. "Clerks at the Head of the Census Commissions in the 17th сentury Russia." In Traditional and innovative ways to explore social history of Russia 12th–20th centuries: Collection of articles in honor of Elena Nikolaevna Shveikovskaya, 81–89. Novyj hronograf, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/94881-516-9.06.
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The membership among the representatives of the service class bureaucracy, who carried on the description of the land allotments and general census of the population during the 17th century, wasn’t invariable. The first General Cadaster is notable for the participation in it of the significant number of high rank clerks and scriveners with considerable service experience. By the end of the century, we can observe the increase of the Landownership Department staff who, were connected with similar activity on professional basis exclusively.
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Chernikov, Sergey V. "Family structure of the Kashirian nobility in the early 18th century (in comparison with lists of service men and scribal books of the second half of the 16th century)." In Traditional and innovative ways to explore social history of Russia 12th–20th centuries: Collection of articles in honor of Elena Nikolaevna Shveikovskaya, 397–406. Novyj hronograf, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/94881-516-9.28.
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The article is devoted to the study of changes in the patrimonial structure of the Kashira nobility in the second half of the 16th — beginning of the 18th century. As the analysis shows, the openness of Kashira district for Moscow nobility, the growth of landed property of the ruling elite and active land holdings mobilization didn’t prevent to strengthening of the positions of the "native" Kashira families. Kashirian nobles, who had risen to the Moscow ranks, could acquire estates in other district, but, nevertheless, retained strong ties with their «native» region. Even in the early 18th century two thirds of estates and serfs in Kashira district belonged to the families, which had property there already in the second half of the 16th century.
Conference papers on the topic "Intelligence service – history – 20th century"
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Gonzalez, Sergio. "Generative Humane-Machine Interaction in Oil & Gas." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/35168-ms.
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Abstract From the Acheulean stone tools in prehistory first made by the homo ergaster around 250.000 BCE (V. Smil, 2017) to the wooden plows in Mesopotamia enabling first steps to enabling machine-assisted agriculture around 4.000 BCE (V. Smil, 2017) and then the scaling of waterwheels in Greece and Rome civilizations from 100 BCE to 600 CE (V. Smil, 2017) along with following developments of windmills and blast furnaces that preceded the revolutions of steam, mechanical, combustion and electrical machines in recent history, there is one common aspect that has remained true across all civilizations: how humans interact with machines for greater efficiency, effectiveness and ultimately better quality of life. The arrival of information technology in the 20th century transformed that interaction in many ways, starting with a dream of a small shop in Redmond, WA, which vision at its foundation in 1974 was to have a personal computer in every single household of the world and later a company from California bringing mobile phones into everyone's hands, to name a few examples out of many. This citizen-based change quickly expanded to industrial operations and machines that used to be "dumb" for ages suddenly start speaking and telling humans how they feel through basic arrangements of measurement sensors, data historians and visualization technologies. At the moment of development of this paper we are at the end of the first quarter of the 21st century and looking back and reflecting on what has been the most significant development during this period affecting human-machine interaction, it is the author's belief that it is in the field of artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the theory and development of computer systems capable of performing tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages (H.A. Simon, 1996). The goal of AI is to create machines that can perform tasks that would normally require human intelligence. (S. Russell et al., 2016) The power of cognitive and machine learning services, together with rapid advancements in robotics and autonomous systems, will significantly change the way humans interact with machines and subsequently drive impact inflection points on productivity and efficiency. Within the artificial intelligence realm, probably one of the most exciting technological developments of today lies around generative AI, which could be briefly defined as a form of artificial intelligence in which models are trained to generate new original content based on natural language input (learn.microsoft.com). This paper focuses on how artificial intelligence in general and particularly generative AI could transform the human-machine interaction in the oil and gas industry, covering specific examples in the fields of artificial lift and power generation.
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Ceravolo, R. "Condition Assessment, Monitoring and Preservation of Some Iconic Concrete Structures of the 20th Century." In IABSE Symposium, Wroclaw 2020: Synergy of Culture and Civil Engineering – History and Challenges. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/wroclaw.2020.0054.
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<p>Great architects and structural engineers such as Berg (1870-1947), Maillart (1872-1940), Freyssinet (1879- 1962), Torroja (1899 -1961), Nervi (1891-1979), Candela (1910-1997), Isler (1926-2009) and many others have designed recognized works of art in their discipline. They conceived extraordinary concrete spatial structures, that are located mostly in Europe and represent a unique legacy. It is important to raise awareness of this heritage, define the criteria for preserving it and begin the process of its renovation and rehabilitation.</p> <p>While concrete has become a 20th century emblem, much of the world’s heritage from this period is unrecognized or undervalued, and therefore it is at risk and in need of analysis and protection. Innovative technologies and solutions are needed that contribute to the successful reuse of modern concrete built heritage. Indeed, such structures are plagued by significant deterioration and most of them are in urgent need of retrofitting and/or radical refurbishment. In other words, there is a need to bring some of these buildings back to life, while respecting the spirit of their original characters, through new technologies for long-term conservation that can maintain an adequate level of structural performance. Achieving this goal would produce substantial economic impacts through activities such as restoration, maintenance, and cultural industry.</p> <p>The keynote lecture, more specifically, focuses on the condition assessment, monitoring and preservation of 20th century architectural heritage characterized by a complex spatial structural design. The service life of civil and cultural heritage concrete spatial structures is typically thought to range from 10 to 200 years, but in practice the service environment plays a pivotal role in sustained durability. Indeed, the collapse of Polcevera Viaduct in Genoa has raised strong concerns on the durability of concrete structures conceived at that time. The scientific community has once again underlined the important role played by maintenance and continuous structural health monitoring in avoiding these disastrous events. In order to demonstrate a correct approach to condition monitoring of concrete spatial buildings and bridges, some important experiences are described that were recently obtained at the Polytechnic of Turin on the structural analysis, seismic vulnerability and condition assessment for iconic 20th century heritage buildings.</p>
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Galić, Borislav. "THE HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PRINCIPLES OF AUTHORITY IN SERBIA IN THE 20TH CENTURY FOR LIBERTY OF ECONOMIC TREATMENT IN CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC CONDITIONS." In International scientific conference challenges and open issues of service law. Vol. 2. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of law, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xxmajsko2.685g.
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In the 20th century, Serbia had a very interesting and diverse constitutional development and constitutional solutions, changing the principles of the organization of government, the form of social organization, the diversity of state communities. In this period of time, Serbia passed a large number of constitutions, and some of them were revoked and again, with minor changes, adopted. In any case, such a rich constitutional history has contributed to the fact that Serbia has great constitutional experience, which will be necessary when adopting new constitutional changes that will inevitably follow in the future and which should be used in order not to make the historical mistakes we made in the past. All the constitutions that were proclaimed in Serbia in the 20th century (there were eith of them) were of significance not only for the principle of separation of powers between three branches of government, but also for the creation of conditions for the functioning of economic entities. Basic principles that werw established bythe constitutionalarticles werw to a guide to how economic rights should be regulated, and above all: equality of private and other forms of property, free market, freedom of entrepreneurship , independence of economic entities.
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Bendík, Dávid, and Andrej Novák. "Artificial intelligence and its use in air transport." In Práce a štúdie. University of Žilina, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/pas.z.2022.1.18.
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In recent years, modern technologies have found large applications in sectors such as engineering, healthcare, information technology, robotics, and so forth. One important field in the use of such modern technologies is the field of air transport, where the main objective of using these technologies is to facilitate work for people, make individual tasks more efficient and faster, or reduce the risks associated with human error. In this paper, we will look at artificial intelligence and its use in aviation. Despite the rapid pace of improvement, artificial intelligence is still finding its way to reach its full potential. The history of artificial intelligence dates back to ancient times when many philosophers wondered whether a machine could think. The answer is found in the second half of the 20th century, when, besides theoretical knowledge, we can also observe the first intelligent machines. There is no clear and single correct definition for artificial intelligence, so the subject of the next section is to define artificial intelligence from different sources. The following section details the difference between deep learning and machine learning, comparing their main differences and applications in aviation. The analysis of the current state of application of artificial intelligence in aviation represents the core part of this paper. The emphasis in the analysis is put mainly on applications in the field of airports, air traffic management and safety. In each of these areas, the benefits of using AI are evaluated based on already established AI-enabled technologies. Finally, by analysing the sources available and those applied in our work with the use of a mathematical model, we assess how important the role artificial intelligence currently plays in air transport.
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Ding, Wei, and Zhaoyi Li. "Analysis of Intelligent Design of Service Robot Based on Intelligent Transformation." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002317.
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Over the past 30 years from the end of the 20th century to the present, service robotics technology has made great progress, and many important results have been achieved in the broad interdisciplinary fields of robot mechanical structure, information transmission and interaction, material science, automation control, sensor technology, etc. . Every breakthrough in key technologies has enabled service robots to develop rapidly in the direction that people expect. With the in-depth development of Internet technology, the comprehensive popularization and promotion of the Internet of Things technology led by 5G. Coupled with the continuous breakthrough of new developments in the field of artificial intelligence, the development of service robots has encountered an unprecedented technological dividend period, and will surely usher in considerable development, becoming an important driving force for the promotion of human civilization and economic development.The rapid development of many advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, and 5G communications has directly promoted the rapid development of the robotics industry. Under the impetus of new technologies, service robots closely related to humans are developing rapidly. Service robots are becoming more and more intelligent. In this context, the design principles of service robots, interaction design, service mode design and other related fields are in urgent need of intelligent transformation, and the concept of intelligent design with artificial intelligence as the core has begun to be paid attention to by the academic community.The research on intelligent design in academia is currently mainly in the review stage, and the field of discussion is mainly focused on graphic design. This article hopes to broaden the research field of intelligent design by studying the intelligent design of service robots. At the same time, it provides new ideas and new paradigms for the innovative design of service robots to improve the user experience and service quality of service robots. This research mainly studies the design principles, design goals, interaction design, service mode and design process of existing service robots based on the perspective of intelligent design. This article mainly uses the literature analysis method and the desktop survey method to sort out related theories and design methods and combines specific practical case analysis to make a bold outlook on the intelligent design of service robots to help the intelligent transformation of service robots.In the era of intelligent design, the design principles of service robots are also changing and iterating. First of all, service robots must adapt to their service scenarios. Different service scenarios have different requirements for the function and existence of the product; secondly, Secondly, the interaction design of service robots should be carried out based on user experience, and technology serves as a tool to enhance users’ experience ; the last is the discussion of appearance design principles of service robots. This article takes the LeoBots Scrub Singapore sweeping robot as an example to propose that the appearance design of service robots needs to be developed around safety, emotion and bionics. Intelligent design is guided by traditional design thinking and methods, and conducts big data analysis and intelligent research on the essence, process, thinking and other aspects of industrial design through related design methodology, as the basis for intelligent design to simulate artificial design. The core technical means of intelligent design is artificial intelligence, which is based on big data analysis, combined with artificial intelligence technologies such as machine learning, artificial neural networks, genetic algorithms, and deep learning to achieve the intelligent development of the entire process design.The change of service robot design principles and the addition of intelligent design have changed the design process of service robots. Based on the practical cases of Haier U-BOT robots, this article actively explores the service robot design process under the development trend of intelligent transformation based on intelligent design in order to provide new ideas for the intelligent design of service robots. The intelligent transformation of service robots promotes the development of intelligent design, and intelligent design drives the intelligent transformation of service robots.
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Gobira, Pablo, Priscila Rezende Portugal, and Emanuelle de Oliveira Silva. "The hypercortex and the context of the convergence of art with info-cognotechnologies." In LINK 2021. Tuwhera Open Access, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/link2021.v2i1.75.
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The work presented here brings a reflection originated from the group Laboratório de Poéticas Fronteiriças (http://labfront.tk), registered at Brazilian Council for Scientific and Technological Development directory and certified by the State University of Minas Gerais. Here we show a snippet, based on some of our bibliographical research, that aims to bring together a specific aspect of digital arts known as “telematic art”. Besides being expressed through telematics systems, we understand telematic artworks in regards to their connections to infotechnologies and cognotechnologies in the context of the scientific and technological convergence we are currently navigating through. Infotechnologies deal directly with the moment in human history in which we have entered since half of the 20th century. An era based on information, where multiple technologies allow access to a large amount of data and knowledge, enabling for an even further development in research on various areas. It is a development from the usual way in which we access information, making for a more direct access to a multitude of means thanks to the implementation of digitally attained and sustained databases, research methods, and communication. Cognotechnologies, on the other hand, are the developments that allow for a cognitive connection. They artificially recreate how the human brain works, through neuroscientific discoveries and relating with the way our mind works, presenting itself as a disruptive technology enabling the extrapolation of traditional infotechnological interactions between humans and machines, enabling a sort of neural network to be developed where, thanks to the use of diverse specific technologies we can build a hyperconnection amongst people, mediated by the machine. Having said that, we bring to the discussion the idea of the hyper-cortex. It is anchored in the relationship between the idea of “shared global intelligence" and the extrapolation of humans’ brain-pan. The info-cognotechnological developments create a transformative and mediative individual cognitive processes hyper-cortex, changing the modus operandi of social relationships. This way, by understanding the biological function of the human cortex, which is directly connected to the hyper-cortex, we are able to realize the possibility of expanding its ability with the help of technological methods. Furthermore, these methods make it so that such human consciousness expansion transcends beyond its physical dimension, allowing for a linkage on the human-machine and machine-machine processes. This idea, here vastly supported by the reflections made by Roy Ascott (2003) as well as Pierre Levy (2017), deals directly with the possibilities of expansion of the human neocortex. In our work, we analyze digital artworks in which the info-cognotechnological dimension is poetically explored in search of a scientific, technological, and artistic convergence. With all this, we are able to demonstrate how different artworks end up conceptually – or in a theoretical-practical way – implementing what humanity experiences physically.