Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Intellectual cooperation'

Utopian Dreams, National Realities: Intellectual Cooperation and the League of Nations chronicles the work of the League of Nations’ International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation (CICI). This dissertation demonstrates how the CICI’s utopian vision of international peace was actively challenged by national tensions and agendas in the interwar period. It examines the idealistic goals of the movement by focusing on the narratives and motivations of key committee members as they worked toward their own ideas of peace. The challenge of nationalism is illustrated through an analysis of major disagreements between CICI members as well as through biographical case studies of lesser-known members. The pursuit of “moral disarmament,” or the process of changing mentalities towards war, was a central component of the CICI’s work. Both education and film were envisioned as ways to influence the public and engender anti-war sentiment. This work argues that the League of Nations’ conception of internationalism was Eurocentric and moral disarmament was formulated within an Anglo-American context. Both of these limitations narrowed the influence of the CICI’s peace work to certain geographical areas of influence and effectively marginalized less powerful nations and individuals within it.

The participant is a 61-year-old woman, diagnosed with a generalized anxiety disorder and profound intellectual disability who was referred to a behavior-disorders clinic, to increase cooperation with routine dental procedures. I used a behavioral treatment package consisting of stimulus fading, differential reinforcement, and extinction to establish tolerance of, and cooperation with, routine dental procedures. Results showed that cooperative responding varied throughout the progression of teaching the prerequisite steps (sitting in a chair, sitting in a variety of chairs, then working on sitting in the dental chair). However, by the end of the study, the participant engaged in the behavior of open mouth for 30 s and tolerated/cooperated with the experimenter using a plastic visual inspection tool for 30 s. Further research should evaluate the effectiveness of a similar treatment package to develop a more streamlined and systematic framework to improve compliance and tolerance.

In the first essay, we develop a theoretical model, to analyse the trade-off between two modes, vertical partnership and vertical merger, of the cooperation between a high-tech northern firm and a southern firm that has low-labour-cost advantage. We conclude that if there is high “importance/degree” of asymmetric information on the quality of the northern firm’s technology, the vertical partnership mode making it possible to screen out low-quality technologies, tends to arise as the equilibrium cooperation mode, rather than the vertical merger mode achieving higher overall cost efficiency. In the second essay, we examine empirically how two legal regimes of intellectual property protection in a country, patent protection and trade secret protection, affect the foreign-sourced R&D investment into the country. We find that both patent and trade secret protection may have positive or negative effects on the foreign-sourced R&D investment, but mostly, the dominant effects of both regimes on the foreign-sourced R&D investment are their positive effects that stem from the “appropriability” channel: both patent and trade secret protection can increase the appropriability of R&D achievements. Also, when patent and trade secret protection work for boosting the foreign-sourced R&D investment, the two regimes complement each other. In the third essay, we examine empirically how the manufacturing R&D investment and service R&D investment in a country, respectively, are affected by the patent protection and trade secret protection regimes in the country. We find that on the one hand, patent protection positively affects both the levels of R&D investment in manufacturing and in services. On the other hand, trade secret protection has no significant effect on the R&D investment in manufacturing, while our results weakly indicate a U-shaped effect of trade secret protection on the R&D investment in services.

Thesis advisor: Mary Ann Glynn
I examine the process of evolution for theoretical constructs in the field of organizational scholarship, leveraging the sociology of knowledge literature and empirical studies of construct development to focus my research. Prior studies suggest several key factors operating in the process--actor-oriented components, including the characteristics and strategies of scholarly actors, and situationally-oriented components of historical context and word meanings. No study, however, has assessed these factors in interaction over time. I address this gap through a historical study based primarily on archival data regarding construct usage in journal articles and scholarly books. Specifically, I explore the evolution of "cooperation" and "purpose" in organizational scholarship from 1938 through 2005. My findings contribute to elaboration of the theory of construct evolution proposed by Hirsch & Levin (1999), as I observe that a construct developing largely within a single disciplinary paradigm is marked by narrowing rather than expansion of meaning in the course of increased operationalization. Further, I find that an interdisciplinary context of evolution multiplies not just meanings but also the language used for a construct. I also document how antecedent conditions of meaning for the words "cooperation" and "purpose," as well as elements of historical context, affect the evolution process. In addition, my study extends the observations of Barley & Kunda (1992) regarding a cyclical dichotomy between rational and normative paradigms in managerial discourse, as I observe this pattern contributing to the fragmentation of language and meanings in the constructs studied
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2011
Submitted to: Boston College. Carroll School of Management
Discipline: Organization Studies

An alignment or 'fit' between an organization's objectives and knowledge management (KM) practices should be established in order for the organization to fully utilize its knowledge assets and to derive competitive advantages. The organization should deploy a holistic approach for KM that spans business strategy, information system (IS) strategy, organization culture, and human factors. This research has investigated the strategic alignment between knowledge strategy and business strategy - KMBS-SA and the strategic alignment between knowledge strategy and IS strategy - KMIS-SA in the banking sector among the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Using the proposed model, the study explored the impacts of KMBS-SA and KMIS-SA on the organizational performance. The main hypothesis of this research is that knowledge is the main resource in an organization, and by aligning this resource with the business strategy and IS strategy, the alignment will contribute positively on the performance of the organization. The research model was illustrated in two different conceptualizations hypothesizing the different relationships between knowledge strategies, business strategy and IS strategy. The first conceptualization illustrates the KMBS-SA and KMIS-SA, and an investigation on the contribution of theses alignments on the organizational performance. The second conceptualization of the research model aims at investigating the impact of different types or profiles of KMBS-SA and KMIS-SA on the organizational performance. This study examined different alignments between two profiles of knowledge strategy - Aggressive Knowledge Strategy (AKS) and Conservative Knowledge Strategy (CKS), with various types of business strategy according to Miles and Snow's (1978) strategic typology, and, the alignment of the two profiles of knowledge strategy with various IS strategy based on the STROIS approach by Chan et al. (1997). Using both conceptualizations, the role of knowledge strategy as a moderator or a mediator in the contribution of the business strategy and IS strategy towards the organizational performance was examined. The primary data for this study was collected through a survey of 106 banks from the six Gulf countries: Kingdom of Bahrain, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Oman. The first overall conclusion demonstrated that there is a strong association between knowledge strategy and business strategy and that KMBS-SA clearly influenced the organizational performance. The second overall result of this research shows that in the context of GCC countries, knowledge strategy received stronger support as moderator of the IS congruence association with performance and that KMIS-SA is the primary determinant of the effectiveness of IS in the GCC banks. From the finding, it is recommended that the GCC banks should take KMBS-SA and KMIS-SA challenge seriously and should consider the alignment implication before moving ahead to implement a strategic plan. Furthermore, the research finding revealed that GCC bank should not ignore the different dimensions of knowledge strategic choices. The banks need to determine different profiles for their knowledge strategy in order to support all aspects of business strategy and IS strategic dimensions that are most important for the organization. They should then direct the organizational knowledge resources to support these profiles. Finally, it is recommended that the banks should define and establish a position in KM in order to oversee the knowledge strategy and KM issues.

An alignment or 'fit' between an organization's objectives and knowledge management (KM) practices should be established in order for the organization to fully utilize its knowledge assets and to derive competitive advantages. The organization should deploy a holistic approach for KM that spans business strategy, information system (IS) strategy, organization culture, and human factors. This research has investigated the strategic alignment between knowledge strategy and business strategy - KMBS-SA and the strategic alignment between knowledge strategy and IS strategy - KMIS-SA in the banking sector among the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Using the proposed model, the study explored the impacts of KMBS-SA and KMIS-SA on the organizational performance. The main hypothesis of this research is that knowledge is the main resource in an organization, and by aligning this resource with the business strategy and IS strategy, the alignment will contribute positively on the performance of the organization. The research model was illustrated in two different conceptualizations hypothesizing the different relationships between knowledge strategies, business strategy and IS strategy. The first conceptualization illustrates the KMBS-SA and KMIS-SA, and an investigation on the contribution of theses alignments on the organizational performance. The second conceptualization of the research model aims at investigating the impact of different types or profiles of KMBS-SA and KMIS-SA on the organizational performance. This study examined different alignments between two profiles of knowledge strategy - Aggressive Knowledge Strategy (AKS) and Conservative Knowledge Strategy (CKS), with various types of business strategy according to Miles and Snow's (1978) strategic typology, and, the alignment of the two profiles of knowledge strategy with various IS strategy based on the STROIS approach by Chan et al. (1997). Using both conceptualizations, the role of knowledge strategy as a moderator or a mediator in the contribution of the business strategy and IS strategy towards the organizational performance was examined. The primary data for this study was collected through a survey of 106 banks from the six Gulf countries: Kingdom of Bahrain, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Oman. The first overall conclusion demonstrated that there is a strong association between knowledge strategy and business strategy and that KMBS-SA clearly influenced the organizational performance. The second overall result of this research shows that in the context of GCC countries, knowledge strategy received stronger support as moderator of the IS congruence association with performance and that KMIS-SA is the primary determinant of the effectiveness of IS in the GCC banks. From the finding, it is recommended that the GCC banks should take KMBS-SA and KMIS-SA challenge seriously and should consider the alignment implication before moving ahead to implement a strategic plan. Furthermore, the research finding revealed that GCC bank should not ignore the different dimensions of knowledge strategic choices. The banks need to determine different profiles for their knowledge strategy in order to support all aspects of business strategy and IS strategic dimensions that are most important for the organization. They should then direct the organizational knowledge resources to support these profiles. Finally, it is recommended that the banks should define and establish a position in KM in order to oversee the knowledge strategy and KM issues.

This thesis examines the perceived importance by two-tiered management of Cooperative Research Centres (CRCs) for managing a range of intellectual property issues. Fifty survey items are presented to the executive directors and commercialization managers of 62 CRCs. The survey items are categorized under four themes: relationships with collaborators, project management; design and implementation of agreements; and specific licensing issues. An analysis of the data, using a series of independent samples t-tests, repeated measures t-tests, chi-square tests for independence or relatedness and goodness of fit, shows a range of results. There are significant differences between executive directors and commercialization managers on a number of issues. There are particular emphases or trends about certain issues for the whole sample of managers. These findings are compared with text analyses of 23 CRC strategic planning documents. This is done in order to explore any similarity, difference or nuance between what the managers say in response to the survey items, compared with what is stated in the codified policies of the CRCs. While there is a high degree of consistency among certain themes between the two sets of findings, the overall analysis points to the need for the CRCs to have a better understanding and practice of commercialization opportunities, especially through the involvement of third party commercial interests. It is argued that accommodating third party commercialization interests involves the application of an important knowledge economy principle that has an important bearing on the future economic viability and competitiveness of the CRCs.

This thesis examines the perceived importance by two-tiered management of Cooperative Research Centres (CRCs) for managing a range of intellectual property issues. Fifty survey items are presented to the executive directors and commercialization managers of 62 CRCs. The survey items are categorized under four themes: relationships with collaborators, project management; design and implementation of agreements; and specific licensing issues. An analysis of the data, using a series of independent samples t-tests, repeated measures t-tests, chi-square tests for independence or relatedness and goodness of fit, shows a range of results. There are significant differences between executive directors and commercialization managers on a number of issues. There are particular emphases or trends about certain issues for the whole sample of managers. These findings are compared with text analyses of 23 CRC strategic planning documents. This is done in order to explore any similarity, difference or nuance between what the managers say in response to the survey items, compared with what is stated in the codified policies of the CRCs. While there is a high degree of consistency among certain themes between the two sets of findings, the overall analysis points to the need for the CRCs to have a better understanding and practice of commercialization opportunities, especially through the involvement of third party commercial interests. It is argued that accommodating third party commercialization interests involves the application of an important knowledge economy principle that has an important bearing on the future economic viability and competitiveness of the CRCs.

Devido à grande discrepância entre os métodos de ensino atuais e a forma como ocorre a atuação profissional do contador, destaca-se a necessidade de estudar métodos que estimulem a interação social e facilitem a cooperação entre os estudantes. Neste cenário, a presente pesquisa dedica-se ao estudo da aprendizagem cooperativa, tema já consolidado no ensino de inúmeras disciplinas de nível secundário, porém recente no ensino superior de contabilidade e com resultados ainda controversos. O objetivo principal é avaliar se a utilização da aprendizagem cooperativa proporciona melhoria na aprendizagem dos alunos de Ciências Contábeis. Para isso, foram escolhidos dois níveis das habilidades intelectuais mais elevadas da taxonomia de Bloom: aplicação e análise. O referencial teórico se baseia na literatura sobre aprendizagem cooperativa, taxonomia de Bloom, estilos de aprendizagem e o problema de gerenciamento de conflitos em grupos conhecido como \"Paradoxo de Abilene\". O experimento foi realizado em uma turma do 1º semestre do curso noturno de Ciências Contábeis da FEA-USP. A amostra inicial era composta por 43 alunos e a final por 36. Os alunos foram divididos em dois grupos: experimental (aprendizagem cooperativa) e controle (aprendizagem individual), utilizando amostragem aleatória estratificada. Os critérios de estratificação foram: 1º) nota parcial em Contabilidade Introdutória; 2º) gênero; 3º) estilo de aprendizagem e; 4º) faixa etária e experiência. Os dois grupos responderam às mesmas questões, porém a turma de controle respondeu individualmente e a turma experimental, em grupos heterogêneos de quatro a cinco indivíduos. Os dados coletados foram analisados utilizando a análise de covariância (ANCOVA) para a categoria aplicação e análise de variância (ANOVA) para a categoria análise. Contrariando as expectativas, os resultados não apuraram diferenças significativas no desempenho dos alunos nas duas categorias. Ao final do estudo, são discutidas as percepções dos alunos sobre a experiência, limitações e sugestões para pesquisas futuras sobre o tema.
Due to the large discrepancy between the current learning methods and how is the performance of the professional accountant, stands out the need to study methods that encourage social interaction and facilitate cooperation among students. In this scenario, the present research is devoted to the study of cooperative learning, a topic already consolidated in teaching numerous courses at the secondary level. However, this is recent in higher education accounting and the results are still controversial. The main objective is to evaluate whether the use of cooperative learning provides improvement in student learning in accounting science. For this, we chose two levels of higher intellectual skills of Bloom\'s taxonomy: application and analysis. The theoretical framework is based on the literature on cooperative learning, Bloom\'s taxonomy, learning styles and the problem of conflict management in groups known as \"Abilene Paradox\". The experiment was conducted in a 1st semester of the night course of accounting from FEA-USP. The initial sample was composed of 43 students and end by 36. Students were divided into two groups: experimental (cooperative learning) and control (individual learning), using stratified random sampling. The stratification criteria were: 1) partial score in Introductory Accounting, 2) gender, 3) learning style and, 4) age and experience. Both groups answered the same questions, but the control group answered individually and the experimental group in heterogeneous groups of four to five individuals. The collected data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) for category application and analysis of variance (ANOVA) for category analysis. Contrary to expectations, no significant differences were cleared in the student performance of cooperative learning in relation to individual learning in both categories. At the end of the study, it was discussed the perceptions of students about the experience, limitations are and suggestions for the future research on the topic.

International relations can be reviewed from different perspectives. One of them is through culture. In general, a lecture and an analysis of it from this specific point of view has been neglected, attracting much less attention comparing to other issues, like the political science, the international law, or the economics. The cultural perspective offers a mirror of the reality and can contribute to a better understanding of the external relations and on what is happening at other levels, usually considered as more relevant in the foreign policies and the traditional diplomacy, like politics, trade and commerce, or military issues. At the same time, this cultural perspective needs a transversal focus to offer a real insight and overview of the actual scope, due to the multifaceted feature of culture considered in its broad approach. The international presence and the role of culture within the bilateral relations is conditioned by the definition of the external cultural policies and the priorities and strategies in its bilateral relations with third countries. Sometimes the external cultural policies can have a close link with the internal cultural policies as well, being a projection of the internal priorities in the international context. The institutional structure and the competences of the different institutions can also influence in the role of culture in the bilateral relations of a specific country. Aside of that, there are other relevant factors that can be determinant in the bilateral relations, like the historical background or the bilateral political and commercial relations, among others. Culture in the context of the international relations and cooperation between Europe and Egypt includes from the institutional level, the bilateral and multilateral relations of the European Union, and its 28 Member States at an individual level as well. Otherwise, some of these European countries have had a long presence during the colonialist period, maintain historical ties, or have economic interests in Egypt. Within this framework, the different cultural policies are embedded in the external actions of the bilateral cultural relations and cooperation, where the cultural projection is a component of the public diplomacy as a form of soft power. The present research has as primary objective to get a deep inside of the bilateral relations, and the identification of some quantitative indicators and qualitative aspects of the European bilateral relations from the public sector, and makes a detailed analysis of which is the present situation of culture in the context of the international relations with a strategic country of the Arab world like Egypt. Getting an insight into the different facts, parameters and indicators allows to identify the different exogenous and endogenous factors which can have a determinant role, jointly with the explicit and implicit objectives, and other elements to consider, including priorities, strategies, instruments and activities. Actions taken into consideration are those from the European Union, and some of its Member States, which are reviewed and compared in a systematic way. This research takes as case study five of the European countries, the most populated of the European Union, and several specific fields. It starts checking the way how each individual country is presenting its external cultural policy in the official web, and followed by the cultural bilateral relations with Egypt. Then it is verified the role of the national cultural institutes, the archaeological cooperation, the higher education, the research and scientific cooperation, the presence of culture in the cooperation to development and the media. Finally it is revised the European Union's cultural presence through actions and initiatives in Egypt, and checked how the individual cultural bilateral relations of the selected countries fit together with them. The result offers a broad and comprehensive perspective of the presence of culture in international relations and cooperation in the particular case of Egypt. The analysis carried out allows concluding an insufficiently structured place of culture in the European external relations and cooperation with Egypt, the missed coordination among the different actors involved, the individual interests, and some incoherencies as well.
Les relacions internacionals poden ser examinades des de diferents perspectives. Una d'elles es des de la cultura. En general, una lectura i un anàlisi d'aquest punt de vista específic ha estat oblidat, i ha atret molta menys atenció comparat amb altres temes com són els temes polítics, el dret internacional o els econòmics. La perspectiva cultural ofereix un mirall on es reflexa la realitat, que pot contribuir a un millor enteniment de les relacions exteriors i sobre el que succeeix a altres nivells, normalment considerats com a més rellevants dins de la política exterior i la diplomàcia tradicional, com són els temes polítics, comercials o militars. Al mateix temps, aquesta perspectiva cultural necessita una mirada transversal per poder oferir una mirada profunda i al mateix temps global de la actual abast del tema, ja que abraça diferents àmbits de la cultura, que en aquest cas és considerada en la seva aproximació més amplia. La presència internacional i el rol de la cultura a les relacions bilaterals està condicionada per la definició de les polítiques culturals exteriors i de les prioritats i estratègies en les seves relacions bilaterals amb països tercers. De vegades les polítiques culturals externes poden tenir un vincle estret amb les polítiques culturals internes, sent una projecció de les prioritats internes en el context internacional. L'estructura institucional i les competències de les diferents institucions poden també tenir una influència en el rol de la cultura en les relacions bilaterals d'un país concret. A part d'això, hi ha altres factors rellevants que poden ser determinants de les relacions bilaterals, com són els antecedents històrics o les relacions bilaterals polítiques i comercials, entre d'altres. La cultura en el context de les relacions internacionals i la cooperació entre Europa i Egipte inclou des del punt institucional les relacions bilaterals i multilaterals de la Unió Europea, així com les dels seus 28 estats membres a nivell individual. Per altre banda, alguns d'aquests països europeus han tingut una llarga presència durant el període colonial, mantenen vincles històrics, o tenen interessos econòmics a Egipte. En aquest marc, les diferents polítiques culturals estan encaixades en les accions exteriors de les relacions culturals bilaterals i de la cooperació, on la projecció cultural és un component de la diplomàcia pública com a forma de soft power. La recerca té com a principal objectiu aprofundir sobre les relacions bilaterals, i la identificació d'alguns dels indicadors quantitatius i aspectes qualitatius de les relacions bilaterals des del sector públic, i fer un anàlisis detallat sobre quina és la situació present de la cultura en el context de les relacions internacional amb un país estratègic del món àrab com és Egipte. Aquest aprofundiment en els diferents factors, paràmetres i indicadors permet identificar els diferents factors exògens i endògens que poden ser determinants, juntament amb els objectius explícits i implícits, i altres aspectes que s'han de considerar, com les prioritats, estratègies, instruments, i activitats. Les accions que es prenen en consideració són les de la Unió Europea, i d'alguns dels seus estats membres, que són revisades i comparades d'una manera sistemàtica. Aquest treball agafa com a estudi de cas a Egipte, i també analitza a cinc països europeus, els cinc més poblats de la Unió Europea, i alguns dels camps culturals específics. Com a marc general es comença per veure la manera com cada un d'aquests països individuals presenta la seva política cultural exterior a les pàgines webs oficials, i es continua amb les relacions culturals bilaterals amb Egipte. Després es verifica el rol dels instituts nacionals de cultura, la cooperació arqueològica, l'educació universitària, la investigació i la cooperació científica, la presencia de la cultura a la cooperació al desenvolupament, i els media. Finalment es revisa la presencia cultural de la Unió Europea mitjançant les accions i les iniciatives a Egipte, i com les relacions culturals bilaterals individuals dels països seleccionats hi encaixen. El resultat ofereix una perspectiva àmplia i comprensiva de la presencia de la cultura a les relacions internacionals i la cooperació en aquest cas particular d'Egipte. L'anàlisi que s'ha portat a terme permet concloure que la cultura té un lloc insuficientment estructurat a les relacions exteriors europees amb Egipte, l'absència de coordinació entre els diferents actors involucrats, els interessos individuals, així com algunes incoherències.
Las relaciones internacionales pueden ser examinadas desde diferentes perspectivas, una de ellas es desde la cultura. En general una lectura y un análisis desde este específico punto de vista ha sido dejado de lado, atrayendo mucha menos atención en comparación con otros temas, como las ciencias políticas, el derecho internacional, o la economía. La perspectiva cultural ofrece un espejo donde se refleja la realidad, y que puede contribuir a una mejor compresión de las relaciones exteriores y sobre lo que sucede a otros niveles normalmente considerados como más relevantes en las relaciones exteriores y la diplomacia tradicional, como son los temas políticos, de comercio internacional o los temas militares. Al mismo tiempo esta perspectiva cultural necesita un enfoque transversal para ofrecer una visión detallada y al mismo tiempo global para conocer su alcance real, debido al carácter multidisciplinar de la cultura, considerada en su amplia aproximación. La presencia internacional y el rol de la cultura en las relaciones bilaterales están condicionados por la definición de las políticas culturales exteriores, además de las prioridades y estrategias en las relaciones bilaterales con países terceros. Por otro lado, frecuentemente las políticas culturales exteriores pueden tener vínculos estrechos con las políticas culturales a nivel nacional, siendo una proyección de las prioridades internas en el contexto internacional. La estructura institucional y las competencias de las diferentes instituciones públicas también pueden influenciar en el rol de la cultura en las relaciones bilaterales de un determinado país. Además de ello, también hay otros factores relevantes que pueden determinar las relaciones bilaterales, como los antecedentes históricos o las relaciones bilaterales políticas y comerciales, entre otras. La cultura en el contexto de las relaciones internacionales y la cooperación entre Europa y Egipto incluye, a nivel institucional, las relaciones bilaterales y multilaterales de la Unión Europea, así como sus 28 estados miembros a nivel individual. Además de ello, algunos de estos países europeos han tenido un larga presencia durante el periodo colonial, mantienen lazos históricos, o tienen intereses económicos en Egipto. Dentro de este marco las diferentes políticas culturales se encuentran incluidas en las acciones exteriores de las relaciones culturales bilaterales y la cooperación, donde la proyección cultural es uno de los componentes de la diplomacia pública como una forma de soft power. La presente investigación tiene como principal objetivo profundizar en las relaciones bilaterales y la identificación de indicadores centrados en diversos aspectos cuantitativos y cualitativos de las relaciones bilaterales europeas desde el sector público, y analiza en detalle sobre cuál es la situación presente de la cultural en el contexto de las relaciones internacionales con un país estratégico del mundo árabe como es Egipto. Esta profundización de los diferentes factores, parámetros y indicadores permite identificar los diferentes factores exógenos y endógenos que tienen un rol determinante, juntamente con los objetivos explícito se implícitos, y otros elementos que se deben considerar como son las prioridades, las estrategias, instrumentos y actividades culturales. Las acciones consideradas son las de la Unión Europea y las de algunos de sus estados miembros, la cuales son revisadas y comparadas de forma sistemática. Esta investigación se centra en el estudio de case de cinco países europeos, los cinco estados miembros de la Unión Europea más poblados, y en diferentes campos específicos. Se inicia supervisando la forma como cada país individualmente presenta su política cultural exterior en sus páginas web oficiales, seguido por una revisión de las relaciones culturales bilaterales con Egipto. Luego en diferentes capítulos se verifica el rol de los centros culturales nacionales, la cooperación arqueológica, la educación universitaria, la investigación y la cooperación científica, la presencia de la cultura en la cooperación al desarrollo, y los media. Finalmente se analiza la presencia cultural de la Unión Europea en Egipto a través de diferentes acciones e iniciativas, y como las relaciones culturales bilaterales de los países europeos seleccionados encajan con ellas. El resultado obtenido ofrece una amplia y comprensiva perspectiva sobre cuál es la presencia de la cultura en las relaciones internacionales y la cooperación en el caso particular de Egipto. El análisis llevado a cabo permite concluir un lugar insuficientemente estructurado de la cultura en las relaciones exteriores europeas con Egipto, la falta de coordinación entre los diferentes actores involucrados, los intereses individuales, así como algunas incoherencias.

Esta pesquisa tem como tema central investigar como ocorre a cooperação intelectual entre os discentes na Educação Online, em um curso de especialização na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Parte-se do pressuposto que a cooperação, como método, pode ocorrer na educação, na modalidade à distância, e busca-se compreender como ocorre este processo. A fundamentação teórica que se elegeu para este trabalho foi a Epistemologia Genética de Jean Piaget e autores contemporâneos, tais como Morin, Silva, Campos, Anderson, Drown entre outros. A metodologia utilizada é a pesquisa qualitativa, na forma de Estudo de Caso único, de acordo com Yin (2010) e, para a análise dos dados empregou-se a Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin (1988). Os instrumentos utilizados foram três fóruns do curso, questionários realizados com os discentes e rotas, que foram traçadas a partir de sequências das trocas realizadas nos fóruns. Construíram-se três categorias de análise a partir dos dados e à luz da teoria piagetiana: (1) Escalas de Valores; (2) Conservação dos Acordos e (3) Reciprocidade entre os sujeitos. Os participantes deste estudo foram os discentes e docentes integrantes do curso de especialização. Como resultados deste estudo, obteve-se a compreensão do método de cooperação entre os discentes neste curso de especialização na educação online que permite refletir-se sobre as equações de valores estabelecidas por Piaget (1973) no contexto da Cibercultura. A pesquisa também acrescenta instrumentos, que foram constituídos neste processo, denominados aqui de ‘mapas intelectuais’, que podem servir como norteadores para outros estudos na Educação Online. Apresenta implicações educacionais para outros cursos que operam na modalidade à distância. Destaca-se que as contribuições que advém deste trabalho podem ser ampliadas para a educação como um todo, possibilitando a cooperação entre os integrantes do processo de ensino-aprendizagem, favorecendo a formação de sujeitos autônomos.
The main objective of this research is to investigate how the intellectual cooperation among students, on Online Education, occurs in a specialization course at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). We imply that cooperation, as a method, may happen on a distance mode education and try to understand such process. The Genetic Epistemology from Jean Piaget and contemporary authors as Morin, Silva, Campos, Anderson, Drown and many others are the theoretical reference used to fundament this paper. The methodology is a qualitative research, presented as a Single Case Study, according to Yin (2010), and a Bardin’s Content Analysis (1988) used to examine data. As instruments, we must mention three forums, questionnaires that are applied with students and routes set from the exchange in the forums. Based on the Piagetian Theory, three categories of analyses can be identified: (1) Scale of values, (2) Maintenance of Agreements and (3) Reciprocity between people involved, i.e., students and professors of the specialization course. As a result of this study, we achieve comprehension of the cooperation method among students of specialization, on a distance mode education, which allows pondering over the equations of values established by Piaget (1973) on the Cyber culture context. The paper adds instruments, intellectual maps, which are created during the process and may be used as guidelines for further studies on Online Education. It also presents educational implications to other courses that work on a distance mode basis. We emphasize that any contribution obtained from this paper, may be enlarged to education as a whole to make possible the cooperation among participants of a teaching-learning process and making easier the creation of autonomous citizens.

Knowledge Management has evolved over time into the domain of Information Technology (IT), where codification, storage and retrieval of explicit knowledge is believed to lead to a competitive advantage for an organisation. More recently, knowledge management literature has suggested that knowledge is socially constructed and inseparable from the communities of practice in which it is held. This dissertation examines the interpersonal process by which payload knowledge (a concept that emerged from the research data as comprising that specific distillation of knowledge, both tacit and explicit, required to resolve an applied problem in context) is exchanged in a consulting firm�s communities of practice. Through a qualitative case study design involving sixteen in-depth interviews with consultants from a medium sized consulting firm, the nature of the interpersonal knowledge exchange process was illuminated. In this study, two inter-related research questions were addressed: What is the interpersonal process by which knowledge is exchanged between consultants? And, Why do consultants prefer to participate in the interpersonal knowledge exchange process in preference to using stored explicit knowledge ? This detailed examination of consultants as knowledge workers, resulted in the proposal of a process based model of interpersonal knowledge exchange. Utilising the concept of payload knowledge, the interpersonal knowledge exchange process is shown to be predicable in terms of passing through eight identifiable stages, yet unpredictable in terms of knowing how each community interaction will lead to payload knowledge. Within this process, the sourcing, handover, distillation and implementation of payload knowledge are seen as an artistic endeavour, characterised by social community based exchanges that �hop� the consultants toward their specific contextual need. Key advantages of this interpersonal process are the decontextualisation and recontextualisation processes carried out at both the request negotiation stage and the knowledge handover stage. This process uses the community�s shared language, mental models, social etiquette and cultural norms to compress and funnel the meaning of the payload knowledge into a form that can be transferred meaningfully to a requesting consultant. Through participating in the interpersonal knowledge exchange process, consultants save time, and are provided with an opportunity to confirm their personal knowledge as up-to-date and relevant to the specific context. By using the interpersonal process, consultants conform with and confirm the community�s social etiquette, which dictates its preference for the identified exchange mechanism. The interpersonal process allows them to practice and learn the consulting community�s professional artistry and, in consequence, to enjoy the exchange experience, and to have fun. This dissertation contributes to making one aspect of the interpersonal knowledge exchange process explicit. The process, by its very nature however, appears to remain tacitly understood by those within the consulting community of practice. Through understanding the process and the reasons that consultants prefer to engage in interpersonal knowledge exchange processes, it is anticipated that managers will be better able to produce a knowledge-based sustainable competitive advantage for their firms.

This ethnography explores the underground art world in Portland, Oregon by showing how a Portland area artist collective, Oregon Painting Society, navigates their art world. Participant observation, in-depth interviews, and a short latent content analysis triangulate data to show the features and values of the underground art world. Using Becker's concept of art worlds, I show how artists working outside of a traditional art career in a commercial gallery system do their work by exploring how Portland's art world is structured and sustained. I find that group work, cooperation, and resource sharing in a vibrant neighborhood based social network enables artists to substitute resources usually provided by gallery representation and sustain their ability to make artwork without financial support. This is a network that rejects the competitive structure of the commercial system and runs more smoothly the more artists participate in it. I also explore the reasons for Portland's particular ability to support this kind of environment, citing geographic proximity to other art cities, DIY cultural roots, neighborhood structure, affordable city amenities, and a creative class population.

Individer med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning blir idag äldre än tidigare. Detta leder till att de utvecklar ett kombinerat omsorgsbehov utifrån intellektuell funktionsnedsättning och åldersproblematik. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur yrkesverksamma inom LSS-verksamhet förhåller sig till målgruppen och vilka möjligheter som finns att få sitt behov till­godosett utifrån både funktionsnedsättning och åldrande. Frågeställningarna berör vilka insatser som finns för att möta målgruppens behov av stöd och omsorg samt hur samverkan ser ut utifrån lagstiftning och organisation. Studien har genomförts med en kvalitativ metod där det empiriska materialet har insamlats genom intervjuer med utgångspunkt i en halvstruk­turerad intervjuguide. Resultatet har analyserat utifrån intersektionellt perspektiv. Resultatet visade att det finns en gemensam syn på målgruppen och dess omsorgsbehov men att det saknas riktlinjer och kunskap om vilka alternativ som står till förfogande. Vidare framkom att det finns individer som kan vara aktuella för insatser genom både LSS och äldreomsorgen men att lagstiftningens uppdelning kan utgöra hinder för att utveckla insatsmodeller som till­godoser individernas kombinerade omsorgsbehov. Detta leder till slutsatsen att det inom lag­stiftningarna LSS och SoL finns möjlighet att skapa lösningar för målgruppen genom individuella behovsprövningar samtidigt som målgruppens tillhörighet till LSS kan begränsa möjlighet till insatser via annan lagstiftning. Utmaningen ligger i att skapa samverkan och samsyn mellan LSS och äldreomsorgen och utveckla insatser som tillgodoser målgruppens kombinerade behov.

Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The effort to achieve quality is the largest component of software cost. Software testing is costly - ranging from 50% to 80% of the cost of producing a first working version. It is resource intensive and an intensely time consuming activity in the overall Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and hence could arguably be the most important phase of the process. Software testing is pervasive. It starts at the initiation of a product with nonexecution type testing and continues to the retirement of the product life cycle beyond the post-implementation phase. Software testing is the currency of quality delivery. To understand testing and to improve testing practice, it is essential to see the software testing process in its broadest terms – as the means by which people, methodology, tools, measurement and leadership are integrated to test a software product. A knowledge approach recognises knowledge management (KM) enablers such as leadership, culture, technology and measurements that act in a dynamic relationship with KM processes, namely, creating, identifying, collecting, adapting, organizing, applying, and sharing. Enabling a knowledge approach is a worthy goal to encourage sharing, blending of experiences, discipline and expertise to achieve improvements in quality and adding value to the software testing process. This research was developed to establish whether specific knowledge such as domain subject matter or business expertise, application or technical skills, software testing competency, and whether the interaction of the testing team influences the degree of quality in the delivery of the application under test, or if one is the dominant critical knowledge area within software testing. This research also set out to establish whether there are personal or situational factors that will predispose the test engineer to knowledge sharing, again, with the view of using these factors to increase the quality and success of the ‘testing phase’ of the SDLC. KM, although relatively youthful, is entering its fourth generation with evidence of two paradigms emerging - that of mainstream thinking and that of the complex adaptive system theory. This research uses pertinent and relevant extracts from both paradigms appropriate to gain quality/success in software testing.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: By verre die grootste komponent van sagte ware koste is dié verwant aan kwaliteitsversekering. Toetsing van sagte ware is koste intensief en verteenwoordig tussen 50% en 80% van die kostes om ‘n beta weergawe vry te stel. Die toetsing van sagte ware is nie alleenlik duursaam nie, maar ook arbeidintensief en ‘n tydrowende aktiwteit in die sagte ware ontwikkelings lewensiklus en kan derhalwe gereken word as die mees belangrike fase. Toetsing is deurdringend – dit begin by die inisiëring van ‘n produk deur middel van nie-uitvoerende tipe toetsing en eindig by die voleinding van die produklewensiklus na die implementeringsfase. Sagte ware toetsing word beskou as die geldwaarde van kwalitatiewe aflewering. Om toetsing ten volle te begryp en die toepassing daarvan te verbeter, is dit noodsaaklik om die toetsproses holisties te beskou – as die medium en mate waartoe mense, metodologie, tegnieke, meting en leierskap integreer om ‘n sagte ware produk te toets. ‘n Benadering gekenmerk deur kennis erken die dinamiese verhouding waarbinne bestuurselemente van kundigheid, soos leierskap, kultuur, tegnologie en maatstawwe reageer en korrespondeer met prosesse van kundigheid, naamlik skep, identifiseer, versamel, aanpas, organiseer, toepas en meedeel. Die fasilitering van ‘n benadering gekenmerk deur kennis is ‘n waardige doelwit om meedeling, vermenging van ervaringe, dissipline en kundigheid aan te moedig ten einde kwaliteit te verbeter en waarde toe te voeg tot die proses van safte ware toetsing. Die doel van hierdie navorsing is om te bepaal of die kennis van ‘n spesifieke onderwerp, besigheidskundigheid, tegniese vaardighede of die toepassing daarvan, kundigheid van sagte ware toetsing, en/of die interaksie van die toetsspan die mate van kwaliteit beïnvloed, of een van voorgenoemde die dominante kritieke area van kennis is binne die konteks van sagte ware toetsing. Die navorsing beoog ook om te bepaal of daar persoonlike of situasiegebonde fakfore bestaan wat die toetstegnikus vooropstel om kennis te deel, weer eens, met die oog om deur middel van hierdie faktore kwaliteit te verbeter en die toetsfase binne die sagte ware ontwikkelingsiklus suksesvol af te lewer. Ten spyte van die relatiewe jeudgigheid van die bestuur van kennis, betree dit die vierde generasie waaruit twee denkwyses na vore kom – dié van hoofstroom denke en dié van ingewikkelde aangepaste stelselsdenke. Hierdie navorsing illustreer belangrike en toepaslike insette van beide denkwyses wat geskik is vir meedeling van kennis en vir die bereiking van verbeterde kwaliteit / sukses in sagte ware toetsing.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur socialsekreterare arbetar med barnavårdsärenden där en förälder har intellektuellt funktionshinder. Studien utgick från två frågeställningar; hur socialsekreterarna upplever mötet med dessa föräldrar och var de hämtar kunskapen inom detta område. En fokusgruppsintervju genomfördes med sex deltagare. Studiens resultat visade att socialsekreterarna upplevde osäkerhet i bemötande och bedömning av familjer med intellektuellt funktionshinder. Denna studie visade också att det finns brister i samverkan och osäkerhet mellan myndigheter, och att socialsekreterarens kunskapsbas främst är erfarenhetsbaserad. Slutsatsen är att det saknas evidensbaserade metoder och att kunskapsområdet präglas av osäkerhet.
The aim of the study was to investigate how social workers, within the social child care, work with parents with intellectual disability. Two questions were investigated: how the social workers experienced meeting the parents and what was their knowledge base. A focus group interview was conducted with six participants. The results of the study showed that social workers experienced uncertainty in meeting and assessment the families with intellectual disability. Further, the study showed that there were weaknesses and uncertainty in cooperation between authorities, and that the knowledge used by the professionals was mainly experience based. The conclusion is that there is a lack of evidence based methods and the field is characterised by uncertainty.

The study of International Relations (IR) emerged in the context of transnational networks of scholars, politicians, and philanthropists who sought to devise a peaceful world order in the face of international conflict. Prompted by the Great War, the pioneers of IR argued that international politics should be subject to public and academic investigation. In order to generate the required expertise, they established a range of university-based as well as policy-oriented institutions during the 1910s and 20s. Rather than studying political theory or advancing scientific methodology, however, early IR scholars focused on current affairs and became involved in foreign politics themselves. Throughout the formative period of IR, from 1914 to 1940, its protagonists oscillated between understanding and making international politics. This dissertation examines the formation of IR from about 1914 to the Second World War, with particular emphasis on the range of international actors and institutions that shaped the discipline. Based on multi-archival research in Austria, Britain, France, Germany, Switzerland, and the United States, it explores the key venues for the study of IR. In particular, the dissertation reflects how IR scholars used transnational forms of exchange, such as the organs of intellectual cooperation at the League of Nations. It also incorporates women and feminist approaches to IR. Contrary to conventional historiography, the dissertation argues that IR was neither founded in 1919, nor dominated by coherent schools of thought during the inter-war period. Instead, it demonstrates how the discipline was formed by an eclectic group of scholars and practitioners, men and women, English-speaking and international. By building on recent revisionist literature and by re- integrating neglected actors, the dissertation reveals the complex and sometimes inconsistent ways in which issues of international politics became the subject of academic study.

The objective of this research was to characterize the chat collaborative interaction of two partners in six kinds of cognitive tasks. The central hypothesis was that the task nature determines a particular kind of collaborative interaction. The six tasks tested were: to solve a logical problem, to compose a story, to read a data table, to rank opinions, to bring a scientific explanation of a domestic situation, to interpret the signification of a literature text. The 11 dyads of the sample were formed by university students. Results show significant differences between the tasks concerning the sociocognitive interaction, specially the logical-intelligent tasks related the open-interpretative tasks. Finally, there is a great difference between tasks in the personal evaluation of the difficulty and interest of each one.
El objetivo fue caracterizar la interacción colaborativa de díadas, a través del chat, en seis tareas cognitivas: resolver un problema lógico, elaborar una historia, leer una tabla de datos, ordenar jerárquicamente opiniones, brindar una explicación científica de un hecho fáctico e interpretar un texto literario. La hipótesis central era que el tipo de tarea implica distintos tipos de intercambio colaborativo. Se examinaron 11 díadas de estudiantes universitarios. Los resultados muestran diferencias muy significativas entre las seis tareas en lo que hace al patrón sociocognitivo, sobre todo entre las tareas lógico-inteligentes y las tareas abiertas o interpretativas. Finalmente, hay diferencias muy notorias en la evaluación metacognitiva que hacen los participantes del grado de dificultad e interés de cada tarea.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The intellectual property protection ensures the ownership and rights to creators and other producers of intellectual goods and services in what concerns to the elements of knowledge and information. The geographical indication, is a constituent part of the intellectual property rights, it protects goods or services with characteristics attributed to their geographical origin, such as reputation, quality and tradition. The main goal of this work was to verify the perception of the Brejo Paraibano cachaça producers with regard to obtaining the geographical indication seal. The case study methodology was applied to achieve the goal. The research data was collected and analyzed through qualitative research techniques, such as interviews and documentary analysis. The research targeted the producers of cachaça from the Brejo Paraibano micro region. The methodological instrument used in the data analysis process was the content analysis in three chronological poles: pre-analysis; exploration of the material; treatment of the results, inference and interpretation. With regard to the results, it was possible to verify that the researched sugar cane mills produce cachaça in the traditional way, preserving its identity, even when seeking modernization through technology. The producers highlight this identity and claim that consumers attribute quality to the product as a result of belonging to that specific territory. The producers also mention that there is a differential for the characteristics peculiar to the region. It was clearly observed the producers interest in obtaining the geographical indication seal to add value to the product and to strengthen the whole sector. Even though the producers do not possess an in-depth knowledge about the topic, they believe that the Brejo Paraibano micro Region has the necessary attributes for recognition. In order to achieve that, it is essential that producers and actors involved in the process cooperate with each other. However, the region's culture is not favorable to cooperation, being necessary a process to raise awareness among producers. Finally, the study aimed to contribute to the enrichment, enhancement and dissemination of the geographical indication theme in Brazil, with the intention to contribute to the protection of regional culture and tradition.
A proteção da propriedade intelectual garante a titularidade e o direito a criadores e outros produtores de bens ou serviços de natureza intelectual, referindo-se a elementos de conhecimento e informação. A indicação geográfica, parte constituinte da propriedade intelectual, protege bens ou serviços com características atribuídas a sua origem geográfica, como reputação, qualidade e tradição. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a percepção dos produtores de cachaça do Brejo paraibano com relação à obtenção do selo de Indicação Geográfica. Para alcança-lo, aplicou-se a metodologia de estudo de caso. Assim, os dados foram coletados através de pesquisa qualitativa, mediante entrevistas e análise documental. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram os produtores de cachaça da microrregião do Brejo paraibano. Já o instrumento metodológico utilizado no processo de análise de dados foi a análise de conteúdo, em três polos cronológicos: pré-análise; exploração do material; tratamento dos resultados, inferência e interpretação. No que se refere aos resultados, foi possível verificar que os engenhos pesquisados produzem cachaça de maneira tradicional, preservando a identidade, mesmo quando buscam a modernização por meio da tecnologia. Os produtores exaltam essa identidade e afirmam que os consumidores atribuem qualidade ao produto por pertencer a esse território, eles também demonstram que existe diferencial referente a características peculiares a região. Ficou claro o interesse dos produtores em obter o selo para agregar valor ao produto e fortalecer o setor, mesmo não dispondo de conhecimento aprofundado sobre o tema, eles acreditam que o Brejo possui atributos para o reconhecimento. Para isso, é fundamental que os produtores e atores envolvidos no processo estejam dispostos a cooperar entre si. No entanto, a cultura da região não é favorável à cooperação, sendo necessário um processo de sensibilização junto aos produtores. Por fim, o trabalho buscou contribuir com o enriquecimento, valorização e disseminação do tema no Brasil, com a intenção de colaborar com a proteção da cultura e tradição regionais.

Studien är baserad på en kvalitativ metod där jag, på två skolor, intervjuat rektor, studie- och yrkesvägledare och lärare på gymnasiesärskolans nationella program. Materialet analyserades genom teoristyrd kvalitativ analys.  Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilka strategier två skolor uppger att de har kring sitt arbete med övergången mellan gymnasiesärskola och arbetsliv för elever på gymnasiesärskolans nationella program.  Resultatet visar att, båda skolorna, ser det viktiga i att eleverna utvecklar trygghet och blir självständiga. Detta kan eleverna bli genom att förberedas på vad som förväntas av dem när de kommer ut i arbetslivet. För att eleverna ska vara förberedda för arbetslivet så lägger skolan, i sin undervisning, fokus på vad som eleverna behöver ha med sig ut i arbetslivet. Ett sätt är att skapa undervisning som mycket efterliknar den verklighet som eleverna sedan kommer att möta. Eleverna är delaktiga i olika utsträckning inför arbetsplatsförlagt lärande (APL) men båda skolorna ser det viktiga i att ta tillvara på elevernas önskemål. Det är även av stor betydelse att det finns en tät kontakt mellan skolan och handledare på APL-platserna. En önskan, som båda skolorna uttrycker, är att det ska finnas mer tid till att vara tillsammans med eleverna på APL-platserna.
The study is based on a qualitative method, where I, on two schools, made interviews with principals, guidance counselors and teacher for students with learning disability. The data was analysed with theorybased qualitative analysis.  The purpose of the study is to examine the strategies that some schools state that they have with their work about the transition from school to work for students with learning disability.  The result shows that both of the schools see the importance that the students develop security and become independent. One way is to be prepared on what is expected of them when they enter the working career. To prepare the students for working life, the schools focus on what the students need for working career. One way is to make the teaching environment so similar to the reality that the students will meet later on.  The students participate in different extent before the placements, but both of the schools sees the importance in listening to the students own expectations. It is also of great importance that there is a close contact between the school and supervisors at the internships.  One request booth the schools expresses is that they would like to have more time with the students out on the placements

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Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
The importance of the technology management in Brazilian public universities has been increasing due to the great potential regarding technology transfer from those organizations to industries. After the Innovation Law in 2004, this point of view has been encouraged by the establishment of specific guidelines regarding intellectual property, technology cooperation with outside organizations and the role of universities in scientific and technological development, as a part of the Brazilian innovation system. In this context, the objective of this work was to understand how the public universities of the State of São Paulo structure their regulation of intellectual property and technology transfer processes for companies, as well as to identify forces and obstacles for that practice. The empiric part of the work consisted of five case studies in public universities located in the State of São Paulo, using exploratory and qualitative analysis. The universities studied were: University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo State University - Unesp, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp) and Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar). All the regulations of intellectual property that affect the technological management in those universities were researched, as well as information concerning patenting performance and technology commercialization, including interviews with university technology managers. In order to gain full understanding of how the technology transfer process happens, illustrative studies were carried out, using a contract from each one university (patent licensing or sponsor research contract) involving companies. The results of the work were divided in two categories. A first comparison of more restricted character involved illustrative studies of technology transfer of processes from the five universities. The second, a more in-depth approach, involved considerations concerning technology management in these universities. Regarding the first perspective, the results were shown as a schematic representation for each process, with similar indicatives in juridical-administrative terms. We also analyzed the relationship between the people involved in technology transfer and the characteristics of the organizations involved in it. As a general conclusion, it was noticed that formal technology transfer using intellectual property has been growing in the public universities of the São Paulo State. We could also observe that a process of physical and personnel structuring is taking place in all the cases and that all the universities concerned have intellectual property regulations. The comparative analysis carried out shows which universities are more actively involved in patenting and technology commercialization. The results also demonstrate and discuss the challenges that have been identified for the improvement of technology transfer in these universities. The main ones are: the spread of the intellectual property culture, technology evaluation, establishment and consolidation of best practices in management and international technology protection, as well as alignment of policies among the institutions which share and generate intellectual property.
A gestão da tecnologia oriunda das universidades públicas brasileiras tem ganhado crescente importância tendo em vista o potencial de sua transferência de tecnologia para o setor produtivo. Após a Lei de Inovação de 2004, essa perspectiva se fortaleceu com a instituição de diretrizes legais específicas acerca de sua propriedade intelectual, cooperação tecnológica externa e seu papel no desenvolvimento científico-tecnológico como parte do sistema de inovação brasileiro. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi apreender como estão estruturadas as universidades públicas do Estado de São Paulo quanto à sua regulamentação de propriedade intelectual e processos de transferência de tecnologia para empresas, buscando identificar forças e obstáculos a essa prática. A parte empírica do trabalho consistiu no estudo de casos referentes às universidades públicas estaduais instaladas no Estado de São Paulo utilizando uma abordagem exploratória e qualitativa de análise. As universidades objeto de estudo foram: Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp) e Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar). Foram levantadas todas as regulamentações de propriedade intelectual que afetam a gestão tecnológica nessas universidades, bem como informações de desempenho em patenteamento e comercialização de tecnologias, além da realização de entrevistas com gestores de tecnologia das universidades. Os resultados do trabalho foram divididos em duas categorias. Uma primeira comparação de caráter mais restrito envolvendo estudos ilustrativos de processos de transferência de tecnologia das cinco universidades e uma segunda, mais ampla, envolvendo considerações sobre como se dá a gestão tecnológica nas universidades. Da primeira perspectiva os resultados demonstraram uma representação esquemática para cada processo, com indicativos semelhantes em termos jurídico-administrativos. Foram verificados ainda aspectos de relacionamento entre as pessoas envolvidas na transferência de tecnologia e características das organizações envolvidas. Como conclusão geral, notou-se que a transferência de tecnologia formalizada, que faz uso da propriedade intelectual, tem crescido nas universidades públicas do Estado de São Paulo. Está se verificando um processo de estruturação física e de pessoal em todos os casos, sendo que todas as universidades possuem normas de propriedade intelectual. Em análise comparativa foram verificadas quais universidades possuem maior atividade de patenteamento e comercialização de tecnologias. Os resultados também demonstram e discutem desafios identificados para o aperfeiçoamento da transferência de tecnologia nessas universidades, sendo os principais deles relativos à disseminação da cultura de propriedade intelectual, valoração de tecnologia, estabelecimento e consolidação de boas práticas de gestão, proteção internacional de tecnologias e alinhamento político entre as instituições que compartilham e gerem a propriedade intelectual.

This thesis aims at answering two questions under the topic of Harmonisation of Industrial Property Rights Protection Procedures in the European Union. The questions researched are: &ldquo
What are the current systems of Industrial Property Rights protection in the world, in the European Union and Turkey?&rdquo
and &ldquo
Is there a way for Turkey to be included within the EU Industrial Property protection system in the future while still being under the relation of Customs Union?&rdquo
. To answer these questions current systems of Industrial Property Rights protection in the world, in European Union and Turkey is briefly analyzed and following this analysis, a proposal for a closer cooperation in Industrial Property protection system of Turkey with the European Union is given backed up with a comparison of statistical data of EU, Turkey and candidate countries.

The thesis deals with a legal protection of results of research and development activities, which runs in collaboration between a university and an industry partner. At the first part of the thesis basic terms are explained, related legislation is introduced and important institutions from the field of intellectual property rights are mentioned. The thesis also describes a legal status of the research and a development center, lists various ways of results protection and provides an introduction to contractual obligations. The technical part contains a calculation of energy and water consumption in the Laboratory of energy intensive processes. Finally, all information provided is used for a preparation of the collaboration agreement draft between the university and the partner from the application area.

SILVA, Camila Barreto. Aprendizagem cooperativa no contexto da sala de aula: a análise da evolução psicogenética da língua escrita de aluno com deficiência intelectual. 2016. 339f. - Tese (Doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Brasileira, Fortaleza (CE), 2016.
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This thesis aimed to analyze the Cooperative Learning constitutes psychogenetic evolution factor of the written language of students with intellectual disabilities in the context of common classroom. Examined whether there were differences in the evolution of syllabic writing among students with intellectual disabilities who participated in the sessions of Cooperative Learning and those in the control group. Also investigated these subjects had proactive behavior during production sessions written in the context of cooperation in the common room. Our study had a qualitative approach, using as a theoretical and methodological basis of the structural organization of the Cooperative Learning supported by Johnson, Johnson (1991, 1997, 1999). The thesis is the theoretical foundation sociointeractionist assumptions of Vygotsky, especially as the importance of interaction and the concept of mediation for learning group students; studies on the written language of psychogenesis countersigned by Ferreiro and Teberosky; and conceptions of the cognitive functioning of people with intellectual disabilities. Participated in the study six subjects with intellectual disabilities, four composing the experimental group and two control groups. ubjects attended three public schools in Fortaleza, in the 2nd and 3rd years of elementary school, and the Educational Service Specialist. The development of the research included nine procedures, including the application of pre-tests and writing post-tests, and performing 35 text production group sessions with each subject of the experimental group, a total of 140 sessions. The data revealed that, in general, subjects in the experimental group developed social skills to deal with and overcome the adversities of social-affective nature existing throughout the sessions and to position themselves in groups as the protagonist of his writing. The results showed that the subjects who participated in the sessions in groups showed behaviors of cooperative learning proposed the meeting, promoting, above all, the emergence of proactive attitudes during the construction of the collective texts, so that these subjects reflect on the system writing. Pre- and post-tests revealed changes of conceptual levels in the written language of the four subjects in the experimental group, and conceptual regressions in writing levels of the subjects in the control group. The data indicate that the cooperative learning constituted a structural approach applicable in the common room with intellectual disabilities with subjects in order to promote the development of psychogenic four study participants. The experience provided an opportunity also to subjects moments of reflection group on the writing system, making inferences and seeking autonomously solutions to your doubts and questions, an aspect that certainly contributes to the evolution of these subjects.
A presente tese teve por objetivo analisar se a Aprendizagem Cooperativa constitui-se fator de evolução psicogenética da língua escrita de alunos com deficiência intelectual em contexto de sala de aula comum. Analisou se existiam diferenças na evolução da escrita silábica entre os alunos com deficiência intelectual que participaram das sessões de Aprendizagem Cooperativa e aqueles do grupo controle. Investigou também se esses sujeitos apresentaram comportamentos pró-ativos durante as sessões de produção escrita em contexto de cooperação em sala comum. Nosso estudo teve uma abordagem qualitativa, utilizando como base teórica-metodológica a organização estrutural da Aprendizagem Cooperativa fundamentada por Johnson, Johnson (1991, 1997, 1999). A tese tem como fundamentação teórica os pressupostos sóciointeracionista de Vygotsky, principalmente quanto a importância da interação e do conceito de mediação para a aprendizagem dos alunos em grupo; os estudos sobre a psicogênese da língua escrita referendados por Ferreiro e Teberosky; e as concepções acerca do funcionamento cognitivo das pessoas com deficiência intelectual. Participaram do estudo seis sujeitos com deficiência intelectual, quatro constituindo o grupo experimental e dois o grupo controle. Os sujeitos frequentavam três escolas municipais de Fortaleza, nos 2º e 3º anos do Ensino Fundamental I, e o Atendimento Educacional Especializado. O desenvolvimento da pesquisa contou com nove procedimentos, dentre eles a aplicação de pré-testes e pós-testes de escrita, e a realização de 35 sessões de produção de texto em grupo com cada sujeito do grupo experimental, perfazendo um total de 140 sessões. Os dados revelaram que, de modo geral, os sujeitos do grupo experimental desenvolveram habilidades sociais para tratar e superar as adversidades de natureza socioafetivas existentes ao longo das sessões, bem como para posicionarem-se nos grupos como protagonista de sua escrita. Os resultados mostraram que os sujeitos que participaram das sessões em grupos apresentaram comportamentos ao encontro da proposta da Aprendizagem cooperativa, promovendo, sobretudo, a emergência de atitudes pró-ativas durante a construção dos textos coletivos, de modo que estes sujeitos refletissem sobre o sistema de escrita. Os pré e pós-testes revelaram mudanças de níveis conceituais na língua escrita dos quatro sujeitos do grupo experimental, e regressões conceituais nos níveis de escrita dos sujeitos do grupo controle. Os dados indicam que a Aprendizagem cooperativa constituiu-se uma abordagem estrutural aplicável em sala comum junto aos sujeitos com deficiência intelectual de modo a promover a evolução psicogenética dos quatro participantes do estudo. A experiência oportunizou também aos sujeitos momentos de reflexão em grupo acerca do sistema de escrita, fazendo inferências e buscando de forma autônoma soluções para suas duvidas e questionamentos, aspecto que certamente contribui para a evolução desses sujeitos.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
A presente tese teve por objetivo analisar se a Aprendizagem Cooperativa constitui-se fator de evoluÃÃo psicogenÃtica da lÃngua escrita de alunos com deficiÃncia intelectual em contexto de sala de aula comum. Analisou se existiam diferenÃas na evoluÃÃo da escrita silÃbica entre os alunos com deficiÃncia intelectual que participaram das sessÃes de Aprendizagem Cooperativa e aqueles do grupo controle. Investigou tambÃm se esses sujeitos apresentaram comportamentos prÃ-ativos durante as sessÃes de produÃÃo escrita em contexto de cooperaÃÃo em sala comum. Nosso estudo teve uma abordagem qualitativa, utilizando como base teÃrica-metodolÃgica a organizaÃÃo estrutural da Aprendizagem Cooperativa fundamentada por Johnson, Johnson (1991, 1997, 1999). A tese tem como fundamentaÃÃo teÃrica os pressupostos sÃciointeracionista de Vygotsky, principalmente quanto a importÃncia da interaÃÃo e do conceito de mediaÃÃo para a aprendizagem dos alunos em grupo; os estudos sobre a psicogÃnese da lÃngua escrita referendados por Ferreiro e Teberosky; e as concepÃÃes acerca do funcionamento cognitivo das pessoas com deficiÃncia intelectual. Participaram do estudo seis sujeitos com deficiÃncia intelectual, quatro constituindo o grupo experimental e dois o grupo controle. Os sujeitos frequentavam trÃs escolas municipais de Fortaleza, nos 2 e 3 anos do Ensino Fundamental I, e o Atendimento Educacional Especializado. O desenvolvimento da pesquisa contou com nove procedimentos, dentre eles a aplicaÃÃo de prÃ-testes e pÃs-testes de escrita, e a realizaÃÃo de 35 sessÃes de produÃÃo de texto em grupo com cada sujeito do grupo experimental, perfazendo um total de 140 sessÃes. Os dados revelaram que, de modo geral, os sujeitos do grupo experimental desenvolveram habilidades sociais para tratar e superar as adversidades de natureza socioafetivas existentes ao longo das sessÃes, bem como para posicionarem-se nos grupos como protagonista de sua escrita. Os resultados mostraram que os sujeitos que participaram das sessÃes em grupos apresentaram comportamentos ao encontro da proposta da Aprendizagem cooperativa, promovendo, sobretudo, a emergÃncia de atitudes prÃ-ativas durante a construÃÃo dos textos coletivos, de modo que estes sujeitos refletissem sobre o sistema de escrita. Os prà e pÃs-testes revelaram mudanÃas de nÃveis conceituais na lÃngua escrita dos quatro sujeitos do grupo experimental, e regressÃes conceituais nos nÃveis de escrita dos sujeitos do grupo controle. Os dados indicam que a Aprendizagem cooperativa constituiu-se uma abordagem estrutural aplicÃvel em sala comum junto aos sujeitos com deficiÃncia intelectual de modo a promover a evoluÃÃo psicogenÃtica dos quatro participantes do estudo. A experiÃncia oportunizou tambÃm aos sujeitos momentos de reflexÃo em grupo acerca do sistema de escrita, fazendo inferÃncias e buscando de forma autÃnoma soluÃÃes para suas duvidas e questionamentos, aspecto que certamente contribui para a evoluÃÃo desses sujeitos.
This thesis aimed to analyze the Cooperative Learning constitutes psychogenetic evolution factor of the written language of students with intellectual disabilities in the context of common classroom. Examined whether there were differences in the evolution of syllabic writing among students with intellectual disabilities who participated in the sessions of Cooperative Learning and those in the control group. Also investigated these subjects had proactive behavior during production sessions written in the context of cooperation in the common room. Our study had a qualitative approach, using as a theoretical and methodological basis of the structural organization of the Cooperative Learning supported by Johnson, Johnson (1991, 1997, 1999). The thesis is the theoretical foundation sociointeractionist assumptions of Vygotsky, especially as the importance of interaction and the concept of mediation for learning group students; studies on the written language of psychogenesis countersigned by Ferreiro and Teberosky; and conceptions of the cognitive functioning of people with intellectual disabilities. Participated in the study six subjects with intellectual disabilities, four composing the experimental group and two control groups. ubjects attended three public schools in Fortaleza, in the 2nd and 3rd years of elementary school, and the Educational Service Specialist. The development of the research included nine procedures, including the application of pre-tests and writing post-tests, and performing 35 text production group sessions with each subject of the experimental group, a total of 140 sessions. The data revealed that, in general, subjects in the experimental group developed social skills to deal with and overcome the adversities of social-affective nature existing throughout the sessions and to position themselves in groups as the protagonist of his writing. The results showed that the subjects who participated in the sessions in groups showed behaviors of cooperative learning proposed the meeting, promoting, above all, the emergence of proactive attitudes during the construction of the collective texts, so that these subjects reflect on the system writing. Pre- and post-tests revealed changes of conceptual levels in the written language of the four subjects in the experimental group, and conceptual regressions in writing levels of the subjects in the control group. The data indicate that the cooperative learning constituted a structural approach applicable in the common room with intellectual disabilities with subjects in order to promote the development of psychogenic four study participants. The experience provided an opportunity also to subjects moments of reflection group on the writing system, making inferences and seeking autonomously solutions to your doubts and questions, an aspect that certainly contributes to the evolution of these subjects.

Thesis (LLM)--University of Stellenbosch, 1999.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis deals with the Trade, Development and Cooperation Agreement (TDCA) between the European Union and the Republic of South Africa, which was concluded in October 1999. In particular, the agreement is analysed in the light of the negotiating process between the parties, the contents of the agreement, the applicability of WTO law and the compatibility of the agreement with it and the Port and Sherry Agreement. Since the EU emphasised its aim to commence economic and development cooperation with other African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries on a reciprocal basis during the negotiations for a successor of the Lomé Convention, the TDCA between the EU and South Africa had to be seen as a "pilot project" for future cooperation agreements between countries at different levels of development. The TDCA between the EU and South Africa is therefore not only very important for the two concerned parties, but could serve as an example for further negotiations between the EU and other ACP countries. Thus the purpose of this thesis is to examine the TDCA between the EU and South Africa from a wider global perspective. The thesis is divided into six Chapters: The first Chapter provides an introduction to the circumstances under which the negotiations between the EU and South Africa commenced. It deals briefly with the economic situation in South Africa during the apartheid era and presents reasons why the parties wanted to enter into bilateral negotiations. The introductory part furthermore presents an overview of the contents of the thesis. The second chapter contains a detailed description of the negotiating process that took place between the parties and shows why it took 43 months and 21 rounds of negotiations to reach a deal. South Africa's partial accession to the Lomé Convention and the conclusion of separate agreements such as the Wine and Spirits Agreement, are also analysed. Chapter three presents the various components of the TOCA and illustrates what the negotiators achieved. This chapter on the TOCA concludes with an evaluation of the Agreement and shows the potential benefits to South Africa and the EU. Since the Agreement had to satisfy international rules, the provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradelWorld Trade Organisation (GATTIWTO) were of major importance. The EC Treaty, however, does not contain any provision that indicates whether, or how, an international agreement like the GATTIWTO penetrates the Community legal order. In Chapter four, accordingly, questions are raised regarding the extent to which the bilateral agreement between South Africa and the EU was influenced by the GATTIWTO provisions and how these rules were incorporated into the agreement. Furthermore, since the parties agreed on the establishment of a free trade area, this chapter deals with the question of in how far the TOCA is in line with Article XXIV GATT. In addition to the GATT provisions, the TOCA is also affected by the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs). Therefore Chapter five deals with TRIPs in connection with the TOCA. The use of the terms "Port" and "Sherry" as the major stumbling block to the conclusion of the TOCA is analysed more closely. The final part, namely Chapter six, provides a summary of the results of the investigation. Furthermore, a conclusion is provided with regard to the question of whether the TOeA can be seen as an example for further trade relations between the EU and other ACP countries.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis is gerig op die Handels-, Ontwikkelings- en Samewerkingsooreenkoms (TDGA) tussen die Europese Unie (EU) en die Republiek van Suid Afrika wat in Oktober 1999 gesluit is. Die ooreenkoms word veral in die lig van die onderhandelingsproses tussen die partye, die inhoud van die ooreenkoms, die toepaslikheid van Wêreldhandelsorganisasiereg en die versoenbaarheid daarvan met die ooreenkoms en die Port en Sjerrie-ooreenkoms ontleed. Aangesien die EU sy oogmerk van wederkerige ekonomiese en ontwikkelings-gerigte samewerking met ander lande in Afrika en die Karibiese en Stille Oseaan-Eilande gedurende die onderhandelings vir 'n opvolger van die Lomé Konvensie beklemtoon het, moes die ooreenkoms tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika as 'n "loodsprojek" vir toekomstige samewerkingsooreenkomste tussen lande wat op verskillende vlakke van onwikkeling is, gesien word. Die Handels-, Ontwikkelings- en Samewerkingsooreenkoms tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika is dus nie net baie belangrik vir die betrokke partye nie, maar dit kan ook as 'n voorbeeld vir verdere onderhandelings tussen die EU en lande van Afrika en die Karibiese- en Stille Oseaan-Eilande dien. Die doel van dié tesis is om die Handels-, Ontwikkelings- en Samewekingsooreenkoms tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika vanuit 'n meer globale perspektief te beskou. Die tesis is in ses Hoofstukke ingedeel: Die eerste hoofstuk bied 'n inleiding tot die omstandighede waaronder die onderhandelings tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika begin het. Dit behandel die Suid- Afrikaanse ekonomiese situasie onder apartheid kortliks en toon hoekom die partye tweesydige onderhandelings wou aanknoop. Verder bied die inleidende deel 'n oorsig oor die inhoud van die tesis. Die tweede hoofstuk bevat 'n gedetailleerde beskrywing van die onderhandelingsproses wat tussen die partye plaasgevind het en toon aan waarom dit drie-en-veertig maande geduur het en een-en-twintig onderhandelingsrondtes gekos het om die saak te beklink. Suid-Afrika se gedeeltelike toetrede tot die Lomé Konvensie en die sluit van aparte ooreenkomste soos die Port- en Sjerrieooreenkoms word ook ontleed. Die daaropvolgende hoofstuk bespreek die verskillende komponente van die Handels-, Ontwikkelings- en Samewerkingsooreenkoms en toon wat die onderhandelaars bereik het. Hierdie hoofstuk oor die Ooreenkoms sluit af met 'n evaluering daarvan en dui die potensiële voordele van die Ooreenkoms vir Suid- Afrika en die EU aan. Aangesien die Ooreenkoms internasionale reëls moes tevrede stel, was die voorskrifte van die Algemene Ooreenkoms oor Tariewe en Handel (GATT) van uiterste belang. Die EG-verdrag bevat egter geen voorskrif wat aandui óf, of hoé, 'n internasionale ooreenkoms soos GATTNVTO die regsorde van die Europese Gemeenskap binnedring nie. Die vraag oor in hoeverre die tweesydige ooreenkoms tussen Suid-Afrika en die EU deur die GATTIWTO voorskrifte beïnvloed is, en oor hoe hierdie reëls in die ooreenkoms opgeneem is, word dus in Hoofstuk vier aangeraak. Aangesien die partye ooreengekom het om 'n vrye handeisarea tot stand te bring, behandel hierdie hoofstuk ook die vraag oor in hoeverre die TOGA met Artikel XXIV GATT strook. Tesame met die GATT-voorskrifte word die TOGA ook deur die Ooreenkoms ten opsigte van Handelsverwante Aspekte van Intellektuele Eiendomsreg (TRIPs) geraak. Hoofstuk vyf behandel daarom hierdie aspek ten opsigte van die TOGA. Die gebruik van die terme "Port" en "Sjerrie" as die vernaamste struikelblok tot die sluiting van die TOG-ooreenkoms word ook deegliker ontleed. Die laaste gedeelte, naamlik Hoofstuk ses, bied 'n opsomming van die resultate van die ondersoek. Verder word 'n gevolgtrekking voorsien ten opsigte van vraag of die TOGA as 'n voorbeeld vir verdere handelsverwantskappe tussen die EU en ander lande in Afrika en die Karibiese en Stille Oseaan-eilande beskou kan word.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 125-127).
Addressing global design challenges in the environment and underserved communities requires a cooperative approach towards sustainable design innovation, one that embraces multidisciplinary expertise, participatory design and rapid dissemination of critical innovations in the field. How can a rural farmer in Botswana cooperatively develop appropriate solutions for his community with external research expertise? How can a doctor in Sao Paulo access a network of medical device companies to help manufacture her design innovation? While there is a great emphasis on large breakthrough R&D innovations, there is often little support for developing and disseminating small-scale, affordable, and locally sustainable designs. The open source phenomenon has been influential in the software community, however distributed collaboration in engineering design requires awareness and sharing of physical artifacts, design tools and working environments as well as novel mechanisms to support social norms, communities of practice, and intellectual property rights for product innovations. ThinkCycle was created as a web-based collaboration platform with tools and shared online spaces for designers, domain experts and stakeholders to discuss, develop and peer-review evolving design solutions in critical domains. Over 2000 users worldwide access and contribute hundreds of concepts, resources, projects and publications on the site. ThinkCycle is emerging as a collaborative platform, open design repository and global community for innovations in sustainable design: http.//www. thinkcycle.org. Studies were conducted on the nature of design interaction, learning and intellectual property emerging from studio courses run at MIT in 2001-2002.
(cont.) Cooperative design is best understood when viewed as a "social process", which is better sustained in online settings by peer-review from remote participants. There is a need for lightweight asynchronous interfaces with existing modes of communication like email. Social inquiry into notions of intellectual property reveal a typology of patterns with distinct forms of protection and disclosure, including patents and open source, adopted under different conditions. However, there is much ambiguity and conflict regarding how to deal with cooperative innovations as they evolve from being subpatentable learning experiments to functional and commercially viable solutions with potentially great social impact. The thesis provides a framework within which we can begin to explore these challenges.
by Nitin Sawhney.
Ph.D.

La loyauté occupe une place dans notre droit que l’on ne peut plus ignorer. Les références à la loyauté n’ont cessé de se multiplier. En droit de la propriété intellectuelle, ce sont d’autres mécanismes correcteurs tels que la fraude ou l’abus qui ont occupé jusqu’ici le devant de la scène. Or, la loyauté ne peut être réduite à l’absence d’abus ou de fraude. Elle est une notion autonome dotée de critères et de fonctions qui lui sont propres. L’ambition de cette étude est de démontrer que la loyauté, sous ses différentes formes, investit l’ensemble du droit de la propriété intellectuelle et est mobilisée pour répondre à des problématiques actuelles de la matière. Prenant sa source dans divers instruments juridiques, le devoir de loyauté se met au service du droit de la propriété intellectuelle. D’une part, le devoir de loyauté renforce la protection des titulaires. Il complète le monopole d’exploitation, conditionne ses limites et impose un devoir de coopération aux cocontractants ou aux plateformes Internet. D’autre part, le devoir de loyauté encadre le droit de propriété intellectuelle. Il module l’exercice du droit de propriété intellectuelle afin que celui-ci se déploie dans de justes limites et tienne compte des intérêts des contractants, des concurrents, voire de présumés contrefacteurs. Par l’application d’un droit de propriété intellectuelle efficace, raisonnable et équilibré, le devoir de loyauté contribue à la légitimité de ce droit. Il permet de répondre à certaines critiques opposées au droit de la propriété intellectuelle et de lutter contre le déclin, parfois annoncé, de la matière
Loyalty has an important place in our law that can no longer be ignored. References to loyalty have continuously increased in all areas of the law. In intellectual property law, other corrective mechanisms such as fraud or abuse have taken centre-stage so far. But loyalty cannot be reduced to the absence of abuse or fraud. It is an autonomous concept with its own criteria and functions. The aim of this study is thus to demonstrate that loyalty, in its different forms, surrounds the entirety of intellectual property law and is used to resolve current issues in this subject. Stemming from various legal instruments, the duty of loyalty serves intellectual property law. On one hand, the duty of loyalty strengthens the protection of right-holders. It complements the monopoly of exploitation, conditions its limitations and imposes a duty of cooperation on some contract partners or on internet platforms. On the other hand, the duty of loyalty frames intellectual property rights. It regulates the exercising of intellectual property rights so that it unfolds within fair boundaries and takes account of the interests of contractors, competitors, and even alleged infringers. By applying intellectual property law in an effective, reasonable and balanced manner, the duty of loyalty contributes to the legitimacy of this law. It acts as a response to certain critics that oppose intellectual property law and and to fight against what is sometimes claimed to be the decline of this subject

In this project a collaboration multimedia toolkit, JSCMT (Java Synchronized Collaborative Multimedia Toolkit) was developed which is intended to connect a group of people located in different geographical locations who are working on the same project.

Топчій, В. В. Теорія та практика запобігання злочинам у сфері інтелектуальної власності в Україні : дис. ... д-ра юрид. наук (д-ра наук) : 12.00.08, 081/ Віталій Васильович Топчій; Ун-т держ. фіскал. служби України; Харків. нац. ун-т внутр. справ. - Київ, 2020. - 499 с.
Дисертацію присвячено комплексному дослідженню кримінологічних проблем запобігання злочинам у сфері інтелектуальної власності в Україні. Уперше поставлено й вирішено наукову проблему розроблення цілісного доктринального підходу до формування концепції запобігання злочинам у сфері інтелектуальної власності, що надало можливість обґрунтувати пропозиції, спрямовані на удосконалення законодавства та практики його застосування правоохоронними органами України. З’ясовано сучасний стан наукових досліджень та обґрунтовано доктринальні підходи до визначення сфери інтелектуальної власності. Розкрито зміст детермінант, що сприяють криміналізації цієї сфери суспільних відносин. Охарактеризовано структуру та динаміку розглядуваної категорії злочинів. Запропоновано концептуальне бачення шляхів реалізації правових та організаційних заходів запобігання злочинам у сфері інтелектуальної власності на загальнодержавному, спеціально-кримінологічному та індивідуально-профілактичному рівнях.
The dissertation is devoted to a comprehensive study of criminological problems of prevention of crimes in the sphere of intellectual property in Ukraine. For the first time, the scientific problem of developing a holistic doctrinal approach to the formation of the concept of prevention of crimes in the sphere of intellectual property identified and solved, which has allowed justified proposals aimed at improving the legislation and practice of its application by law enforcement agencies of Ukraine. The current state of scientific research clarified and scientific approaches to defining the sphere of intellectual property have been justified. The content of determinants contributing to the criminalization of this sphere of social relations revealed. The structure and dynamics of the category of crimes under consideration are describe. A conceptual vision of ways to implement legal and organizational measures to prevent crimes in the sphere of intellectual property at the national, special-criminological and individual-preventive levels proposed.
Диссертация посвящена комплексному исследованию криминологических проблем предупреждения преступлений в сфере интеллектуальной собственности в Украине. Впервые поставлена и решена научная проблема разработки целостного доктринального подхода к формированию концепции предупреждения преступлений в сфере интеллектуальной собственности, что позволило обосновать предложения, направленные на совершенствование законодательства и практики его применения правоохранительными органами Украины. Выяснено современное состояние научных исследований и обоснованны доктринальные подходы к определению сферы интеллектуальной собственности. Раскрыто содержание детерминант, способствующих криминализации этой сферы общественных отношений. Охарактеризована структура и динамика рассматриваемой категории преступлений. Предложено концептуальное видение путей реализации правовых и организационных мер предупреждения преступлений в сфере интеллектуальной собственности на общегосударственном, специально-криминологической и индивидуально-профилактической уровнях.

Ce mémoire est une mise à jour philosophique du modèle conceptuel défini par Aloïs Riegl dans son ouvrage sur Le culte moderne des monuments. Pour faire cet aggiornamento, nous présentons dans une première partie ce modèle et l'énigme qu'il contient. Dans la deuxième, nous décrivons le paradigme que les premières communautés patrimoniales adoptèrent dans l'Entre-Deux-Guerres pour la résoudre, puis nous introduisons dans la troisième les concepts qui ancrent leur paradigme dans le monde actuel et nous formulons l'énigme qu'il pose maintenant aux professionnels. Historiquement, nous démontrons ainsi la continuité de l'institution patrimoniale, d'A. Riegl à nos jours. En dépouillant les archives de la Commission internationale de Coopération intellectuelle, nous prouvons que l'ONU et l'UNESCO n'ont pas créé les réseaux de conservation que nous connaissons, mais ont hérités de ceux que la SDN et la CICI tissèrent avant-guerre en fédérant les institutions et les associations qui existaient alors. Philosophiquement, nous mettons au jour le fondement ontologique et épistémologique de l'institution patrimoniale en étudiant différents modèles conceptuels. Nous expliquons comment le réalisme structural peut concilier les théories réalistes et constructivistes qui pourraient s'opposer ici et comment l'approche processus permet d'unifier ses secteurs sans nier les différences de nature qui existent entre ses objets. Notre thèse est que l'on peut modéliser le domaine en interconnectant les points de vue de ses acteurs. Pour l'établir, nous répondons à la question de savoir ce qu'est le patrimoine, comment fonctionne son institution et sur quoi se fonde sa conservation
This doctoral thesis on epistemology of conservation is a philosophical update of the conceptual model defined by Alois Riegl in his book on The Modern Cult of Monuments. The first part presents the model and its riddle in order to perform this aggiornamento. The second part describes the paradigm adopted by the first heritage communities between the two world wars in their attempt to resolve it. The third part introduces the concepts that connect their paradigm with the present world and formulate the riddle challenging current professionals. The author proves the historic continuity of the heritage institution from A. Riegl to our days. By examining the archives of the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation (ICIC), he demonstrates that the UN and UNESCO didn't create the heritage networks that we know today but that they originate from the networks of institutions and associations organized by the League of Nations and ICIC before World War I. Philosophically, he brings to light the ontological and epistemological foundation of the heritage institutions by studying several conceptual models. He explains how structural realism can reconcile realism with constructivism, even as they seem to be opposite theories, and alson how the processus approach can unify its parts without negating the differences of nature between its objects. His thesis is that almost all of the domain can be modelized by interconnecting the points of view of all its actors. To establish this point, he answer the following questions : what is heritage ? How does its institution function ? What is its conservation funded upon ?

Malgré l’amélioration du régime des droits de propriété intellectuelle (DPI) en Chine après l’accession de celle-ci à l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) en 2001, la question relative aux DPI demeure l’un des « sujets de vive préoccupation » dans le commerce sino-européen. Selon la stratégie européenne visant à assurer le respect des DPI dans les pays tiers, adoptée en 2005 et renouvelée en 2014, la Chine est ciblée par la Commission européenne comme le premier pays tiers dans lequel les autorités locales ne prennent pas de mesure efficace pour s’attaquer aux problèmes de violations des DPI. En raison des enjeux politiques et économiques importants pour l’UE, son intervention est nécessaire pour améliorer le régime des DPI et l’environnement de l’investissement en Chine. L’analyse de l’action extérieure de l’UE s’appuie sur l’étude des instruments auxquels elle recourt en vue de renforcer la protection et le respect des DPI en Chine. L’objet de notre recherche est d’examiner la manière dont l’Union choisit d’exploiter les instruments à géométrie variable au sein des enceintes multilatérale et bilatérale. Deux axes distincts mais complémentaires orientent la mise en œuvre de l’action extérieure de l’UE vis-à-vis de la Chine : l’approche coopérative, d’une part, et de l’approche conventionnelle, d’autre part. L’approche coopérative vise d’abord à rapprocher le régime juridique chinois des standards les plus élevés du droit de l’UE. En dépit d’un certain nombre de difficultés limitant l’efficacité de l’action extérieure de l’UE, la coopération bilatérale avec la Chine permet de contribuer à l’amélioration du régime juridique chinois. La convergence normative devrait ensuite faciliter l’apparition d’une approche commune entre l’UE et la Chine sur le plan conventionnel. Il importe à cet égard de souligner la position divergente de la Chine face à la promotion de l’UE, par la voie conventionnelle, d’un renforcement de la protection et du respect des DPI. Malgré la convergence accrue des positions européenne et chinoise favorables à la protection « ADPIC-plus » des DPI, la Chine se montre réticente voire hostile envers les initiatives conventionnelles de l’UE tendant à renforcer les mesures relatives au respect des DPI
Despite the improvement of China’s intellectual property rights (IPR) regime after this country’s World Trade Organization (WTO) accession in 2001, the IPR remains one of “major concerns” in Sino-European trade relation. According to European strategy for the enforcement of intellectual property rights in third countries, adopted in 2005 and renewed in 2014, China is identified by the European Commission as first priority country, in which the local authority does not take effective measures to tackle the problems caused by IPR violations. Taking into account the EU’s important political and economic concerns, his action is necessary in order to improve the IPR regime and the investment environment in China. The analysis of EU’s external action is based on the instruments used to strengthen IPR’s protection and enforcement in China. The purpose of our research is to examine the EU’s method to use the different instruments within the multilateral and bilateral fora. Two distinct but complementary axes orientate the undertaking of EU’s external action vis-à-vis China: cooperative approach, on the one hand, and the conventional approach, on the other hand. Firstly, the cooperative approach aims to bring Chinese legal system closer to higher standards in EU law. In spite of certain difficulties limiting the efficacy of EU external action, the bilateral cooperation with China can contribute to a better legal system in China. Then, the normative convergence should be able to facilitate the emergence of a common approach between the EU and China in the conventional framework. In this respect, it is important to emphasis Chinese divergent position with regard to EU’s conventional approach aiming to strengthen IPR protection and enforcement. Despite the increasing convergence of European and Chinese positions favorable toward “TRIPs-plus” protection, China seems reluctant even hostile to EU’s conventional initiatives intending to strengthen IPR enforcement measures

碩士
中國文化大學
法律學系
99
The economics of the main land of China has been growing up fast in recent years. China had just overtaken Japan to become the world's second largest economy. From 2008 A.D., the political, economical and trading interaction in cross-strait has been more frequent, and with the same language in addition, the problems in respect of infringing upon intellectual property right in cross-strait has also been emerging in endless. With the high frequency of economical and trading interaction in cross-strait in recent years, the protection of people’s intellectual property right is necessary, and is also the issue that both China and Taiwan should face nowadays. However, with the difficulty in respect of politics and law in cross-strait ahead, it is necessary to repair the law and establish relevant solution mechanism to the emerging problems in respect of infringing upon intellectual property right in cross-strait. The Executive Yuan on July 1st 2010 adopted the resolution which is "Cross-strait Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement" and "Cross-Strait Agreement on Intellectual Property Right Protection and Cooperation" signed by the fifth Chiang-Chen Talks. It was also provided to the Legislative Yuan for consideration based on the "Act governing relations between the people of the Taiwan area and the mainland area "article 5, paragraph 2. Legislative Yuan completed the Second Reading of "Cross-Strait Agreement on Intellectual Property Right Protection and Cooperation" on August 17th, Straits Exchange Foundation and Association for Relations across the Taiwan Straits also exchanged the notes on September 11th, the two agreements came into effect on the next day. It wrote a new page of IPR history in the cross-strait, and will certainly influence the economics and trade in cross-strait considerably. Therefore, the paper tries to explore on "Cross-Strait Agreement on Intellectual Property Right Protection and Cooperation ", and to classify and analyze the IPR problems that people of Taiwan encounter in the mainland of China, and also to give comments on the agreement. It also tries to recommend the following support mechanisms and future legislation by comparing to the international legislation. Finally, it will make a conclusion which should help to protect the people’s intellectual property rights substantially in cross-strait in the future.

Thesis (DBA) -- Swinburne University of Technology, Graduate School of Entrepreneurship, 2002.
Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Business Administration, Graduate School of Entrepreneurship, 2002. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (p. 286-294).

碩士
國立臺北教育大學
特殊教育學系碩士班
101
This research is based on the method of action research. It is a process of the “family-centered” cooperation between parents and teachers to educate the child with severe intellectual disability about self-care skills. At the same time, this research intended to explore the process and the affection of parent-teacher cooperation. It also shows the difficulties and the adjustment in teaching child self-care skills. This research is concluded as follows: 1.The “family-centered” parent-teacher cooperation process includes four stages. The first stage is to create mutual trust between parents and teachers. The second stage is to discuss the implementation of cooperation throughout the process. The third stage is to adjust the conflicts within the family and to respect the family traits also. The last stage is to maintain the cooperation of teachers and parents. 2.The “family-centered” parent-teacher cooperation can enhance the abilities of parents to teach their children. It can also promote the interaction between parents and children. 3.The “family-centered” parent-teacher cooperation can promote teacher to respect the family, design a better curriculum, and enhance the quality of professional team cooperation. 4.The “family-centered” parent-teacher cooperation can improve the performance of self-care skills of children with severe intellectual disability. According to these research results in conclusion, it provides recommendations for teachers, parents and future research activities for reference.

The present work tells the story of the rise and fall of a pan-Balkan discourse from the mid-1920s to the eve of the Second World War through an examination of the intellectual output of southeast European diplomat-littérateurs—a range of intellectuals and literati who functioned as conduits between the realms of culture and politics—during the years of dislocation and turmoil following the Great War. It traces the emergence of transnational networks that coalesced around interwar pan-Balkanism, or the wide-ranging and diffuse movement that aimed to forge a union out of Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece and Turkey, as well as to build substantive intellectual and cultural links among these states. Beginning with the Locarno treaties and the attendant optimism for a united Europe, the Universal Peace Congress of 1929 in Athens, followed by an evaluation of the consecutive Balkan conferences of the early 1930s alongside the work of its varied proponents, this dissertation illustrates how the stigmatized regional moniker, “the Balkans,” was, in fact, re-inscribed and endowed with a new, positively-inflected meaning in the course of efforts to bring about a rapprochement. Moving beyond the scope of earlier scholarship that pitted the Balkans against the West, instead this work demonstrates the interconnectedness of Balkan and European intellectual networks, as well as local actors’ overwhelming subscription to the tenets of cultural internationalism. This work examines Greek, Yugoslav and Albanian foreign policy, geopolitical agendas, popular press as well as literature in order to demonstrate that alternatives to the nation-state as a method of state-building and intellectual organization were, in fact, under consideration. Ultimately, this dissertation depicts intellectual life in the Balkans as it unfolds over the course of the interwar decades and explains why the Balkan idea reemerged during this critical interlude.

碩士
國立清華大學
科技法律研究所
101
This study explores the issues regarding intellectual management and cross-strait high-tech cooperation. Chapter One “Introduction” presents the research motives, the research purposes, the research methods, the research scope and limitations, and the research structure of this study. Chapter Two “Literature Review” shows the analyses and comparisons of literature obtained from the National Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations in Taiwan, the Taiwan Law Database, the LawBank Legal Database, and other library and online databases, and the research value of this study based on the research content and the cross-field uniqueness. Chapter Three discusses the content of intellectual property management, the core of this study. Many enterprises have gradually transformed, with intangible property as their main structures. Therefore, how to well manage their intellectual property has become a decisive factor. However, there is no unanimously agreed view on intellectual property management. Therefore, this chapter begins with studying the content of knowledge and analyses of the relationship between knowledge and intellectual property. Secondly, this chapter discusses how to apply knowledge management and the corresponding effects. Through knowledge management, organizations can make innovation in their knowledge and transform the knowledge into intellectual property inside them. Together with the systematic application of intellectual property management, the effects of their intellectual property can be maximized, bringing innovation and competitiveness to these organizations. In the summary of this chapter, the scope of intellectual property and the content of intellectual property management are defined, as the bases for the follow-up discussions. Chapter Four explores the content of high-tech cooperation. From the essence of technology, it is understood that engaging in high-tech R&D is a high-risk behavior. It requires cooperation to obtain a great deal of funds and manpower to support R&D. In the aspect of high-tech cooperation in Taiwan, according to the analysis of the current statuses, breakthrough can be made to change the present situation in Taiwan if cross-strait high-tech cooperation can be facilitated. Thus, based on the intellectual property summarized in Chapter Three, this chapter analyzes the four-step theory of cross-strait technical cooperation proposed by “A Study on the Theories, Practices & Governance Mechanism in Facilitating Cross-strait Energy Technology Cooperation”, and believes that the theory fully applies the thoughts of intellectual property management and applies it to cross-strait high-tech cooperation, constructing clear and specific processes and structures. Chapter Five analyzes the PV technology case of implementation according to the four-step theory for cooperation discussed in “A Study on the Theories, Practices & Governance Mechanism in Facilitating Cross-strait Energy Technology Cooperation”, and checks the feasibility of the four-step theory for cooperation applied in the case in order to prove the importance of intellectual property management for high-tech cooperation. Finally, Chapter Six is the conclusion. This chapter evaluates the feasibility of the four-step theory for cooperation in intellectual property management and reviews the practice of the four-step theory in the PV technology case of cross-strait high-tech cooperation. Lastly, the theories and the practical experiences are summed up and a basic structure and some suggestions regarding future cross-strait high-tech cooperation are provided. It is hoped that, through this study, innovative and competitive high-tech industries can go beyond the traditional thoughts of intellectual property limited in attacking and defending of intellectual property rights and use the advantages of intellectual property management instead, so that enterprises can systematically plan and arrange their intellectual property, directly include intellectual property management in their management strategies, make plans of R&D, manufacturing, and production from sources, remove potential threats, predict future market trends, and create win-win situations by cooperating with other enterprises to replace competing. This way, intellectual property management can lead enterprises toward breakthrough, changes, and innovation.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
海洋法律研究所
103
With cross-strait trade and investment in close, it is more important to protect patent. However, Taiwan and Mainland China do not recognize patent priority by each other, and patent infringement disputes are also common. Therefore, it is a significant issue that how to improve and protect the patent of Taiwan people. After the "Cross-Strait Intellectual Property Right Protection Cooperation Agreement" was signed, the problem of patent priority recognition has been resolved. However, it needs to understand the legal nature of this agreement first, so that it can totally comprehend its impact on patent protection. Also, it should understand the remedies for disputes on cross-strait patent infringement in depth, and try to figure out the articles related to patent that should be improved in this agreement for pro-tecting the rights and the interests of Taiwan people. In addition to introducing the concept of patent system and right of priority, this paper focuses on the legal nature of cross-strait agreement, the impacts and challenges of “Cross-Strait Intellectual Property Right Protection Cooperation Agreement”, and also studies on the remedies for disputes on patent infringement.

碩士
國立臺中教育大學
事業經營碩士學位學程
100
A procedure is response to the trends of the knowledge economy, university forced to face the transition, gradually formed a new trend of industrialization of higher education. Government to positively promote industry-university cooperation, transfer of university research capacity and research achievements become a source of new technologies and innovation in the industry, and thus enhance the competitiveness of the country as a whole. The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors of university innovation performance in the universities and colleges in Taiwan. This study differentiates the factors into 4 major elements, university research manpower, university research funding, industry-university cooperation and intellectual property management. University innovation performance is the dependent variable. This study builds four hypotheses according to the 4 major elements mentioned. The study had collected the data of 43 universities and colleges in Taiwan in 2011. The results show that more research funding, the better intellectual property derived income. Otherwise, university research manpower has no effect with innovation performance. Industry-university cooperative for the patents’ number and start-ups has a positive effect, but for the intellectual property derived income has no effect. In addition, the size of the university of intellectual property management has no regulation affecting the university research capability and industry-university cooperation for innovation performance. School ownership has a negative impact on the relationship with innovation performance. The managerial implications of this study suggested that university research achievements in industry should be strengthened in order to create greater economic benefits.

This study is offered as a potential contribution to the struggle for Indigenous reclamation, revitalization and renewal of knowledge systems, cultures, lands and resources. It acknowledges that Canadian Indigenous history does not begin with the arrival of the Europeans. Neither does their future depend exclusively on Western worldviews. Rather, the study argues, the future depends on the convergence of Indigenous worldviews, encapsulated through orality in their languages and knowledges, with imported Western worldviews and knowledges encapsulated through literality. Using qualitative ethnographic, sociolinguistic and phenomenological research approaches, this study focuses on some primary questions: Firstly, can locating the discourse between Indigenous and Western knowledge systems in an abstract, neutral and voluntary `ethical space' between them contribute to identification of their complementary diversities? Secondly, can the convergence of these knowledge systems in creative interconnections in research, development and teaching enable each system to preserve its own integrity? Thirdly, can a portable (collaborative, multi-venue) institutional model for Indigenous tertiary education be developed? This model will be capable of being locally-customised. It will be intended for local development by Indigenous communities wishing to add a community-based delivery mode interconnected with others to the delivery of tertiary education to their citizens. To address these questions, findings from literature on Indigenous knowledges globally and literature on Indigenous tertiary education in North America is converged with field research findings. Findings from the literature and field research are converged to describe how the imposition of Western worldviews has contributed to a systemic erosion of Indigenous worldviews, languages, knowledges and practises. However, interviewees do not advocate `either-or' choices. They are clear that `both-and' solutions, under community jurisdiction, hold the greatest promise for stimulating the resurgent forces that can play a lead role in reclaiming, renewing and revitalizing Indigenous responsibility for Indigenous peoples, resources, economies, communities and governance. They are just as clear that the reclamation, renewal and revitalization of Indigenous knowledges through tertiary education can lead the way in Indigenous governance, community, social, health, justice, and economic development. Data illustrate that conventional/mainstream tertiary institutions often argue for the inclusion of Indigenous program content managed by Indigenous people. They argue that this will assure that a few incremental reforms may turn the institutions into instruments that serve Indigenous peoples and communities effectively. This study shows that such arguments ignore Indigenous contexts and Indigenous teaching/learning processes while continuing to embrace the Western development paradigm. It also calls for a complementary Indigenous Multiversity that, while pluralist and open to all knowledges, is rooted in Indigenous thought and knowledge. It can be the basis for reaching out to and interfacing with other peoples and their knowledges. This study sees the `ethical space' in an Indigenous Multiversity as an optimal location for confronting and reaching out to all knowledges and worldviews while resolving content/context/teaching-learning process issues. Starting in one community, the Multiversity could finally be made up of a consortium. The consortium could unite interdependent Indigenous community-based tertiary institutions. The institutions could be partnered with conventional/mainstream professional and technical institutions and colleges. Such partnerships could assure that, in addition to having access to local and other Indigenous languages, values, knowledges and worldviews, students may be able to access Western languages, values, knowledges and worldviews.
Educational Studies
D.Ed. (Comparative Education)

International scientific collaboration has grown considerably over the past three decades. Australia’s international co-publications have increased 18 fold from 864 in 1980 to 16,369 in 2010. For China, the increase is 781 fold from 37 to 28,927 over the same period. Although scientists are at the front line of scientific collaborations, they are not the only actors in the process. Universities and research organisations (among other organisations) that employ scientists also have an interest in the outcomes that are generated from international collaboration. Similarly, governments are motivated by the potential benefits of collaboration with respect to developing scientific and technical human capital (STHC). Nations contribute to collaboration by promoting mobility and supporting collaborative research through science policies; Australia and China both follow this pattern. This means various expectations are involved in the collaborative process. However, little is known about the social process that underpins international collaboration or how differing expectations are reconciled in this context. Australia and China, like other countries, have adopted the national innovation system (NIS) approach to developing their national science, technology and innovation (ST&I) capacity This generally forms the conceptual framework for the implementation of national science policies. However, the NIS approach generally fails to take into account the production of scientific knowledge that occurs through a social process that transcends national boundaries. While research outputs are useful for showing the more ‘visible’ form of knowledge, the tacit process involved for the production of that knowledge requires more investigation. The findings of this study contribute to overcoming the problem of accounting for transnational knowledge production and consequent contributions to national systems of innovation. The research underpinning this thesis is inductive and exploratory in nature. The analysis is focused at three levels: macro, intermediate, and micro. The macro level investigates the comparative policy context of Australia’s and China’s NISs and in particular, policy incentives for promoting international scientific collaboration. At the intermediate level, the investigation is focused on collaboration among institutions, within different disciplines, and between scientists and institutions in Australia and China. This part of the investigation draws on bibliometric, patent and a secondary analysis of survey data. The micro level of analysis is the most detailed part of the investigation and focuses on international collaboration between individual scientists in both countries as well as their extended global networks. For this part of the study, detailed interviews were carried out with 79 collaborating scientists working in Australia and the Beijing and Tianjin municipalities in China. This study finds that international collaboration is underpinned by a complex process that involves the cooperation not only between individual scientists, but also between scientists, their employing institutions and the countries in which they live and with whom they collaborate. The thesis argues that international scientific collaboration is essentially a system of exchange. Throughout this system a range of ‘scientific currencies’ are offered, received and reciprocated between scientists, between institutions, between states; and between scientists, their organisational employers, and government agencies. The ‘currencies’ include a range of ‘goods’, of both explicit and tacit nature. Through this exchange process, different expectations are fulfilled and reconciled.

Die vorliegende Arbeit gliedert sich in zwei Teile. Der erste Teil widmet sich der Fragestellung inwiefern formelle Gruppeneigentumsrechte Herkunftsgemeinschaften vor unautorisierten Verwendungen ihrer traditionellen kulturellen Ausdrucksweisen (TKAs) schützen können. Kapitel 2 und 3 führen hierzu einen ökonomischen Vergleich fünf so genannter sui generis Rechte zum Schutz jener TKAs durch und leiten Politikempfehlungen ab. Zum einen bilden die Beiträge eine Rangfolge der Transaktionskosten, die bei Verhandlung über Verwendungen der TKAs entstehen können. Zum anderen vergleichen die Kapitel, ob die Schutzpräferenzen der Ursprungsgemeinschaft durch die Modelgesetze geschützt wären. Hierbei zeigt sich, dass ein Prinzipal-Agenten-Problem auftritt sollten staatliche Behörden über zu viel Verhandlungsmacht verfügen. In diesem Fall werden Bürokraten eher ihre eigenen Interessen als die der Eigentümer der TKAs durchsetzen. Letztendlich existiert zwischen beiden Effekten ein klarer Trade-Off: Je mehr ein Gesetz die Schutzinteressen der Ursprungsgemeinschaften schützt desto höher sind seine Transaktions- und somit sozialen Kosten. Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit behandelt – auf Basis ökonomischer Laborexperimente – den Fragenkomplex wie Gruppenmitglieder öffentliche Güter im Kontext kulturellen Eigentums – so wie TKAs – bereitstellen. Der Fokus liegt hierbei auf dem Einfluss sozialer Identität auf das Ausmaß an positiver sowie negativer Reziprozität der Individuen als Determinanten der sozialen Wohlfahrt. Die bedingte Kooperation der Gruppenmitglieder sowie das gegenseitige Bestrafungsverhalten untereinander bilden hierfür Maße für positive und negative Reziprozität. Kapitel 4 zeigt, dass Individuen unter dem Einfluss sozialer Identität grundsätzlich divergierende Kooperationspräferenzen abhängig davon mit wem sie interagieren aufzeigen. Auf Basis eines Within-Subject-Designs und mehreren ein-Perioden Spielen in Strategiemethode, zeigt der Beitrag, dass Individuen in identitäts-homogenen Gruppen (In-Group) die Präferenz für eine höhere bedingte Kooperation und weniger Eigennutzorientierung als in einer heterogenen Gruppe (Out-Group) zeigen. Zusätzlich neigen Individuen in heterogenen Gruppen eher zu einem vollständigen Trittbrettfahrerverhalten. Somit könnten Politikinstitutionen, die den Zusammenhalt einer Gruppe betonen, die soziale Wohlfahrt steigern. Auf der Basis eines zehn-Perioden-Spiels zeigt Kapitel 5, dass hauptsächlich vergleichsweise höhere Erwartungen an die Kooperation der Mitglieder in einer In-Group als an die in einer Out-Group Wohlfahrtsgewinne in homogenen Gruppen im Zuge mehrperiodischer Interaktionen auslösen. Die bedingte Kooperation – hier die Erwiderung der eigenen Erwartungen an die Kooperation der Gruppenmitglieder durch eigene Beiträge – ist hingegen in In- und Out- Groups ähnlich. Insgesamt belegt dieser Beitrag somit, dass Erwartungen der Individuen der entscheidende Faktor für das Beitragsverhalten der Gruppenmitglieder unter sozialer Identität ist. Kapitel 6 analysiert inwiefern die Möglichkeit einer gegenseitigen Bestrafung die Kooperationsbereitschaft unter dem Einfluss sozialer Identität ändert. Hierzu verwendet der Beitrag ein-Perioden-Spiele in Strategiemethode sowohl mit als auch ohne Bestrafung. Es zeigt sich, dass die Antizipation einer Bestrafung in heterogenen Gruppen zur größten Anhebung der Kooperationsbereitschaft führt, was am deutlichsten durch das Verhalten der Free-Rider ausgelöst wird. Darüber hinaus hebt die Bestrafungsinstitution unterschiede in der Kooperationsbereitschaft zwischen homo- und heterogenen Gruppen auf, die sich typischer Weise zugunsten homogener Gruppen verlagert. Letztlich deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass im Vergleich zu einer Situation in der ausschließlich eine Bestrafungsinstitution vorliegt, eine zusätzliche Identitätszuschreibung die Wohlfahrt zusätzlich erhöht. Mit Fokus auf negativer Reziprozität untersucht Kapitel 7 die Frage inwiefern soziale Identität das Bestrafungsverhalten gegenüber Gruppenmitgliedern beeinflusst, die weniger zum öffentlichen Gut beitragen als der Bestrafende. Hier zeigt sich, dass Mitglieder identitäts-homogener Gruppen seltener und in geringerer Höhe bestrafen, als es in heterogenen Gruppen der Fall ist. Darüber hinaus ist das Bestrafungsverhalten in heterogenen Gruppen signifikant stärker durch Ärger-ähnliche Emotionen motiviert als in homogenen Gruppen. Insgesamt zeigt der zweite Teil dieser Dissertation, dass Identitätszuschreibungen sowohl positive als auch negative Reziprozität beeinflussen und somit die soziale Wohlfahrt bei der Bereitstellung öffentlicher Güter – auch im Kontext kulturellen Eigentums – beeinflussen. Diese Ergebnisse sind demzufolge für Verhaltensabschätzungen im Rahmen von Politikempfehlungen relevant, die sich auf Situation mit dem Charakter öffentlicher Güter beziehen.