Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Integrated rural electrification system'
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Liang, Tian Shen. "Rural Electrification in East Malaysia : Achieving optimal power generation system and sustainability of rural electrification projects." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-192252.
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The objectives of this project are to propose improvements to one of the civil society organisations, Lightup Borneo, helping it to attain an optimal power generation system capable of supplying reliable and continuous electricity, as well as to achieve sustainability of rural electrification projects. The project spans six months; methodology includes desk research, field research, case study and simulation using HOMER. The review of government programmes provided references for accomplishing the project objectives. Kampung Mantapok was chosen as the subject of case study. Current system installed at this village only consists of 10 kW micro-hydropower system. Total electricity demand of the village is 53.72 kWh/d, with two daily peak load occurring at 11 am and 5 pm. Eight system configurations were derived based on two-level full factorial design and evaluated with HOMER. A system configuration consisting of 10 kW micro-hydro generator, 3 kW inverter and two units of 280 Ah battery was selected. Its COE and NPC are the lowest – RM 0.181 (US$ 0.045) and RM 46,230 (US$ 11,558) respectively. It has 0 % of annual capacity shortage and unmet load. When system cost increases, when river discharge reduces. COE reduces when electricity load, capacity shortage and battery lifetime increase. Villagers’ level of satisfaction and confidence, assuming to be inversely proportional to capacity shortage and unmet load, are equally important as the system cost. Current system has 5 % of capacity shortage and lower resiliency, indicating incapability of handling load growth and variations of river discharge. Improvements for current system are justified given the above facts. The upfront cost for improvements is 19 % of the capital cost of current system. The improved system also outweighs diesel-fuelled system by saving 11 tons of carbon dioxide emission and having 73 % lower COE and NPC. In order to achieve sustainability of rural electrification projects, four recommendations were proposed, namely integration of development programmes, establishment of community organizations, enhancing knowledge sharing and communication. Project findings are useful for Lightup Borneo’s upcoming projects, life-cycle analysis of power generation system and study of community-based electricity generation, as well as energy policy reform in Malaysia.Syftet med detta projekt är att föreslå förbättringar till en icke-statlig organisation i Malaysia, Lightup Borneo, för utformning av ett optimalt elproduktionssystem som kontinuerligt kan leverera el. Dessutom diskuteras hur hållbarhet kan uppnås i elektrifieringsprojekt på landsbyggden. Projektet har sträckt sig över sex månader, och inkluderar resultat från faktainsamling, fältarbete, samt en datorsstödd fallstudieanalys med hjälp av mjukvaran Homer. Statliga program för elektrifiering har undersökts, och verkar som referenser för genomförande av projektets mål. Kampung Mantapok valdes som föremål för fallstudien. Det system som för närvarande är installerat i denna by består endast av en 10 kW mikrovattenkraftverk med en enkel kontrollmodul. Byns totala elbehov är 53.72 kWh/d, med dagliga toppbelastningar kl 11 samt 17. Ett antal systemkonfigurationer, baserade på faktorförsök har utvärderas med HOMER. En systemkonfiguration bestående av en 10 kW mikrogenerator för vattenkraft, en 3 kW inverter samt två 280 Ah batterier valdes. I denna utformning erhölls det lägsta COE och NPC – RM 0.181 (US$ 0.045) respektive RM 46,230 (US$ 11,558). Denna konfiguration tillgodoser 100% av elbehovet på årsbasis. Systemkostnaden ökar då flödesuttaget från floden minskar. COE minskar när ellasten, kapacitetbrist och batteriets livstid ökar.Lika viktiga som systemkostnaden är bybornas tillfredsställelse och tillit till systemet för eltillförsel. Det nuvarande systemet har en 5%-ig kapacitetsbrist på årsbasis och visar sämre flexibilitet vad gäller att hantera varierande flöden och en framtida behovstillväxt. Därför är förbättringar i det nuvarande systemet motiverade. Investeringskostnaderna för förbättringar utgör 19% av investeringskostnaden för nuvarande system, men 11 ton koldioxid kan sparas genom minskat behov av diesel, och COE och NPC minskar med 73%. För att uppnå hållbarhet i elektrifieringsprojekt på landsbygden föreslås fyra rekommendationer: integrering av utvecklingsprogram, upprättande av samhällsorganisation per by, samt förbättrat utbyte av kunskap och kommunikation. Projektets resultat är användbara för Lightup Borneos kommande projekt, livscykelanalys av system för elproduktion och studie av samhällsbaserade elproduktion, och om energireform i Malaysia.
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Oama, Clint Arthur. "Hybrid Energy System for Off – Grid Rural Electrification(Case study Kenya)." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-217001.
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The aim of this thesis study is to design a hybrid energy system comprised of wind turbines, diesel generators and batteries to provide electricity for an off - grid rural community in Kenya. Wind Measurements collected over six years from 12 locations in Kenya have been studied and one site selected for this project due to its wind potential, geographical location and socio-economic potential. The energy system is designed to cater for the electricity demand of 500 households, one school, one medical clinic and an irrigation system. The system will support up to 3000 people. The Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) is the software tool that has been used to simulate the hybrid system and analyze its results. The optimization has been carried out and presented according to cost of electricity and sensitivity graphs have been used demonstrate the optimization based on diesel price and wind turbine hub height.
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Williams, Jada Bennette. "Strategies for Improved Microgrid System Selection for the Electrification of Rural Areas." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1437961472.
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Pokharel, Shaligram. "Integrated rural energy decision support system." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/nq22228.pdf.
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Suwannakum, Tawatchai. "Mini-grid system for rural electrification in the great Mekong sub-regional countries." Kassel Kassel Univ. Press, 2007. http://d-nb.info/987579800/04.
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Azimoh, Chukwuma Leonard. "Sustainability and development impacts of off-grid electrification in developing countries : An assessment of South Africa's rural electrification program." Doctoral thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Framtidens energi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-30762.
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Previous studies have shown that provision of sustainable electricity supply to rural households is essential to bring development to off-grid populations. For this reason, most developing countries put large efforts into rural electrification programs to stimulate development and reduce poverty. However, to be sustainable these programs need to recover costs, which poses a challenge to remote low income populations. This often forces governments and other institutions involved in rural electrification to subsidize the electricity production. It also affects the choice of technology and places a barrier on the level of energy provided in line with the ability to pay for services. As a result of this, most programs have failed to achieve the desired objectives, as the technologies used often do not support income generating activities that could increase the payment capabilities of the beneficiaries and contribute to development. This thesis is focused on the rural electrification program of South Africa, the country in sub-Saharan Africa that has the highest access to electricity. It investigates the success elements that influence the sustainability of rural electrification programs and their contributions to socio-economic development. This was achieved by evaluating the South African program that provides solar home systems to off-grid communities, and a hybrid solar-wind mini-grid project in South Africa. The study also draw lessons from other rural electrification programs in neighbouring countries, i.e. an evaluation of a hybrid solar-diesel mini-grid system in Namibia, and a review of two systems, a hybrid solar-biomass mini-grid project in Botswana and a hydro mini-grid program in Lesotho. The study revealed that hydro based hybrid mini-grid systems provide the most cost effective way of bringing energy services to rural settlements. Regardless of technology, successful programs depend on adequate support from the government, implementation of a progressive tariff system that allows the high consuming high income earners and businesses, to cross subsidize the low consuming , low income users. It shows that it is more likely for rural electrification programs to survive if the design considers the existing businesses, population growth and the corresponding load increase. The thesis further shows that provision of sufficient energy to induce income generating activities is essential to decrease the need for subsidies and to ensure the sustainability of programs. In addition, availability of spare parts and a capable management team is essential for the successful operations and maintenance of these systems.
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Koko, S. P., K. Kusakana, and H. J. Vermaak. "Techno-economic analysis of an off-grid micro-hydrokinetic river system for remote rural electrification." Interim : Interdisciplinary Journal, Vol 13, Issue 3: Central University of Technology Free State Bloemfontein, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/311.
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Published ArticleThis study investigates the use of off-grid micro-hydrokinetic river system as a cost-effective and sustainable electricity supply option for remote rural residents in close proximity to flowing water and not having access to grid electricity. This hydrokinetic technology is still in the development stage and there is a lack of application especially in rural areas with reasonable water resource. This study will present the economic and environmental benefits of the proposed system. A mathematical model is developed to simulate the system performance as submitted to different solicitations. A test prototype will also be used in order to validate the simulation results.
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Suwannakum, Tawatchai [Verfasser]. "Mini-Grid System for Rural Electrification in the Great Mekong Sub Regional Countries / Tawatchai Suwannakum." Kassel : Kassel University Press, 2008. http://d-nb.info/100661608X/34.
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Kayumba, Epimaque. "Design of a Battery Charging System Using a Micro-Hydro Power for Rwandan Rural Area Electrification." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-17973.
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Gaslac, Lucero, Sebastian Willis, Grimaldo Quispe, and Carlos Raymundo. "A hybrid energy system based on renewable energy for the electrification of low-income rural communities." Institute of Physics Publishing, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/624632.
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Electrification of low-income rural areas that have a limited connection or no access to electrical grids is one of the most demanding challenges in developing countries such as Peru. The international commitment to stop global warming and the reduction in the cost of renewable sources of energy have reduced the prices of fossil fuels in some cases. This has opened the way to the current research which proposes a hybrid energy system (HES) based on the use of renewable sources of energy. Therefore, a renewable electricity system (HRES) was set up at the village of Monte-Catache in the Cajamarca region, which is one of the poorest areas of Peru. Surveys and field studies were used to evaluate the socioeconomic characteristics, availability of renewable energy resources, and energy demand of this region. Potential energy sources were evaluated, and isolated photovoltaic systems with a battery bank were found to be the most appropriate according to the results obtained in the simulation with HOMER. This proposal constitutes an interesting contribution for future energy solutions in isolated and low-income rural areas.Revisión por pares
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Mahmud, Abdul M. "A post-installation analysis of solar PV-diesel hybrid systems for school electrification in Sabah, Malaysia." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2016. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/24725.
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Alternative energy technology has been used widely in rural electrification program (REP) all over the world for many years now. Renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind and biomass, are the preferred choices given the abundant resources available on site and the sophistication of the technologies involved. Combinations of two or more of the resources, together with an energy storage system and occasionally a conventional energy generator, create a hybrid system, which is reliable and durable. In Malaysia, solar photovoltaic (PV) base systems, implemented on a large scale, can provide round-the-clock electricity services for areas that are inaccessible by the electricity grid network. One of Malaysia s REP initiatives is solar PV-diesel hybrid systems for 160 schools in rural Sabah. The systems have been in operation for several years, but studies in the program are limited. Thus, understanding the system operation and functional is a highly valuable experience and lessons can be learned for implementation of the rural electrification program (REP). The overall aim of the research is to evaluate the REP in social, organizational, technical and economic aspects of the program that the findings can facilitate the stakeholders, such as the policy makers and implementers for current and future approaches, measures and decisions on REP activities and initiatives in Malaysia. This thesis has described the approaches on investigating the rural school s electrification program in Sabah. Analysis of system operation and function is conducted by examining and evaluating the recorded data from the system. A set of technical indicators is introduced in the form of system performance indicators and system reliability indicators. Furthermore, comparisons are made between the actual system operation and the optimum system configuration based on the actual data of the renewable energy resources, electricity energy consumption and costs in installation and operation. A field study was conducted at fifteen rural schools that use the solar PV system to determine the effectiveness of the program in transforming the rural schools to better learning environments and livelihoods. The findings indicate that most system components were found to be in good operation, and the operation of the solar PV system agreed to the indicators of system performance and system reliability. Additionally, the system reliability indicators can be seen as a vital tool not only to identify the values of the system capacity but also for prediction measures in analysing the durability of each component. The analysis of the actual system operation provides optimum values in terms of technical indicators, whereas the optimized system shows economic advantages. The findings show a high degree of responses from the end users in the level of satisfaction, appreciation, motivation and academic excellence. Nevertheless, several improvements are required to enhance the sustainability elements of the REP, especially from the organizational and governance perspectives. These includes effective coordination among the rural development-related agencies, the improvement on the transition between installation and maintenance work, efficient reporting process and training and awareness program need to be extended to every end user for sustainability in information and knowledge.
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Silinto, Berino Francisco, and Nelso Alberto Bila. "Feasibility Study of Solar-Wind Hybrid Power System for Rural Electrification at the Estatuene Locality in Mozambique." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-178345.
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This project work focuses on the feasibility study of a hybrid PV-Wind System for rural electrification at the Estatuene Locality in southern Mozambique. This is in line with electricity network expansion, which, in Mozambique shows high implementation cost and low operation cost. Through field research, an analysis was made of the actual electrical demand in the Estatuene rural community. The wind data was collected from the installed weather stations in the region while the solar data were extracted internally from the HOMER software by introducing the site coordinates. All the configurations, simulations and selection of hybrid systems were also made using HOMER. For the Estatuene rural community it was estimated a scaled annual average demand of 9.4 kWh/day with a peak load of 1.4 kW for DC charge; and a total scaled annual average of 133 kWh/day with a peak load of 15.3 kW for AC Charge. The annual mean solar potential is 5.205 kWh/m2/d, and the mean wind speed is 4.84 m/s for 12 meters above the ground. Thus the calculations and the selection of the best configuration of the hybrid system were crossed out with the technical specifications and costs of photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, power converter, batteries, and the electricity network, specifically for the comparison between an optimum hybrid system solution and two separate ones. The calculations presented an analysis of the technical and the financial viability of the selected hybrid system for local electric power production.
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Koko, Sandile Phillip. "Techno-economic analysis of an off-grid micro-hydrokinetic river system as a remote rural electrification option." Thesis, Bloemfontein: Central University of Technology, Free State, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/272.
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Thesis (M. Tech. (Electrical Engineering )) - Central University of Technology, Free State, 2014Remote rural electrification via grid-extension is a challenging solution due to high connection costs and low electricity consumption rate. As a result, it is difficult to recover the initial investment costs. Therefore, electrification is made possible by means of the commonly used off-grid approaches such as solar, wind, diesel generator and conventional micro-hydro. However, owing to non-continuous availability of sunlight and wind, high cost of diesel fuel, and requirements for construction of diversion weirs, these off-grid approaches might not offer a cost-effective and reliable solution to low income rural residents. There are many rural communities throughout the world without access to grid electricity and with access to flowing water. An off-grid micro-hydrokinetic river (MHR) system is one of the promising technologies to be used in remote rural areas with flowing water. It can bring sustainable improvement to their quality of life due to its high energy density and minimal environmental impact. This technology is still in the development stage and there is a lack of application, especially in rural areas. Hence, this study investigates the current status of MHR technology in rural applications. To demonstrate the economic feasibility of an off-grid MHR system, a rural site with multiple energy sources within South Africa has been used. The economic benefit offered by this proposed system at the selected site is compared to the economic benefits offered by other commonly used standalone systems such a solar, wind and diesel generator (DG). This economic comparison has been performed by making use of a Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) simulation tool. Grid extension has also been used as a comparison method for obtaining an economical distance between grid lines and the remote rural site. The results highlighted the acceptable economic performance of the MHR system. Finally, most of the available modelling and simulation tools for mechanical and electrical systems are not equipped with hydrokinetic modules. Hence, an MHR system model has been developed in MATLAB/Simulink in order to study its dynamic performance as submitted to variable water resource. Its performance has then been compared to the performance of a wind system counterpart for generating the same amount of electrical power. This proved/verified that the proposed system can generate electricity markedly cheaper than a wind system even in areas with adequate wind resource within South Africa.
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Mamphweli, Ntshengedzeni Sampson. "Implementation of a 150kva biomass gasifier system for community economic empowerment in South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/262.
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There is growing interest in research and development activities on biomass gasification technologies as an alternative to fossil fuels technologies. However not much has been done in terms of technology transfer, particularly in under-developed and developing countries such as South Africa. This is mainly because of the lack of resources such as funding. Most parts of the under-developed and developing countries fall within rural areas and semi-urban centers, which are endowed with biomass resources. South Africa has a number of sawmill operators who generate tons of biomass waste during processing of timber; the large proportion of this is burned in furnaces as a means for waste management while a very small proportion is collected and used by people in rural areas for cooking their food. The majority of people in rural areas of South Africa are either unemployed or cannot afford the current energy services. The main aim of this research was to establish the viability of electricity generation for community economic development through biomass gasification, specifically using the locally designed System Johansson Biomass Gasifier™ (SJBG), and to establish the efficiency of the gasifier and associated components with a view of developing strategies to enhance it. The study established the technical and economic feasibility of using the SJBG to generate low-cost electricity for community empowerment. The study also developed strategies to improve the particle collection efficiency of the cyclone. In addition to this, a low-cost gas and temperature monitoring system capable of monitoring gas and temperature at various points of the gasifier was developed. The system was built from three Non- Dispersive Infrared gas sensors, one Palladium/Nickel gas sensor and four type K thermocouples. The study also investigated the impact of fuel compartment condensates on gasifier conversion efficiency. This is an area that has not yet been well researched since much has been done on energy recovery using combined heat and power applications that do not utilize the energy in condensates because these are produced in the gasifier and drained with chemical energy stored in them. The study established that the condensates do not have a significant impact on efficiency.
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Pagani, Letizia. "Mini-grid for rural electrification: EMTP model and system analysis. The case of Idjwi Island, Democratic Republic of Congo." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
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This thesis aims to realize the EMTP model and the performance analysis of a mini-grid for rural electrification.
The project has been carried out in collaboration with the company EnGreen. EnGreen has built a multi-source renewable mini-grid in the village of Kashara, on the island of Idjwi, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, giving inhabitants access to electricity.
The grid consists of a photovoltaic power plant, a battery energy storage system, a hydroelectric generator and of four independent lines with a total length of about 10 km. The energy produced and/or stored is distributed to the users through a low-voltage distribution grid.
The grid has been modelled using EMTP software. Each component has been represented using the most appropriate models proposed in the literature. The control system has been realized with data of the real grid when present and with data of the relevant literature in case of lack of information.
The obtained model has been used to simulate the performance of the mini-grid for different scenarios. First, the grid has been analysed considering resistive loads only, highest and lowest peaks of daily loads demand, present value of the loads and future forecast demand. Then, rotating load, namely induction motor, has been added to the mini-grid and the impact of the motor position on start-up transient has been observed. Finally, the performance of the grid after the disconnection of two lines has been analysed.
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Soares, Emanoel Augusto Paulo. "A New perspective in rural electrification in DC voltage: an experience in the State of PiauÃ." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2011. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=14989.
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O presente trabalho apresenta os estudos, especificaÃÃes, instalaÃÃo e operaÃÃo de um sistema fotovoltaico com a finalidade de fornecer energia elÃtrica a uma escola pÃblica,
localizada em uma Ãrea isolada do sul do Estado do PiauÃ. O sistema foi proposto e seu protÃtipo constituÃdo por painel fotovoltaico, banco de baterias, carregador do banco de bateria e conversor CC/CC elevador, que alimenta as cargas em corrente contÃnua, projetado para uma autonomia de
trÃs dias, mesmo em condiÃÃes mÃnimas de radiaÃÃo solar. A energia solar capturada pelo painel solar à armazenada em um banco de baterias estacionÃrias do tipo chumbo-Ãcido. O carregador de baterias trabalhando no ponto de mÃxima potÃncia (MPP) do painel à responsÃvel pelo carregamento deste
banco. A carga à suprida pelo conversor CC/CC elevador de alto ganho (24 Vdc para 311 Vdc). O projeto completo do sistema
à apresentado ao longo deste trabalho, bem como sÃo apresentados os principais resultados experimentais do
protÃtipo mostrado e instalado em campo.This work presents the studies, specifications, installation and operation of a photovoltaic system in order to provide electricity to a public school located in an isolated area of the southern state of PiauÃ. The system was proposed and its prototype constituted by photovoltaic panel, battery bank, charger from the battery bank and converter DC / DC elevator, that feed the chargers in direct current designed for a range of three days, even in minimum solar radiation. The solar energy captured by solar panel is stored in a stationary batteries, lead acid type. The battery charger working at maximum power point (MPP) of the panel is responsible for load bank. The load is supplied by the DC / DC converter lift high gain (24 Vdc to 311 Vdc). The complete design system and its control are presented throughout this work, as well as presented the main results of the experimental prototype shown and installed in the field.
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Sadiqi, Mahdi. "Basic design and cost optimization of a hybrid power system in rural communities in Afghanistan." Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13824.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Anil Pahwa
In Afghanistan, electricity is mostly generated by hydroelectric, diesel and natural gas generators. A significant amount of electricity also is imported from neighboring countries. Accessibility of electricity is mostly limited to the capital and main towns. The government of Afghanistan and other development organizations, such as The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (German Agency for International Cooperation “GIZ”), are striving to develop accessibility of electricity to remote communities by supporting the local population of people to enhance living conditions. Although some of these remote communities are served by local diesel fuel generators for just a couple of hours during the night, still most communities do not have access to electricity and they are using wood and kerosene as major sources of energy in cooking, heating and lighting. For those remote communities who are served by local diesel fuel generators, the cost of electricity is much higher than from the national grid. On the other hand, grid extensions are too expensive and, in some cases, impossible for such communities because of the geographical features of Afghanistan. Afghanistan is a mountainous country which receives a significant amount of snow during the winter and once it melts the water runs into rivers, lakes and streams. Therefore mostly it does not face any shortage of running water during the year. Also Afghanistan has plentiful wind and solar energy. Therefore, small hydro-power, wind turbine and solar energy are attractive renewable energy sources for remote communities. The development of such a hybrid power system is a complex process and technical expertise is essential in design and construction phases. The main challenges are the high cost of civil works and equipment, technical expertise for design and construction and encouragement of local people for the support of the project. This report will give an insight into design, cost-effectiveness and feasibility of the system using HOMER in order to encourage private investors and local community people to take advantage of this potential available in Afghanistan and be convinced of the sustainability for investments in micro-hydropower, wind and solar.
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UGWOKE, BLESSING ONYECHE. "The Integrated Rural Renewable and Sustainable Energy Planning Framework for Low-Income Countries: A Nigerian case study." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2907016.
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Sloan, L'Tanya Webb. "The effect of implementing integrated learning system technology on teacher attitudes in rural and urban schools." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1993. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/2130.
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The purpose of this study was to assess teacher attitude toward the implementation and use of integrated learning system technology in rural and urban schools and to compare the perceptions which the two groups held with regard to its effective use in delivering daily instruction.
A review of selected literature was made to determine the appropriate tasks and responsibilities of teachers as viewed by authorities in the field of educational technology. In the review of selected literature, an effort was made to examine certain policies and procedures required as minimum expectations by the developers of the integrated learning system.
One hundred fifty teachers were selected from ten rural schools and ten urban schools in North Carolina, South Carolina, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and New York. One hundred percent of the teachers responded, but not to all items on the survey.
In presenting the findings of this study, the data received involved certified teachers at ten urban and ten rural elementary schools. Analysis of variance was used to test the hypotheses. The probability level of .05 was used to test each hypothesis for acceptance or rejection.
This study examined the effect of implementing an integrated learning system into the regular teaching curriculum on the basis of teacher experience, the model of delivery, teacher training, student grouping, and grade level in rural and urban schools. The survey produced quantitative data which support significant differences between urban and rural teacher attitudes about delivery model, student grouping, and grade level. Significant differences were also noticed in years of teaching experience between the two groups.
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Gkiala, Fikari Stamatia. "Modeling and Simulation of an Autonomous Hybrid Power System." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets fysik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-267767.
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In this report, the modeling process and operation of an autonomous hybrid power system is studied. It is built based on a hypothetical case study of electrification of a remote village of 100 inhabitants in Kenya. The power demand is estimated and the costs of equipment components are specified after extensive research, so that the techno-economical design of the system can be carried out. The microgrid consists of photovoltaics, wind turbine, batteries, diesel genset, basic loads and water pumping and purification load. The system is modeled and simulated in terms of power management and its operation as well as the performance of the dispatch strategy is assessed. Problems like the management of extra power or tackling the deficit of power in the system are addressed. The model represents reliably the behavior of the microgrid and several improving actions are suggested.
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Peña, La Torre Walter José, and Talledo José Eduardo Nevado. "Desarrollo de un sistema de control que hace el seguimiento del máximo punto de potencia en paneles solares aplicado a sistemas de generación fotovoltaica para entornos rurales." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/626089.
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El presente proyecto detalla el desarrollo de un sistema de control que tiene como objetivo mejorar el performance de aplicaciones solares para electrificación rural. La idea fundamental es que el sistema realiza el seguimiento del máximo punto de potencia en paneles solares estabilizando su funcionamiento en esta zona.
Para poder diseñar y construir el sistema, se hará uso de técnicas de control, conocimientos de conversores DC-DC y además de programación de microcontroladores.
Esta tesis consta de cinco capítulos. En el primer capítulo se presenta la problemática y justificación del desarrollo del proyecto, así como los objetivos buscados. En el segundo capítulo se trata el marco teórico de la tesis, una explicación de las técnicas de control utilizadas, conceptos aplicados a fuentes DC-DC y una descripción de los elementos que conforman Sistema Fotovoltaico. En el tercer capítulo se trata de la descripción del hardware, en el cual se describe el diseño del conversor DC-DC elegido. En el cuarto capítulo se presenta la descripción de la etapa de control, la cual muestra el algoritmo usado para el control, así como la simulación y los resultados. Por último, en el quinto capítulo, se muestra los resultados experimentales de la construcción del circuito y su operación, así como un informe de costos de la tesis.The present project details the development of a control system that aims to improve the performance of solar applications for rural electrification. The designed system monitors the maximum power point in a solar panel stabilizing its operation in this area. In order to design and build the system, control techniques, knowledge of DC-DC converters and programming of microcontrollers were use. This thesis consists of five chapters. In the first chapter the problem and justification of the development of the project is presented, as well as the objectives sought. The second chapter deals with the theoretical framework of the thesis, an explanation of the control techniques used, concepts applied of DC-DC sources and a description of the elements that make up the Photovoltaic Autonomous System. The third chapter deals with the hardware description, in which the design of the chosen DC-DC converter is detail. In the fourth chapter the description of the control stage is presented, which shows the fuzzy algorithm used for the control, as well as the simulation and the results. Finally, in the fifth chapter, the experimental results of the developed prototyped are shown in a 100W photovoltaic panel control scenario then conclusion of the development process are presented as well.
Tesis
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Kim, Bunthern. "Contribution to the design and control of a hybrid renewable energy generation system based on reuse of electrical and electronics components for rural electrification in developing countries." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0041/document.
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Bien que le gouvernement cambodgien s’efforce d’augmenter sa production d’électricité pour répondre à sa demande en énergie, il reste toujours dépendant de réseau électrique existant ou de l’extension du réseau dont le coût d’investissement initial est élevé. La solution temporelle consiste à employer un système de production d'énergie distribué qui présente un coût de cycle de vie inférieur et introduit une diversité de technologies pour répondre aux applications. Minimiser les impacts environnementaux représente un objectif majeur du développement durable, compte tenu de l'épuisement des ressources et des capacités d'adaptation limitées de l'environnement. Les ressources en énergies renouvelables ont été bien comprises comme les solutions pour alimenter le développement rural et réduire les impacts environnementaux de la production d’énergie. Suivant les progrès technologiques et de la demande croissante des consommateurs, de grande quantité de déchets électriques et électroniques ont entraîné de graves conséquences pour l’environnement. Les stratégies actuelles reposent principalement sur les techniques classiques de collecte et de traitement des déchets. Ce travail de thèse proposait une solution de réutilisation des composants électroniques dans un système d'énergie renouvelable hybride isolé pour la solution d'électrification pour la zone rurale. Une configuration choisie pour le système proposé est un système de génération hybride solaire-hydroélectrique, car les ressources solaires et hydrauliques sont abondantes dans les zones rurales du Cambodge. Les composants qui sont réutilisés dans la solution comprennent des blocs d’alimentation d’un PC (PSU) pour la partie solaire, des alimentations sans interruption (UPS) et des machines asynchrone triphasées pour la partie hydraulique. Les batteries automobiles usagées sont utilisées pour le stockage d’énergie. Ce travail de thèse aborde dans une première partie l’évaluation des impacts environnementaux de la solution de réutilisation proposée. Cette étude repose sur la méthodologie de l’Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV) qui compare les impacts du cycle de vie de la solution proposée à ceux d’une solution conventionnelle. La deuxième partie de ce travail traite des aspects technologiques de la solution de réutilisation, à la fois en théorie et en expérimentation. La première partie de cet aspect concerne la reconversion des blocs d’alimentations usagées. Le bloc d'alimentation, qui contient généralement l'un des quelques types de convertisseurs DC-DC isolés, est réutilisé comme contrôleur de charge, qui est le composant principal du système de générateur photovoltaïque. La dernière partie de cette thèse décrit une nouvelle configuration de générateur basé sur des moteurs asynchrone triphasés. Le générateur monophasé proposé basé sur une machine triphasée est une version modifiée d'une topologie à base de l’onduleur où deux enroulements sont alimentés séparément par sources d'excitation, et l'autre enroulement est connecté à la charge. Une nouvelle modélisation est proposée. Les résultats de simulation sont comparés aux résultats expérimentaux en alimentation sinus. La comparaison met en évidence une supériorité de la nouvelle configuration par rapport à l'ancienne en termes de rendement et de minimisation de pulsations de coupleWhile the Cambodia’s government is making effort to increase electricity production for its energy demand, it still remains dependent on the existing or the expansion of the centralized grid lines which have high initial investment cost. The temporally solution is to employ a distributed energy generation system which has lower life cycle cost and provides a diversity of technologies to meet the desired applications. Minimizing environmental impacts represents a major objective of sustainable development considering resources depletion and the limited capabilities of the environment to adapt. The potential of renewable energy resources has been well understood as the solutions to power rural development and to reduce the environmental impacts of energy generation. Due to advance in technologies and increasing consumer demands, there has been a vast amount of electrical and electronic waste which introduces severe impacts on the environment. The current strategies mainly rely on conventional waste collection and processing techniques for material recovery. This thesis proposed a solution of reusing discarded components in an isolated hybrid renewable energy system as the solution for electrification of rural Cambodia. This is frugal innovation, local solution with local materials for and with local people. A suitable configuration for the proposed system is a solar-hydro hybrid generation system since solar and water resources are plentiful in rural Cambodia. The components that are reused in the solution after being discarded include computer power supply units (PSUs) for the solar part, uninterruptable power supply units (UPSs) and three phase induction machines for the electrohydro part. Used auto-mobile batteries will be used for the system storage. The thesis presents in the first part the evaluation of the environmental impacts of the proposed reuse solution for rural electrification. The study of the environmental impacts is based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology which compares the life cycle impacts of the proposed solution to that of a conventional solution. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis is achieved in order to evaluate the impacts of uncertainties of the environmental impacts. The second part of this work deals with the technological aspects of the reuse solution in both theory and experimentation. The first part of this aspect is focused on the repurposing of used computer power supply units (PSUs), through limited modifications of the circuits in order to increase its range of operation. The PSU which usually contains one of a few types of isolated DC-DC converters is repurposed as charge controller with MPPT control in a cheap micro-controller with very good results. The last part of this thesis studies a new configuration of generators based on re-used three-phase induction motors. The proposed single-phase generator is based on a three-phase machine in a modified version of the coupling and with a rather uncommon supply. Modelling is highly investigated. An inverterassisted topology where two windings will be supplied separately by two inverters for excitation and the remaining winding is connected to load. A new modeling of the generator has been studied. The results of simulation were compared to experimental test results in open loop study. These results have demonstrated the advantages of the new configuration in comparison to the previously proposed inverter-assisted topology in term of efficiency and minimization of torqueripple
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Bakkabulindi, Geofrey. "Planning Models for Single Wire Earth Return Power Distribution Networks." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Elektriska energisystem, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-107160.
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The high cost of grid extension to rural areas, often characterized by scattered communities with low load densities, requires the use of low cost electrification technologies to ensure economic viability. In Single Wire Earth Return (SWER) power distribution networks, the earth itself forms the current return path of the single phase system leading to significant cost savings on conductors, poles and poletop hardware compared to conventional systems. However, challenges exist in SWER with regard to earthing and safety as well as the dependence on earth conductivity to supply consumer loads. This work presents models for the optimal planning of SWER distribution networks. The earth return path is modeled as a conductor based on the Carson line model taking into consideration specific ground properties of the considered location. A load flow algorithm for radial SWER networks is subsequently formulated whereby both overhead line and ground voltages and currents are determined. First, heuristic planning models are developed based on the SWER load flow model. The objective of the heuristic models is to determine the optimum feeder configuration and overhead conductor subject to SWER load flow constraints and load growth over several time periods. Whereas the resulting solutions are good, they may not necessarily be globally optimum. Optimization models are then developed using mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) with the aim of obtaining global solutions to the SWER network planning problem. Since the MINLP formulations are limited to the accurate analysis of limited size networks, considerations and approximations for the analysis of larger networks are presented. The developed models are applied to a case study in Uganda to test their practical application. In addition, comparative studies are done to determine how the proposed optimization models compare with previous distribution planning models. The numerical analysis includes the impact of deterministic distributed generation on the SWER planning problem. Results showed consistent performance of the proposed heuristic and optimization models, which also compared well with conventional models. The optimization models gave more cost-effective solutions to the SWER planning problem than the heuristic models. However, the former models had higher computational cost than the latter. The inclusion of distributed generation allowed for cheaper network solutions to be obtained. The models are applicable to the planning of Single Wire Earth Return networks for isolated mini-grids, grid-extension to previously un-electrified rural areas as well as the upgrade of SWER feeders in existing installations.QC 20121207
Sustainable Technological Development in the Lake Victoria Region
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Bandara, Jayasinghe. "An Integrated Power Supply System for Water Pumping and Lighting in a Rural Village Utilizing Renewable Energy Sources." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-178068.
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Tsuanyo, David. "Approches technico-économiques d’optimisation des systèmes énergétiques décentralisés." Thesis, Perpignan, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PERP0017/document.
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Le développement des systèmes énergétiques renouvelables et/ou conventionnels pour l’alimentation des zones décentralisées est confronté à de multiples barrières techniques, institutionnelles, socioculturelles et surtout financières. La solution défendue dans cette thèse est de rechercher des approches pour concevoir des systèmes durables et rentables, conditions requises pour le développement de l’électrification rurale par le secteur privé. L’analyse des différents critères économiques permet tout d’abord de définir plusieurs types d’équivalence entre critères économiques : équivalence décisionnelle, équivalence pour le dimensionnement optimal et équivalence pour le classement des solutions techniques. Cette première étude permet de démontrer que les 3 critères économiques habituellement utilisés (le LCOE, le taux de rentabilité interne, et le temps de retour sur investissement) aboutiront à des solutions techniques optimales différentes. Un modèle technico-économique est alors développé pour les systèmes hybrides PV/Diesel sans batteries de stockage en site isolé. Une application au site 2iE-K1 (Ouagadougou) permet de valider la conformité des modèles par comparaison au logiciel HOMER. On montre que les critères de taux de rentabilité interne maximum ou de temps de retour sur investissement minimum limitent l’investissement et le montant de la dette maximale. Plusieurs solutions optimales, dépendant du critère économique considéré, sont alors proposées pour un cas d’application réel : l’électrification de la localité rurale de Bilgo. Le travail réalisé au cours de cette thèse se situe donc dans la branche des outils de dimensionnement optimal et d’optimisation technico-économique des systèmes de production décentralisée d’énergieThe development of renewable and / or conventional energy systems for power supply to decentralized areas faces many technical, institutional, socio-cultural and financial barriers. The solution recommended in this thesis is to look for approaches to design sustainable and cost-effective systems for the development of rural electrification by the private sector. An analysis of various economic criteria allows first to define several types of equivalence inter-linking them: equivalence for investment decision, equivalence for the optimal sizing and equivalence for ranking technical solutions. This first study shows that the three economic criteria usually used (levelized cost of energy, internal rate of return and discounted payback period) lead to different optimal technical solutions. A techno-economic model is then developed for off-grid batteryless PV/Diesel hybrid systems. An application to 2iE-K1 campus (Ouagadougou) has been done to validate the compliance of models compared to HOMER software. It shows that the maximum internal rate of return criteria or minimum discounted payback period criteria reduces the initial investment and the amount of the maximum debt. Several optimal solutions are then obtained, depending on economic criteria under consideration. The electrification of the rural community of Bilgo has been chosen for a real case study. The work carried out, through this thesis, could be classified in the category of optimal design and techno-economic optimization tools for off-grid energy production systems
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Lee, Chi-on. "Sustainable development and integrated transport planning : "Is Hong Kong moving towards a more sustainable transport system for new development areas?" /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2104238X.
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THOLLEY, JOSEF BILSHAN. "Integrated agricultural technology in food and energy production with small scale farmers at community level in the upland ecology of Sierra Leone." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/251409.
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This research is geared towards investigating possible means of minimizing the problem of food and energy shortages through the use of the local farmers by introducing basic but essential skills in introductory mechanization and basic agronomic methods and other techniques in their farm sites. This is to produce rice-staple food and bio-fuel (Pure Vegetable Oil; PVO) from jatropha seeds that can be used locally by the people themselves.
The research was carried out on the cultivation of rice which is the staple food of Sierra Leone through the use of the traditional method compared with the modern method of the use of machinery such as the tractor to do minimal tillage in the farming site of the farmers. The results of the research showed that the use of introductory mechanization together with some basic modern techniques in rice cultivation resulted to differences in yields with 2.20 t.ha-1 for traditional method and 2.34 tha-1 for modern method at 14% moisture content. However, this might seem to be negligible in terms of yield but there was also some time saved (40 h.ha-1) through the introduction of mechanization.
It was also observed that with further use of minimal level of mechanization in rice planting there may be an additional gain of 192 h.ha-1; which is a good time for the farmers to rest, improve their health status and carry out other economic activities.
The production of jatropha was seen to be accepted by the farmers by intercropping it with an edible crop. The use of ground nut as intercrop in the cultivation of jatropha was observed to have both agronomic and economic benefits.
On the agronomic scale, the intercropped ground nut was observed to improve the soil fertility through the addition of nutrients such as nitrogen and organic matter into the soil. It also helped to suppress weeds, hence reducing the labour cost of weeding and allowing better growth of the jatropha.
Economically, the ground nut was able to provide financial benefit of 3,594,500 Le.ha-1.
The use of a small electric generator of 6 kW machine in the rural community for rural electrification was observed to be feasible since the farmers can production adequate PVO through the cultivation of 17.1 ha of jatropha which could produce 25500 kgyr-1 of PVO to support the above machine in the community without interrupting their normal food production chain.
The research has used the On-Farm Research (OFR) approach where the farmers were also allowed to participate fully in all the activities. The involvement of the farmers in this research (Farmers Participatory Research (FPR) is observed to have some positive results at the end of the exercise both by the farmers and the researcher as learning and teaching processes.
Some basic farm techniques and skills used during the research were a positive strategy in which the farm sites were seen as suitable field laboratories for not only the researcher but the farmers as well.
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Elbana, Karim. "Socio-Technical Analysis for the Off-Grid PV System at Mavuno Girls’ Secondary School in Tanzania." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energiteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-28839.
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The aim of this study is to investigate, analyse and evaluate the installed off-grid PV system in Mavuno girls’ secondary school that is located in a rural area in northwest Tanzania. The original motivation behind this study was the rapid degradation of the installed battery bank within less than 3 years. The PV system was installed before the actual operation of the school, so the study aimed to answer a very pressing question which is "What is the actual load profiles in the school?". There was a high need to identify the actual school load profiles to enable several concerned social actors to evaluate the system and to decide for future extensions. Therefore, the study aimed to analyse the implementation of electricity in the school by creating actual load profiles, analysing the system performance versus the users’ needs and evaluating the sustainability and utilization of implementation. The study followed a multi-disciplinary approach combining the social and technical aspects of PV systems implementation to seek further understanding of the users’ consumption behaviours. It thus included a 1-month of field work in June 2018 during which participant observations and semi-structured interviews together with load measurements were carried out so as to create load profiles that are considering the patterns and deviations in users’ behaviours. During the field work, 2/3 of the students were in holidays so the taken measurements corresponded to the school at 30 % capacity. That is why the study also included 4 days of inverter data logging after the 1-month field work by the technical head of the school to overcome the limitations in held measurements. The observations showed that the actual installed system was slightly different from the documentation. In addition, the local installation practices are not fully appropriate from the technical point of view, and are affected by local social norms, as will be discussed. Besides, the participant observations and held interviews with relevant social actors showed that the daily behaviours of energy users do not exactly follow the school daily routine. Consequently, the social study was important to create actual effective load profiles. The observations and responses from interviews together with measurements were used to categorize the school loads into 29 different units. Those units can be used for current load prioritizations and for future load extrapolations. The created load profiles also represent a useful addition to load databases used by energy researchers who work on similar rural electrification projects. After the field work, several characteristics were calculated by Microsoft Excel such as apparent power consumptions, active power consumptions, battery bank state of charge, load power factor and PV generated energy. The characteristics were used in calculations evaluating the energy balance in the system. The results of held calculations showed that lighting during dark hours accounted for on around 78 % of the logged daily apparent energy use, as it has a low a low average power factor of 0.28. It also showed that some loads if time-bounded, they will significantly decrease the daily energy consumption. The calculations were also used to run PVSyst simulations to evaluate the system sizing which resulted in the recommendation that either the array size should be doubled, or the apparent energy consumption should be decreased to half. The study included suggestions for possible improvements such as decreasing the reactive consumed energy by either replacing the currently used light bulbs with ones that have higher power factor ( ≥0.8 for example) or by installing a capacitive compensation for power factor correction. In addition, it was recommended to quantify the school loads according to their priority or importance and to regulate observed time-unbounded loads such as "pumping water" and "ironing". Lastly, the study discussed how generated electricity is utilized in the school and what opportunities for women empowerment have become potentially possible with the provision of electricity.
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Holmberg, Aksel, and Oscar Pettersson. "DESIGN OF A TECHNO-ECONOMIC OPTIMIZATION TOOL FOR SOLAR HOME SYSTEMS IN NAMIBIA." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-33151.
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The expansion of the electrical grid and infrastructure is an essential part of development since it contributes to improved standard of living among the population. Solar home systems (SHS) are one solution to generate electricity for households where the national grid does not reach or is too sparsely populated to build a local mini-grid. Solar home system programs have been used as a solution for rural electrification in developing countries all over the world with various success, one of these countries is Namibia. A large fraction of the population in Namibia lacks access to electricity where most of the people live in rural areas not reached by the national electrical grid. However, several SHS clients in Namibia have been dissatisfied with their systems due to several issues regarding the service providers. Several service providers have limited technical know-how and therefore frequently over- and undersize system components and make mistakes during installations. An opportunity to improve SHS in Namibia is to develop a software tool that service provider can use to quickly calculate an optimum SHS in a user friendly way based on the electricity demands of the clients. An optimization model was developed using MS Excel which calculates the optimal SHS component capacities regarding cost and reliability with the use of Visual Basic macros. Various field studies and sensitivity analyses were conducted with the MS Excel model. The results were validated and compared with other software programs such as PVsyst and a Matlab model used in a previous study regarding solar power. Results show that several components in existing systems are incorrectly sized and that the MS Excel model could improve future installations and improve the reputation of SHS. The sensitivity analyses focused on cost, system reliability, system size and PV-module tilt and were implemented in the MS Excel model to optimize the results in a techno-economic perspective. The MS-Excel model was approved by Namibia Energy Institute and will be available for all service providers in Namibia.
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Albaz, Abdulkarim. "Investigation into using Stand-Alone Building Integrated Photovoltaic System (SABIPV) as a fundamental solution for Saudi rural areas and studying the expected impacts." Thesis, Brunel University, 2015. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/15844.
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A number of natural resources can be exploited for providing energy, such as the sun, wind, water flow, tides, waves and deep heat generated within the earth. Recently, renewable resources especially that extracted from solar have been significantly encouraged mainly for environmental worries, such as climate change mitigation and global warming, coupled with high oil cost and security and economic matters. The crucial need of energy in human development has also been another important drive pushing the rapid progresses in renewable technologies, which results in both large-scale strategic projects for covering wide urban and rural areas and simple systems suitable for individual buildings. Solar energy has become a widely desired option, especially in high solar radiation areas. The Middle East, especially Gulf region is an ideal geographical area for solar power where it has one of the highest solar irradiation rates across the world. The population in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries is significantly small compared to the geographical areas and populations are distributed mostly throughout huge areas forming small villages and rural communities on substantial distances from the main power networks. In Saudi Arabia, there is a crisis in supplying enough electricity to the large cities and domestic remote area in various parts in the country and a wide range of remote areas still suffer from a severe shortage of power supply. In this project, the opportunity of using small-scale solar energy technologies, such as Stand-Alone Building-Integrated PV (SABIPV) systems has been investigated as an optimal solution for providing solar energy to a great deal of off-grid areas in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the expected short and long-term impacts of such solution have been studied. The study showed that the main reasons behind the crisis in supplying electricity to domestic remote and rural off-grid areas in Saudi Arabia are the weakness of the financial returns compared to the cost of providing the service, the difficulty of the natural topography of areas, high cost of maintenance works, and the regulations of providing electric services in Saudi Arabia. This is in addition to the expected environmental impacts, such as raising the pollution rates in the area and the safety influences of extending the high voltage lines over huge areas. On the other hand, the lack of the necessary infrastructure services, particularly electricity and the looking forward for better level of prosperity lead people who live in countryside and remote areas usually to immigrate to in-grid areas which has several short and long-term negative impacts on economic, social and security sides. This study shows that SABIPV system is a cost-Impactive, powerful, and fundamental solution for all off-grid areas in Saudi Arabia including remote villages and rural communities and providing the same level of electricity services that can be achieved in urban on-grid areas. The system is expected to have positive impacts including reducing pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, the expansion of agricultural land and reduce desertification, reducing the influence of high-voltage electrical lines on living organisms, providing adequate electricity service at lower cost, offering more job opportunities for people in remote areas, increasing agricultural and handicraft products, developing the tourism sector in rural areas, reducing the rate of migration from rural areas to the cities, and reducing the slum areas in cities which helps to reduce the rate of crimes, ignorance, the low level of morality, and health and environmental problem.
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Granqvist, Jessica, and Lily Gao. "The electricity demand andsupply in El Espino : Alternatives for diversification of renewabletechnologies." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254415.
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The use of alternative fuels, particularly renewable energy sources, has been an important strategy to achieve greenhouse gas emission reductions. In Bolivia, many rural areas struggle with an unreliable power supply. The most common electricity solution in such isolated areas is to have off-grid systems, where hybrid systems have become a feasible solution. In this study, a hybrid system in the rural village El Espino is optimized using a linear programming tool called MicroGridsPy. Currently, the village is powered by a hybrid system consisting of solar photovoltaics, a diesel generator and lead-acid batteries as a storing system. To optimize the system in a sustainable way, considering economic, environmental and social aspects, two wind turbines of the nominal capacities 5 and 10 kW are studied and introduced to the hybrid system. To find synergies between the wind and solar energy, the irradiance and wind speed of the study area are simulated using a Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The power output from the wind turbines can then be obtained by modelling the power curves and then be added to the optimization model. The optimization is performed both with and without the wind turbines to evaluate the impact of them. In the optimization model, characteristics of the components, techno-economic parameters, including investment costs, and constraints such as renewable penetration, and cost of the curtailment are set. The obtained results include that the wind speed is higher during the winter season, and that the wind power output, regardless of turbine size, is proportional to the wind speed. Furthermore, the 10 kW wind turbine is proven to be the most suitable for the system of the two compared. The economical values of the system, such as NPC and LCOE are higher, the higher the renewable penetration, but lower for the system with wind turbines. This implicates that adding wind energy to the hybrid system could be beneficial from both an environmental and economical point of view. One conclusion that can be drawn is that wind turbines are a feasible technology for rural electrification, and that the optimization tool is sensitive to cost. Furthermore, it is found that the wind and solar energy are suitable complements to each other both season wise and daily.Användningen av alternativa bränslen, särskilt förnybara energikällor, har varit en viktig strategi för att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser. I Bolivia kämpar många landsbygdsområden med en opålitlig strömförsörjning. Den vanligaste lösningen för elektricitet i sådana områden är off-grid system, där hybridsystem har blivit en lämplig lösning. I denna studie, optimeras ett hybridsystem beläget i byn El Espino, med ett linjärt programmeringsverktyg; MicroGridsPy. För närvarande drivs byn av ett hybridsystem bestående av solceller, en dieselgenerator och blybatterier för att lagra energin. För att optimera systemet på ett hållbart sätt, utifrån ett ekonomiskt, miljömässigt och socialt perspektiv, studeras två vindturbiner med de nominella kapaciteterna 5 och 10 kW, för att sedan introduceras till hybridsystemet. För att göra detta simuleras områdets solstrålning och vindhastighet med hjälp av en WRF-modell (Weather Research and Forecast). Effekten från vindturbinerna kan då erhållas genom att modellera effektkurvorna, och kan därefter läggas till i optimeringsmodellen. Optimeringen utförs både med och utan vindturbiner för att på så sätt utvärdera deras inverkan på systemet. I optimeringsmodellen fastställs egenskaper hos komponenterna, techno-ekonomiska parametrar, inklusive investeringskostnader och begränsningar såsom förnybar penetration och kostnad för energispill. De erhållna resultaten visade bland annat att vindhastigheten är högre under vintersäsongen, och att effekten är proportionell mot vindhastigheten, oavsett storlek på vindturbin. Vidare har vindturbinen med kapacitet 10 kW visat sig vara den mest lämpade för systemet av de två jämförda. Systemets ekonomiska värden, såsom NPC och LCOE, är högre, ju högre förnybar penetration, men lägre för systemet med vindturbiner. Detta implicerar att vindenergi kan vara till nytta för hybridsystemet, både ur miljösynpunkt och ur en ekonomisk synvinkel. En slutsats som kan dras är att vindturbiner är en passande teknik för landsbygdselektrifiering, och att optimeringsverktyget som användes är känslig mot kostnader. Vidare konstateras att vind- och solenergi kompletterar varandra både säsongsvis och på daglig basis.
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Jackisch, Conrad. "Towards applied modeling of the human-eco-system an approach of hydrology based integrated modeling of a semi-arid sub-catchment in rural north-west India." Master's thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2007/1351/.
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The development of rural areas concerning food security, sustainability and social-economic stability is key issue to the globalized community. Regarding the current state of climatic change, especially semi-arid regions in uenced by monsoon or El Niño are prone to extreme weather events. Droughts, ooding, erosion, degradation of soils and water quality and deserti cation are some of the common impacts.
State of the art in hydrologic environmental modeling is generally operating under a reductionist paradigm (Sivapalan 2005). Even an enormous quantity of process-oriented models exists, we fail in due reproduction of complexly interacting processes in their effective scale in the space-time-continuum, as they are described through deterministic small-scale process theories (e.g. Beven 2002). Yet large amounts of parameters - with partly doubtful physical expression - and input data are needed. In contradiction to that most soft information about patterns and organizing principles cannot be employed (Seibert and McDonnell 2002).
For an analysis of possible strategies on the one hand towards integrated hydrologic modeling as decision support and on the other hand for sustainable land use development the 512 km2 large catchment of the Mod river in Jhabua, Madhya Pradesh, India has been chosen. It is characterized by a setting of common problems of peripheral rural semi-arid human-eco-systems with intensive agriculture, deforestation, droughts and general hardship for the people. Scarce data and missing gauges are adding to the requirements of data acquisition and process description. The study at hand presents a methodical framework to combine eld scale data analysis and remote sensing for the setup of a database focusing plausibility over strict data accuracy.
The catena-based hydrologic model WASA (Güntner 2002) employes this database.
It is expanded by a routine for crop development simulation after the de Wit approach (e.g. in Bouman et al. 1996). For its application as decision support system an agentbased land use algorithm is developed which decides on base of site speci cations and certain constraints (like maximum pro t or best local adaptation) about the cropping.
The new model is employed to analyze (some) land use strategies. Not anticipated and a priori de ned scenarios will account for the realization of the model but the interactions within the system. This study points out possible approaches to enhance the situation in the catchment. It also approaches central questions of ways towards due integrated hydrological modeling on catchment scale for ungauged conditions and to overcome current paradigms.Die Entwicklung ländlicher Regionen hinsichtlich von Ernährungssicherheit, Nachhaltigkeit und sozio-ökonomischer Stabilität ist eine der wichtigsten Aufgaben unserer globalisierten Gemeinschaft. In Hinblick auf den Klimawandel sind insbesondere semi-aride Gebiete im Einfluss von Monsun oder El Niño von extremen Wetterereignissen betroffen. Tockenheiten, Überschwemmungen, Erosion, Bodendegradation, Verschlechterung der Wasserqualität und Versteppung sind nur einige, oft beobachtete Folgen. Der Stand der Forschung in Sachen hydrologischer Umweltmodellierung ist insbesondere einem reduktionistischen Paradigma verhaftet (Sivapalan 2005). Obwohl eine enorme Menge verschiedenster Prozessmodelle existiert können auf Grundlage kleinskaliger Prozessapproximationen die komplex interagierenden Prozesse in ihren wirkenden Skalen im Raum-Zeit-Kontinuum nur begrenzt beschreiben werden (z.B. Beven 2002). Während die verwendeten Modelle große Mengen an Parametern und Daten benötigen, können wichtige Informationen über Muster und Organisationsprinzipien nicht in die Simulationen einfließen. Für eine Analyse möglicher Wege und Restriktionen der integrierten hydrologischen Modellierung als Mittel in der Entscheidungsunterstützung wurde das 512 km² große Einzugsgebiet des Mod Flusses in Jhabua, Madhya Pradesh, Indien ausgewählt. Es ist gekennzeichnet von charakteristischen Problemen der Neuen Peripherie (z.B. Scholz 2004) (im human-geographischen Kontext) und intensiv anthropogen beeinflusster Agrar-Öko-Systeme der semi-ariden Tropen. Die dünne Datengrundlage des nicht-bepegelten Einzugsgebiets stellt dabei eine besondere Anforderung an die Datenakquise. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein methodischer Ansatz vorgestellt, der Feld- und Fernerkundungstechniken zur Landschaftsanalyse verbindet. Mit dem Fokus auf Plausibilität statt strenger "Datengenauigkeit" wird eine Datenbank zur hydrologischen Modellierung des Gebiets entwickelt. Das Catena-basierte hydrologische Prozessmodell WASA (Güntner 2002) wird um eine Routine zur Simulation der Entwicklung von Nutzpflanzen nach de Wit (z.B. in Bouman et al. 1996) erweitert. Zur Anwendung des Modells als Entscheidungsunterstützungssystem ist ein agentenbasierter Landnutzungsalgorithmus entwickelt worden, welcher auf Grundlage von Standorteigenschaften und politischen Vorgaben wie Profitmaximierung oder Standortanpassung über die Landnutzung entscheidet. Das neue Modellsystem wird zur Untersuchung von einigen Landnutzungstrategien so verwendet, dass nicht antizipierte Szenarien sondern die Wechselwirkung des Systems selbst die Realisation des Modells bestimmen. Die Umsetzung zeigt einerseits mögliche Ansätze zur Verbesserung der Situation im Untersuchungsgebiet auf. Anderseits gibt sie konkrete Vorschläge zu zentralen Fragen hydrologischer Umweltmodellierung und zur Überwindung bestehender Paradigmen.
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Kronebrant, Mattias. "Cost comparison of solar home systems and PV micro-grid : The influence of inter-class diversity." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-33997.
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Nearly one fifth of the global population lacks access to electricity and electricity access is essential for economic growth and human well-being. SHSs and micro-grids both have the possibility of increasing the electricity access in developing countries. The decision to choose either SHSs or micro-grids for rural electrification is a complex task that must consider both the technological factors that separate these two systems and the non-technological factors. Separate times of peak load between households (inter-class diversity) has shown to be one major advantage for the use of micro-grids. Studies have shown that the diversity factor present in micro-grids can scale down the necessary capacity of PV modules and energy storage of up to 80%, in comparison to stand-alone systems (e.g. SHSs). These reductions are nevertheless based on assumed diversity factors, not using real load profiles and the necessary capacities are calculated using intuitive methods (known to be inexact). From interviews in a rural community of Nicaragua, the author generated load profiles and determined the diversity factor of the community. The load profiles were generated with a specially designed software to formulate realistic load profiles for off-grid consumers in rural areas. These load profiles were later used in the software HOMER where the diversity’s influence on required capacity and NPC were determined by comparing SHSs to a PV based micro-grid. The study showed that the required capacity and NPC of the inverter and charge controller are clearly decreased as an influence of inter-class diversity. The required PV and battery capacity are also decreased when a micro-grid is utilized, but these reductions are most likely a result from the limited nominal power per component considered in HOMER.Nästan en femtedel av världens befolkning saknar tillgång till elektricitet. Nicaragua är ett av de länder där en stor del av befolkningen saknar eltillgång och det gäller speciellt hushållen på landsbygden. Utbyggnader av elnätet till dessa områden är ofta låg-prioriterade på grund av höga kostnader för att tillgodose ett många gånger lågt energi och effektbehov. En alternativ lösning för att ge dessa hushåll tillgång till elektricitet är att använda off-grid system, system frikopplade från det nationella elnätet. Två vanligt förekommande off-grid system är solar home systems (SHSs) och micro-grids. Det faktum att flera hushåll ofta använder sin toppeffekt vid olika tillfällen (sammanlagring av effekt) har visat sig vara till stor fördel för micro-grids. Tidigare studier har visat att sammanlagringsfaktorn i ett micro-grid kan reducera nödvändig kapacitet av solceller och energilager upp till 80%, i jämförelse med enskilda system (t.ex. SHSs). Dessa studier bygger dock på antagna sammanlagringsfaktorer, overkliga lastprofiler och nödvändig kapacitet beräknas med intuitiva metoder. Med data från intervjuer i ett landsbygdssamhälle i Nicaragua skapas lastprofiler och en sammanlagringsfaktor beräknas för samhället. Lastprofilerna skapas i en programvara utvecklad för att formulera realistiska lastprofiler för off-grid konsumenter i landsbygdsområden. Lastprofilerna används senare i programvaran HOMER där sammanlagringens påverkan på nödvändig kapacitet och kostnad undersöks genom en jämförelse mellan SHSs och ett solcellsdrivet micro-grid. Studien visar att nödvändig kapacitet och nuvärdeskostnad för växelriktare och laddningsregulator tydligt minskar till följd av sammanlagring. Nödvändig kapacitet på solceller och batterier minskar också när ett micro-grid används. Dock beror detta med stor sannolikhet inte på sammanlagring utan är ett resultat från de begränsade märkeffekter på komponenter som användes i HOMER.
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Duarte, Natalia da Silva. "Sistemas Produtivos Locais SolidÃrios como EstratÃgia de InserÃÃo da PEA Rural na Economia como Sujeito da sua Historia: Estudo de Caso no MunicÃpio de QuixadÃ/CE." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2008. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3352.
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nÃo hÃO modelo de desenvolvimento adotado no Brasil, e em especial no Estado do CearÃ, ainda està longe de ser a efetiva soluÃÃo dos problemas acumulados ao longo de sÃculos de colonizaÃÃo sÃcio-econÃmico-polÃtico-cultural. Ao contrÃrio, à ele a origem principal da pÃssima distribuiÃÃo de renda vigente em nosso paÃs, regiÃes e estados. Assim, faz-se necessÃrio uma nova reflexÃo sobre o real significado do desenvolvimento, partindo inicialmente do entendimento das potencialidades e necessidades locais de uma determinada regiÃo. Este à o conceito de desenvolvimento local integrado e sustentÃvel. Onde para a sua aplicaÃÃo à preciso mudar o foco do olhar econÃmico vigente, da visÃo tradicional capitalista, cujo cerne à o mero crescimento econÃmico, para uma nova visÃo humanitÃria, da atividade econÃmica: a economia solidÃria, onde o foco à o desenvolvimento humano. Conceito ainda em construÃÃo a economia solidÃria reflete, atravÃs dos seus princÃpios, a necessidade de uniÃo de esforÃos numa perspectiva oposta à concorrÃncia entre seres humanos. Utopia? Alguns assim a julgarÃo. Outros nela acreditarÃo e nela se engajarÃo, crendo ser possÃvel a construÃÃo de uma nova sociedade - mais justa e fraterna, superando o atual contexto sÃcioeconÃmico-polÃtico-cultural do Brasil. Uma das formas de operacionalizar o desenvolvimento local endÃgeno à organizar a atividade econÃmica de pequenos produtores rurais atravÃs de sistemas produtivos locais de modo a tornÃ-los sujeitos de suas prÃprias HistÃrias. Partindo deste princÃpio o presente trabalho contÃm um estudo de caso no municÃpio de Quixadà na regiÃo do sertÃo central do CearÃ. Teve-se como intuito elaborar uma estratÃgia de desenvolvimento com base em polÃticas que contribuam para o desenvolvimento de regiÃes precÃrias e subdesenvolvidas, utilizando-se como estratÃgia o desenvolvimento os sistemas produtivos locais solidÃrios, formados pelos atores locais a partir das suas potencialidades e dos recursos locais.
The development model adopted in Brazil, and especially in the State of CearÃ, is still far from being the effective solution to the problems accumulated along centuries of social, economical, political and cultural colonization. Instead, it is the main cause of the bad income distribution occurring in our country. Therefore, it is necessary to make a new reflection on the real meaning of development, by starting with the understanding of the local potentialities and needs of a certain region. This is the concept of integrated and sustainable local development. To apply that concept, it is necessary to change the focus of the current economical approach from the capitalist traditional vision, whose essence is only the economic growth, to a new humanitarian vision concerning the economic activity. That is the solidarity economy, in which the focus is the human development. Being a concept still under construction, the solidarity economy reflects, through its principles, the need for combining efforts in a view opposite to the competition among human beings. Is it a utopia? Some will judge it like that. Others will believe and engage in it, believing that it is possible to construct a new society, a fairer and fraternal one, overcoming the current socio, economical, political and cultural context of Brazil. One the ways to operationalize the endogenous local development is to organize the economic activity of small rural producers through local production systems so as to make them subject of their own histories. Based on that principle, the present work consists of a case study in the municipal district of QuixadÃ, in the central countryside of Cearà State. The objective was to formulate a development strategy based on policies that contribute to the development of precarious and underdeveloped areas, using as strategy the development of local solidarity production systems formed of local actors based on their potentialities and the local resources.
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Campanale, Letizia. "Integrated study and modelling of the factors affecting small-scale subsistence farming in eSwatini (southern Africa) through the use of causal diagrams and agent-based models." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/23940/.
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The dependence of small-scale subsistence farmers on natural resources highlighted the need of a transition towards a more sustainable management of resources. An extensive literature is available on the structural factors affecting small-scale agricultural production in developing countries, while few studies are available on the role of social dynamics on the capacity of the system to react to adverse conditions. What are then the social, economic and environmental factors affecting small-scale subsistence agriculture? and, what is the effect of social behaviours on the adoption of agricultural innovation? This study is based on the specific case of eSwatini (southern Africa). A causal loop diagram was adopted to show the cause–effect relationship between variables. The role played by social behaviors in the diffusion of innovation is explored with the use of agent-based modelling (ABM). The model is based on agents, environment, links and five processes: crop production, social learning, individual learning, decision making, and resource recovery. In the simulation three farming behaviours can be adopted: no cropping, traditional practices or conservation agriculture (CA). The ABM was implemented in the Netlogo 6.2.0 platform. The case study is supported by scientific literature and interviews with local stakeholders. The results highlight the role of gender equality in the diffusion of knowledge. The model was run with and without gender equality for 10, 25 and 50 cycles representing farming seasons. The results show an increase in the spread of CA in the scenarios with no gender discrimination for which the rate of innovation adoption is faster. Moreover, the study casts light on the role of social learning and its dependence on training and education centres for the diffusion of new behaviours. Also, results show how an increase in the number of learning centres leads to a higher rate of knowledge diffusion.
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Chimatira, Raymond. "Challenges, barriers and opportunities in integrating TB/HIV services in Tsandi District Hospital, Namibia." Thesis, University of Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3308.
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Magister Public Health - MPHBACKGROUND: Namibia has generalised Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) epidemics. In response to the TB/HIV co-epidemics in Namibia, the Ministry of Health and Social Services approved a policy of TB/HIV collaborative activities at national level and the integration of TB/HIV services at the point of service delivery. The present study explored barriers and facilitators of integration of TB and HIV service delivery in Tsandi District Hospital, which lies in rural northern Namibia. It focused on understanding the perspectives of healthcare workers and service users on integration of TB and HIV services at the health facility. AIMS & OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to describe the barriers, facilitators, and opportunities of integrated TB/HIV service delivery in Tsandi District Hospital. The specific objectives were: to describe the staffing and support systems in place for the integration of TB/HIV care; to describe the perceptions and experiences of integrated TB/HIV care by the health care workers, management and co-infected clients; and to describe the factors that facilitate or hinder the integration of TB/HIV services in the district from the point of view of district hospital managers, health care workers and co-infected clients. METHODS: The study used a descriptive qualitative study design with semistructured key-informant interviews conducted with five healthcare managers and senior clinicians and focus group discussions with 14 healthcare workers and five TB/HIV co-infected patients, supplemented by non-participant observation in Tsandi district hospital over two weeks between May – June 2011. Sessions were audiorecorded, transcribed, and thematically analysed. RESULTS: Several factors influenced whether and to what degree Tsandi district hospital was able to achieve integration of TB and HIV services. These are: (1) model of care and nature of referral links; (2) the availability and use of human resources and workspace; (3) the system of rotating staff among departments in the hospital; (4) the supply and mode of providing medicines to patients; (5) information systems, recording and reporting arrangements; (6) and the amount of follow-up and supervision of the integrated services. The main suggested barrier factors are: (1) poor communication and weak referrals links between services; (2) inadequate infrastructure to encourage and deliver TB and HIV care; (3) staff shortages and high workload; (4) lack of training and skills among healthcare workers; (5) financial constraints and other socioeconomic challenges; and (6) fragmented recording and reporting systems with limited data use to improve service delivery. The four main facilitating factors are: (1) positive staff attitudes towards TB/HIV integration; (2) common pool of staff managing different programmes; (3) joint planning and review of TB and HIV activities at the ARV Committee; and (4) informal task sharing to alleviate healthcare worker shortages. CONCLUSIONS: This study recommends that the district build on the current facilitators of integration, while the inhibitors should be worked on in order to improve the delivery of TB/HIV services in the district. Simple and practical recommendations have been made to address the some of the barriers at district level. It is hoped that these will inform future planning and review of the current model of care by the District nagement Team.
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Ngxetwane, Vuyolwethu. "Integrated crop-livestock farming system for sustainable economic empowerment of small-scale and emerging farmers in the former homeland of the Eastern Cape province of South Africa: a case study of Ciskei area in Nkonkobe municipality." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/459.
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For decades, there has been significant investment in the development of agricultural technologies that aim to increase productivity of smallholder farmers in Africa. But farm output and productivity have stagnated and poverty rates have remained high and even increasing in some areas. At the same time, increases in human population levels have resulted in rising demand for food as well as for arable land. The growing intensification of farming has been accompanied by degradation of wild lands, including tropical forests and wetlands, at an alarming rate. Further pressure on fragile land has come from associated urbanization, leading to agricultural land being converted to residential and industrial uses with serious consequences for agricultural production and food supply. The recent increases in food prices across the globe as well as South Africa have drawn attention to this problem even more strongly. The main objective of the current study was to investigate farmer’s perception of the relative importance of crop-livestock integration in the small holder farming systems. Data were collected from 70 emerging and smallholder farmers selected by stratified random sampling in the communities surrounding Alice, Middledrift and the Seymour- Balfour area of Nkonkobe municipality of the Eastern Cape Province. To collect the data, a semi-structure questionnaire was administered to the respondents through face-to-face interviews. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the farmers in terms of their socio-economic and demographic backgrounds. A series of multiple linear regression models and a binary logistic regression equation were fitted to determine the factors influencing farmers’ perception and how these in turn contribute to the decision to adopt or not to adopt crop-livestock integration. The results of the study reveal that small farmers in the Nkonkobe municipality have the possibility of realizing immense benefits from the integrated systems which also have the potential to lead to substantial improvements of the physical, chemical and biological soil properties. There is clear evidence of widespread interest to experiment with the practices based on the strong positive perceptions that a majority of the survey farmers exhibited during the course of the survey. But the farmers are facing challenges in coping with the associated complexities of competition on land, and management skill which are often in limited supply. That in most cases is not enough and efficient even to manage one of these two enterprises alone and reduction in crops yield due to use of manure as a substitute of fertilizer. Constraints to integrating crops and livestock include the competition for resources, especially land. Managing two types of farming on the same farm was perceived as difficult and many respondents held the view that use of waste of one enterprise as input to the other enterprise can reduce productivity. For example some farmers considered that the use of manure to improve soil fertility may not lead to output growth to the same extent as the use of fertilizer. A number of farmers (86%) pointed out that they only market their produce after deducting their consumption share, highlighting the crucial role of food security as a motivation for crop-livestock integration. Complementation of inputs rather than substituting inputs is required to render the system more productive and sustainable as costs are minimized and output is boosted. Associations of grain and livestock producers are useful for filling these gaps which include limited access to credit, technology and knowledge and can promote the adoption of a crop-livestock system.
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Ala-Mutka, Jonatan. "Powering Africa by Empowering its People : An Action Research study at a Zambian microgrid company building local capacity to reach large scale viability." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-261596.
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Despite recent advances in the global electrification rates, increasing from 76% in 1990 to 85% in 2012, the United Nations goal of universal access to electricity by 2030 is still far from achieved, with an estimated 1.1 billion people still without access to electricity. Over half of these live in Sub-Saharan Africa, with a majority in rural areas and extreme poverty. Major challenges are inert with the current electrification path of centralized grid extension, leaving these people without power in decades to come. Microgrids, a decentralized power system consisting of solar power generation, energy storage and distribution technology, has been hailed as the only option to provide life improving and productivity inducing power for rural communities in Africa. However, despite recent hype and development in the sector, the diffusion of microgrids is still incremental due to a lack of viable large-scale operation, required for profitability. This is explained by targeting customers in remote rural areas with low ability to pay, and the task of delivering expensive technology and complex operations needed to manage and operate the grids. No industry blueprint or research on how to operate microgrids at scale or profitably exists. This thesis explores one blueprint, with the promise to increase profitability and allow for a more sustainable scaling. Local Capacity building is a decentralized approach by developing capacity directly in the local communities, through recruiting, skills development and training of people to be employed to operate and manage their local microgrids. The results consist of a framework outlining what local capacity building is, through research propositions that define the key components capturing the complete system of local capacity building is for scaling a microgrid business, along with the challenges and opportunities associated with scaling a business using local capacity building. It has been developed iteratively by application of an action research approach conducted on a small-scale Zambian Microgrid company facing radical growth. The researcher was immersed in the context, at the heart of this change, and in a participatory and interventionist fashion turning every stone to explore what local capacity building is, resulting in a robust study anchored in the field. Because of the contextually embedded nature of the data, this also means that the results are local. It is up to the reader to assess the applicability of the results in another context. The extensive results span multiple areas of the business, capturing the complexity of local capacity building, and contribute to knowledge on a holistic level on what local capacity building is. This blueprint was deemed viable to further develop in the small-scale Zambian microgrid company, specifically because of its potential to lower operating expenses and offer a more sustainable way to scale, and in extension diffuse microgrids in Africa.Trots en positiv utveckling i tillgång till el globalt, ökandes från 76% år 1990, till 85% år 2012, så är Förenta Nationernas mål om universell tillgång till el till år 2030, långt ifrån att bli uppfyllt. 1.1 miljarder människor estimeras vara utan tillgång till el globalt, där över hälften av dessa bor i Sub-Saharanska Afrika, med majoriteten levandes på landsbygden och i extrem fattigdom. Stora utmaningar finns med innevarande elektrifierings strategin, som handlar om centraliserad elproduktion och distribution genom ett centralt elnät, detta kommer att lämna dessa människor utan el under lång tid framöver. Mikronät, ett decentraliserat energisystem, som kan producera och distribuera el, har lyfts fram som det bästa alternativet för att försörja livsförbättrande och produktivitetsökande elektricitet för samhällen på landsbygden i Afrika. Dock, trots nylig hype och utveckling i mikronät sektorn, så är spridningen av mikronät fortfarande inkrementell, beroende av en brist på genomförbarheten av att driva mikronät verksamheten i stor skala, vilket krävs för lönsamhet. Detta förklaras av den fundamentala utmaningen i att inrikta sig mot kunder i avlägsna områden, med en låg förmåga att betala, kombinerat med leveransen av dyr teknologi, och de komplex operativa strukturerna som krävs. Det finns ingen forskning eller blåkopia i industrin som visar hur man skulle kunna bedriva mikronäts verksamhets i stor skala, eller på ett lönsamt vis. Denna forskning undersöker en möjlig sådan blåkopia, med löftet att öka lönsamheten och möjliggöra en mer hållbar spridning. Utveckling av lokal kapacitet, är ett decentraliserat tillvägagångssätt för att utveckla kapacitet direkt i dessa avlägsna samhällen, genom rekrytering, färdighetsutveckling och utbildning av människor för att bli anställda för att sköta deras lokala mikronät. Resultaten i studien består av ett ramverk som visar vad utveckling av lokal kapacitet innebär, genom forskningsförslag som definierar vilka nyckelkomponenter som krävs för att skala upp en mikronäts verksamhet, tillsammans med utmaningar och möjligheter för att göra detta. Ramverket har utvecklats iterativt genom applicering av Action Research, utförd i ett småskaligt mikronät företag i Zambia som står inför en radikal expansion. Forskaren var fördjupad i företagskontexten, i hjärtat av förändringen, och på ett ingripande och deltagande sätt vänt på varenda sten för att utforska vad utveckling av lokal kapacitet är. Detta resulterade i en robust studie, förankrad i verkligheten. På grund av den kontextuellt inbäddade naturen av datan, så betyder detta även att resultaten är lokala. Det är upp till läsaren att bedöma till vilken grad resultaten kan appliceras i en annan kontext. De omfattande resultaten spänner över många olika områden i företaget, och lyckas fånga komplexiteten i vad utveckling av lokal kapacitet är. Blåkopian som utvecklades, bedömdes värdefull att utveckla vidare i företaget där studien gjorde, specifikt för dess potential att minska de operativa kostnaderna och erbjuda ett mer hållbart sätt att skala verksamheten, och i förlängningen, erbjuda ett mer hållbart sätt att sprida tillgång till el i Afrika.
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Yadav, Dinesh Kumar. "Automatic control of integrated rural electrification system with renewable sources of power generation and limited grid power." Thesis, 2017. http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/12345678/7313.
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TACCONELLI, CARLO. "An integrated approach to decentralized energy systems planning for developing countries." Doctoral thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/1446865.
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This thesis focuses on the problem of global access to energy for developing countries and provides a thorough analysis of renewable-based mini-grid systems as a solution.
In the first section an intensive literature review shows current energy trends and challenges, with a special outlook on Sub-Saharan Africa. The energy forecast situation is assessed by combining data about electric consumptions patterns with an analysis based on the energy indicators for sustainable development issued by International Agencies. A proven methodology for the energy need assessment of rural communities is presented, aiming at obtaining reliable input data for the mini-grid development. This helps in reducing both the financial challenges by mitigating the uncertainties in electricity demand and the technical challenges by contributing to adequately size off-grid power generation systems, with a view to boost toward a common overall objective of mini-grid’s optimization methods and tools.
Based on methodology outputs an integrated approach for system design and planning is developed, taking into account techno-economic trade-off and system reliability and flexibility.
Design process optimization is carried out through simulation of different combination of generation (PV, Wind, Hydro, multi-source) and storage systems (lead-acid, lithium, vanadium flow, flywheel). Distribution grid constraints have been addressed as well, including last-mile connections and users’ wiring, in order to have an holistic vision in the design phase. Such integrated approach requires to adopt appropriate operation strategies to face real time power quality (voltage and frequency) fluctuations along with an effective capability to meet off-takers demand. Dump loads, device controllers and management options are discussed for both supply-side and demand-side.
The thorough analysis looks at economic aspects, therefore different operating strategies are investigated, and business performance has been deeply analysed and discussed. On a view to a global evaluation impact assessment, last part of the thesis focuses on sustainability analysis: beyond economic impact, other direct/indirect effects of mini-grids on environment and target communities are outlined. The tool used for Monitoring and evaluation of mini-grid is the Social Return on Investment ( SROI), by adding a wide set of key indicators to measure monetized effects on education, health, security, environment and economy.
The combination of all methodologies and strategies aims at improving the systems design and operation, helping reduce capital expenditures and operating costs, thus allowing for a lower Levelized Cost of Energy over project’s entire lifecycle
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Ntobeng, Ntwampe Albert. "Rural energy systems and the rural development process: a case study from Limpopo Province." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/777.
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The rapid and sustained development of the rural regions of South Africa continues to pose an
extraordinary challenge to the development community of the country. Policy makers continue to be overwhelmed by the lack of development in the rural areas in spite of the various efforts made to develop them. A review of the publications and development plans of the study region indicates that the planners have for long been pre-occupied with taking limited perspectives of the development
planning problems. Development plans have been conceived and implemented in terms of individual
sectors instead of looking at their relations with other sectors and regions.
This study seeks to make a contribution to the solution of the development problems of the rural
areas of the former homeland regions by demonstrating how an integrated approach to the research process and to development planning could make a difference to the lives of the rural communities.
This theme is illustrated with reference to the rural energy sector and its relations with the broader regional development problems, challenges and plans of the Sekhukhune district municipality of the Limpopo Province.GEOGRAPHY
MA (GEOGRAPHY)
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Lameck, Niyomugabo. "Design and Optimisation of PV-Biogas Hybrid system for rural electrification in Rwanda." Thesis, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-36844.
Full textAbstract:
Access to clean energy such as electricity, is a problem and challenge for utility companies in developing countries. Diesel engines for generation of electricity have been used for remote rural villages, but extensions of the electrical grid are often not economical considering the low power demand relative to the costs. Furthermore, fossil fuels are expensive and not environmental friendly adding to the climate change with greenhouse-gases. Other options are needed. This thesis suggests a hybrid system with renewable energy sources, consisting of PV and biogas with a battery storage. The system is designed for application in a village of Gakenke district in Northern part of Rwanda. An inventory of existing renewables is made and the village’s load profile is estimated. The hybrid system is modelled and optimized for technical and economic viability using the HOMER software. Two alternatives based on 42 respectively 21 tons of biomass, can give 88.86 MWh/year to a cost of $0.130/kWh and 87.35 MWh/year to a cost of $0.154/kWh. These figures are compared with an optimized solar home system with the cost of $0.457/kWh and the current electricity price of $0.240/kWh. Based on these optimized results it is evident that a hybrid system with PV and biogas is more cost-effective than the solar home system and the current price for electricity. Hence, the implementation of off-grid hybrid systems can be a solution for remote rural electrification in Rwanda.
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Unger, Kurtis. "Organically Grown Microgrids: the Development and Simulation of a Solar Home System-based Microgrid." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/6727.
Full textAbstract:
The United Nations has declared 2012 the ``International Year of Sustainable Energy for All''. A substantial portion of the world's population (some 1.3 billion people) currently live without electricity and development efforts to reach them are progressing relatively slowly. This thesis follows the development of a technology which can enable community owned and operated microgrids to emerge based solely on the local supply and demand of that community.
Although this thesis ends with the technical analysis of a DC/DC converter, there is a significant amount of background to cover in order to properly understand the context in which it will be used.
After providing an introduction into typical rural electrification efforts and pointing out some of the shortcomings of these projects, this thesis introduces some cutting edge efforts which combine solar home system technology with cellular technology and discusses the benefits of such a marriage of technology.
Next, the research proposes some tweaks to this novel technology and provides a high-level economic demonstration of the spread of solar home systems in a community based on these modifications. It then takes this concept even further and proposes the addition of a DC/DC converter which could turn these individual solar home systems into a proper microgrid.
This thesis elaborates on the development process of simulating such a microgrid in PSCAD, including the individual components of a solar home system and the specific task of designing the converter which would form the backbone of the proposed microgrid. The final simulations and analyses demonstrate a microgrid that is both technically and economically feasible for developing world applications.
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Liu, Ting-yu, and 劉庭妤. "Exploring the Health Service Quality in Rural Areas after the Implementation of Integrated Delivery System." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4h9w48.
Full textAbstract:
碩士嘉南藥理科技大學
醫療資訊管理研究所
99
【Background and Motives】 The Bureau of National Health Insurance (NHI) has implemented ”The National Health Insurance Project of Integrated Delivery Systems in Mountainous and Islet Districts” (IDS program) in order to improve the accessibility and wholeness of medical care in rural areas. Because of the less researches of health services quality in the past, this study tried to explore the importance and satisfaction of health services quality which are perceived by people in rural areas after the implementation of IDS program. 【Objective】 The importance of health services quality not only to influenced patients’ satisfaction, but also to affected patients’ loyalty. The objectives of the study are as follows: 1. To understand the patients’ perceived importance and satisfaction of health services quality in rural areas. 2. To explore the factors that influences the perceived importance and satisfaction of health services quality in rural areas. 【Methods】 The study adopted the SERVQUAL questionnaire with five-point Likert’s scale and convenience sampling to collect data. Objects were residents who lived in Maulin, Namashia and Taoyaun and looked for medical services in health centre in the past one year. 286 valid questionnaires were collected with a response rate 84.62%. After data collecting, the study adopted SPSS 17.0 to run the descriptive analysis, bivariate analysis and regression analysis. 【Results】 On the aspect of the importance of health services quality, the most important one of five dimensions is “Responsiveness” (Mean=4.15, SD=0.689), and the lowest important one is “Empathy” (Mean=4.039, SD=0.703). As for the satisfaction of health services quality, the most satisfied one of five dimension is “Assurance” (Mean=3.842, SD=0.723), and the least satisfied one is “Tangibles” (Mean=3.72, SD=0.703). The results show us that “place of residence” and “transportation time” could significantly influence patients’ perceived importance and satisfaction. The residents who lived in Namashia perceived significantly lower importance and satisfaction of health services quality than residents who lived in Maulin and Taoyaun. The residents who spent less then thirty minutes to clinic perceived higher importance and satisfaction of health services quality than those who spent more then two hours. 【Conclusions and Suggestion】 The results show that there are all negative gaps of five dimensions of health services quality. The biggest gap of five dimensions of health services quality is “Responsiveness”, the administrators of hospitals and health centres should improve the professional skill and manner of all medical staffs first in order to minimize the gap. The study also suggests that the managers should improve the whole health services quality in order to raise the perceived importance and satisfaction by residents who live in Namashia. In addition, the residents who spent more then two hours to clinic percived lower importance and satisfaction of health services quality. Health services providers should provide more mobile health services to improve the accessibility and usability of health services.
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Kirkby, S. D. (Stephen Denis). "Managing dryland salinisation with an integrated expert system/geographic information system / S.D. Kirkby." 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/21517.
Full textAbstract:
Bibliography: leaves 119-218.xiv, 218 leaves : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ; 30 cm.
Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
Salt Manager represents the software system developed by this thesis to implement an interactive land classification methodology. An Expert System (ES), a Geographic Information System (GIS), remotely sensed information and a relational database management system (RDBMS) have been utilised to construct the methodology.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geography, 1995
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Kirkby, S. D. (Stephen Denis). "Managing dryland salinisation with an integrated expert system/geographic information system / S.D. Kirkby." Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/21517.
Full textAbstract:
Bibliography: leaves 119-218.xiv, 218 leaves : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ; 30 cm.
Salt Manager represents the software system developed by this thesis to implement an interactive land classification methodology. An Expert System (ES), a Geographic Information System (GIS), remotely sensed information and a relational database management system (RDBMS) have been utilised to construct the methodology.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geography, 1995
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Gambino, Valeria. "Business model analysis and methodologies to optimize the system design of renewable energy mini-grids in developing countries." Doctoral thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1245799.
Full textAbstract:
Energy is crucial for eradication of poverty and for combating climate change. Notwithstanding progress in every area of sustainable energy, energy poverty still involves a large proportion of the population living in developing countries, mainly concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa. To seize the gap of universal access to energy set out by the Sustainable Development Goal 7 a mix of technical solutions is needed. Even if mini-grids are now considered a well-established solution, there is the urgency for involving private capital to reach a wider impact of the international action as well as to open a huge potential market. Thus, the viability of business models and their long-term technical and financial sustainability become fundamental aspects to face the main obstacles retaining private investments, which are usually identified in the financial, technological and institutional areas, accounting for high initial costs and difficulty in access to finance due to the perceived high-risks of investments, low and unpredictable demand patterns, reduced ability to pay and low tariffs, among others.
To address these challenges, there is a need of (i) data-driven study on business models for decentralized RE solutions to identify success factors and viable approaches to pursue the viability and replicability of rural electrification projects as well as of (ii) effective methodologies in both the development and operating phases to optimize systems, de-risk investments and assure long-term sustainability.
Thus, the objective of this research project is supporting the off-grid energy sector to deploy viable and scalable renewable energy systems through methodologies and models for the mini-grid optimization in developing countries.
On the basis of a preliminary work for an in-depth understanding of the context, the core of the research project is focused on (i) a critical assessment of the techno-economic aspects of RE mini-grids and (ii) identification of innovative methodologies and business models for the system optimization and the deployment of RE mini-grids at scale.
The research methodology was structured around (i) field experience in case studies, both in the feasibility studies and executions, and (ii) desk research working on literature overview, stakeholder consultation as well as data collection and analysis of mini-grids in operation. Thus, this research project actually benefits of direct experience in the practitioners’ environment and bring it into the academic environment to leverage lesson learnt, food for thought and data by using a scientific approach.
The first phase of the research project was focused on understanding of the rural electrification challenge for the system optimization and the deployment of RE mini-grids at scale in order to identify aspects which actually affect the adoption of the mini-grid solution. The second phase of the research project was focused on the development of specific analysis, methods and methodologies.
Leveraging the business model study carried out in the first phase, an aggregate and correlation analysis of business model indicators based on 21 RE mini-grids was developed. This work aims to critically analyze in retrospective manner what is the state of the art of the mini-grid sector in SSA so far, starting from older projects commissioned in the mid-eighties up to recent develop of new projects. Such comprehensive techno-economic analysis was integrated with the analysis of political and regulatory frameworks as well as access to financing mechanisms in order to allow for the identification of innovative business models for RE mini-grid projects. The research has highlighted that it is necessary to explore emerging business models, such as water-energy-food integrated projects. If properly designed, they can contribute both to business viability and local development and, in turn, further support the sustainability of the project, in a sort of virtuous cycle.
However, innovative business models require solid assessments. With the aim to de-risk investments and increase the project sustainability, the research focused on the energy need assessment and load profiling. On one hand, a methodology to perform in-depth energy need assessment was developed and validated to provide reliable inputs for the system design and business planning. On the other hand, with the aim to give a proxy of in-depth baselines, a first hypothesis of a framework for characterization of the community’s energy needs in greenfield rural electrification project was developed. The tool intends to support the preliminary phase of mini-grid business development and/or small size projects as well as to optimize the rural electrification planning tools to establish more evidence-grounded criteria for extrapolating proxy information.
In conclusion, this doctoral thesis resulted from the adoption of an original cross-cutting approach throughout the multi-dimensional nature of access to energy. It started from the practitioners’ point of view to bring the scientific research beyond the state of the art and provide results to sustain the mini-grid deployment at scale in developing countries.
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Sekgale, Ngatane Zachariah. "Investigating teachers' perceptions of integrated quality management system effectiveness on teaching and learning in a rural secondary school." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/20690.
Full textAbstract:
In the quest for education transformation, the South African government employed Integrated Quality Management System (IQMS) in the belief that if teachers were appraised and developed, their performances would be enhanced and the quality of education would be improved.
However, teachers had different views and experiences of the effectiveness of IQMS in their work stations. Consequently, the author was interested in “Investigating teachers’ perceptions of Integrated Quality Management System (IQMS) effectiveness on teaching and learning in a rural secondary school”. The investigation was conducted using face to face interviews and document analysis.
This study’s findings indicated that IQMS was introduced as a matter of policy compliance, as shown by many teachers’ misunderstandings of its concept.
The findings of this study will help to improve IQMS effectiveness or to undertake further research on the feasibility, viability and practicability of IQMS and/or alternatively, the development of a new appraisal system.Educational Leadership and Management
M. Ed. (Educational Leadership and Management)
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Wirastuti, N. M. A. E. Dewi, R. Luckin, Ray E. Sheriff, K. Walker, J. Underwood, and L. Dunckley. "Development of a Knowledge Management System Integrated with Local Communication Channels and Knowledge Management Initiatives for Kenyan Rural Farming Communities." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4489.
Full textAbstract:
yesThis paper presents an innovative application of wireless, mobile and ubiquitous technologies to support informal and collaborative learning in Kenyan rural farming communities. Such an approach is achieved by the development of a knowledge management system (KMS) integrated with existing local community communication channels, together with experimental knowledge management (KM) initiatives employing the VeSeL (Village e-Science for Life) distributed resource kits (DRKs). The initiatives support illiterate and semi-literate farming community groups, in learning new agriculture practices, and also enable the use of advanced digital technology to improve their agricultural practices and literacy levels. Results of a recent field trip to Kenya are presented and an application sketch is developed. The process of applying wireless and Internet technologies for the education of local farming communities, using irrigation and water management as the application, concludes the paper.
EPSRC
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Yang, Kuei-Lan, and 楊貴蘭. "The influence on the medical utilization and the improvement of accessibility of the implementation of Integrated Delivery System in rural-mountain areas --A case study of Mwudan Siang, a mountain aboriginal village in southern Taiwan." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26543892013653185167.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
醫療機構管理研究所
92
In order to improve accessibility of medical and health services at remote mountain areas, the Bureau of National Health Insurance (NHI) has implemented Integrated Delivery Systems (IDS) in all the mountain village since 1999. The purposes of the research were to evaluate the effectiveness of the IDS implemented in Mwudan Siang, during the period of July, 2001 to June, 2003. We wanted to see the first, whether the policy has influences on the residents’ medical-seeking behaviors and what are the major parts of it；and the 2nd ,what and which characters of these residents might influence on their medical-seeking decision ,preference in or outside the village. This study used the insurance database provided by the Bureau of NHI. A total of 5,015 residents of Mwudan Siang were included in the study. The study results show: 1). The rate of out-patient utilization inside the village increased significantly from 20.3% to 28.4% after the IDS was implemented (p<0.0001); 2). The average medical cost of outpatient inside the village decreased significantly from NT$ 648.1 to NT$611.0 after IDS (p<0.0001), 3).Rates of visit due to acute upper respiratory, arthritis, skin disease, low back pain, eyes disease, gastroenteritis, gout, and Diabetes mellitus were all significantly increased inside the village after IDS (p<0.001); 4).Admission rate increased significantly (p<0.0001) but avoidable hospitalization conditions decreased significantly after IDS (p<0.001 ); 5). Utilization rate of adult preventive health service and cervical cancer screening increased significantly inside the village after IDS (p<0.001); 6).The factors affecting out-patient utilization were analyzed with multiple logistic regression. The results revealed the following significant factors : predisposing factors (female, age>65, married), enabling factors (living in Si-menh village, the category III insurance), and need factors (chronic disease patients); 7.) The factors affecting inside the village out-patient utilization were analyzed with multiple regression model, the results show that some factors favored inside-village out-patient utilization: predisposing factors (female, age>65, elementary school education, the singles), enabling factors: (living in Si-menh and Kau-sih villages, the category III insurance) and need factors: (chronic disease patients). In general, the IDS program successfully increased the accessibility of medical care of the villagers. According to the study results, we suggest the authority should establish the system to manage chronic disease, and reinforce the service and education in disease prevention to improve the quality of medical care and health status in the aboriginal mountain area.