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Journal articles on the topic 'Integrated photonic structures'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Soref, Richard. "Tutorial: Integrated-photonic switching structures." APL Photonics 3, no. 2 (February 2018): 021101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5017968.

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2

Yi, Ailun, Chengli Wang, Liping Zhou, Yifan Zhu, Shibin Zhang, Tiangui You, Jiaxiang Zhang, and Xin Ou. "Silicon carbide for integrated photonics." Applied Physics Reviews 9, no. 3 (September 2022): 031302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0079649.

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Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) based on lithographically patterned waveguides provide a scalable approach for manipulating photonic bits, enabling seminal demonstrations of a wide range of photonic technologies with desired complexity and stability. While the next generation of applications such as ultra-high speed optical transceivers, neuromorphic computing and terabit-scale communications demand further lower power consumption and higher operating frequency. Complementing the leading silicon-based material platforms, the third-generation semiconductor, silicon carbide (SiC), offers a significant opportunity toward the advanced development of PICs in terms of its broadest range of functionalities, including wide bandgap, high optical nonlinearities, high refractive index, controllable artificial spin defects and complementary metal oxide semiconductor-compatible fabrication process. The superior properties of SiC have enabled a plethora of nano-photonic explorations, such as waveguides, micro-cavities, nonlinear frequency converters and optically-active spin defects. This remarkable progress has prompted the rapid development of advanced SiC PICs for both classical and quantum applications. Here, we provide an overview of SiC-based integrated photonics, presenting the latest progress on investigating its basic optoelectronic properties, as well as the recent developments in the fabrication of several typical approaches for light confinement structures that form the basic building blocks for low-loss, multi-functional and industry-compatible integrated photonic platform. Moreover, recent works employing SiC as optically-readable spin hosts for quantum information applications are also summarized and highlighted. As a still-developing integrated photonic platform, prospects and challenges of utilizing SiC material platforms in the field of integrated photonics are also discussed.
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Olmos, J. J. V., M. Tokushima, and K. I. Kitayama. "Photonic Add–Drop Filter Based on Integrated Photonic Crystal Structures." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 16, no. 1 (2010): 332–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstqe.2009.2028901.

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4

Ritter, Ralf, Nico Gruhler, Wolfram Pernice, Harald Kübler, Tilman Pfau, and Robert Löw. "Atomic vapor spectroscopy in integrated photonic structures." Applied Physics Letters 107, no. 4 (July 27, 2015): 041101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4927172.

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5

Pustelny, Tadeusz. "The 13th conference on Integrated Optics - Sensors, Sensing Structures and Methods IOS'2018." Photonics Letters of Poland 10, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v10i1.807.

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The conference covers the topical areas of optics, optoelectronics and photonics in the following aspects: fundamental and applied research, physics and technical, materials, components and devices, circuits and systems, technological and design, construction and manufacturing of photonic devices and systems, and metrology.
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6

Yuan, Yuan, Bassem Tossoun, Zhihong Huang, Xiaoge Zeng, Geza Kurczveil, Marco Fiorentino, Di Liang, and Raymond G. Beausoleil. "Avalanche photodiodes on silicon photonics." Journal of Semiconductors 43, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 021301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-4926/43/2/021301.

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Abstract Silicon photonics technology has drawn significant interest due to its potential for compact and high-performance photonic integrated circuits. The Ge- or III–V material-based avalanche photodiodes integrated on silicon photonics provide ideal high sensitivity optical receivers for telecommunication wavelengths. Herein, the last advances of monolithic and heterogeneous avalanche photodiodes on silicon are reviewed, including different device structures and semiconductor systems.
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Veluthandath, Aneesh Vincent, and Ganapathy Senthil Murugan. "Photonic Nanojet Generation Using Integrated Silicon Photonic Chip with Hemispherical Structures." Photonics 8, no. 12 (December 17, 2021): 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8120586.

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Photonic nanojet (PNJ) is a tightly focused diffractionless travelling beam generated by dielectric microparticles. The location of the PNJ depends on the refractive index of the material and it usually recedes to the interior of the microparticle when the refractive index is higher than 2, making high index materials unsuitable to produce useful PNJs while high index favours narrower PNJs. Here we demonstrate a design of CMOS compatible high index on-chip photonic nanojet based on silicon. The proposed design consists of a silicon hemisphere on a silicon substrate. The PNJs generated can be tuned by changing the radius and sphericity of the hemisphere. Oblate spheroids generate PNJs further away from the refracting surface and the PNJ length exceeds 17λ when the sphericity of the spheroid is 2.25 The proposed device can have potential applications in focal plane arrays, enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and optofluidic chips.
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8

Kremer, Mark, Lukas J. Maczewsky, Matthias Heinrich, and Alexander Szameit. "Topological effects in integrated photonic waveguide structures [Invited]." Optical Materials Express 11, no. 4 (March 9, 2021): 1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ome.414648.

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9

Vieira, M. A., M. Vieira, P. Louro, V. Silva, and A. Fantoni. "Integrated photonic filters based on SiC multilayer structures." Applied Surface Science 275 (June 2013): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.01.020.

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10

Kitzerow, Heinz-S., Heinrich Matthias, Stefan L. Schweizer, Henry M. van Driel, and Ralf B. Wehrspohn. "Tuning of the Optical Properties in Photonic Crystals Made of Macroporous Silicon." Advances in Optical Technologies 2008 (June 22, 2008): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/780784.

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It is well known that robust and reliable photonic crystal structures can be manufactured with very high precision by electrochemical etching of silicon wafers, which results in two- and three-dimensional photonic crystals made of macroporous silicon. However, tuning of the photonic properties is necessary in order to apply these promising structures in integrated optical devices. For this purpose, different effects have been studied, such as the infiltration with addressable dielectric liquids (liquid crystals), the utilization of Kerr-like nonlinearities of the silicon, or free-charge carrier injection by means of linear (one-photon) and nonlinear (two-photon) absorptions. The present article provides a review, critical discussion, and perspectives about state-of-the-art tuning capabilities.
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11

Xia, Hongyan, Tingkuo Chen, Chang Hu, and Kang Xie. "Recent Advances of the Polymer Micro/Nanofiber Fluorescence Waveguide." Polymers 10, no. 10 (September 30, 2018): 1086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10101086.

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Subwavelength optical micro/nanofibers have several advantages, such as compact optical wave field and large specific surface area, which make them widely used as basic building blocks in the field of micro-nano optical waveguide and photonic devices. Among them, polymer micro/nanofibers are among the first choices for constructing micro-nano photonic components and miniaturized integrated optical paths, as they have good mechanical properties and tunable photonic properties. At the same time, the structures of polymer chains, aggregated structures, and artificial microstructures all have unique effects on photons. These waveguided micro/nanofibers can be made up of not only luminescent conjugated polymers, but also nonluminous matrix polymers doped with luminescent dyes (organic and inorganic luminescent particles, etc.) due to the outstanding compatibility of polymers. This paper summarizes the recent progress of the light-propagated mechanism, novel design, controllable fabrication, optical modulation, high performance, and wide applications of the polymer micro/nanofiber fluorescence waveguide. The focus is on the methods for simplifying the preparation process and modulating the waveguided photon parameters. In addition, developing new polymer materials for optical transmission and improving transmission efficiency is discussed in detail. It is proposed that the multifunctional heterojunctions based on the arrangement and combination of polymer-waveguided micro/nanofibers would be an important trend toward the construction of more novel and complex photonic devices. It is of great significance to study and optimize the optical waveguide and photonic components of polymer micro/nanofibers for the development of intelligent optical chips and miniaturized integrated optical circuits.
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12

Son, Gyeongho, Seungjun Han, Jongwoo Park, Kyungmok Kwon, and Kyoungsik Yu. "High-efficiency broadband light coupling between optical fibers and photonic integrated circuits." Nanophotonics 7, no. 12 (October 20, 2018): 1845–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2018-0075.

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AbstractEfficient light energy transfer between optical waveguides has been a critical issue in various areas of photonics and optoelectronics. Especially, the light coupling between optical fibers and integrated waveguide structures provides essential input-output interfaces for photonic integrated circuits (PICs) and plays a crucial role in reliable optical signal transport for a number of applications, such as optical interconnects, optical switching, and integrated quantum optics. Significant efforts have been made to improve light coupling properties, including coupling efficiency, bandwidth, polarization dependence, alignment tolerance, as well as packing density. In this review article, we survey three major light coupling methods between optical fibers and integrated waveguides: end-fire coupling, diffraction grating-based coupling, and adiabatic coupling. Although these waveguide coupling methods are different in terms of their operating principles and physical implementations, they have gradually adopted various nanophotonic structures and techniques to improve the light coupling properties as our understanding to the behavior of light and nano-fabrication technology advances. We compare the pros and cons of each light coupling method and provide an overview of the recent developments in waveguide coupling between optical fibers and integrated photonic circuits.
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13

Scherrer, Markus, Noelia Vico Triviño, Svenja Mauthe, Preksha Tiwari, Heinz Schmid, and Kirsten E. Moselund. "In-Plane Monolithic Integration of Scaled III-V Photonic Devices." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 21, 2021): 1887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041887.

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It is a long-standing goal to leverage silicon photonics through the combination of a low-cost advanced silicon platform with III-V-based active gain material. The monolithic integration of the III-V material is ultimately desirable for scalable integrated circuits but inherently challenging due to the large lattice and thermal mismatch with Si. Here, we briefly review different approaches to monolithic III-V integration while focusing on discussing the results achieved using an integration technique called template-assisted selective epitaxy (TASE), which provides some unique opportunities compared to existing state-of-the-art approaches. This method relies on the selective replacement of a prepatterned silicon structure with III-V material and thereby achieves the self-aligned in-plane monolithic integration of III-Vs on silicon. In our group, we have realized several embodiments of TASE for different applications; here, we will focus specifically on in-plane integrated photonic structures due to the ease with which these can be coupled to SOI waveguides and the inherent in-plane doping orientation, which is beneficial to waveguide-coupled architectures. In particular, we will discuss light emitters based on hybrid III-V/Si photonic crystal structures and high-speed InGaAs detectors, both covering the entire telecom wavelength spectral range. This opens a new path towards the realization of fully integrated, densely packed, and scalable photonic integrated circuits.
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14

Zhang, Dao Hua. "Semiconducting Materials for Photonic Technology." Materials Science Forum 859 (May 2016): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.859.96.

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Semiconducting materials are important photonic materials and the technologies developed have been utilized in many fields of the modern society and they are closely related to the quality of our life. The main applications of the materials are for light source and sensing originated from interaction of photons and matters. In this invited talk, I will first present our work on the properties of the semiconducting materials and their applications as lasers and photodetectors, and then present integrated hybrid subwavelength structures which show significant enhancement on device performance. It is believed that complex hybrid structures which combine quantum-and hetero-structures made of semiconducting materials, and subwavelength structure for performance enhancement are the main focus in the near future.
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15

Sun, Lu, Yong Zhang, Yu He, Hongwei Wang, and Yikai Su. "Subwavelength structured silicon waveguides and photonic devices." Nanophotonics 9, no. 6 (May 1, 2020): 1321–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0070.

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AbstractSubwavelength structures such as subwavelength gratings (SWGs) and subwavelength metamaterials are capable of tailoring the optical properties of materials and controlling the flow of light at the nanoscale. The effective indices of the subwavelength structured strip and slab waveguides can be changed in a wide range by choosing an appropriate duty cycle or a filling factor of silicon, which provides an effective method to manipulate the optical field and achieve effective index matching for functional devices. Recent advances in nanofabrication techniques have made it possible to implement subwavelength structures in silicon strip and slab waveguides. Here we review various approaches used to design subwavelength structures and achieve exotic optical responses and discuss how these structures can be used to realize high-performance silicon photonic devices. Both one-dimensional SWG devices and two-dimensional subwavelength metamaterial devices are covered in this review, including subwavelength structure–based polarization handling devices, mode manipulation devices, and building blocks for integrated optical interconnects. Perspectives on subwavelength structured silicon photonic devices are also discussed.
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16

Tokushima, Masatoshi, J. J. Vegas Olmos, and Ken-Ichi Kitayama. "Ultracompact Photonic-Waveguide Circuits in Si-Pillar Photonic-Crystal Structures for Integrated Nanophotonic Switches." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 10, no. 3 (March 1, 2010): 1626–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2010.2046.

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17

Bogaerts, W., D. Taillaert, B. Luyssaert, P. Dumon, J. Van Campenhout, P. Bienstman, D. Van Thourhout, R. Baets, V. Wiaux, and S. Beckx. "Basic structures for photonic integrated circuits in Silicon-on-insulator." Optics Express 12, no. 8 (April 19, 2004): 1583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opex.12.001583.

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18

Queraltó, Gerard, Verònica Ahufinger, and Jordi Mompart. "Integrated photonic devices based on adiabatic transitions between supersymmetric structures." Optics Express 26, no. 26 (December 12, 2018): 33797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.26.033797.

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19

Lelit, Marcin, Mateusz Słowikowski, Maciej Filipiak, Marcin Juchniewicz, Bartłomiej Stonio, Bartosz Michalak, Krystian Pavłov, et al. "Passive Photonic Integrated Circuits Elements Fabricated on a Silicon Nitride Platform." Materials 15, no. 4 (February 14, 2022): 1398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15041398.

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The fabrication processes for silicon nitride photonic integrated circuits evolved from microelectronics components technology—basic processes have common roots and can be executed using the same type of equipment. In comparison to that of electronics components, passive photonic structures require fewer manufacturing steps and fabricated elements have larger critical dimensions. In this work, we present and discuss our first results on design and development of fundamental building blocks for silicon nitride integrated photonic platform. The scope of the work covers the full design and manufacturing chain, from numerical simulations of optical elements, design, and fabrication of the test structures to optical characterization and analysis the results. In particular, technological processes were developed and evaluated for fabrication of the waveguides (WGs), multimode interferometers (MMIs), and arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs), which confirmed the potential of the technology and correctness of the proposed approach.
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20

Wu, Sailong, Xin Mu, Lirong Cheng, Simei Mao, and H. Y. Fu. "State-of-the-Art and Perspectives on Silicon Waveguide Crossings: A Review." Micromachines 11, no. 3 (March 20, 2020): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11030326.

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In the past few decades, silicon photonics has witnessed a ramp-up of investment in both research and industry. As a basic building block, silicon waveguide crossing is inevitable for dense silicon photonic integrated circuits and efficient crossing designs will greatly improve the performance of photonic devices with multiple crossings. In this paper, we focus on the state-of-the-art and perspectives on silicon waveguide crossings. It reviews several classical structures in silicon waveguide crossing design, such as shaped taper, multimode interference, subwavelength grating, holey subwavelength grating and vertical directional coupler by forward or inverse design method. In addition, we introduce some emerging research directions in crossing design including polarization-division-multiplexing and mode-division-multiplexing technologies.
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21

Greiner, C., D. Iazikov, and T. W. Mossberg. "Photonic Structures: Planar Holographic Bragg Reflectors: Building Blocks for Tomorrow’s Integrated." Optics and Photonics News 14, no. 12 (December 1, 2003): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opn.14.12.000032.

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22

Burrow, Guy M., Matthieu C. R. Leibovici, and Thomas K. Gaylord. "Pattern-integrated interference lithography: single-exposure fabrication of photonic-crystal structures." Applied Optics 51, no. 18 (June 12, 2012): 4028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.51.004028.

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23

Malar Kodi, A., V. Doni Pon, and K. S. Joseph Wilson. "Analysis of photonic band gap in novel piezoelectric photonic crystal." Modern Physics Letters B 32, no. 08 (March 12, 2018): 1850024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984918500240.

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The transmission properties of one-dimensional novel photonic crystal having silver-doped novel piezoelectric superlattice and air as the two constituent layers have been investigated by means of transfer matrix method. By changing the appropriate thickness of the layers and filling factor of nanocomposite system, the variation in the photonic band gap can be studied. It is found that the photonic band gap increases with the filling factor of the metal nanocomposite and with the thickness of the layer. These structures possess unique characteristics enabling one to operate as optical waveguides, selective filters, optical switches, integrated piezoelectric microactuators, etc.
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24

Baker, James E., Rashmi Sriram, and Benjamin L. Miller. "Recognition-mediated particle detection under microfluidic flow with waveguide-coupled 2D photonic crystals: towards integrated photonic virus detectors." Lab on a Chip 17, no. 9 (2017): 1570–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7lc00221a.

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Recognition-mediated high-sensitivity particle detection is a critical prerequisite to the development of effective integrated photonic virus sensors. Here, we demonstrate that 2D slab-PhC structures are able to fill this role.
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Sinev, Ivan, Mengyao Li, Fedor Benimetskiy, Tatiana Ivanova, Svetlana Kiriushechkina, Anton Vakulenko, Sriram Guddala, Dmitry Krizhanovskii, Anton Samusev, and Alexander Khanikaev. "Strong light-matter coupling in topological metasurfaces integrated with transition metal dichalcogenides." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2015, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2015/1/012142.

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Abstract Strong light-matter interactions enable unique nonlinear and quantum phenomena at moderate light intensities. Within the last years, polaritonic metasurfaces emerged as a viable candidate for realization of such regimes. In particular, planar photonic structures integrated with 2D excitonic materials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD), can support exciton polaritons – half-light half-matter quasiparticles. Here, we explore topological exciton polaritons which are formed in a suitably engineered all-dielectric topological photonic metasurface coupled to TMD monolayers. We experimentally demonstrate the transition of topological charge from photonic to polaritonic bands with the onset of strong coupling regime and confirm the presence of one-way spin-polarized edge topological polaritons. The proposed system constitutes a promising platform for photonic/solid-state interfaces for valleytronics and spintronics.
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26

Ngo, Gia Long, Jean-Pierre Hermier, and Ngoc Diep Lai. "Single-photon splitting by polymeric submicropillars structures." AVS Quantum Science 5, no. 1 (March 2023): 011403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/5.0135915.

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Optical splitters are one of the most important interconnects in the optical chips of future optical quantum computers. Here, we introduce novel quantum photonic splitters based on polymeric submicropillars that split the single-photon signal generated by a colloidal quantum dot (QD) into multiple outputs, which can be easily accessed through a conventional confocal scanning optical system. Using a single continuous-wave laser with a low absorption wavelength for both polymer material and QDs, we were able to first deterministically place a single-photon emitter (SPE) within one of the submicropillars and then characterize the single-photon guiding effect of the fabricated structures. The submicropillars, with their size and position which are comprehensively optimized by numerical simulations, act as single-mode directional coupler guiding both the laser excitation and the single-photon emission thanks to the evanescent wave coupling effect. With one-step fabrication, we can create a well-distributed array of “imaginary” SPEs from an original SPE. Our method opens various applications in integrated devices based on solid-state quantum emitters.
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27

Wang, Xinyu, Shuguang Li, Tonglei Cheng, and Jianshe Li. "Overview of photonic devices based on functional material-integrated photonic crystal fibers." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, no. 27 (March 3, 2022): 273001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac4859.

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Abstract Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) have brought tremendous advancements due to their predominant feature of a peculiar air-hole arrangement in the 2D direction. Functional materials like metals, magnetic fluids, nematic liquid crystals, graphene and so on, are being extensively adopted for integration with PCFs to obtain extraordinary transmission properties. This review takes the development stages of photonic devices based on functional material-infiltrated PCFs into consideration, covering the overview of common materials and their photoelectric characteristics, state-of-art infiltrating/coating techniques, and the corresponding applications involving polarization filtering and splitting devices in optical communication and sensing elements related to multiple-parameter measurement. The cladding airhole of PCFs provides a natural optofluidic channel for materials to be introduced, light–matter interaction to beenhanced, and transmission properties to be extended, in this case, a lab on a fiber are able to be implemented. This paves the way for the development of photonic devices in the aspects of compact, multi-functional integration as well as electromagnetic resistance. When the PCFs are integrated with the phemomenon of surface plasmon resonance, the property of tunable refractive indices, and the flexible geometry structures, it comes up to some representative researches on polarization filters, multiplexer-demultiplexers, splitters, couplers and sensors. It makes a candidate for widespread fields of telecommunication, signal-capacity, and high-performance sensing.
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28

Henke, Jan-Wilke, Arslan Sajid Raja, Armin Feist, Guanhao Huang, Germaine Arend, Yujia Yang, F. Jasmin Kappert, et al. "Integrated photonics enables continuous-beam electron phase modulation." Nature 600, no. 7890 (December 22, 2021): 653–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04197-5.

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AbstractIntegrated photonics facilitates extensive control over fundamental light–matter interactions in manifold quantum systems including atoms1, trapped ions2,3, quantum dots4 and defect centres5. Ultrafast electron microscopy has recently made free-electron beams the subject of laser-based quantum manipulation and characterization6–11, enabling the observation of free-electron quantum walks12–14, attosecond electron pulses10,15–17 and holographic electromagnetic imaging18. Chip-based photonics19,20 promises unique applications in nanoscale quantum control and sensing but remains to be realized in electron microscopy. Here we merge integrated photonics with electron microscopy, demonstrating coherent phase modulation of a continuous electron beam using a silicon nitride microresonator. The high-finesse (Q0 ≈ 106) cavity enhancement and a waveguide designed for phase matching lead to efficient electron–light scattering at extremely low, continuous-wave optical powers. Specifically, we fully deplete the initial electron state at a cavity-coupled power of only 5.35 microwatts and generate >500 electron energy sidebands for several milliwatts. Moreover, we probe unidirectional intracavity fields with microelectronvolt resolution in electron-energy-gain spectroscopy21. The fibre-coupled photonic structures feature single-optical-mode electron–light interaction with full control over the input and output light. This approach establishes a versatile and highly efficient framework for enhanced electron beam control in the context of laser phase plates22, beam modulators and continuous-wave attosecond pulse trains23, resonantly enhanced spectroscopy24–26 and dielectric laser acceleration19,20,27. Our work introduces a universal platform for exploring free-electron quantum optics28–31, with potential future developments in strong coupling, local quantum probing and electron–photon entanglement.
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Hoang, Thi Hong Cam, Thanh Binh Pham, Thuy Van Nguyen, Van Dai Pham, Huy Bui, Van Hoi Pham, Elena Duran, et al. "Hybrid Integrated Nanophotonic Silicon-based Structures." Communications in Physics 29, no. 4 (December 16, 2019): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0868-3166/29/4/13855.

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We report nanophotonic silicon-based devices for hybrid integration: 1D photonic crystal (PhC) on optical fiber, i. e. fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing probe integrated in fiber laser structure for chemical sensors and slotted planar 2D PhC cavity combined with carbon nanotube (CNT) towards light nanosources. The experiments have been carried out by integrating 1D PhC on optical fiber in fiber laser structure. This structure possesses many advantages including high resolution for wavelength shift, high optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) of about 50~dB, the small full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of about 0.014~nm therefore its accuracy is enhanced, as well as the precision and capability are achieved for remote sensing. Low nitrate concentration in water from 0 to 80 ppm has been used to demonstrate its sensing ability in the experiment. The proposed sensor can work with good repeatability, rapid response, and its sensitivity can be obtained of \(3.2\times 10^{ - 3}\) nm/ppm with the limit of detection (LOD) of 3~ppm. For 2D PhC cavity, enhancement of photoluminescence of CNT emission is observed. The semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWNTs) solution was prepared by polymer-sorted method and coupled with the confined modes in silicon slotted PhC cavities. The enhancement ratio of 1.15 is obtained by comparing between the PL peaks at two confined modes of the cavity. The PL enhancement result of the integrated system shows the potential for the realization of on-chip nanoscale sources.
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30

Castelletto, Stefania, Faraz A. Inam, Shin-ichiro Sato, and Alberto Boretti. "Hexagonal boron nitride: a review of the emerging material platform for single-photon sources and the spin–photon interface." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 11 (May 8, 2020): 740–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.11.61.

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Single-photon sources and their optical spin readout are at the core of applications in quantum communication, quantum computation, and quantum sensing. Their integration in photonic structures such as photonic crystals, microdisks, microring resonators, and nanopillars is essential for their deployment in quantum technologies. While there are currently only two material platforms (diamond and silicon carbide) with proven single-photon emission from the visible to infrared, a quantum spin–photon interface, and ancilla qubits, it is expected that other material platforms could emerge with similar characteristics in the near future. These two materials also naturally lead to monolithic integrated photonics as both are good photonic materials. While so far the verification of single-photon sources was based on discovery, assignment and then assessment and control of their quantum properties for applications, a better approach could be to identify applications and then search for the material that could address the requirements of the application in terms of quantum properties of the defects. This approach is quite difficult as it is based mostly on the reliability of modeling and predicting of color center properties in various materials, and their experimental verification is challenging. In this paper, we review some recent advances in an emerging material, low-dimensional (2D, 1D, 0D) hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), which could lead to establishing such a platform. We highlight the recent achievements of the specific material for the expected applications in quantum technologies, indicating complementary outstanding properties compared to the other 3D bulk materials.
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31

Reynolds, A. L., H. M. H. Chong, I. G. Thayne, J. M. Arnold, and P. De Maagt. "Analysis of membrane support structures for integrated antenna usage on two-dimensional photonic-bandgap structures." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 49, no. 7 (July 2001): 1254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/22.932244.

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Nguyen, Hoang, Toan Nguyen, Hai Le, and Duong Ta. "Random lasers based on inverse photonic glass structure." Journal of Military Science and Technology, no. 84 (December 28, 2022): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54939/1859-1043.j.mst.84.2022.127-132.

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Random laser has attracted much attention because of its unique physical properties and potential applications in lighting, speckle-free imaging, biosensing, and photonic devices. In this work, we confirm that scattering plays a vital role in random lasing. Then, we investigate lasing properties of random film lasers with two scattering structures, including polystyrenemicroparticles and air voids embedded in a polymer matrix with organic dye serving as a gain medium. These two structures are called direct and inverse photonic glass, respectively. The result indicates that random lasers based on inverse photonic glass have a lower threshold. Following this achievement, we implemented inverse photonic glass into microspheres to obtainrandom microlasers of different sizes. Our work shows that inverse photonic glass structure is an excellent medium for random lasers with a wide range of sizes and dimensions. Especially, the obtained random microlasers are promising for applications in microsensors and photonic integrated circuits.
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Qi, YongLe, XiaoHong Sun, Shuai Wang, WenYang Li, and ZhongYong Wang. "Design of an Electrically Tunable Micro-Lens Based on Graded Photonic Crystal." Crystals 8, no. 7 (July 23, 2018): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst8070303.

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A micro-lens with an adjustable focal length (FL) is designed by using Graded Photonic Crystal (GPC) structures and a Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal (PDLC) material. The GPCs are formed by gradually changing the radius of the polymer rods in the Photonic Crystal (PC) with square lattices of polymer rods in the background of Liquid Crystals (LCs). The electrically tunable focusing characteristics of the micro-lens are investigated by loading a continuous voltage source to change the LC rotation angle. The sensitivity of the focal shift in terms of LCs tilting angle is 0.152 λ(nm/deg). Moreover, the effect of the defects and deviations on the focusing characteristics are also analyzed. This research is crucial for future applications of the proposed device in the integrated photonics and adaptive optics.
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Liu Feifei, 刘飞飞, and 张新平 Zhang Xinping. "Sensors Based on Metallic Photonic Structures Integrated onto End Facets of Fibers." Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 54, no. 2 (2017): 020001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop54.020001.

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Sheng, Xing, Steven G. Johnson, Lirong Z. Broderick, Jurgen Michel, and Lionel C. Kimerling. "Integrated photonic structures for light trapping in thin-film Si solar cells." Applied Physics Letters 100, no. 11 (March 12, 2012): 111110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3693613.

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Sauer, Steffen, Anastasiia Sorokina, Carl-Frederik Grimpe, Guochun Du, Pascal Gehrmann, Elena Jordan, Tanja Mehlstäubler, and Stefanie Kroker. "Chip integrated photonics for ion based quantum computing." EPJ Web of Conferences 266 (2022): 13032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202226613032.

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Ion traps are a promising platform for the realisation of high-performance quantum computers. To enable the future scalability of these systems, integrated photonic solutions for guiding and manipulating the laser light at chip level are a major step. Such passive optical components offer the great advantage of providing beam radii in the μm range at the location of the ions without increasing the number of bulk optics. Different wavelengths, from UV to NIR, as well as laser beam properties, such as angle or polarisation, are required for different cooling and readout processes of ions. We present simulation results for different optical photonic components, such as grating outcouplers or waveguide splitters and their applications on ion trap chips. Furthermore, we will introduce the experimental setup for the optical characterisation of the fabricated structures.
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Li, Hongqiang, Sai Zhang, Zhen Zhang, Shasha Zuo, Shanshan Zhang, Yaqiang Sun, Ding Zhao, and Zanyun Zhang. "Silicon Waveguide Integrated with Germanium Photodetector for a Photonic-Integrated FBG Interrogator." Nanomaterials 10, no. 9 (August 27, 2020): 1683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10091683.

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We report a vertically coupled germanium (Ge) waveguide detector integrated on silicon-on-insulator waveguides and an optimized device structure through the analysis of the optical field distribution and absorption efficiency of the device. The photodetector we designed is manufactured by IMEC, and the tests show that the device has good performance. This study theoretically and experimentally explains the structure of Ge PIN and the effect of the photodetector (PD) waveguide parameters on the performance of the device. Simulation and optimization of waveguide detectors with different structures are carried out. The device’s structure, quantum efficiency, spectral response, response current, changes with incident light strength, and dark current of PIN-type Ge waveguide detector are calculated. The test results show that approximately 90% of the light is absorbed by a Ge waveguide with 20 μm Ge length and 500 nm Ge thickness. The quantum efficiency of the PD can reach 90.63%. Under the reverse bias of 1 V, 2 V and 3 V, the detector’s average responsiveness in C-band reached 1.02 A/W, 1.09 A/W and 1.16 A/W and the response time is 200 ns. The dark current is only 3.7 nA at the reverse bias voltage of −1 V. The proposed silicon-based Ge PIN PD is beneficial to the integration of the detector array for photonic integrated arrayed waveguide grating (AWG)-based fiber Bragg grating (FBG) interrogators.
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Righini, Giancarlo C., and Jesús Liñares. "Active and Quantum Integrated Photonic Elements by Ion Exchange in Glass." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (June 4, 2021): 5222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11115222.

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Ion exchange in glass has a long history as a simple and effective technology to produce gradient-index structures and has been largely exploited in industry and in research laboratories. In particular, ion-exchanged waveguide technology has served as an excellent platform for theoretical and experimental studies on integrated optical circuits, with successful applications in optical communications, optical processing and optical sensing. It should not be forgotten that the ion-exchange process can be exploited in crystalline materials, too, and several crucial devices, such as optical modulators and frequency doublers, have been fabricated by ion exchange in lithium niobate. Here, however, we are concerned only with glass material, and a brief review is presented of the main aspects of optical waveguides and passive and active integrated optical elements, as directional couplers, waveguide gratings, integrated optical amplifiers and lasers, all fabricated by ion exchange in glass. Then, some promising research activities on ion-exchanged glass integrated photonic devices, and in particular quantum devices (quantum circuits), are analyzed. An emerging type of passive and/or reconfigurable devices for quantum cryptography or even for specific quantum processing tasks are presently gaining an increasing interest in integrated photonics; accordingly, we propose their implementation by using ion-exchanged glass waveguides, also foreseeing their integration with ion-exchanged glass lasers.
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39

Pignalosa, P., B. Liu, W. Guo, X. Duan, and Y. Yi. "Bio-mimetic integrated surface nano structures for medical imaging scintillation materials." MRS Proceedings 1498 (2013): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.10.

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ABSTRACTWe have improved bio-inspired Moth eye nanostructures to enhance the scintillator materials external quantum efficiency significantly. As a proof of concept, we have demonstrated very high light output efficiency enhancement for Lu2SiO5:Ce3+ (LSO:Ce) film in large area. The X-ray mammographic instrument was employed to demonstrate the light output enhancement of the Lu2SiO5:Ce thin film with bio-inspired Moth eye-like nano photonic structures. Our work could be extended to other thin film scintillator materials and is promising to achieve lower patient dose, higher resolution image of human organs and even smaller scale medical imaging.
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Teo, Selin H. G., Ming Bin Yu, N. Singh, and G. Q. Lo. "Nano-Photonic & Electronic Structures Pattern and Fabrication." Advanced Materials Research 74 (June 2009): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.74.171.

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In this paper, techniques developed in the fabrication of nano-structures such as photonic gratings and vertical tube structures are presented for fabrication development that is applicable in the field of MEMS/NEMS technology – particularly for the optical integrated circuits [1] and sensor devices [2]. In such applications, not only is the resolution enhancements important, it is also often imperative that Critical Dimensions Uniformity (CDU) be kept as low as possible - since device performance often times scales directly with structural dimensions and its accuracy [3]. In this regard, techniques such as phase shift masking, off-axis illumination, optical proximity corrections, and also multiple patterning and resist ashing etc needs to be employed. This, not only increases the number and complexity of processing steps; it (at the same time) implicates other specifications such as illumination apertures, mask designs, optical proximity simulations, tool overlay tolerances etc. Coupled with additional non-CMOS requirements of atypical pattern shapes and densities, such as rings, horse-shoe shapes, sharp edges etc, a comprehensive study of the flexibilities involved with micro-lithography needs to be carried out for novel design prototyping. Here, the above described are illustrated, using examples of (i) a photonic gratings structure patterned with sharp edges, and (ii) a vertical-tube switch device structure, which are presented and discussed for their fabrication techniques and measurement results.
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Li, Hongqiang, Zhixuan An, Quanhua Mao, Shasha Zuo, Wei Zhu, Shanshan Zhang, Cheng Zhang, Enbang Li, and Juan Daniel Prades García. "SOI Waveguide Bragg Grating Photonic Sensor for Human Body Temperature Measurement Based on Photonic Integrated Interrogator." Nanomaterials 12, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12010029.

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A waveguide Bragg grating (WBG) provides a flexible way for measurement, and it could even be used to measure body temperature like e-skin. We designed and compared three structures of WBG with the grating period, etching depth, and duty cycle. The two-sided WBG was fabricated. An experimental platform based on photonic integrated interrogator was set up and the experiment on the two-sided WBG was performed. Results show that the two-sided WBG can be used to measure temperature changes over the range of 35–42 °C, with a temperature measurement error of 0.1 °C. This approach has the potential to facilitate application of such a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) WBG photonic sensor to wearable technology and realize the measurement of human temperature.
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42

Marris-Morini, Delphine, Papichaya Chaisakul, Mohamed-Saïd Rouifed, Jacopo Frigerio, Daniel Chrastina, Giovanni Isella, Samson Edmond, Xavier Le Roux, Jean-René Coudevylle, and Laurent Vivien. "Towards low energy consumption integrated photonic circuits based on Ge/SiGe quantum wells." Nanophotonics 2, no. 4 (October 1, 2013): 279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2013-0018.

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AbstractDespite being an indirect bandgap material, germanium (Ge) recently appeared as a material of choice for low power consumption optical link on silicon. Thanks to a low energy difference between direct and indirect energy bandgap, optical transitions around the direct gap can be used to achieve strong electroabsorption or photodetection in a material already used in microelectronics circuits. However, many challenges have to be addressed such as the growth of germanium-rich structures on silicon or the modeling of these structures around both direct and indirect bandgaps. This paper will explore recent achievements in Ge/SiGe quantum wells structures. Quantum confined Stark effect has been studied for different quantum well designs and light polarization. Both absorption and phase variations have been characterized and will be reported. Carrier recombination processes is also an intense research topic, in order to evaluate the competition between direct and indirect band gap emission as a function of temperature. Main results and conclusion will be introduced. Finally, high performance photonic devices (modulator and photodetector) that have already been demonstrated will be presented. At the end the challenges faced by Ge/SiGe QW as a new photonic platform will be presented.
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43

Debevc, Andraz, Marko Topic, and Janez Krc. "Increasing Integration Density of Photonic Integrated Circuits by Employing Optimized Dielectric Metamaterial Structures." IEEE Photonics Journal 13, no. 6 (December 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphot.2021.3124626.

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44

Chin, Lip Ket, Yuzhi Shi, and Ai-Qun Liu. "Optical Forces in Silicon Nanophotonics and Optomechanical Systems: Science and Applications." Advanced Devices & Instrumentation 2020 (October 26, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2020/1964015.

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Light-matter interactions have been explored for more than 40 years to achieve physical modulation of nanostructures or the manipulation of nanoparticle/biomolecule. Silicon photonics is a mature technology with standard fabrication techniques to fabricate micro- and nano-sized structures with a wide range of material properties (silicon oxides, silicon nitrides, p- and n-doping, etc.), high dielectric properties, high integration compatibility, and high biocompatibilities. Owing to these superior characteristics, silicon photonics is a promising approach to demonstrate optical force-based integrated devices and systems for practical applications. In this paper, we provide an overview of optical force in silicon nanophotonic and optomechanical systems and their latest technological development. First, we discuss various types of optical forces in light-matter interactions from particles or nanostructures. We then present particle manipulation in silicon nanophotonics and highlight its applications in biological and biomedical fields. Next, we discuss nanostructure mechanical modulation in silicon optomechanical devices, presenting their applications in photonic network, quantum physics, phonon manipulation, physical sensors, etc. Finally, we discuss the future perspective of optical force-based integrated silicon photonics.
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45

Wang, Pei-Yu, Yi-Chen Lai, and Yu-Chieh Cheng. "Spatial Beam Filtering with Autocloned Photonic Crystals." Crystals 9, no. 11 (November 8, 2019): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9110585.

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We have been numerically demonstrated the mechanism of spatial beam filtering with autocloned photonic crystals. The spatial filtering through different configurations of the multilayered structures based on a harmonically modulated substrate profile is considered. The paper demonstrates a series of parameter studies to look for the best spatial beam filtering performance. The optimization results show that a beam spectral width of 39.2° can be reduced to that of 5.92°, leading to high potential applications for integrated optical microsystems.
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46

Poudereux, David, Manuel Cano-García, Domenico Alj, Roberto Caputo, Cesare Umeton, Morten Andreas Geday, José Manuel Otón, and Xabier Quintana. "Recording Policryps structures in photonic crystal fibers." Photonics Letters of Poland 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v9i1.700.

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Policryps structures of photo-curable adhesive NOA61 and nematic liquid crystal mixture E7 have been created inside selected microchannels of photonic crystal fibers (PCF). The PCF was selectively infiltrated with the photopolymer-liquid crystal mixture for the writing of a holographic tunable grating inside specific holes of the photonic fiber. A 2um pitch grating was successfully recorded in the PCF inner holes with and without collapsing the fiber cladding. The liquid crystal is properly aligned in both cases. Full Text: PDF ReferencesQ. Liu, et al., "Tunable Fiber Polarization Filter by Filling Different Index Liquids and Gold Wire Into Photonic Crystal Fiber", J. Lightwave Technol. 34(10), 2484 (2016). CrossRef L. Velázquez-Ibarra, A. Díez, E. Silvestre, M.V. Andrés, "Wideband tuning of four-wave mixing in solid-core liquid-filled photonic crystal fibers", Opt. Lett. 41(11), 2600 (2016). CrossRef T. Larsen, A. Bjarklev, D. Hermann, J. Broeng, "Optical devices based on liquid crystal photonic bandgap fibres", Opt. Express 11(20), 2589 (2003). CrossRef H.Y. Choi, M.J. Kim, B.H. Lee, "All-fiber Mach-Zehnder type interferometers formed in photonic crystal fiber", Opt. Express 15(9), 5711 (2007). CrossRef D. Poudereux, P. Corredera, E. Otón, J.M. Otón, X.Q. Arregui, "Photonic liquid crystal fiber intermodal interferometer" Opt. Pura Apl. 46(4), 321 (2013). CrossRef T.R. Woliński, et al., "Tunable Optofluidic Polymer Photonic Liquid Crystal Fibers", Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 619(1), 2 (2015). CrossRef D. Budaszewski, T.R. Woliński, M.A. Geday, J.M. Otón, "Photonic Crystal Fibers infiltrated with Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals", Phot. Lett. Poland, 2(3), 110 (2010). CrossRef D. Alj, S. Paladugu, G. Volpe, R. Caputo, C. Umeton, "Polar POLICRYPS diffractive structures generate cylindrical vector beams", Appl. Phys. Lett., 107(20), 201101 (2015). CrossRef A. Veltri, R. Caputo, C. Umeton, A.V. Sukhov, "Model for the photoinduced formation of diffraction gratings in liquid-crystalline composite materials", Appl. Phys. Lett. 84(18), 3492 (2004). CrossRef T.J. Bunning, L.V. Natarajan, V.P. Tondiglia, R.L. Sutherland, "Holographic Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystals (H-PDLCs)", Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 30(1), 83 (2000). CrossRef R. Caputo, L. De Sio, A.V. Sukhov, A. Veltri, C. Umeton, "Development of a new kind of switchable holographic grating made of liquid-crystal films separated by slices of polymeric material", Opt. Lett., 29, 1261 (2004). CrossRef A. Marino, F. Vita, V. Tkachenko, R. Caputo, C. Umeton, A. Veltri, G. Abbate, "Dynamical behaviour of holographic gratings with a nematic film --Polymer slice sequence structure", Euro. Phys. J. E 15, 47 (2004). CrossRef G. Abbate, F. Vita, A. Marino, V. Tkachenko, S. Slussarenko, O. Sakhno, J. Stumpe, "New Generation of Holographic Gratings Based on Polymer-LC Composites: POLICRYPS and POLIPHEM", Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 453(1), 1 (2006). CrossRef G. Zito, S. Pissadakis, "Holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystal Bragg grating integrated inside a solid core photonic crystal fiber", Opt. Lett. 38(17), 3253 (2013). CrossRef B. Sun, et al., "Unique Temperature Dependence of Selectively Liquid-Crystal-Filled Photonic Crystal Fibers", IEEE Phot. Technol. Lett. 28(12), 1282 (2016). CrossRef R. Caputo, et al., "POLICRYPS: a liquid crystal composed nano/microstructure with a wide range of optical and electro-optical applications", J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 11(2), 024017 (2009). CrossRef J. Li, S.-T. Wu, S. Brugioni, R. Meucci, S. Faetti, "Infrared refractive indices of liquid crystals", J. Appl. Phys. 97(7), 073501 (2005). CrossRef
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47

Yuan, Lei, Xin Wei Lan, Jie Huang, and Hai Xiao. "Femtosecond Laser Processing of Glass Materials for Assembly-Free Fabrication of Photonic Microsensors." Advances in Science and Technology 90 (October 2014): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.90.166.

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Research and development in photonic micro/nanodevices and structures have experienced a significant growth in recent years, fueled by their broad applications as sensors for in situ measurement of a wide variety of physical, chemical and biological quantities. Recent advancement in ultrafast and ultra-intense pulsed laser technology has opened a new window of opportunity for one-step fabrication of micro-and even nanoscale 3D structures in various solid materials. When used for fabrication, fs lasers have many unique advantages such as negligible cracks, minimal heat-affected-zone, low recast, and high precision. These advantages enable the unique opportunity to fabricate integrated sensors with unprecedented performance, enhanced functionalities and improved robustness. This paper summarizes our recent research progresses in the understanding, design, fabrication, characterization of various photonic sensors for energy, defense, environmental, biomedical and industry applications. Femtosecond laser processing/ablation of various glass materials (fused silica, doped silica, sapphire, etc.) is discussed towards the goal of one-step fabrication of novel photonic sensors and new enabling photonic devices. A number of new photonic devices and sensors are also presented.
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48

Haffner, Christian, Andreas Joerg, Michael Doderer, Felix Mayor, Daniel Chelladurai, Yuriy Fedoryshyn, Cosmin Ioan Roman, et al. "Nano–opto-electro-mechanical switches operated at CMOS-level voltages." Science 366, no. 6467 (November 14, 2019): 860–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aay8645.

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Combining reprogrammable optical networks with complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) electronics is expected to provide a platform for technological developments in on-chip integrated optoelectronics. We demonstrate how opto-electro-mechanical effects in micrometer-scale hybrid photonic-plasmonic structures enable light switching under CMOS voltages and low optical losses (0.1 decibel). Rapid (for example, tens of nanoseconds) switching is achieved by an electrostatic, nanometer-scale perturbation of a thin, and thus low-mass, gold membrane that forms an air-gap hybrid photonic-plasmonic waveguide. Confinement of the plasmonic portion of the light to the variable-height air gap yields a strong opto-electro-mechanical effect, while photonic confinement of the rest of the light minimizes optical losses. The demonstrated hybrid architecture provides a route to develop applications for CMOS-integrated, reprogrammable optical systems such as optical neural networks for deep learning.
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49

Jing, Hao, Jie He, Ru-Wen Peng, and Mu Wang. "Aperiodic-Order-Induced Multimode Effects and Their Applications in Optoelectronic Devices." Symmetry 11, no. 9 (September 4, 2019): 1120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11091120.

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Unlike periodic and random structures, many aperiodic structures exhibit unique hierarchical natures. Aperiodic photonic micro/nanostructures usually support optical multimodes due to either the rich variety of unit cells or their hierarchical structure. Mainly based on our recent studies on this topic, here we review some developments of aperiodic-order-induced multimode effects and their applications in optoelectronic devices. It is shown that self-similarity or mirror symmetry in aperiodic micro/nanostructures can lead to optical or plasmonic multimodes in a series of one-dimensional/two-dimensional (1D/2D) photonic or plasmonic systems. These multimode effects have been employed to achieve optical filters for the wavelength division multiplex, open cavities for light–matter strong coupling, multiband waveguides for trapping “rainbow”, high-efficiency plasmonic solar cells, and transmission-enhanced plasmonic arrays, etc. We expect that these investigations will be beneficial to the development of integrated photonic and plasmonic devices for optical communication, energy harvesting, nanoantennas, and photonic chips.
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50

Struk, Przemysław. "Analysis of ridges and grooves shape in grating coupler for optimization of integrated optics sensor structures." Photonics Letters of Poland 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v14i3.1151.

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The paper presents a theoretical analysis of a sensor structure based on a planar waveguide and grating coupler designed to determine selected physical properties of blood – hemoglobin concentration and oxidation level. In particular analysis were focused on optimization of selected geometrical properties of grating coupler (shape of ridges and grooves) to obtain maximum efficiency of uncoupling of light from the sensor structure. The analysis were carried out for three type of ridges and grooves shape in grating coupler: rectangular, triangular and sinusoidal. Full Text: PDF ReferencesI. . Singh, A.Weston, A. Kundur, G. Dobie, Haematology Case Studies with Blood Cell Morphology and Pathophysiology; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, (2017). DirectLink P. Jarolim, M. Lahav, SC. Liu, J. Palek, "Effect of hemoglobin oxidation products on the stability of red cell membrane skeletons and the associations of skeletal proteins: correlation with a release of hemin", Blood 76, 10 (1990). CrossRef E. Beutler, J. Waalen, "The definition of anemia: what is the lower limit of normal of the blood hemoglobin concentration?", Blood 107, 5 (2006). CrossRef M. Kiroriwal, P. Singal M. Sharma, A. Singal, "Hemoglobin sensor based on external gold-coated photonic crystal fiber", Optics & Laser Technology 149, 107817 (2022). CrossRef A. A. Boiarski, J. R. Busch, B. S. Bhullar, R. W. Ridgway, V. E. Wood, "Integrated optic sensor with macro-flow cell", Proc. SPIE Integrated Optics and Microstructures 1793 (1993). CrossRef L. Cheng, S. Mao, Z. Li, Y. Han and H. Y. Fu, "Grating Couplers on Silicon Photonics: Design Principles, Emerging Trends and Practical Issues", Micromachines 11, 666 (2020). CrossRef P. Struk, "Design of an Integrated Optics Sensor Structure Based on Diamond Waveguide for Hemoglobin Property Detection", Materials 12, 175 (2019). CrossRef P. Struk, "Numerical analysis of integrated photonics structures for hemoglobin sensor application", Phot. Lett. Poland 12, 2 (2020). CrossRef P.V. Lambeck, "Integrated optical sensors for the chemical domain", Meas. Sci. Technol. 17, (2006). CrossRef W. Lukosz, "Integrated optical chemical and direct biochemical sensors", Sens. Actuators B Chem 29 (1995). CrossRef P. Struk, T. Pustelny, K. Gołaszewska,E. Kaminska, M.A. Borysiewicz, M. Ekielski, A. Piotrowska, "Hybrid photonics structures with grating and prism couplers based on ZnO waveguides", Opto-Electron. Rev. 21, (2013). CrossRef P. Struk, "Design of an integrated optics sensor structure for hemoglobin property detection", Proc. SPIE 11204, (2019). CrossRef OptiFDTD Technical Background and Tutorials - Finite Difference Time Domain Photonics Simulation Software, Optiwave Systems Inc. (2008). DirectLink K. Yee, "Cutoff Frequencies of Eccentric Waveguides", IEEE Transactions 14, 3 (1966). CrossRef
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