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Llobera, Adan Andreu. "Integrated Optics Technology on Silicon: Optical Transducers." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3342.
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El camp de l'òptica integrada es presenta com un dels mes prometedors a curt-mig plaç degut als clars avantatges que presenta amb respecte de l'electrònica tradicional. El fet d'utilitzar la llum com a medi vehicular, la qual no es veu afectada per les possibles pertorbacions electromagnètiques, entre altres propietats, fan que aquest camp sigui una de les sortides mes viables als greus problemes de congestió de les vies de telecomunicacions que es preveuen en un futur proper. Per altra part, l'ús de l'òptica integrada per a la realització de sensors ofereix unes prestacions superiors a la majoria de transductors actuals: La resistència a condicions hostils, la mesura sense contacte directe i la seguretat en ambients perillosos, fan que aquests siguin de gran interès pel mon industrial.<br/>Dels diferents materials aptes per a la realització de components òptics integrats, únicament el silici, amb l'ampli bagatge de processos altament desenvolupats, derivats de la micromecanització i la microelectrònica, permet la fabricació de grans sèries a preus reduïts. Tot i que les propietats òptiques d'aquest element son limitades, la seva abundància, baix preu, elevada puresa, estabilitat química i rigidesa mecànica, fan d'aquest el substrat ideal per a la realització d'estructures híbrides, on les diferents funcions, òptiques i electròniques es combinen sobre el silici, utilitzant tècniques de muntatge superficial amb interconnexió òptica, a través de guies d'ona, dels diferents elements.<br/>El confinament òptic amb estructures ARROW es basa en la reflexió total interna a l'interfase amb l'aire i l'elevada reflectivitat que provoquen les capes subjacents al nucli. L'índex de refracció i el gruix d'aquestes capes es sintonitza de manera que el mode fonamental presenti un mínim de pèrdues, mentre que els modes superiors pateixen una elevada atenuació. D'aquesta manera, és possible obtenir guies d'ona monomode amb tamany similar a la fibra òptica, encarregades d'injectar la llum, minimitzant les pèrdues d'inserció. Aquesta propietat fa que aquest tipus de guies siguin les candidates òptimes per a la fabricació de transductors òptics, els quals es basen en la idea que qualsevol alteració d'una propietat física o química produïda a un medi pot detectar-se a partir del canvi que produeix a las característiques de propagació de la llum a través d'ell.<br/>En aquest treball s'han desenvolupat les eines necessàries per a la caracterització dels transductors òptics integrats: s'ha posat a punt els programes de simulació de diferències finites amb xarxa no-uniforme (NU-FDM) i el Mètode de propagació del feix (BPM), que permeten analitzar el comportament tridimensional de tota l'estructura. La tecnologia de Sala Blanca ha estat acondicionada per tal d'aconseguir els requeriments que necessitava l'Òptica Integrada. A aquest fet, l'obtenció de capes per PECVD amb diferents índexs de refracció, així com l'optimització de les tècniques de gravat RIE, han permès realitzar tota una sèrie de transductors òptics amb unes característiques notables. Les guies d'ona han estat mesurades en potència i longitud d'ona. Així, s'ha pogut comprovar com la configuració ARROW es trobava ben sintonitzada, a la longitud d'ona de treball (633nm) tant en gruix com en índex de refracció, validant la tecnologia emprada.<br/>Gràcies als punts anteriors, s'han pogut realitzar tres tipus de transductors. El primer d'ells consisteix en un interferòmetre Mach-Zehnder (MZI), el qual basa el seu principi de funcionament en la modificació del camí òptic a una de les seves branques, obtenint un patró interferomètric. A partir d'aquest, és possible determinar la variació en la part real de l'índex de refracció. El segon transductor es basa en la modificació de la part imaginaria de l'índex de refracció. Entremig de dues guies es situa una membrana selectiva, la qual té com a característica principal la modificació de la seva transmissió, a una certa longitud d'ona, a mesura que absorbeix un determinat ió. A partir de l'atenuació mesurada al final del dispositiu, és possible conèixer la quantitat d'ions absorbits. Finalment, el tercer transductor es basa en l'obstrucció del camí òptic amb un material absorbent mòbil. La posició d'aquest absorbent ha estat dissenyada per variar amb l'acceleració, obtenint un accelerómetre òptic.<br>Integrated optics is one of the most interesting research fields in the short-mid term due to the clear advantages that it has as compared to the traditional electronics. Using light as the carrier of information, which is unaffected to electromagnetic perturbations, cause this field to be one of the most viable solutions concerning the telecommunications bottleneck. In addition, the application of integrated optics in the sensor field offers a better response as compared to the transducers used nowadays: Its capability to resist harsh environments, the measurement without direct contact and the safety in explosive media cause this to be of huge interest for the industry.<br/>Between the different materials available to be used for integrated optics, only silicon, with the great knowledge of their technological aspects, allows the mass low-cost fabrication. Although its limited optical properties, its abundance, high purity, chemical stability and mechanical stiffness cause it to be ideal for hybrid integration, where the optical an electrical parts of the device are combined on silicon, using surface mounting techniques and with optical interconnection, using waveguides, between them.<br/>The optical confinement with ARROW structures is based on the total internal reflection at the upper interface and the ultra-high reflectivity that cause the layers beneath the core. The refractive index and the thickness of these layers is tuned in such a way that the lowest order mode has a minimum of losses, while the rest of the modes suffer from high attenuation. Then, it is possible to obtain single mode waveguides with core thickness comparable to the single-moded fiber optics, minimizing the insertion losses. Then, these waveguides seem to be the most promising candidates for the fabrication of optical transducers, which are based on the idea that any variation of a physical or chemical property caused to a media can be detected form a the change that is produced on the light path across it.<br/>In this thesis it has been developed the necessary tools to characterize the integrated optical transducers: It has been implemented the simulation programs based on non-uniform finite-difference method (NU-FDM) and the Beam propagation method (BPM), that allows analyzing the 3D behavior of any structure. The technological steps have been arranged so as to meet the integrated optics requirements. Concretely, the deposition of PECVD layers with different refractive index, together with the optimization of the RIE process, has allowed obtaining several optical transducers with excellent properties. Their waveguides have measured, both in power and in wavelength, showing that the ARROW structure was tuned in according to specifications.<br/>With the basis of the waveguides, it has been possible to define three different optical transducers: A Mach-Zehnder Interferometer, an absorption sensor and an optical accelerometer.
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Almeida, Luis Miguel Lima de. "All-optical processing based on integrated optics." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/13705.
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Mestrado em Engenharia Eletrónica e Telecomunicações<br>During the last years, the demand for high data transfer rates in optical fiber
communications has increased exponentially. Since image in its original format
exactly as it is captured by the digital camera requires an enormous amount of
storage capacity, it is important to develop a system that increases its amount
of compression while preserving the important image’s information.
In the topic of image’s compression, there are several transformation
techniques used for data compression. Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is
one of the most commonly used, thanks to its multi-resolution transformation.
This multi-resolution property allows to develop, not only a lossless
compression method, from which the original image can be obtained exactly as
it was before the transform, but also, a lossy method where it is not possible to
obtain the original image.
In this context, this thesis will develop the idea to apply the Haar wavelet
transform using optical circuits. This concept will be analyzed, verifying the
possibility of its implementation in the optical domain, using several methods,
lossy and lossless, to conclude about the best compression method to apply to
an image. Finally, the lossy method will be tested in the laboratory with different
components and design the optical device able to accomplish the Haar wavelet
transform.<br>Nos últimos anos, a procura por elevados ritmos de transferência de
informação em comunicações óticas tem aumentado exponencialmente. Dado
que imagem, no seu formato original exactamente como é captada pela
câmara fotográfica ocupa enormes quantidades de espaço de
armazenamento, torna-se importante desenvolver um sistema que aumente o
seu grau de compressão, preservando as informações importantes da imagem.
No tópico da compressão de imagem existem várias técnicas de
transformação usadas para compressão de dados. A transformada discreta de
onduleta é uma das mais usadas, graças ao uso da transformação em multiresolução.
Esta propriedade de multi-resolução permite não só desenvolver
métodos de compressão de imagem sem perdas, nos quais se obtém a
imagem original exatamente como era antes da transformação, como também
métodos com perdas, já não sendo possível obter a imagem original.
Neste contexto, esta tese irá desenvolver a ideia de aplicar a transformada de
onduleta de Haar usando circuitos óticos. Este conceito irá ser analisado,
verificando a possibilidade da sua implementação no domínio ótico, usando
vários métodos, com perdas e sem perdas, para concluir acerca do melhor
método de compressão a aplicar a uma imagem. Por fim, o método com
perdas irá ser testado no laboratório com diferentes componentes e desenhar
o dispositivo ótico capaz de aplicar a transformada de onduleta de Haar.
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Baker, Christopher Charles. "Electroluminescent Thin Films for Integrated Optics Applications." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1054903604.
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Clark, Douglas F. "High frequency electro-optic modulators for integrated optics." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293507.
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Villalaz, Ricardo A. "Volume Grating Couplers for Optical Interconnects: Analysis, Design, Fabrication, and Testing." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2004. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-07102004-165012/unrestricted/villalaz%5Fricardo%5Fa%5F200407%5Fphd.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. Directed by Thomas Gaylord.<br>Glytsis, Elias, Committee Co-Chair ; Buck, John, Committee Member ; Kohl, Paul, Committee Member ; Adibi, Ali, Committee Member ; Gaylord, Thomas, Committee Chair. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Liu, Bo. "Integrated Microwave Photonics Signal Processing." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/21633.
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The microwave photonics (MWP) is a promising technology in recent years in terms of processing high frequency microwave signals. It offers some advantages over electronic signal processing. Some of its advantages are high speed, low loss, wide range, light weight and immunity from electromagnetic interference. Because of these advantages, integrated MWP circuits can be used in many applications such as filters, phase shifters and time delay devices. Moreover, with the development of complementary metal-oxide semiconductor technology, MWP circuits can be integrated on a compact silicon-on-insulator platform. In this thesis, a new tunable single passband MWP filter based on on-chip silicon photonics technology and integrated MWP technology is designed. The new method has a great improvement in the selectivity of the filter by employing a dual-parallel Mach–Zehnder modulator (DPMZM). It simultaneously achieves the generation of phase-modulated signal and compensation for the undesired phase. The results show that the designed single passband MWP filter based on a DPMZM and an SOI single ring resonator, has a narrowband radio frequency response, where an average 10-dB bandwidth of 5.12 GHz is achieved. Another challenge for photonic circuit integration is coupling lights from optical fibers into photonic chips because of the spot size difference between fiber optical mode and waveguide mode. In this thesis, a simple solution is designed to achieve a horizontal integration of a fiber-chip spot size converting edge coupler, which only requires an inverse taper and a linear mode expander to couple light from a fiber and laterally expand the mode. Optimizing inverse taper parameters yields a 90% coupling efficiency from fiber to coupler output end for both the transvers electric and the transverse magnetic polarizations, which can be used for horizontal integration with a 50:50 polarization splitter.
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An, Dechang. "Electro-optic polymer-based monolithic waveguide devices with multi-functions of amplification switching and modulation." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3035933.
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Smalley, Daniel E. "Integrated optics for holographic video." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/41617.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2006.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-85).<br>The goal of this research is to fabricate a guided-wave, two-axis scanner and to modify the design of the MIT holovideo system to take full advantage of the scanner's high bandwidth and two-dimensional deflection. The new display geometry will be designed to use the guided-wave scanner coupled with a holographic optical element to perform a solid-state horizontal de-scan. The development of the guided-wave scanner and the improvements made to the holovideo geometry, will enable the construction of a third generation holovideo display that is higher bandwidth, more solid-state and at least an order of magnitude less expensive than previous generations.<br>by Daniel E. Smalley.<br>M.Eng.
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Evans, Christopher Courtney. "Nonlinear optics in titanium dioxide: from bulk to integrated optical devices." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11167.
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In this thesis, we explore titanium dioxide (TiO2) for ultrafast, on-chip nonlinear optics by studying it in bulk, thin films, and in integrated nonlinear optical devices. TiO2's large nonlinear index of refraction (30 times that of silica) and low two-photon absorption can enable all-optical switching, logic, and wavelength conversion across wavelengths spanning the telecommunications octave (800–1600 nm). In addition, its high linear index of refraction can enhance optical confinement down to nano-scale dimensions and facilitate the tight waveguide bends necessary for dense on-chip integration. Throughout this thesis, we develop TiO2 as a novel on-chip nonlinear optics platform.<br>Engineering and Applied Sciences
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MOSHREFZADEH, ROBERT SHAHRAM. "THEORY AND FABRICATION OF SUB-MICRON GRATINGS ON NONLINEAR OPTICAL WAVEGUIDES." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184138.
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Because of their compatibility with the planar concept of integrated optics, grating couplers offer the most satisfactory means of coupling light into thin film optical waveguides. The purpose of this dissertation has been to study the behaviour, both theoretically and experimentally, and fabrication of grating couplers in nonlinear waveguides. A theory of nonlinear grating couplers is presented based on a coupled-mode approach. The dependence of coupling efficiency on incident beam intensity, beam size, beam position, incident angle, chirp rate, and waveguide losses have been examined all in the presence of nonlinearities in the waveguide. It is reported that, in the presence of nonlinearities, the coupling efficiency decreases with increasing incident power. Different ways of optimizing the coupling efficiency at high incident power levels are presented. These include adjusting the beam size, the coupling angle, and chirping the grating. A new technique is reported for fabrication of regular period, chirped, and curved photoresist gratings. The experimental arrangement is essentially based on Lloyd's mirror fringes and is characterized by its stability, simplicity, and versatility. We also report on successful use of Reactive Ion-Beam Etching (RIBE) with C₂F₆ gas in producing very smooth and deep gratings with high aspect ratios in different waveguide structures. Experimental coupling efficiencies of up to 40% are reported in polystyrene waveguides using etched grating couplers. Experiments are reported in support of the theoretical findings of this dissertation using a polystyrene waveguide with thermal nonlinearity.
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Chisham, Jason E. (Jason Edward). "Sol-gel materials for integrated optics." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23992.
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The sol-gel process is a low temperature solution route to amorphous and crystalline materials. Organic modification of the precursors allows the formation of organic-inorganic composite materials. We use the sol-gel process to produce an organically-modified ceramic for integrated optical applications. Photosensitive organic components allow the fabrication of passive integrated optical devices by photolithography. We demonstrate the fabrication and characterization of channel waveguides, waveguide devices and gratings in this material. Active devices based on the emission of erbium at 1.55 $ mu$m are under much investigation because of their potential use in telecommunications. Luminescence quenching is a major problem as an Er$ sp{3+}$ ion in its excited state transfers its energy to a nearby vibrational mode of its environment and decays non-radiatively to the ground state. Encapsulation of the ion into a coordination sphere to shield the ion from its surroundings may lead to reduced quenching. We synthesize several erbium tetrakis $ beta$-diketone complexes and dope them into different solvent environments and sol-gel hosts to probe guest-host interactions in the excited state.
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Finlayson, Neil. "Inhomogeneous lens stuctures for integrated optics." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1985. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4929/.
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The thesis is concerned with the design, analysis, fabrication am evaluation of integrated optic lenses which are inhomogeneous either in physical shape or in refractive index profile. The thesis has nine chapters. Chapter one, the introduction, illustrates the importance of these lenses within the domain of integrated optiCS, where the complicated mathematical functions required to describe the lens profiles are most easily realised. Connections are made between the study of these lenses and the exciting new field of optical computing. A special class of non-uniform lenses which are conceptually perfect optical instruments forms the main area of interest in the present study. Historically, the development of these lenses has followed two distinct lines, related to two possible methods of physically obtaining the required variation in path of light rays passing through the lens. In one method the optical path is made to vary directly, whilst the other method involves controlling the fi'lysical path, and thus the optical path, through the principle of equivalence. The dual development has been continued in the field of integrated optiCS, where lenses based on direct control of the optical path are termed variable-index lenses and those based on physical path control are termed geodesic lenses. The perfect variable-index lens studied in this work was the well-known Luneburg lens. Perfect geodesic lens designs have also been published. The design formulae for both types of lens are presented in chapter two. A simpler lens, of spherical geometry, is also presented which is easily analyzed and characterised and which serves as an archetypal model against which the performance of the more sophisticated lenses can be assessed. Chapter three investigates the problems involved in modelling fabrication conditions in a thermal-evaporation-invacuum environment so that lens profiles can actually be constructed. Chapter four goes into methods of tracing rays through these lenses in some detail. Ray-tracing has long been the classical tool of optical designers, providing a useful guide to optical performance. Ray methods, which effectively provide image error evaluations, are not entirely-appropriate for those lenses which are conceptually perfect within the geometrical optics approximation. Diffraction effects prevent the lenses from attaining true perfection. In such cases the wave-field produced by the lenses in the image space is the important quantity. In chapter five, the beam-propagation method (BPM) is used to study diffraction arrl associated effects in inhomogeneous lenses. '!he method allows the propagation of complicated waveshapes in lnhomogeneous media, normally a difficult task. Furthermore, anlsotropic effects and the interaction between acoustic waves aoo optical waves can be studied with the method. Negative focal shifts are reported which are not predicted by geometrical optics or the usual approximate diffraction theories. The fabrication of lenses is considered in chapter six. Planar waveguide measurements car r ied out on the var ious materials used in the study are presented. A major problem in the fabrication of geodesic lenses, that of obtaining a uniform wavegulde layer over the complete lens area, is dealt with in some detail in chapter seven. In chapter eight, extensive tests on the experimental performance of several lenses are reported. Near diffraction-limited performance is reported for geodesic lenses. More limited performance figures are obtained for Luneburg lenses though the possibility of high performance is lndicated if profile resolution can be improved. The themes of the thesls are pulled together for discussion in chapter nine and conclusions are drawn as to the relative merits of the various lenses. Possible means of improving fabrication procedures, thus driving lenses closer to ultimate resolution limits, are presented. The greatest problem faced is that of scatter ing in the waveguide, which appears to be accentuated as the waveguide traverses the lens surface. If the scattering problem can be successfully dealt with it is concluded that integrated optical lenses could be important and viable components in addresslng the problem of fast, high-throughput data processing.
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Sharma, Prem Kumar. "Polymeric thin films for integrated optics." Thesis, Durham University, 1992. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5737/.
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This thesis presents the results from the characterisation of the linear optical properties of various polymers and the energy transfer process between several dye pairs in polymeric waveguides. The polymers and dyes were considered for their use in solid state thin film wavelength tuneable light sources. The optical waveguiding properties of the polymers were investigated, and the results of the experiments are reported. Also the fundamental concepts of wave guiding in thin films are presented. The techniques of processing the thin films, input and output coupling of the light and analysis of the results is discussed. The mechanism of non-radiative energy transfer between dye pairs was investigated as a means of efficiently exciting the acceptor dye. The theory is discussed. Also the results of both the steady state and time resolved experiments, used to determine the efficiency of the process, are reported. Efficient energy transfer has been observed in a rhodamine dye system and also between newly developed BASF dyes. Several models are proposed to explain an up conversion observed in a dye doped polymer waveguide. Here fluorescence was observed by exciting the dye in the long wavelength tail of the absorption band. A model based on the thermal population of electrons to higher vibrational levels, from where they can be promoted to the first excited electronic state, is shown to best explain the phenomenon.
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Roberts, D. A. "Selective area epitaxy for integrated optics." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262710.
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Oser, Dorian. "Integrated silicon photonics for quantum optics." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS455.
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La photonique silicium est un domaine prolifique de l’optique intégrée. Elle permet de miniaturiser de nombreuses fonctionnalités optiques, l’émission laser (en considérant les stratégies d’intégration hybride), la modulation électro-optique, le routage, la détection, pour les télécoms, les LIDAR ou la spectroscopie, la métrologie, les capteurs et laboratoires sur puce, toute en produisant à grande échelle avec une grande précision et à bas coût (grâce au technologies CMOS de la microélectronique). L’optique quantique, quant à elle, souffre d’une grande sensibilité aux vibrations et à l’environnement. Les montages optiques nécessitent stabilité, alignement parfait et un grand nombre d’éléments optiques, ce qui limite son développement à grande échelle. Inversement, tous ces aspects sont naturels en photonique intégrée. Le développement de la photonique quantique est ainsi susceptible de permettre l’implémentation à large échelle de systèmes de clés de cryptage pour les télécoms et le calcul quantique. Les prérequis de la photonique quantique sont globalement plus sévères que ceux de la photonique classique. La génération d’états quantiques nécessite notamment un niveau de réjection de la pompe de plus de 100 dB ; le niveau de bruit photonique ambiant sur la puce est également un facteur à soigner particulièrement dans la mesure où les paires de photons générées par les processus quantiques sont par principe de très faible puissance. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse aborde le développement de composants et de circuits pour la photonique quantique silicium. Le but est de générer des états intriqués en énergie-temps et de pouvoir les manipuler sur une puce. Cela va de la conception à l’utilisation des paires de photons, en passant par la fabrication des circuits intégrés optiques. La qualification des propriétés quantiques est aussi explorée afin de cerner les limitations de la plateforme silicium pour le domaine applicatif visé. L’esprit de ce travail est également de proposer des solutions restantes compatibles avec les canaux de télécommunications standard (ITU), de n’utiliser que des composants fibrés standards pour les connexions à réaliser, tout en restant compatibles avec les techniques de fabrication industrielle des grandes fonderies microélectroniques afin de permettre une future production à grand échelle des circuits photoniques quantiques<br>Silicon photonics is a dynamic research field of integrated optics. It allows to miniaturize numerous optical functionalities such as lasers, electro-optical modulators, routers, detectors, for telecom wavelengths, LIDAR, sensor, metrology or even spectroscopy, all while been able to propose large scale production high precision technologies. On another side, quantum optics suffers from difficulties to scale optical systems, requires extreme stability, perfect alignment, and many bulky optical elements, while solving these issues follows a natural path in integrated photonics. Development of integrated quantum photonics can thus open the door to cheap, powerful, and scalable systems for quantum cryptography, telecoms, and computation. In a significant way, quantum requirements are not the ones of classical circuits with respect to photonic components and circuits. The generation of quantum states indeed requires more than 100dB of pump laser rejection, while being able to manage ultra-low useful optical signals and get rid of on-chip optical noise. In this context, this thesis is dedicated to the study, dimension, realization, and characterization of silicon photonic components and circuits for quantum optics on a chip. The target goal is to generate entangled states in energy-time and manipulate them on chip. The qualification of the quantum properties is also explored to better understand the limitations of the silicon platform in the followed objectives. Another choice of this work is to stay in telecoms wavelength and aligned with the standard channels (ITU grid), to only use off-the-shelf components, all while been CMOS compatible and compliant with standard fabrication process, this to allow the possibility to produce on large scale
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Sun, Peng. "Free-Standing Integrated Optics in Silicon." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1330528033.
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Aljasem, Khaled [Verfasser]. "Integrated micro-optics for endoscopic optical coherence tomography / Khaled Aljasem." Freiburg : Universität, Br. : Univ., IMTEK, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1006564373/34.
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Alam, Mohammad. "High performance magneto-optic garnet materials for integrated optics and photonics." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2012. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/528.
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This work explores the preparation, characteristics and properties of highly bismuth (Bi) substituted, metal doped, iron garnet compounds and investigates their potential for various emerging applications in the visible and near infrared spectral regions.
Bi-substituted iron garnet and garnet-oxide nanocomposite films of generic composition type (Bi, Dy/Lu)3(Fe, Ga/Al)5O12 are prepared by using a radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering technique. The physical properties (crystallinity, film morphology, optical absorption spectra across the visible spectral range and the elemental composition of layers), and magneto-optic behaviour (Faraday rotation, hysteresis loops of Faraday rotation, and magnetic switching behaviour) of these sputtered garnet films are investigated in this work. These garnet materials possess high quality nanocrystalline thin-film microstructures and demonstrate excellent combination of optical and magneto-optical (MO) properties which makes them very attractive for use in magneto-optical applications. Record-high MO performance, in terms of the material’s MO figures of merit achieved (which exceeded most or all of the values reported previously for any semi-transparent MO materials across most of the visible spectrum), is achieved simultaneously with high Faraday rotation, making them suitable for a wide range of applications in integrated optics and photonics. The effects of annealing on the garnets of type (Bi,Dy)3(Fe,Ga)5O12, when performed in air atmosphere, are investigated and a systematic study is conducted to figure out the annealing behaviour and the crystallization kinetics of garnet formation within the garnet-bismuth oxide nanocomposites. Also, several nano-engineered magnetooptically active heterostructures (all-garnet multilayer-type thin film structures) based on magnetic layers with dissimilar uniaxial (Ku > 0) and in-plane (Ku < 0) magnetic anisotropies are prepared with the purpose of achieving the customised magnetic behaviour and properties (not attainable in single garnet layers) which are very attractive for the development of MO sensing devices and ultra-fast switches.
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Ruege, Alexander Charles. "Electro-Optic Ring Resonators in Integrated Optics For Miniature Electric Field Sensors." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1322521235.
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Chen, Li. "Hybrid Silicon and Lithium Niobate Integrated Photonics." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429660021.
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Evans, Jonathan W. "Beam Switching of an Nd:YAG Laser Using Domain Engineered Prisms in Magnesium Oxide Doped Congruent Lithium Niobate." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1281366442.
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FORTENBERRY, RANCE MORGAN. "NONLINEAR OPTICAL PHENOMENA IN ZINC OXIDE WAVEGUIDES (INTEGRATED OPTICS, NONLINEAR COUPLING)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/183951.
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This dissertation reports on the development of a nonlinear surface spectroscopy and the observation of nonlinear optical phenomena using sputtered zinc oxide waveguides. The first is known as Surface Coherent Raman Spectroscopy, or SCRS, and is capable of monolayer sensitivity. The second, discovered during the development of SCRS, is optical limiting and a previously unobserved form of optical switching based on an absorptive nonlinear coupling mechanism. Overviews of the theories of waveguiding, linear coupling, and SCRS are given. Experiments showing that the spectrum of a monolayer coverage of molecules on the surface of a metal oxide waveguide can be obtained using SCRS are reported. For this purpose ZnO waveguides were fabricated using rf magnetron sputtering; the details of which are presented. The results of the characterization of these films, using an optical loss technique, Rutherford backscattering, and X-ray diffraction, are also presented. Experiments are described and data are presented to show the existence of optical limiting and optical switching phenomena in ZnO waveguides. The experimental dependence of these phenomena on input pulse energy, wavelength, temporal pulse width, and type of distributed coupling mechanism is described. Existing nonlinear distributed coupler theory is extended to include the effect of an absorptive nonlinearity and the results of this theory are used to explain some of the characteristic features of the experimental results. A value of n₂ ≅ 2 x 10⁻¹⁶ m²/W for the nonlinear coefficient of sputtered ZnO films is obtained.
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Gharbia, Yousef Ahmed Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Nano-grinding for fabrication of microlenses on optical fibers endfaces." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, 2003. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/20735.
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This work presents mechanical nano-grinding as an alternative technique for the fabrication of optical fibers endface microlenses. It also presents a novel surface-roughness improvement technique called Loose Abrasive Blasting (LAB). Traditionally, the majority of such microlenses are made using either chemical etching or heating and pulling methods. Despite the success of these methods, they suffer some common drawbacks such as the lack of controllability on the produced lens profile. Consequently the possible variations of the lens profiles that can be made by these methods are also limited. The difficulty to center the lens on the fiber core is another problem associated with heating and pulling method. The exposure to hazardous chemical such as hydrofluoric acid is yet another problem associated with chemical etching. Nano-grinding technique described in this thesis should provide a much better alternative to the traditional optical fabrication techniques. Nano-grinding experiments were conducted on a nano-grinding machine (NGM) specially built for this purpose. The machine incorporates state-of-the-art air-bearing spindles, piezo electric actuators, and capacitive displacement sensors with accuracy down to 2 nm. Such precise motion provided by this system is the key for the success of this technique. With such system, it was possible to produce a multitude variety of lens profiles with high profile accuracy and with surfaces of optical quality without the need for exposure to any kind of hazardous chemicals. In achieving this objective, the research was conducted on many frontiers. First, the possibility of grinding optical fibers without inducing surface and subsurface damages was investigated. Micro-indentation, nano-indentation, and nano-scratch tests were conducted to determine the critical depth of cut that can be achieved before the occurrence of surface and subsurface cracks. Nano-scratch test in particular provided a clear insight to the cracking and the chipping mechanisms that might unfold if the critical depth of cut was exceeded in an actual grinding situation. The knowledge gained from this exercise laid the ground base for the design of the NGM. Using the NGM, further experiments were carried out to determine the optimal grinding parameters for an efficient and successful grinding process. Parameters investigated include the grit size, the cutting speed, and the in-feed rates. The optimum parameters have to ensure the best endface surface quality and the same time maintain a high throughput. This study shows that based on these optimal parameters, it should be possible to produce endface microlenses of optical surface quality free surface and/or subsurface damages in less than 30 seconds with surface roughness (Ra) less than 3 nm. A novel post-grinding surface improvement techniques was also developed. The technique called loose abrasive blasting (LAB) can be used for polishing at and non-flat surfaces. Experiments were conducted on a loose abrasive blasting machine built specially for this purpose. The performance of this technique was compared with other techniques such as slurry polishing and chemical etching used for polishing of brittle materials. The results showed that while chemical etching was found unsuitable for polishing of at optical fiber endfaces, LAB outperformed slurry polishing by significant margin. After the optimal grinding conditions were established, the NGM was used for grinding of different kinds of optical fiber microlens profiles. Among the endface profiles produced were conical lenses, tapered lenses, D-shaped lenses and others. It has also been shown, in case of conical lenses for instance, that there is almost unlimited number of profiles that can be produced by simply changing the contact angle between the fiber endface and the grinding film. The effect of surface roughness on light coupling efficiency between a fiber endface and a laser diode was also investigated. Cleaved fiber endfaces as well as ground endfaces with variant degrees of surface roughness were used in this experiment. The results showed that surface roughness has significant effect on light coupling efficiency. The effect of lens eccentricity on light coupling was also investigated.
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Bainbridge, John David. "The design and application of an optical demultiplexer." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302165.
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Lucas, Yann. "Integrated adaptive optics for atmospheric turbulence effects mitigation on optical links." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASP172.
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Avec un besoin croissant de communication en espace libre, les transmissions radiofréquences deviennent saturées et les liaisons optiques représentent une solution prometteuse. A la réception, l'injection du signal optique dans une fibre optique monomode (FOM) permet un débit élevé en utilisant les composants déjà développés pour les communications fibrées. Cette injection peut être fortement perturbée par les effets de la turbulence pour des liens à travers l'atmosphère. Pour s'affranchir de ces effets, l'optique adaptative (OA) est couramment utilisée. Une approche alternative, appelée ici OA-intégrée, a été récemment proposée. Elle est basée sur un démultiplexeur spatial (DS) suivi d'un circuit photonique intégré (PIC) assurant l'injection dans la FOM après combinaison cohérente. L'OA-intégrée pourrait représenter une solution compacte et robuste s'appliquant aussi aux fortes perturbations. Sa mise en œuvre nécessite toutefois la réalisation d'un PIC complexe, avec des pertes minimales et des déphaseurs rapides pour un contrôle en temps réel. Or les PIC actuels ne répondent pas à ces besoins. Les PIC en Niobate de Lithium (NL) autorise des déphaseurs avec une bande passante élevée mais pas une architecture complexe, alors que la technologie Silicium (SI) permet des architectures complexes mais des déphaseurs relativement lents. Par ailleurs, les pertes sont encore élevées avec les deux technologies.Cette thèse porte sur l'analyse des performances ultimes d'une OA-intégrée en présence de turbulence atmosphérique, basée sur le développement d'une méthode de contrôle originale pour l'architecture de PIC dédiés à la combinaison cohérente.Premièrement j'ai caractérisé les propriétés des signaux à combiner. Une analyse des propriétés statistiques des amplitudes complexes en sortie du DS m'a conduit à proposer une architecture simplifiée basée sur une correction de phase suivie d'une combinaison cohérente statique présentant moins de pertes. Une telle architecture réduisant significativement les pertes dans le PIC, je l'ai retenue dans la suite de ma thèse. J'ai établi une expression analytique du temps de décorrélation des amplitudes complexes en sortie du DS. En appliquant cette expression au cas d'une liaison satellite-sol, j'ai mis en évidence que la bande passante typique des déphaseurs des PIC en SI est limitée pour permettre un contrôle classique par modulation dans le cas d'un grand nombre d'entrées.Pour surmonter cette contrainte, j'ai proposé une méthode de contrôle originale basée sur une modulation spatiale. Avec cette méthode, le PIC peut être vu comme un analyseur de surface d'onde (ASO) qui permet d'estimer les phases résiduelles en une seule période de modulation. J'ai analysé le comportement de cette méthode en présence de bruit de mesure et j'ai optimisé la forme de la modulation spatiale vis-à-vis de ce critère. Le codage optimal permet à cette méthode d'atteindre la limite fondamentale de la propagation du bruit de photons des analyseurs de surface d'onde.Sur la base des conclusions précédentes (correction phase seule, temps de décorrélation, codage spatial optimisé), j'ai défini les principaux paramètres d'une OA-intégrée dédiée à une liaison satellite-sol. J'ai réalisé une expérience numérique et démontré que cette méthode de contrôle permet la fermeture de la boucle et est stable en présence de bruit de mesure représentatif de conditions réalistes. J'ai également proposé une architecture légèrement modifiée pour simplifier la loi de contrôle.Finalement, pour montrer que cette méthode de contrôle originale est applicable à un PIC réel présentant des imperfections, je l'ai mise en œuvre expérimentalement avec un PIC en NL que j'ai préalablement caractérisé. J'ai mis en évidence son intérêt en comparant ses performances à celles de méthodes de modulation classique. Enfin, j'ai utilisé la caractérisation d'un PIC en SI, à laquelle j'ai participé, pour définir un futur PIC avec des performances optimales<br>Optical links offer a promising solution to lighten saturated radio-frequency transmissions with the growing need for free-space communications. At the receiver end, the injection into a Single-Mode Fibre (SMF) allows high-data-rate and the use of components already developed for fibre communications. In the case of links through the atmosphere, turbulence effects on the optical wave severely degrade the SMF coupling. A method to mitigate these effects is Adaptive Optics (AO). An alternative technique has been recently proposed. This solution, referred to here as integrated-AO, is based on a spatial demultiplexer followed by a Photonic Integrated Circuit (PIC) that ensures the SMF injection after coherent combination. Integrated-AO could represent a compact and robust promising solution also enabling correction in strong perturbation regimes. However, its implementation faces an important issue: the realization of a complex PIC with minimum losses and phase shifters bandwidth high enough for real-time control. Indeed, PICs allowing for phase shifters with sufficient bandwidth, such as Lithium Niobate PICs, do not allow complex architecture and possess limiting losses. PICs in Silicon, allow for complex architecture but also possess limiting losses and permit phase shifters with limited bandwidth in our application case. It is therefore essential to take the best advantage of the available technologies.This thesis focuses on the analysis of the ultimate performances of an integrated-AO in the presence of atmospheric turbulence, based on the development of an original control method for photonic integrated circuit architecture dedicated to coherent combination.In a first step, to determine the properties of the signals to be combined after the spatial demultiplexer, I analyzed the statistical properties of its output complex amplitudes. It highlighted the interest in a simplified architecture that presents fewer losses based on a phase correction followed by a static coherent combination. I retained such an architecture in my thesis.Moreover, I established an analytical expression of the decorrelation time of the complex amplitudes at the spatial demultiplexer output. A numerical application of a representative satellite-to-ground link allows me to highlight that typical phase shifters of Silicon PICs present limited bandwidth to apply classic modulation-based control methods for the real-time control of PICs with a high number of inputs.To overcome the constraints on phase shifters bandwidth, I implemented an original control method based on a spatial coding. This method allowed me to use the PIC as a wavefront sensor to estimate residual phases after one modulation period. I analyzed its behavior in the presence of measurement noises and optimized the spatial coding with respect to this criterion. With the optimized coding, this method reaches the fundamental photon noise propagation of wavefront sensors.Based on the previous conclusions (phase-only architecture, decorrelation time, optimized spatial coding), I defined the main parameters of an integrated-AO dedicated to satellite-to-ground link. I carried out a numerical experiment demonstrating that this original control method can close the loop and is stable with respect to measurement noises in realistic conditions. I then proposed a slightly modified architecture to simplify the control law.Finally, to demonstrate that this original control method can close the loop and is stable on an experimental PIC with all its imperfections, I implemented it to control the phase shifters of a Lithium Niobate PIC that I characterized beforehand. I validated its usefulness by comparing its closed-loop performances with classic modulation-based control methods.In a last step, I used the characterization of a Silicon PIC, in which I participated, to define the sizing and architecture for realizing a future PIC with optimal performances
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Baker, Christopher C. "Electroluminescent thin films for integrated optics applications." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2003. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=ucin1054903604.
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Kanigan, Tanya. "Integrated optics spectroscopy of polymer thin films." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40157.
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This thesis describes the design and construction of an integrated optics (IO) spectrometer for the purpose of characterizing optically transparent polymer thin films (1-10 $ mu$m). IO spectroscopy exploits the properties of electromagnetic fields that exist in a polymer film when it is used as a planar dielectric waveguide. The spectrometer measures waveguide propagation constants and Raman spectra excited by guided modes. These data are used to characterize the structures of solution cast cellulose acetate (CA) films and glassy cellulose films regenerated from them, and laser induced anisotropy in organically modified silicate (ORMOSIL) sol-gel films.<br>Waveguide Raman spectra indicate partial alignment of CA chains within the plane of the film. Deacetylation of CA films in aqueous ammonia to form glassy regenerated cellulose (RC) waveguides preserves orientational anisotropy of the parent CA film. Refractive index profiles are reconstructed from measured optical propagation constants of CA, RC and partially regenerated CA waveguides using inverse Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin approximation methods. Partially regenerated CA films possess an asymmetric reflective index gradient attributed to depth inhomogeneity present in CA films prior to regeneration.<br>The effects of deviations from right angle scattering geometry on polarized waveguide Raman spectra are discussed. Polarization mode conversion is attributed to the presence of off-diagonal elements in the film dielectric tensor. In CA films, these off-diagonal elements result from excessive pressure on the coupling prism and partial orientation of polymer chains. Coupled mode theory is used to predict the effects of polarization mode conversion on the polarized Raman spectra as a function of film parameters and coupling angle.<br>Photoinduced birefringence and photoalignment are observed in ORMOSIL sol-gel films after exposure to guided light from an argon ion laser (514.5 nm and 488.0 nm lines). By simultaneously exciting TE and TM modes, non-transient, reversible off-diagonal dielectric tensor elements are introduced in the film. These off-diagonal elements cause coupling between the orthogonal TE and TM modes, which is, in turn, observed in polarized waveguide Raman spectra collected from the film. Photorefractive effects are attributed to photoinduced anisotropy (PIA) and glass photosensitivity phenomenon previously observed (by others) in doped silicate glasses.
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Morgan, Christopher Neil. "Two dimensional integrated optics for wavelength demultiplexing." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271868.
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Popović, Miloš 1977. "Air trenches for dense silica integrated optics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/87180.
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Lepert, Guillaume. "Integrated optics for coupled-cavity quantum electrodynamics." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11175.
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This thesis reports on the development of an array of plane-concave Fabry-Perot microcavities containing atoms (or other quantum emitters), interconnected by UV-written waveguides on a silica-on-silicon chip. The microcavities are formed by a mirror coated on the end facet of the chip and an array of spherical micromirrors etched on silicon. This is to our knowledge the first attempt at implementing the emerging coupled-cavities QED paradigm. The device we propose possesses a degree of control, flexibility and tuning unmatched in other suggested implementations: The atoms can be manipulated inside the cavity by auxiliary lasers and the cavity-cavity coupling rate as well as the atom-cavity coupling can be tuned. It is highly scalable. Calculation of the complete (classical) optical spectrum of the device is presented. The quantum dynamics that may eventually be observed has also been studied. Waveguide chips containing couplers and phase shifter have been fabricated. We have successfully demonstrated the operation of the elementary sub-systems: the strong optical coupling between a microcavity and a waveguide resonator, and the tunable strong coupling between two evanescently coupled waveguide resonators. No experiments with atoms or other quantum emitters were attempted, because the waveguide propagation loss is so large that no quantum physics can be observed. There is hope that this can be overcome in the future by using other waveguide technologies.
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AURELIO, DANIELE. "Integrated Optics Based on Bloch Surface Waves." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Pavia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11571/1243688.
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Negli ultimi decenni, la ricerca nell'ambito della fotonica integrata ha fatto grandi passi avanti, e ha portato sia a nuova fisica che ad apparecchiature tecnologiche che ora permeano le nostre vite. Nella plasmonica, in particolare, si manipola la luce su scale nanometriche sfruttando le proprietà ottiche di nanostrutture metalliche. I plasmoni di superficie (SPP) sono oscillazioni di densità di carica che si propagano lungo l'interfaccia tra un metallo ed un mezzo dielettrico e la cui costante di propagazione dipende dalla funzione dielettrica sia del metallo che del dielettrico, e dunque ne eredita la natura complessa: nel dettaglio, la parte immaginaria è legata all'attenuazione lungo la direzione di propagazione. Queste perdite intrinseche limitano l'utilizzo di tecnologie basate su SPP. Per superare queste limitazioni, si può ricorrere a mezzi dielettrici. Un multistrato periodico, ad esempio, si comporta come uno specchio perfetto, con riflettanza unitaria per tutte le frequenze e i vettori d'onda all'interno del suo bandgap fotonico (PBG); tuttavia, un adeguato troncamento della periodicità può introdurre stati fotonici all'interno del PBG: questi modi vivono sia sotto la linea di luce del mezzo esterno che dentro il PBG, e sono noti come onde di Bloch di superficie (BSW). I BSW sono attraenti per via dei loro intensi campi superficiali: la maggior parte della luce in un BSW è concentrata in prossimità della superficie del multistrato, essendo confinata per riflessione totale interna (TIR) dal lato dielettrico e da un PBG dal lato del multistrato: questo dà origine a profili di modo molto piccati, che hanno portato i BSW ad essere considerati alla stregua di "plasmoni dielettrici". Tuttavia, al contrario degli SPP, un adeguato design del multilayer sottostante permette l'esistenza di BSW polarizzati sia TE che TM. Un'applicazione on-chip efficace dei BSW si scontra però ancora con delle questioni aperte. In primo luogo, non è chiaro se i BSW offrano un vantaggio in termini di field enhancement o di volume modale rispetto a soluzioni più semplici basate su TIR: la maggior parte dei ricercatori dà per scontato che esista questo vantaggio, ma prima d'ora non è mai stato dimostrato. Un altro interrogativo è come un BSW interagisca con un grating, una modulazione monodimensionale dell'indice di rifrazione nella direzione di propagazione. Questo risulta importante nell'ottica di ottimizzare lo schema di accoppiamento, che ad oggi è perlopiù basato su prisma. Inoltre, si è ancora alla ricerca di risuonatori ad anello per BSW. Solo un paio di anni fa è stata pubblicata la prima dimostrazione sperimentale di un risuonatore a disco per BSW; tuttavia, nell'ottica di diminuire il volume modale del BSW, ricorrere a risuonatori ad anello sembra la strada maestra. Le caratteristiche dei risuonatori ad anelli per BSW sono state studiare teoricamente, ma un'analisi sperimentale completa delle loro performance non è ancora stata pubblicata. In ultimo, va affrontato il discorso del confinamento 3D dei BSW, dal momento che non sono mai state osservate cavità fotoniche per BSW.
Questa tesi di dottorato rappresenta il mio tentativo di dare una risposta ad alcune di queste domande. Ho introdotto una procedura di ottimizzazione che, scelto un set di indici di rifrazione, fornisce a priori il volume modale minimo e il campo alla superficie massimo ottenibili con un BSW; ho anche analizzato la dispersione dei modi guidati supportati da un grating 1D costruito su un multistrato periodico troncato in funzione dei parametri geometrici del grating; ho anche riportato i nostri dati relativi alla prima dimostrazione sperimentale di un risuonatore ad anello in silicio poroso, frutto della collaborazione con il gruppo della prof.ssa Weiss della Vanderbilt University, in Tennessee. In conclusione, ho riportato la nostra strategia di design per una cavità nanobeam per BSW, confermandone la validità con simulazioni FDTD 2D.<br>Over the last decades, the research and development of chip-scale photonics has made giant leaps forward, and has brought about exciting new physics and technological devices that now permeate our lives. Plasmonics is one such field, where light is manipulated at the nanoscale by exploiting the optical properties of metallic nanostructures. Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are charge-density oscillations that propagate along the interface between a metal and a dielectric cladding. The SPP propagation constant depends on the dielectric functions of both the dielectric and metallic media, and thus it inherits the complex nature of these figures: in particular, its imaginary part entails attenuation along the direction of propagation. These intrinsic losses plague metallic systems and hinder the scope of SPP-based technology. To overcome this limitation, one can forgo metals and resort to dielectric media. For example, an infinite periodic multilayer behaves as a perfect mirror with unit reflectivity for all the frequencies and wave vectors inside its photonic band gap (PBG); however, a proper truncation of the multilayer periodicity may introduce photonic states inside the PBG: these modes living both below the light line of the external material and inside the PBG of a 1D photonic crystal are known as Bloch Surface Waves (BSWs). BSWs are particularly appealing due to their intense surface fields: most of the light in a BSW is trapped near the surface of the multilayer since light is confined by total internal reflection (TIR) on the dielectric side and by a PBG in the stacking direction: this allows for strongly peaked mode profiles, which is why BSWs have been considered as "dielectric plasmons". However, unlike SPPs, with proper design of the supporting multilayer both transverse-electric and transverse-magnetic polarized BSWs may exist. A thorough on-chip application of BSWs is still limited by a number of open questions. In the first place, the question whether BSWs actually have a strategic advantage in terms of field enhancement or modal volume with respect to simpler TIR-based solutions is surprisingly still unanswered; most researchers simply take this advantage for granted, but no proof has ever been published in the scientific literature. Another open question is how BSWs interact with a grating, a 1D refractive index modulation along the direction of propagation. This is important with a view to optimizing the coupling scheme, which until now has mostly been prism-based. Moreover, microring resonators based on BSWs are still being actively researched. The topic seems to be particularly fertile, as a couple of years ago an experimental demonstration of a BSW disk resonator was published; however, with a view to further reducing the modal volume of the BSW, resorting to a ring resonator seems inevitable. Features of BSW ring resonators have been studied theoretically, but a thorough experimental analysis of their behavior has not been carried out yet. Finally, a point that should be addressed is how full 3D confinement of BSWs could be achieved, as no photonic cavity has ever been demonstrated for BSWs.
This PhD thesis represents my attempt to answer some of these open questions. I introduced a general optimization procedure that, given a set of refractive indices, allows one to understand a priori the minimum modal length and maximum surface electric field achievable with a BSW; I also analyzed the dispersion of guided modes supported by a 1D grating built on a 1D truncated periodic multilayer as a function of the geometrical parameters of the grating; I also reported our data on the first experimental demonstration of a porous silicon BSW ring resonator, which represents a collaboration with the Weiss group from Vanderbilt University in Tennessee. In the last chapter, I also reported a novel design strategy for BSW-based nanobeam cavities, whose validity has been confirmed by 2D FDTD simulations.
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Matres, Abril Joaquín. "Ultrafast, CMOS compatible, integrated all optical switching." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/37984.
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El proyecto consistirá en implementar funcionalidades fotónicas avanzadas sobre silicio tales como conmutación ultra rápida o la realización de puertas lógicas todo ópticas. Para ello se emplearán efectos no lineales del silicio basados en el efecto Kerr, producido por el coeficiente no lineal de tercer orden chi(3) .Los dispositivos deberán funcionar al menos a 40Gbps para que sean competitivos con los dispositivos actuales de última generación. También deberán ser compatibles con tecnología CMOS, lo cual es crucial para que la fabricación se pueda realizar a gran escala a precios competitivos.<br>Matres Abril, J. (2014). Ultrafast, CMOS compatible, integrated all optical switching [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/37984<br>TESIS
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Schow, Clint Lee. "Development of a high-speed, monolithically integrated silicon optical receiver /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Carrière, James Thomas Anthony. "Ion-exchanged ring resonator integrated optic devices." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290056.
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Ion-exchanged ring resonators are presented as inexpensive yet highly sensitive integrated optic devices. Several historical applications for ring resonators are outlined then compared with competing technologies. The theory of ring resonator devices is described in detail. The optimum designs for both single and double arm ring resonator configurations are discussed. Ring resonator performance is shown to depend on both the waveguide propagation loss and coupling efficiency. A theoretical model of the ion exchange process is presented and used to determine the processing parameters that minimize bend loss. The coupling efficiency is then modeled for the theoretical waveguide profile. A fabrication recipe for producing high performance ring resonators is developed and the performance of several devices is analyzed. The applications of ring resonator devices for accurate measurement of waveguide birefringence and for rotation sensing are examined. A birefringence measurement technique using ring resonators is presented and the sensitivity of this method is compared to other approaches. The theoretical analysis of the rotational sensitivity of ion-exchanged ring resonator gyroscopes is presented and is shown to have an improvement of two orders of magnitude over previously reported ion-exchanged gyroscopes.
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Morrison, Blair. "Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in Integrated Circuits: Platforms and Applications." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18838.
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Coherent interactions between light and sound have been of significant interest since the invention of the laser. Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is a type of coherent interaction where light is scattered from optically generated acoustic waves. SBS is a powerful tool for optical and microwave signal processing, with applications ranging from telecommunications and Radar, to spatial sensing and microscopy. Over the last decade there has been increasing interest in the investigation of Brillouin scattering at device scales smaller than the wavelength of light. New interactions with the waveguide boundaries in these systems are capable of altering the strength of SBS, from complete suppression to orders of magnitude increases. The landmark demonstration of Brillouin scattering in planar waveguides, just six years ago, represents a new frontier for this field. This work explores the effective generation and harnessing of stimulated Brillouin scattering within modern photonic circuits. After establishing the foundations of linear and nonlinear optical circuits, we investigate the Brillouin processes available in multimode waveguides. We experimentally demonstrate giant Brillouin amplification using spiral waveguides consisting of soft-glass materials. We then integrate this soft-glass onto the standard platform for photonic circuits, silicon on insulator, without any reduction in performance. We apply these advanced devices to the field of microwave photonics and create high suppression microwave filters with functionality far beyond traditional electronic circuits. This thesis is a significant step towards Brillouin enabled integrated photonic processors.
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Davis, Donald D. Jr. "Long-period fiber gratings fabricated with focused CO₂ laser pulses." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15764.
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Kim, Young Woon. "Micromachined movable platforms as integrated optic devices." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15874.
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Wu, Shun-Der. "Polymer-based volume holographic grating couplers for optical interconnects." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2004. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-06072004-131420/unrestricted/wu%5Fshun-der%5F200405%5Fphd.pdf.
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Bao, Yufei. "Integrated optical tapped-delay-lines : design, analysis and implementation." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15446.
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Weed, Matthew. "Wavelength scale resonant structures for integrated photonic applications." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5888.
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An approach to integrated frequency-comb filtering is presented, building from a background in photonic crystal cavity design and fabrication. Previous work in the development of quantum information processing devices through integrated photonic crystals consists of photonic band gap engineering and methods of on-chip photon transfer. This work leads directly to research into coupled-resonator optical waveguides which stands as a basis for the primary line of investigation. These coupled cavity systems offer the designer slow light propagation which increases photon lifetime, reduces size limitations toward on-chip integration, and offers enhanced light-matter interaction. A unique resonant structure explained by various numerical models enables comb-like resonant clusters in systems that otherwise have no such regular resonant landscape (e.g. photonic crystal cavities). Through design, simulation, fabrication and test, the work presented here is a thorough validation for the future potential of coupled-resonator filters in frequency comb laser sources.<br>Ph.D.<br>Doctorate<br>Optics and Photonics<br>Optics and Photonics<br>Optics
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de, Barros Correia Kyotoku Bernardo. "Applications of optical coherence tomography and advances into a photonic integrated device." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2011. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/6125.
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Previous issue date: 2011<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico<br>Tomografia por coerência óptica (OCT) é uma técnica de imageamento não invasiva que usa
radiação infravermelho para sondar alguns milímetros the profundidade de um alvo com um
resolução de poucos micrômetros. Aqui, nós expomos a base teórica para entender a técnica. O
texto cobre as duas variedades de OCT domínio temporal e domínio da frequência e descreve
três aplicações da técnica em odontologia: a) Um na avalição the propagação rachaduras
em polímeros reforçado com fibra usado em restauração dental; b) O imageamento da sobra de
dentina e cavidade pulpar após excavação da dentina, com o propósito de medir a espessura da
dentina, e c) uma avaliação clínica da integridade de restaurações dentais. Em todas essa aplicações,
OCT gerou imagens marcantes e forneceu informações semiquatitativas sobre a estrura
dentária.
Com o objetivo de desenvolver um sistema de tomografia óptica integrada em um chip. Nós
expomos a base teórica da plataforma de fotônica integrada. Após uma revisão literária, nós
descobrimos que não existe espectrômetro integrado com a especificações necessárias para uso
em OCT. Nós, então, desenvolvemos um espectrômetro com a características necessárias. Isso
foi possível devido a uma nova arquitetura de espectrômetro baseada na combinação de um
ressoador em anel e um espectrômetro de grade de difração
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Ruiz, Brunner Blanca Esthela. "Development of organic nonlinear optical crystals for integrated optics and THz generation /." Zürich : ETH, 2007. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=17514.
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Tan, Ronson K. "Design and analysis of an integrated-optical serial-to-parallel converter for high-data-rate communications." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/13382.
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Akın, Osman Akın Osman. "All Optical Switching Via Diffraction Grating Formed By Interference of Gaussian Beams/." [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2005. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/master/elektrikveelektronikmuh/T000417.rar.
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Ding, Minsheng. "Energy efficient high port count optical switches." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/275326.
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The advance of internet applications, such as video streaming, big data and cloud computing, is reshaping the telecommunication and internet industries. Bandwidth demands in datacentres have been boosted by these emerging data-hungry internet applications. Regarding inter- and intra-datacentre communications, fine-grained data need to be exchanged across a large shared memory space. Large-scale high-speed optical switches tend to use a rearrangeably non-blocking architecture as this limits the number of switching elements required. However, this comes at the expense of requiring more sophisticated route selection within the switch and also some forms of time-slotted protocols. The looping algorithm is the classical routing algorithm to set up paths in rearrangeably non-blocking switches. It was born in the electronic switch era, where all links in the switches are equal. It is, therefore, not able to accommodate loss difference between optical paths due to the different length of waveguides and distinct numbers of crossings, and bends, leading to sub-optimal performance. We, therefore, propose an advanced path-selection algorithm based on the looping algorithm that minimises the path-dependent loss. It explores all possible set-ups for a given connection assignment and selects the optimal one. It guarantees that no individual path would have a sufficiently substantial loss, therefore, improve the overall performance of the switch. The performance of the proposed algorithm has been assessed by modelling switches using the VPI simulator. An 8×8 Clos-tree switch demonstrates a 2.7dB decrease in loss and 1.9dB improvement in IPDR with 1.5 dB penalty for the worst case. An 8×8 dilated Beneš shows more than 4 dB loss reduction for the lossiest path and 1.4 dB IPDR improvement for 1 dB power penalty. The improved algorithm can be run once for each switch design and store its output in a compact lookup table, enabling rapid switch reconfiguration. Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) based optical switches have been fabricated with over 1,000 ports which meet the port count requirements in data centre networks. However, the reconfiguration speed of the MEMS switches is limited to the millisecond to microsecond timescale, which is not sufficient for packet switching in datacentres. Opto-electronic devices, such as Mach-Zehnder Interferometers (MZIs) and semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) with nanosecond response time show the potential to fulfil the requirements of packet switching. However, the scalability of MZI switches is inherently limited by insertion loss and accumulated crosstalk, while the scalability of SOA switches is restricted by accumulated noise and distortion. We, therefore, have proposed a dilated Beneš hybrid MZI-SOA design, where MZIs are implemented as 1×2 or 2×1 low-loss switching elements, minimising crosstalk by using a single input, and where short SOAs are included as gain or absorption units, offering either loss compensation or crosstalk suppression though adding only minimal noise and distortion. A 4×4 device has been fabricated and exhibits a mere 1.3dB loss, an extinction ratio of 47dB, and more than 13dB IPDR for a 0.5dB power penalty. When operating with 10 Gb/s per port, 6pJ/bit energy consumption is demonstrated, delivering 20% reduced energy consumption compared with SOA-based switches. The tolerance of the current control accuracy of this switch is very broad. Within a 5 mA bias current range, the power penalty can be maintained below 0.2 dB for 8 dB IPDR and 12 mA for 10 dB IPDR with a penalty less 0.5 dB. The excellent crosstalk and power penalty performance demonstrated by this chip enable the scalability of this hybrid approach. The performance of 16×16 port dilated Beneš hybrid switch is experimentally assessed by cascading 4×4 switch chips, demonstrating an IPDR of 15 dB at a 1 dB penalty with a 0.6 dB power penalty floor. In terms of switches with port count larger than 16×16, the power penalty performance has been analysed with physical layer simulations fitted with state-of-the-art data. We assess the feasibility of three potential topologies, with different architectural optimisations: dilated Beneš, Beneš and Clos-Beneš. Quantitative analysis for switches with up to 2048 ports is presented, achieving a 1.15dB penalty for a BER of 10-3, compatible with soft-decision forward error correction.
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Liao, Ting Di. "Integrated waveguide diffractive optics for guided-wave manipulation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320676.
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Blanco, Sonia GarciÌa. "Electron-beam modification of silica for integrated optics." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272890.
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Cooper, Peter. "Ultra precision physical micro-machining for integrated optics." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2015. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/391305/.
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This study looks at the application of physical micromachining techniques to integrated optics. These physical micromachining techniques were used to make structures which would be difficult or impossible to produce using conventional cleanroom based technologies. A tuneable Bragg grating was fabricated and characterized and was found to offer an enhanced power efficiency for tuning of 45 pm/mW for the transverse magnetic mode and 39 pm/mW for the transverse electric mode. This an improvement in the operating power efficiency of a factor of 90 over bulk thermally tuned Bragg gratings in silica. A dual cantilever device has also been demonstrated which can operate as a force sensor or variable attenuator. The response of the device to mechanical actuation was measured, and shown to be very well described by conventional fibre optic angular misalignment theory. The device has the potential to be utilized within integrated optical components for sensors or attenuators. An array of devices was fabricated with potential for parallel operation. The fabrication work features the first use of a dicing saw in plunge cutting mode to rapidly produce grooves which were free of chipping. A wire electro discharge unit was designed and built. This was retrofitted to a micromill to give capability to manufacture tools directly on machine. This work built upon previous machining research in the group to allow free form diamond tools to be fabricated. Tools formed by wire electro discharge machining of polycrystalline diamond were formed. A ring tool was created and proved to be able to machine ring structures in the ductile mode regime in germanium oxide glass with a surface roughness of Ra 4.9 nm. This is the first time that ductile mode machining has been achieved in glass with this type of tool. By using a XeF2 etch this was shown to be able to create the stuctures necessary for whispering gallery mode resonators. A number of exemplar micro disk structures have been researched in this work to test the concept and provide real examples. Firstly a phosphogermanate glass on silica resonator was fabricated. A germanium oxide glass disc was also fabricated using the silicon under-etch process. These trial optical devices have shown that physical machining provides a viable route for fabricating integrated optical elements.
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Sullivan, Amy Catharine. "Tomographic characterization of volume photopolymers for integrated optics." Connect to online resource, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3303870.
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Diaz, Fernando Javier. "On Hybrid Plasmonic Waveguides for Integrated Nonlinear Optics." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/20282.
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The promise of plasmonics to compress light into sub-wavelength regions holds a potential pathway for nanoscale nonlinear optical devices. However an inherent trade-o? between light con?nement and propagation loss presently limits its use. A new type of plasmonic structure, which combines the best attributes of dielectric and plasmonic waveguides, has been proposed. Recent theoretical studies of these hybrid plasmonic waveguides, along with some experimental results, indicate that these structures can maintain a high ?eld con?nement while reducing propagation loss to moderate levels. Hence, this new structure obtains the best of both platforms and may be key to producing e?cient all optical nonlinear devices. If compact optical data processing is to be achieved via hybrid plasmonic structures, it is necessary to investigate their nonlinear properties and compare them to alternative platforms. Although simulations and theoretical work on hybrid modes for a large range of geometries and structures have been publish, there has been little experimental work investigating its nonlinear properties.In this thesis the candidate experimentally investigates the nonlinear properties of a hybrid plasmonic structure. The proposed structure is based on a silicon nanowire, which allows the use of a bare silicon waveguide as a control sample. The structure geometry is varied slightly in order to measure its e?ect on the nonlinearity, positive results in this regards would indicate that there is room for structure optimization. In order to achieve the experimental results a sensitive method for measuring small nonlinear phase shifts was developed and employed. This method enables the candidate to measure the nonlinear phase shift produced by waveguides of tens of micrometer in length. Further theoretical investigation is carried out regarding the platforms nonlinear properties, such as the physical origin of their strong nonlinear parameter and the limits to their optimization. The work in this thesis adds to the body of knowledge regarding the nonlinear properties for hybrid plasmonic structures from both an experimental and theoretical stand point.